TI CHNH V CC U I l c cu ngun lc ti chnh p ng nhu cu nc Phn b ngun lc ti chnh p ng nhu cu nc l mt thch thc ln.

n.Ti Din n Nc Th gii 2 (The Hague 2000) c kin cho rng, cho cc nc ang pht trin p ng nhu cu cho bo v h sinh thi, cp nc, v sinh mi trng v x l nc thi, v sn xut nng nghip, u t hng nm trong ngnh nc s cl tng gp i t US $ 90 t mi nm khong $ 180 t trong nhng nm n nm 2020. Kinh ph p ng thch thc ny c th c tm kim t cc chnh ph, cng ng v c nhn, cc ngn hng thng mi, cc nc khu vc t nhn v cng ng cc nh ti tr.Khng ai trong s cc ngun ny c th mt mnh chi tr , v mt s kt hp ny chc chn cn thit.Ngun lc ti chnh cn thit : - Qun l tng th ti nguyn, bo tn v bo v ti nguyn nc; - Cung cp dch v (v d nh ung nc, thy li v x l nc thi); - u t cn bng ngun cung cp v nhu cu v c khng gian v thi gian; - Hng ho cng cng nh bo v con ngi chng li cc s kin cc oan (l lt, hn hn). Tnh sn c ca cc qu nc ph thuc vo u tin pht trin tng th v chnh sch (A1) v cc khun kh php l v th ch (A2 v B1).Vic gii thiu IWRM khng thay i nhng thc t ny, nhng c gng thch ng vi cc chnh sch trong cc lnh vc ny thc t ca ti nguyn nc, v thch ng vi chnh sch v nc vi chin lc pht trin.Mt phn ca vic ti tr cho chin lc pht trin ca quc gia nh vy, lin quan n vic ti tr trc tip ca ngnh nc. Tt c cc chi ph u t v hot ng dch v nc c th c phc hi cui cng.Cc ngun cui cng ca doanh thu ph v l ph nh vo ngi s dng t, cng vi cc loi tr cp c sn t thu quc gia, quc t ti tr, ng gp t nguyn thc hin thng qua cc t chc phi chnh ph. Tt c cc khon vay phi c hon tr, v tt c c phiu thng, t mt hoc khc ca cc ngun ny. C ni ny, s la chn ca cc c s ti chnh l quan trng. "K thut ti chnh" c th lm cho s khc bit bn vng ca d n v kh nng chi tr. Tt c cc chnh ph cn mt chin lc ti tr nc c tnh yu cu u t tng th, v xc nh ngun kinh ph (A3.1).Nhu cu ti chnh trong lnh vc nc thng rt ln, k t khi d n c xu hng c th phn v nhiu vn hn na, nhiu quc gia c tn ng ln trong vic cung cp dch v.Nhng ng gp quan trng ca cc nh ti tr quc t v song phng ang gim, v c nh gi cao gii hn trong mi quan h cn. Tin ti chnh thng qua cc khon vay c sn, nhng nhng ri ro lin quan n cho vay cho cc nhm nht nh, chng hn nh thnh ph hoc farmers'associations c th qu cao thu ht ti chnh t nhn, hoc lm cho n qu tn km. Phi hp tt hn gia ti chnh cng v t nhn c th c hiu qu trong vic huy ng ngun lc ti chnh tt hn. Ti chnh bn vng c lin kt thu hi chi ph ci thin, thng dn n tng thu quan.y c th c chp nhn hn nu kt qu dch v tt hn v tc ng ca ngi dng ngho m (A3.4). Lu s khc bit gia gi tr ca nc nh l mt tt kinh t v cc vn ti chnh c bo him bng cch thu ph v tr tin cho nc. Gi tr ca nc thay th s dng l quan trng i vi vic phn b hp l ngun nc nh l mt ngun ti nguyn khan him v phi thng bo chnh sch.

Ti chnh c th c nng ln hoc t cc ngun ni b (A3.2) hoc vn vay v vn ch s hu (A3.3). c trng ca u t nc nh hng n s la chn ca ti chnh. N thng lin quan n mt s kinh ph nng ban u (c bit l i vi cc h thng mi tp trung v nng cao x l), cc ti sn vt cht ca n c mt cuc sng lu di, v mt khi u t c thc hin sn xut, n nh dng chy, mc d thng khim tn tin mt cho tng lai v hn nh. Hu nh tt c cc khon thu c inlocal tin t v l mt ni dung chi ph u t a phng (cc cng trnh dn dng), bo tr v hot ng. T l li nhun trn cc d n mi v cc nhng b ti chnh ca thng khim tn, v quy nh cht ch. u t bao vy ch yu bng ngoi hi, quy nh v doanh thu ri ro. Cc nc khu vc "l rt a dng, cc ngun ti chnh thch hp cho tng b phn khc nhau ca n. Khng phi tt c cc ty chn chi ph tin trc tip, ngnh nc c th hng li t ci tin qun l nc do u t trong cc lnh vc khc (v d nh in, x l nhim cng nghip) v mt s d n ("win-win") c li ch khc b p chi ph ca h. CN C MT KHUNG T CHC - Cc hnh thc v chc nng Nhiu t chc khc nhau c th c tham gia vo vic qun l tch hp ti nguyn nc, t rt ln, xuyn bin gii hoc cc t chc quc t chnh quyn a phng v khu vc, cc nhm x hi dn s nh hn nhiu v cc t chc cng ng (nh c lit k trong B1.2 n B1.11di y).Cc thnh phn trong bt k quc gia no s ph thuc vo kinh nghim v nhu cu ca quc gia.Hm nay t chc nc ang tri qua c hai th ch v thay i cu trc, phn nh mong mun ca quc gia cho hiu qu cao hn v ci thin hiu sut.B1.1 giao dch vi ci cch th ch qun tr tt hn. Nhng cng mt lc, nhiu t chc c chc nng chnh l qun l nc chu trch nhim cho cc thnh phn tc ng v ti nguyn nc c th rt ln v d nh nng nghip, cng nghip, thng mi v nng lng .Tng t nh vy, ti nguyn nc t chc s phi xem xt cc vn nc, chng hn nh mi trng Cu trc th ch c th khc nhau gia nc ny v nc khc, nhng bt c iu g cu trc c th n l cn thit c c ch i thoi v phi hp m bo mt s bin php hi nhp.S cn bng c p ng gia cung cp mt phng php tip cn tch hp y cc vn c th c th b mt do thiu chuyn mn hoc s thch, v mt cch tip cn ngnh ni chnh sch khc c theo sau m khng c bt k phi hp. Cc vai tr, trch nhim v chc nng ca cc t chc nc khc nhau. C th bao gm: - Xy dng chnh sch; - Gio dc v pht huy; - Kt ni mng v trao i thng tin; - Quy ch, kim sot v thc thi; - Gim st v gim st; - Phn b v cung cp nc; - Kim sot l lt v gim nh ri ro; - X l nc v ti s dng; - Bo tn v bo v; - Kim sot nhim v qun l cht lng nc; - Xt x trong trng hp xung t. C cu t chc dng qun l nc, trong vic thit k v thc hin cc chnh sch cng cng cho u t nc bn vng v qun l gi ra s h tr ca x hi nh mt ton b.Hot ng qun tr bao gm khun kh php l, chnh sch, cc t chc, v cc cng c qun l, v nh vy, l mt khi nim bao trm c nh hng n rt nhiu cc cng c trong

cc hp cng c. Nu khng c chnh sch thch hp, t chc khng th hot ng m khng cn cc t chc thch hp chnh sch s khng lm vic - v khng c mt b lm vic ca cc chnh sch v cc t chc, cc cng c qun l khng lin quan. Nu khng c x hi dn s qun tr tt s khng h tr cc chnh sch v s c mt thi gian kh khn t c s dng nc bn vng v cng bng. Qun l tt i hi, trn tt c, minh bch ca cc t chc v tham gia ca cc cng dn. Chnh ph v x hi tng s gim st ca cc nhm nc, c thc y bi mi quan tm trch nhim, v nh gi hiu sut yu cu. nhng nhn xt xem xt cc kha cnh nh hiu sut ca cc t chc nh thm quyn, thc thi quyn hn, y ti chnh, nhn s y , theo quyt nh hnh chnh, s linh hot, kh nng hin th, trch nhim v kh nng tng thch cu trc. Tt c cc t chc cng nn nhm mc ch thc hnh nhng g truyn t Chia s kin thc, gii quyt xung t v vn ch s hu khng ch l vn c gii quyt gia cc t chc, nhng nn l mt phn ca nt c bit ca mi t chc. XY DNG NNG LC TH CH - Pht trin ngun nhn lc Xy dng nng lc th ch l mt phng tin tng cng hiu sut.Trong bi cnh IWRM n i din cho tng ca cc n lc tng cng v s dng cc k nng v kh nng ca ngi dn v cc t chc tt c cc cp, h c th lm vic hng ti mc tiu rng ln hn.Cng sut l cn thit hai cp : nng lc lp k hoch pht trin cc chng trnh IWRM, v nng lc hot ng.Nng cao nng lc trong cc t chc l cn thit lp k hoch, iu tit, cung cp cc dch v v phn b ngun lc. IWRM i hi mt chnh sch v khung php l thch hp (A1, A2), h thng ti chnh (A3), khun kh t chc (B1) v cc cng c qun l y (C1 n C8). lm cho nhng khun kh, h thng v cng c lm vic, cc bn khc nhau c lin quan cn phi c y thng tin v chuyn mn cng nh khuyn khch hot ng hiu qu v hiu qu. S kt hp ca cc dng c, k nng, ngun lc v khuyn khch kt qu trong nng lc th ch ph hp vi nhu cu ca mi t chc. Chng trnh xy dng nng lc phi c i trc bi mt nh gi nng lc hin c v cc cng c qun l cc xut. Ngoi nng lc con ngi, m l trng tm ca b cng c ny, cng sut c ngha l c mt lot cc ti nguyn vt l - v d, gim st thit b, my tnh hoc mt chic xe cho php iu chnh truy cp vo cc trang web kim tra. Xy dng nng lc l cn thit nhiu cp : trong x hi dn s (B2.1), cho cc chuyn gia nc trong tt c cc khu vc cng cng v t chc nc t nhn, a phng v chnh quyn trung ng, nc t chc qun l (B2.2) v trong cc t chc quy nh (B2.3). nh hng li trong suy ngh ca cc chuyn gia nc l quan trng tt c cc cp, l tng ca IWRM pht trin nhanh chng trong vng hai mi nm qua. Qun l nc cn phi pht trin mt s hiu bit v cc khi nim v IWRM, li ch tim nng ca n v lm th no tt nht t n vo thc hnh. Ngoi ra, cc chuyn gia nc cn phi c c k nng p dng cc cng c qun l c th (thng l ngnh), lm cho quy nh, thit lp h thng ti chnh, chuyn gia cc kha hc o to trong cc ch nh nh gi x hi (C2.7) thit k v qu trnh nhy cm c s tham gia v gii tnh, qun l tranh chp v xy dng s ng thun (C5), t chc thit k, h s chnh sch, v lm vic vi cc phng tin truyn thng c th c gi tr. Cc cng c b sung nng cao nng lc bao gm cc cng c thay i x hi (C4) v cc cng c thng tin v truyn thng (C8).Xy dng nng lc c s tham gia thng cn

xy dng s ng thun v cc k thut qun l xung t khc (xem C5).Trong thc t, xy dng nng lc ngun nhn lc v th ch chi ph tin bc - ti chnh nn rt an ton l quan trng. C hai : c nhn v cc t chc cn c khuyn khch thay i thi quen v phng php tip cn ca h, qun l cp cao cn phi bo hiu tm quan trng ca o to theo a v cao theo v th lao cho nhng ngi cung cp o to trong cc t chc ca h. Pht trin t chc c th c cn thit m bo rng cc t chc qun l nc v qun l ca h c m vi nhng tng mi v sn sng chp nhn u vo ca cng chng v s cn thit phi hp tc vi cc bn lin quan khc. NH GI TI NGUYN NC - Hiu bit v ngun lc v nhu cu nh gi ti nguyn nc lin quan n vic mt ci nhn ton din ca cc ngun ti nguyn nc trong mt quc gia hoc khu vc lin quan n vic s dng ca x hi. nh gi xem xt c s lng v cht lng nc mt v nc ngm. N xc nh cc thng s thch hp ca chu k thy vn, v nh gi nhu cu nc ca cc phng n pht trin khc nhau. nh gi xc nh cc vn ti nguyn nc chnh v xung t tim nng, mc nghim trng ca h v nhng tc ng x hi cng nh ri ro v nguy him nh l lt v hn hn. S hiu bit v cc h sinh thi trn cn v thy sn l mt yu t thit yu ca nh gi ti nguyn. Ngun nc nh gi l ngun ti nguyn tt cn phi c da trn d liu tt v th cht v kinh t - x hi.Thng xuyn o lng vt l ti cc trm theo di v o cn c thc hin ti thi im thch hp v vi tn s cho php nh gi rt ra kt lun hp l. iu ny ln lt trong yu cu ti chnh y ca h thng gim st ca chnh ph.Kha cnh kinh t - x hi phi bao gm phn tch hnh vi ngi dng, n hi ca nhu cu, v nhng nh hng tim nng ca qun l nhu cu.nh gi ti nguyn nc cho IWRM t thy vn trong mt bi cnh rng ln hn v xem xt cc vn pht trin x hi v kinh t nh pht trin th v thay i m hnh s dng t. K HOCH CHO IWRM - Kt hp cc ty chn pht trin, s dng ti nguyn v tng tc ca con ngi Ngc li k hoch tng th v kh cng nhc, mt qu trnh theo nh hng quy hoch IWRM c mt cch tip cn linh hot v nng ng hn lp k hoch pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc.K hoch phn nh tng s cc hot ng trong h thng, cho d nh ngha l lu vc sng, lu vc u ngun (v hon i cho nhau), bao gm c v d cho nng nghip, lm nghip, khai thc v s dng t.Qu trnh lp k hoch mua li mt vai tr c bit trong vic tng cng qun tr tt trong mt khun kh qun l chin lc nc ca mc tiu, chnh sch v k hoch hnh ng t c cc mc tiu. IWRM l k hoch quc gia bao gm cc hnh ng cn thit pht trin mt khun kh hiu qu ca chnh sch, php lut, c cu ti chnh, cc t chc c kh nng vi vai tr c xc nh r rng v mt b cng c qun l.Mc ch ca khun kh nh vy l hiu qu iu tit vic s dng, bo tn v bo v cc ngun ti nguyn nc, cn bng cc yu cu m rng kinh t pht trin v s cn thit phi duy tr h sinh thi. S nhn mnh y l qu trnh thit lp cc u tin v hnh ng qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc. u tin bao gm bo v v bo tn h sinh thi. iu rt quan trng nhn ra bn cht nng ng ca qu trnh lp k hoch bi v mt gi tr quan trng ca khi nim nm trong s linh hot ca n.Cc k hoch ny phi c

lin tc theo di v iu chnh ca cc xu hng pht trin gn y.Ch c mt cch tip cn linh hot v khng-quy s cho php thay i nh vy.Thng thng, gii hn a l ca k hoch qun l nc lu vc sng, h (C2.2) nhng iu quan trng l nhn ra qua lu vc nh hng cng nh tc ng trn cc phng tin truyn thng mi trng khc, mi quan h gia con sng v vng nc ven bin (C2.3) v mt t v mt nc (C2.4).K hoch tt bao gm nh gi x hi, mi trng v kinh t (cng c C2.6, C2.7 v C2.8). Qu trnh lp k hoch phi a vo ti khon la chn pht trin khng ch trong ngnh nc, nhng cng l kch bn cho pht trin v mi quan h gia cc ngnh khc m c th c tc ng n cc ngun ti nguyn nc (v d nh nhu cu nc hoc cht lng nc).Tng t nh vy, hu qu ca quyt nh qun l nc trong cc lnh vc kinh t khc (v d nh du lch, y t) phi l mt phn khng th thiu ca nhng phn tch c thc hin trong qu trnh lp k hoch. iu quan trng l qu trnh lp k hoch bao gm phn tch ri ro (bin i kh hu, cng nh ri ro kinh t, chnh tr v khc) v a ch cc bin php cn thit v thch hp gim bt hoc qun l ri ro (C2.5). K hoch cng nn tnh nguy him tim nng v tnh d tn thng ca ngi dn v h sinh thi cc s kin cc oan. K hoch cng cn c lin kt n cc ch s hoc mc tiu. Trch nhim cho qu trnh lp k hoch ring ca mnh chc chn thuc v cc c quan c thm quyn, c th l c quan quc gia, chnh quyn khu vc, hoc t chc lu vc sng. iu quan trng l c quan chu trch nhim thit k mt qu trnh lp k hoch cho php s tham gia v ng gp t tt c cc bn b nh hng, bao gm c khu vc t nhn, cc nhm cng ng v cc bn lin quan c hon cnh kh khn (xem thm B2.1). HIU QU S DNG NC TRONG QUN L CUNG CP qun l phn nh r s thay i ln trong cch tip cn qun l ti nguyn nc, i t pht trin cung cp truyn thng (xy dng c s h tng vt l nm bt nhiu nc s dng trc tip) ci thin hiu qu s dng, ti ch, bo tn v ti s dng nc.Qun l xem xt thay i nhu cu v cch mi ngi s dng nc t c hiu qu hn v chi ph s dng nc hiu qu. N c th gip gim vic s dng lng ph ti nguyn, c hi b mt cng nh vic s dng nc m khng c mt mc ch kinh t. Qun l i khi c th phong nga s cn thit phi u t v th cht hoc c s h tng, cung cp cc li ch hiu qu thc s cho x hi. Qun l hot ng tt nht trong mt khun kh IWRM trn cc lnh vc v lm cho cc lin kt thch hp gia cc cng c chnh sch v cc tc ng. Qun l p dng cp lu vc sng, cp ni m con ngi s dng lng nc ln nh (cc tin ch, cng nghip), v cp ca ngi s dng nng nghip v h gia nh v cng ng. Trong khi k thut khc nhau c th c s dng mi cp cch tip cn tng t nh. Qun l nhm mc ch thay i thi quen ca con ngi v hnh vi trc tip v do c lin kt cht ch vi cc cng c thay i x hi (C4), cng c iu tit kinh t (C6 v C7) v truyn thng v kin thc (C8). Vic s dng qun l nhu cu cn c h tr trong khun kh chnh sch tng th v xy dng thnh k hoch cho IWRM (C2). N lc nghim tc l cn thit cho qun l nhu cu k t khi hu ht cc ngi s dng nc tin rng h c quyn s dng (cht thi) nc thi, tng gi cc tc ng ca vic s dng nc lng ph v x hi v mi trng. Gio dc nn thay i thi trong di hn v chin dch truyn thng l cn thit thay i hnh vi ngn hn v tit kim nc trong trng hp khn cp hn hn. CNG C X HI- Khuyn khch x hi c nh hng v nc

Thay i thi quen s dng nc t c IWRM i hi phi c nhng thay i trong thi su sc ca tng c nhn, t chc, cc chuyn gia v cc t chc x hi trong x hi, dng c thay i x hi khng trung lp, thay i tch cc ca mt ngi thng c xem l ph hoi bi nhng ngi khc. V vy iu quan trng l hi, "thay i t nhng g nhng g? 'Cng nh to ra doanh lm th no thay i c th xy ra?' Cha kha khuyn khch mt IWRM theo nh hng x hi nm trong vic to ra cc tm nhn chia s, thng qua chn on doanh, la chn, thc hin doanh, v gim st doanh. iu ny t n i hi s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan rng ri trong nc lp k hoch v quyt nh hot ng, v l mt cng c mnh m khuyn khch nh vy mi nh hng c. Phng php tip cn c s tham gia IWRM l nhng cng c mnh m cho s thay i x hi.Ti tt c cc cp quc gia, khu vc v a phng - thng bt buc ht cc nhm x hi cn phi c tham gia (B1.9 v C4.2). Tuy nhin, cn nh rng s tham gia tn km v thi gian v tin bc, v c th tr hon cc khon u t quan trng.S tham gia ny khng loi b xung t li ch, mc d l c th lm r vn thc t v m ca cho gii quyt xung t (C5). Quan trng nht, s tham gia c th cch ly ngi ngho d b tn thng hn na nu cc c ch hoc cc din n c chp bi nhng ngi giu c, n ni lu lot hn, hoc ng h mt nhm nh. Giu v ngho i l hai trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy mu thun x hi v khng nn b qua. Thay i x hi c th mang li thng qua cc cng c xut hin t nhng kinh nghim c s tham gia v cung cp cho mi ngi c hi c hai i quyn li v cng a vo cc kt qu trch nhim. S tham gia cn phi c h tr bi nhng ngi c thi thng tin c th p ng s cn thit phi thay i m hnh qun l nc. Do gio dc, o to, v nng cao nhn thc l nhng cng c quan trng cho s thay i x hi. Cng c C4.1 tp trung vo vai tr ca chng trnh gio dc trong vic xy dng kin thc nc cho s thay i x hi. C4.2 m t k thut cho giao tip tt hn vi cc bn lin quan.Mc kin thc trong chnh n l rt quan trng kin thc khng i xng, mt nhm nhiu hn na nhn thc ca cc vn v d liu hn so vi mt thiu ging, ca nim tin. Kin thc c th trao quyn cho cc nhm v tng cng qun tr tt (C4.3).