Qui Trinh San Xuat Nuoc Mam

Trng i Hc Cn Th
Khoa Nng Nghip & SHD

B mn Cng Ngh Thc Phm
Semina ch bin thy v hi sn
Qui trnh sn xut

nc mm
Nhm sinh vin thc hin:
Nguyn Th Ngc Giang
Nguyn Th Bch Thu
Trn Kim Chi
Nguyn Th Tuyt Vn
Trng Mai Tuyt Dim
ng Minh Ngc Dim
Nguyn Th Hunh Nh
L Quan Ngh
Lp: CNTP LT K33
Cn Th, 11/2008
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
I. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 3

II. Nguyn liu sn xut ............................................................................................................ 3
II.1 C ................................................................................................................................... 3
II.1.1 Protein ..................................................................................................................... 5
II.1.2 Thnh phn trch ly cha nit phi protein ............................................................... 6
II.1.3 Lipid ........................................................................................................................ 8
II.1.4 Glucid .................................................................................................................... 10
II.1.5 Cc loi vitamine v khong cht ......................................................................... 10
II.1.6 Tnh cht vt l ca ng vt thy sn.................................................................. 10
II.1.7 Tnh cht ha hc th keo ca ng vt thy sn ................................................. 12
II.2 Mui n ........................................................................................................................ 13
II.2.1 Thnh phn mui n .............................................................................................. 13
II.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca mui n ..................................................................................... 13
II.2.3 Cc phng php p mui .................................................................................. 14
III. Quy trnh sn xut ............................................................................................................. 15
IV. C s l thuyt .................................................................................................................. 16
IV.1 Bn cht ca cc qu trnh sn xut nc mm.......................................................... 16
IV.2 Cc h enzyme trong sn xut nc mm .................................................................. 17
IV.2.1 H enzyme Metalo protease (aminodipeptidase) ............................................. 17
IV.2.2 H enzyme serin protease ................................................................................. 17
IV.2.3 H enzyme acide protease ................................................................................ 17
IV.3 Vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm ......................................................................... 18
IV.4 Nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm ............................................... 18
IV.4.1 Nhit ............................................................................................................... 18
IV.4.2 pH ........................................................................................................................ 18
IV.4.3 Lng mui ......................................................................................................... 18
IV.4.4 Din tch tip xc ................................................................................................. 19
IV.4.5 Bn thn nguyn liu ........................................................................................... 20
V. Thuyt minh quy trnh ....................................................................................................... 20
V.1 X l nguyn liu ......................................................................................................... 20
V.1.1 C .......................................................................................................................... 20
V.1.2 p mui .............................................................................................................. 21
V.2 ................................................................................................................................... 21
V.3 Giai on ln men - ch bin chp c truyn ............................................................ 21
V.4 Chit rt........................................................................................................................ 23
V.5 Phi trn ....................................................................................................................... 23
VI. Nhng hin tng h hng ca chp ............................................................................. 23
VI.1 Chp chua ................................................................................................................. 23
VI.2 Chp en................................................................................................................... 24
VI.3 Chp thi .................................................................................................................. 25
VI.4 Nc mm thi v cch phng cha .......................................................................... 26
VII. Cc ch tiu phn loi, kim tra chp nc mm.......................................................... 26
VII.1 Phn loi chp ......................................................................................................... 26
Chia lm 3 loi .................................................................................................................... 26
VII.2 Ch tiu nh gi chp chn .................................................................................... 26
VII.2.1 Cm quan............................................................................................................ 26
VII.3 Tiu chun ca nc mm thnh phm..................................................................... 27
VII.4 Bo qun nc mm .................................................................................................. 27
VIII. Gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm ................................................................................. 28
VIII.1 Cc cht m ............................................................................................................ 28
VIII.2 Cc cht bay hi ....................................................................................................... 28
VIII.3 Cc cht khc ........................................................................................................... 28
I. Gii thiu
Nc mm l sn phm c ln men t cc loi c, l sn phm truyn thng ca
dn tc Vit Nam. Nc mm gn lin vi i sng hng ngy v l mt bn sc rt ring
ca dn tc Vit Nam.
Kt qu nghin cu v thnh phn ha hc v cng ngh sn xut nc mm c
cc nh khoa hc a ra cc kt lun sau:
1. Nc mm l hn hp acide amin. Cc acide amin ny c to thnh do s thy
phn ca protease. Cc protease ny l do vi sinh vt tng hp nn.
2. Mui c tc dng c ch vi sinh vt gy thi, t l mui thch hp l 20 25%.
3. Tc dng lm ngu v to hng ngoi protease ca vi sinh vt cn c cc enzyme
tiu ha c trong ni tng c.
4. Nhit c tc dng rt ln n hot ng ca cc enzyme trong qu trnh sn xut
nc mm. Nhit thch hp l 36 440C.
5. Trong qu trnh thy phn, acide tng. Ban u ca qu trnh lm nc mm, mi
trng kim yu c tc dng rt tt.
II. Nguyn liu sn xut
II.1 C
Nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut nc mm l cc loi c. Tuy nhin cht lng
nc mm li ph thuc rt nhiu vo tng loi c. Chnh v th, vic chn c sn xut
nc mm l iu m cc nh sn xut quan tm.
Thnh phn ha hc gm: nc, protein, lipid, mui v c, vitamine,... Cc thnh
phn ny khc nhau rt nhiu, thay i ph thuc vo ging, loi, gii tnh, iu kin sinh
sng,... Ngoi ra, cc yu t nh thnh phn thc n, mi trng sng, kch c c v cc c
tnh di truyn cng nh hng n thnh phn ha hc, c bit c nui. Thnh phn ha
hc ca c tng c quan, b phn c s khc nhau.
Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc ca c

Thnh phn
Nc
Protein
Lipid
Mui v c
48 85,1
10,3 24,4
0,1 5,4
0,5 5,6
Trng c
60 70
20 30
1 11
12
Gan c
40 75
8 18
35
0,5 1,5
Da c
60 70
7 15
5 10
13
Ch tiu
Tht c
S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca c v s bin i ca chng c nh hng

n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, vic bo qun ti nguyn liu v qui trnh
ch bin.
Bng 2. Thnh phn ha hc c nc ngt
TT
Thnh phn ha hc (% khi lng)

Tn loi c
Nc
Protide
Lipide
C dic
85
13,0
1,1
C chp
79
18,1
1,5
Trm en
77
17,9
3,8
M en
82
14,5
0,6
M trng
86
10,0
1,0
Lng canh
76
15,6
2,3
Bng 3. Thnh phn ha hc c bin

TT
Thnh phn ha hc (% khi lng)

Tn loi c
Nc
Protide
Lipide
Nc s
76.80
21.75
0.85
Mi thng
77.50
19.26
1.80
Trch
75.90
21.76
3.15
Phn hai sc
76.20
20.35
2.20
Ln ngn
79.30
19.03
1.21
Cm
75.14
11.25
2.10
Mi
76.60
9.37
14.40
Lp
81.84
10.00
1.40
Chun
76.17
9.75
7.50
Yu t nh hng r nht n thnh phn ha hc ca c l thnh phn thc n.

II.1.1 Protein
c cu to t cc acide amin, cc acide amin khng thay th quyt nh gi tr dinh
dng ca thc phm. Protein ca c l ngun giu cc acide amin c cha lu hunh v
lysine. Protein ca c chia lm 3 phn:
II.1.1.1 Protein cu trc (protein t c)
Gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin v tropomyosin chim khong 65 75% tng
hm lng protein trong c. Cc protein cu trc ny c chc nng co rt m nhn cc hot
ng ca c. Myosin v actin l cc protein tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh co dui c.
Protein cu trc c kh nng ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh cao
(> 0,5M).
II.1.1.2 Protein cht c (protein tng c)
Gm myoglobin, myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzyme, chim khong 25 30% hm
lng protein trong c. Cc protein ny ha tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui trung tnh
c nng ion thp (< 0,15%). Hu ht protein cht c b ng t khi un nng trong nc
nhit trn 500C.
Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun, myoglobin d b oxy ha thnh metmyoglobin,
nh hng n mu sc ca sn phm.
II.1.1.3 Protein m lin kt
Bao gm cc si collagen, elastin. Hm lng collagen c tht c thp hn ng
vt c v, thng khong 1 10% tng lng protein v 0,2 2,2% trng lng ca c tht.
Chim khong 3% c xng v khong 10% c sn. C trong mng li ngoi bo,
khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim hoc dung dch mui c nng ion cao.
im ng in pI ca protein c vo khong pH = 4,5 5,5. Ti gi tr ny protein

c ha tan thp nht.
Cu trc hnh thi ca protein c d b bin i do mi trng vt l thay i. Tnh tan
ca protein trong si c thay i sau khi ng kh.
Vic x l vi nng mui cao hoc x l bng nhit c th dn n s bin tnh
sau cu trc protein b thay i khng hi phc c.
Protein tng c c kh nng ha tan cao trong nc, lm mt gi tr dinh dng do
mt lng protein ng k thot ra khi ra, p mui, tan gi,... V vy cn ch duy tr
gi tr dinh dng v mi v ca sn phm.
Protein m lin kt da c, bong bng c, vch c khc nhau. Cc si collagen cc
m ca c to nn cu trc mng li mng vi mc phc tp khc nhau. Tuy nhin
collagen ca c km bn nhit v t c cc lin kt cho hn nhng nhy cm hn collagen
ng vt mu nng c xng sng.
II.1.2 Thnh phn trch ly cha nit phi protein
Cht phi protein l thnh phn ha tan trong nc, c khi lng phn t thp v
chim khong 9 18% tng hm lng protein c c xng, khong 33 38% cc loi c
sn. Thnh phn chnh ca hp cht ny bao gm cc cht bay hi (amoniac, amine,
trimethylamin), trimethylamineoxide (TMAO), dimethylamineoxid (DMAO), cc acide
amine t do, ure (c nhiu trong c sn), nucleotide, ...
Thnh phn cht trch ly cha nit phi protein khc nhau ph thuc vo loi, kch c,
ma v, phn c ly mu, ...
Cc cht trch ly cha nit phi protein rt quan trng i vi cc nh ch bin thy
sn bi v chng nh hng n mi tnh cht ca thc phm nh: mu sc, mi v, trng
thi cu trc, dinh dng, s an ton v s h hng sau thu hoch.
II.1.2.1 Trimethylamineoxid (TMAO)
TMAO l thnh phn c trng v quan trng ca nhm cht cha nit phi protein.
TMAO c ch yu trong cc loi c nc mn v t c tm thy trong cc loi c nc
ngt. Hm lng TMAO trong cc loi c khc nhau ty theo loi, iu kin sinh sng, kch
c. C hot ng bi li nhiu, kch c ln cha nhiu TMAO hn c nh v t bi li trong

nc. Hm lng TMAO cha cao nht trong cc loi c sn (c nhm), mc,........
Theo Tokunaga (1970), hm lng TMAO trong c ni nh c trch, c thu, c ng
tp trung cao nht trong c tht sm, trong khi cc loi c y tht trng c hm lng
TMAO cao hn nhiu trong c tht mu sng. TMAO c vai tr iu ha p sut thm thu
ca c, v vy gip c chng li p sut thm thu gy ra do s chnh lch nng mui
trong nc bin.
II.1.2.2 Cc acide amine t do
Cc acide amine t do chim khong 0,5 2% trng lng c tht, chng gp phn
to nn mi v c trng ca nguyn liu. Hm lng acide amine t do cng nhiu th vi
khun gy h hng pht trin cng nhanh v sinh ra mi amoniac. Cc loi c c c tht sm
v thng vn ng nh c ng, c thu c hm lng histidine cao. C tht sm cha
histidine cao hn tht trng. Trong thi gian bo qun histidine b vi sinh vt kh nhm
carboxyl hnh thnh c t histamine.
II.1.2.3 Ure
Ure c ph bin trong tt c c tht c, nh ni chung c t hn 0,05% trong c tht
ca c xng, cc loi c sn bin cha mt lng ln ure (1 2,5%). Trong qu trnh bo
qun ure phn hy thnh NH3 v CO2 di tc dng ca enzyme urease ca vi sinh vt. Do
ure ha tan trong nc v thm qua mng t bo nn n d c tch ra.
II.1.2.4 Amoniac
Amoniac c mi c trng (mi khai). Trong c tht ca c ti c lng nh
amoniac. Trong c xng lng amoniac thp nhng khi b h hng do vi sinh vt th lng
amoniac tng nhanh. Khi s h hng tin trin, pH ca c tht chuyn sang mi trng kim
do lng amoniac tng ln v to nn mi n thi ca c.
II.1.2.5 Creatine
L thnh phn chnh ca hp cht phi protein. C trng thi ngh ngi creatine tn ti di
dng mch vng phospho v cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh co c.
II.1.2.6 Enzyme
Enzyme l protein, chng hot ng xc tc cho cc phn ng ha hc trong ni
tng v trong c tht. Enzyme tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht t bo, qu trnh tiu
ha thc n v tham gia vo qu trnh t cng. Sau khi cht, enzyme vn cn hot ng, v
th gy nn qu trnh t phn gii ca c lm nh hng n mi v, trng thi cu trc v
hnh dng ca chng. Sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii do enzyme l ngun dinh dng cho
vi sinh vt, lm tng tc n hng.
Trong nguyn liu c nhiu enzyme khc nhau. Cc nhm enzyme chnh nh hng
n cht lng nguyn liu l: enzyme thy phn v enzyme oxi ha kh.
Nhiu loi protease c tch chit t c tht c v c tc dng phn gii lm mm
m c. S mm ha m c gy kh khn trong ch bin. Cc enzyme thy phn protein
quan trng trong nguyn liu gm: Cathepsin, protease kim tnh, collagenase, pepsin
trypsin, chimotripsin.
Cc enzyme thy phn lipid quan trng gm: lipase, phospholipase. Chng thng c
trong cc c quan ni tng v trong c tht. Enzyme thy phn lipid rt quan trng i vi c
ng lnh, cc loi c ny lipid c th b thy phn khi hot ng ca nc thp. Qu
trnh bo qun lnh ng cc acide bo t do c sinh ra t phospholipid v triglycerit, c
nh hng xu n cht lng ca c. Acide bo t do gy ra mi v xu, nh hng n cu
trc v kh nng gi nc ca protein c tht.
Cc enzyme oxy ha bao gm: phenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase.
Polyphenoloxidase c bit qua trng trong tm v chng l nguyn nhn gy nn m en
cho nguyn liu sau thu hoch.
II.1.3 Lipid
C s dng cht bo nh ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong nhng
thng ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him.
Hm lng lipid dao ng nhiu (0,1 30%). C c phn loi theo hm lng cht
bo nh sau:
+ C gy (<1% cht bo) nh c tuyt, c tuyt sc en, ...
+ C bo va (<10% cht bo) nh c mp, c bn li nga, c nhng.
+ C bo (>10% cht bo) nh c hi, c trch, c thu,...

Loi c
Hm lng cht bo
C tuyt
0,1 0,9
C bn
0,5 9,6
C sao
1,1 3,6
C herring
0,4 30
C thu
1 - 35
II.1.3.1 S phn cht bo trong c

Cht bo ca cc loi c bo thng tp trung trong m bng v y l v tr c t c
ng nht khi bi li trong nc. M m cn tp trung m lin kt, nm gia cc si c.
Vi c gy, hm lng cht bo trong c d tr ch yu trong gan.
II.1.3.2 Dng t nhin trong cht bo
Lipid trong cc loi c xng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: phospholipid v
tryglycerit. Phospholipid to nn cu trc mng t bo, v vy chng c gi l lipid cu
trc. Triglycerit l lipid d tr nng lng c trong cc ni d tr cht bo, thng trong
cc t bo m c bit c bao quanh bng mt mng phospholipid v mng li collagen
mng hn. Triglycerit thng c gi l lipid d tr. Mt s loi c c cha cc este dng
sp nh mt phn ca cc lipid d tr.
Thnh phn cht bo trong c khc xa so vi cc loi ng vt khc. im khc nhau
ch yu l chng bao gm cc acide cha bo ha cao. Hm lng acide bo cha bo ha
trong c bin (88%) cao hn trong c nc ngt (70%). Cht bo trong c cha nhiu acide
bo cha bo ha do rt d b oxy ha sinh ra cc sn phm cp thp nh aldehyde, ceton,
skaton. Tuy nhin lipid trong thy sn rt c li cho sc kho ngi tiu dng. Cc hp cht
c li trong lipid c l cc acide bo khng no cao, c bit l: acide eicosapentaenoic (EPA
20.5), v acide docosahexaenoic (DHA 22.6).
im ng c ca du c thp hn ng vt khc. nhit thng trng thi
lng, nhit thp b ng c mc khc nhau.
II.1.4 Glucid
Hm lng glucid trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5% tn ti di dng nng
lng d tr glycogen. Tuy nhin hm lng glycogen cc loi nhuyn th chim khong
3%. C va trng lng glucid d tr rt thp. Sau khi cht, glycogen c tht chuyn
thnh acide lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh nng gi nc ca c tht. S bin i
ca pH c tht sau khi cht ca c c ngha cng ngh rt ln.
II.1.5 Cc loi vitamine v khong cht
C l ngun cung cp chnh vitamine nhm B (thiamin, riboflavin v B12), vitamine A
v D c ch yu trong cc loi c bo. Vitamine A v D tch ly ch yu trong gan,
Vitamine nhm B c ch yu trong c tht c.
Vitamine rt nhy cm vi oxy, nh sng, nhit . Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ch bin
nh hng ln n thnh phn vitamine. V vy cn phi ch trnh tn tht vitamine
trong qu trnh ch bin.
Cht khong ca c phn b ch yu trong m xng, c bit trong xng sng.
Canxi v phospho l 2 nguyn t chim nhiu nht trong xng c. Tht c l ngun giu st,
ng, lu hunh v iod. Ngoi ra cn c niken, coban, ch, asen, km.
Hm lng cht st trong tht c nhiu hn ng vt trn cn, c bin nhiu hn c
nc ngt, c tht c mu sm nhiu hn tht c mu trng.
Sunfua c ph bin trong tht cc loi hi sn, chim khong 1% cht kh ca tht.
Sunfua trong tht c phn ln tn ti dng hp cht hu c sunfua ha tan. Hm lng
sunfua nhiu hay t c nh hng ln n mu sc sn phm.
Hm lng ng trong c t hn so vi ng vt thy sn khng xng sng.
Hm lng iod trong tht c t hn so vi ng vt hi sn khng xng sng. C
bin c hm lng iod cao hn c nc ngt. Hm lng iod ca hi sn ni chung nhiu
hn gp 10 50 ln so vi ng vt trn cn. Tht c c nhiu m th hm lng iod c xu
hng tng ln.
II.1.6 Tnh cht vt l ca ng vt thy sn
II.1.6.1 Hnh dng
10
Hnh dng c th v chc nng ca c hon ton thch nghi vi cuc sng bi li t
do trong nc. C c nhiu dng:
+ Hnh thoi: c nc, c thu, c ng.
+ Hnh tn: c c, c kim.
+ Hnh dp: c chim, c ui, c bn.
+ Hnh rn: c khoai, c h, c da.
C th chia thnh 2 dng c bn: c thn trn v c thn dt.
+ C thn trn: c ng, c thu, c nhm. Chng thng hot ng bi li.
+ C thn dt: c ui, c bn thch ng vi i sng y bin v t bi li.
Vi sinh vt c tm thy trn b mt ngoi ca c sng v c va nh bt. Nu c
c t l din tch b mt so vi khi lng ca n (cn gi l din tch b mt ring) cng ln
th cng d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt trn b mt c. V vy, trc khi x l
v bo qun cn phi ra sch c loi b lp nht b mt c cha vi sinh vt.
II.1.6.2 T trng c
Gn bng t trng ca nc, thay i ty theo b phn trn c th ca c, ph thc
vo thn nhit ca c, c c nhit cng nh th t trng cng nh.
II.1.6.3 im bng
L im nhit lm cho c bt u ng bng, nc trong c th c tn ti
dng dung dch do im bng tun theo n lut Raun. Dung dch cng long ng bng
cng nhanh, im ng bng ca c gn im ng bng ca nc (00C). Thng thng
im bng ca cc loi c t 0,6 2,60C. im bng ca c t l nghch vi pH ca dung
dch trong c th c. p sut thm thu ca thy sn nc ngt thp hn thy sn nc mn,
do im bng thy sn nc ngt cao hn nc mn.
II.1.6.4 H s dn nhit
Ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng m, c c hm lng m cng ln th h s dn
nhit cng nh. Tuy nhin h s dn nhit cn ph thuc vo nhit . Tht c ng kt c
h s dn nhit ln hn c cha ng kt, nhit ng kt cng thp h s dn nhit cng
cao.
11
II.1.7 Tnh cht ha hc th keo ca ng vt thy sn

Ch yu nghin cu h thng keo, l cc loi protein .
Do cu to t nhng hp cht nitrogen, cc hp cht ny cu to nn c quan ca c,
to cho cu trc ca c c chc, n hi, do dai nht nh (cu to t nhng thnh
phn phc tp nhng ch yu l protein). Cu to ca c th c l mt hn hp nng lng
cht ha hc m trc ht l cc loi protein, sau l lipid, ri n cc mui v c v
nhng cht khc na to thnh mt dung dch keo nht trong nc l dung mi.
* Trng thi tn ti ca nc
Tn ti 2 trng thi l nc kt hp v nc t do.
Nc t do: l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht ha tan ng kt 00C, kh nng dn in
ln, c th thot ra khi c th ca sinh vt p sut thng.
Nc kt hp: khng l dung mi cho cc cht ha tan, khng ng kt, kh nng dn
in nh, khng bay hi p sut thng.
* Hnh thc tn ti ca nc
Tn ti di 2 dng hnh thc l ht thn nc v cht thn nc.
- Ht thn nc: tn ti di dng nc khuch tn, nc t do, nc hp ph.
+ Nc hp ph: l lp nc bn trong, kt hp vi cc ht thn nc bng lc
phn t trn b mt hoc mt gc nht nh no .
+ Nc khuch tn: l lp nc gia, khng kt hp vi cc ht thn nc,
dy lp nc khuch tn dy hn lp nc hp ph rt nhiu.
- Cht thn nc: tn ti di 2 hnh thc nc kt hp v nc t do.
+ Nc kt hp gm:
Nc kt hp vi protein dng keo c tc nc do protein dng
keo c hp th.
Nc kt hp protein keo tan: l nc kt hp vi protein trng thi
ha tan, mui v c v cc cht trng thi keo ha tan khc, nc ny l
nc do keo ha tan hp th.
+ Nc t do gm: nc c nh, nc c kt cu t do v nc dnh t.
12
Nc c nh: l nc cha rt nghim ngt trong kt cu hnh li, n

l mt dng keo c, nc ny rt kh p ra.
Nc kt cu t do: tn ti nhng l nh v ke h ca kt cu hnh
li ca mng si c hoc nhng t chc xp nhiu l rng ca m lin kt,
nc ny d p ra.
Nc dnh t: r mng thng dnh st trn b mt ca c tht c.
Nc kt hp c ngha rt quan trng trong s sng ca ng vt thy sn. Bn
cnh nc kt hp cn to gi tr cm quan cho ng vt thy sn, to mi v thm ngon.
II.2 Mui n
II.2.1 Thnh phn mui n
Thnh phn ca mui ch yu l NaCl, ngoi ra t nhiu u c tp cht. Nhng tp
cht c th chia lm hai loi:
+ Nhng cht khng c hot tnh ha hc nh nc v cc cht khng ha tan nh
si, ct ,v.v.
+ Nhng cht c hot tnh ha hc nh: hp cht Clor ca Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ v
mui ca gc sulfat.
Mui n tnh khit l cht kt tinh, khng mu. Khi lng ring d = 2.161, im
nng chy: 8030C, im si 14390C.
Mui n c mu trng, tan trong nc, glycerin, hi tan trong cn, d ht m, c v
mn.
Lng nc trong mui lun thay i. Nu trong khng kh c m trn 75% mui
s ht nhiu nc. Nu m khng kh di 75% th mui s kh rt nhanh. Ngoi ra
lng nc trong mui cn ph thuc vo to nh ca ht mui, ht mui to c hm lng
nc t hn ht mui c tinh th nh.
II.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca mui n
II.2.2.1 Tc dng phng thi ca mui n
Mui n thm thu vo nguyn liu lm cho nc thot ra, vi khun thiu nc khng
th pht trin c.
13
NaCl khi ha tan s cho raion Cl-, Cl- kt hp ci protide mi peptide lm cho cc
men phn hy protide ca vi sinh vt khng cn kh nng ph v protide ly cht dinh
dng sinh sng. Cng c th do ion Cl- c c tnh lm cho vi khun trng c.
Nng mui cng ln th p sut thm thu cng mnh, v vt c th lm rch mng
t bo vi khun, gy cho chng st thng.
Do c mui nn oxy t ha tan trong mi trng p mui. V vy nhm vi sinh vt
hiu khi khng c iu kin pht trin. Gii hn pht trin ca khun ln men nng
mui 15% v ca kha ln mc l 20 30%.
II.2.2.2 nh hng ca cc thnh phn khc trong mui n
Trong mui n, ngoi NaCl cn c cc mui khc nh CaCl2, MgCl2... Cc mui ny
u lm tr ngi tc thm thu ca NaCl vo c th c, v ha tan ca chng ln hn.
Ngoi ra, cn lm cho mu sc, mi v v vng chc ca sn phm km i.
II.2.2.3 Tnh thm thu v khuch tn
Do tnh ht nc ca mui nn p c vi mui, nc trong c thot ra lm tan
mui (gi l qu trnh khuch tn). Song song l qu trnh mui thm vo c (gi l thm
thu). Sau cng nc t c khng thot ra na nhng mui trong dung dch mui c (nc
bi) vn tip tc ngm vo c th c cho n khi bo ha mui. bo ha mui c
thng thp hn nc bi.
C cng ti th tc thp mui cng nhanh v nhiu hn c n.
II.2.3 Cc phng php p mui
II.2.3.1 p mui kh
Dng nguyn ht mui p c. Thng s dng nguyn tc: mui to p c ln,
mui nh p c nh. Do mui ht to tan chm thm t t vo c nhng thm su cho nn
c to c thm mui u. Cn mui ht nh mn tan nhanh, thm nhanh vo c, do c
nh con c thm mui u hn.
II.2.3.2 p mui nc
Mui c pha thnh dung dch p c, vi 3 dng nh sau:
+ Dung dch mui lt: c t 15 190B, ha tan t 180 250 gram.
+ Dung dch mui va: c t 20 - 220B, ha tan t 265 300 gram
14
+ Dung dch mui mn: c t 23 - 220B, ha tan t 333 350 gram

II.2.3.3 p mui hn hp
y va s dng p mui kh ln c, va cho vo dung dch nc mui mn
p mui mt cch lin tc trong dy chuyn sn xut cng nghip.
III. Quy trnh sn xut
C + mui
(2 ngy)
Ln men (6 12 thng)
chp chn
Chit rt
Nc mm ct
Xng tht cha thoi ha

Ln men ln 2 (6 12 thng)
Nc mui
B
dch mm
B sau chit rt
Ln men nhiu ln
Dch nc mm
Phi trn
Nc mm thnh phm
15
IV. C s l thuyt
IV.1 Bn cht ca cc qu trnh sn xut nc mm
C
mui
Nc mm
Bn cht ca qu trnh ny chnh l qu trnh thy phn protein trong c nh h

enzyme protease pepton polypeptide peptide acide amin.
Qu trnh thy phn protein n acide amin l mt qu trnh rt phc tp. c hiu
ca enzyme l ch tc dng ln mt vi cht no vi vi kiu lin kt nht nh, nh
enzyme peptidase ch tc dng ln mi lin kt peptide thy phan mi lin kt ny:
CO NH
H20, peptidase
COOH
NH2
Vi d tham gia ca enzyme trong qu trnh thy phn theo c ch xc tc:

E
Vi
ES
E: Enzyme
S: c cht (protein)
ES: hp cht trung gian gia enzyme v c cht
P: sn phm
Sn phm ch yu ca qu trnh phn gii protein l acide amin v cc peptide cp

thp.
S to thnh v chuyn bin hp cht ES qua 3 bc:
+ Bc 1: Enzyme kt hp vi protein to thnh phc cht enzyme protein, bc ny
xy ra kh nhanh, lin kt khng bn.
+ Bc 2: Xy ra s chuyn bin ca cc phn t prtein dm n lm ph v cc mi
lin kt ng ha tr tham gia vo phn ng. Khi , phc cht ES ng thi xy ra hai qu
trnh l s dch chuyn thay i electron, dn n s cc ha ca mi lin kt tham gia vo
phn ng v bin dng hnh hc ca mi lin kt ng ha tr trong phn t protein cng nh
trong trung tm hot ng ca enzyme, lm cho protein hot ng, qu trnh thy phn d
dng hn.
+ Bc 3: Giai on to thnnh cc acide amin v peptide cp thp, gii phng
enzyme.
Theo nghin cu ca Beddow, ba bc to thnh v chuyn ha hp cht ES tng
ng vi 3 chng ng bin i hp cht nitrogen trong qu trnh thy phn c.
16
+ Pha 1 (0 25 ngy): c s gia tng th tch ca phn cht lng ni trn b mt sn

phm v protein ha tan.
+ Pha 2 (80 120 ngy): m t bo b ph v, protein ca t bo tr nn tip xc vi
enzyme, sn phm ca qu trnh t phn protein c phng thch. hu nh tt c m t bo
u b phn hy v bin mt sau 120 140 ngy.
+ Pha 3 (140 200 ngy): enzyme phng thch v tn cng vo cc phn protein ha
tan. y l nguyn nhn lm thay i hp cht nit.
Ngoi ra, ng v cht bo cng b phn gii thnh ru v cc acide hu c.
IV.2 Cc h enzyme trong sn xut nc mm
Gm 3 h enzyme ln:
IV.2.1 H enzyme Metalo protease (aminodipeptidase)
H enzyme ny tn ti trong ni tng ca c v chu c nng mui cao nn ngay
t u n hot ng mnh, gim dn t thng th ba tr v sau. Loi enzyme ny c hot
tnh kh mnh, c kh nng thy phn rng ri i vi cc loi peptide. y l nhm thy
phn enzyme trung tnh, pH ti thch = 5 7, pI = 4 5. N n nh i vi ion Mg2+, Ca2+
v mt hot tnh vi Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Hg2+...
IV.2.2 H enzyme serin protease
in hnh l enzyme tripsin, tn ti nhiu trong ni tng ca c. giai u ca qu
trnh sn xut nc mm hot ng ca n yu n thng th hai v pht trin dn t cc
i thng th 3 ri gim dn n khi chp chn (protein phn gii gn nh hon ton
khng cn dng pepton). H enzyme ny lun b c ch bi chui acide amin trong cu
trc ca enzyme. tho g chui ny phi nh n hat ng cuae men cathepsin B nhng
men cathepsin B s b c ch nng mui cao. V vy, men cathepsin B hot ng
c, ngi ta thc hin cho mui nhiu ln. Enzyme serin protease hot ng mnh t
pH = 5 10, mnh nht pH = 9.
IV.2.3 H enzyme acide protease
C trong tht v ni tng c, in hnh l enzyme cathepsin D. H enzyme ny d b
c ch bi nng mui khong 15% nn thng n chit tn ti mt thi gian ngn u
17
thi k ca qu trnh thy phn. Loi men ny ng vai tr th yu trong qu trnh sn xut
nc mm.
IV.3 Vi sinh vt trong sn xut nc mm
Ngun gc: c t nguyn liu, dng c, thit b, mi trng (khng kh, nc). Khi vi
sinh vt xm nhp vo chp c cc nh hng sau:
Tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn protein nhng rt yu v b c ch bi nng
mui cao.
Tham gia tch cc vo vic hnh thnh hng v ca nc mm, ch yu l cc vi sinh
vt k kh c kh nng sinh hng.
IV.4 Nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm
IV.4.1 Nhit
Nhit tng vn tc phn ng tng, n mt nhit no s khng tng na v
c th gim xung do nhit cao lm cho h enzym serin-protease mt hot tnh. Qu trnh
thy phn km.
+ Nhit 30 470C thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin chp.
+ Nhit 700C tr ln hu ht cc h enzym trong c mt hot tnh.
Nng nhit ca chp ln bng cch phi nng, nu hoc s dng tn nng che
phn xng.
IV.4.2 pH
Mi h enzym c pH ti thch khc nhau, v vy phi xem loi enzym no nhiu nht
v ng vai tr ch yu nht trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to pH thch hp cho
enzym hot ng. Qua thc nghim cho thy:
pH mi trng t nhin t 5.5 6.5 enzym tripsin v pepsin hot ng c, ng
thi pH ny c tc dng c ch mt phn vi khun gy thi. V vy mi trng t nhin
c pH thch hp cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm hn.
IV.4.3 Lng mui
Mui l nguyn liu quan trng cho qu trnh sn xut nc mm, thiu mui nc
mm khng hnh thnh c.
18
Yu cu ca mui trong sn xut nc mm phi l loi mui n, cng tinh khit cng
tt, kt tinh ht nh c rn cao, mu trng ng nh (khng vn cc, m t, v ng cht).
+ Nng mui thp c tc dng thc y qu trnh thy phn protein nhanh hn,
chp mau chn.
+ Nng mui qu cao c tc dng c ch lm mt hot tnh ca enzym, qu trnh
thy phn chm li, thi gian thy phn ko di (protein b kt ta bi mui trung tnh bo
ha).
ch bin chp nhanh cn xc nh lng mui cho vo trong chp l bao nhiu
v lng mui ny phi tha mn 2 iu kin:
+ Khng mn qu trnh c ch hot ng ca enzym.
+ Khng nht qu c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi khun gy thi.
Thng lng mui cho vo khong 20-25% so vi khi lng c. Nn thc hin
phng php cho mui nhiu ln v cn phi xc nh s ln cho mui, t l mui ca mi
ln v khong cch gia cc ln cho mui khng nh hng n qu trnh sn xut nc
mm.
IV.4.4 Din tch tip xc
Mun phn ng xy ra nhanh phi c s tip xc tt gia enzym v c cht. Cc
enzym trong c tp trung nhiu ni tng, nn tng tc thy phn ngi ta tm cch
tng din tch tip xc gia enzym v tht c. C th dng cc bin php:
- Phng php xay nh c:
+ Xay nh c din tch tip xc s ln nhng protein d b bin tnh do tc dng c
hc.
+ Enzym phn tn nhng phn tn rt rng ra mi trng nc lm cho nng
enzym long ra. Khi chp chn em ko rt s gp hin tng tt l.
- Phng php p dp: C p dp s gi c hnh dng ban u, c tht bn trong b mm
ra, t chc c tht lng lo gip enzym d ngm vo trong tht. C p dp xng c khng
b v vn, khi chp chn ko rt d dng.
- Phng php ct khc: tht c vn cn chc nn enzym kh ngm vo hn phng php
p dp, protein mt ngoi d b bin tnh do tip xc vi dung dch c nng mui cao.
19
Nh vy tng din tch tip xc s dng phng php p dp kt hp vi nh

khuy chp l tt nht.
IV.4.5 Bn thn nguyn liu
Nhng loi c khc nhau, thnh phn ha hc v cu trc cng khc nhau, nht l h
enzym trong c v vy to ra loi nc mm c cht lng khc nhau.
- C ti ch bin cht lng tt hn c n.
- Loi c c kt cu c tht lng lo, mm mi, t vy d ch bin hn loi c cng,
chc, nhiu vy.
- Nu c c nhiu m th nc mm c mi i kht kh chu, mi chua (do s thy
phn cht bo thnh acid bo v glycerid) hoc kht do oxy ha cht bo.
- C sng tng nc mt v gia nh c thu, c cm, c nc, c mi... cho cht
lng nc mm tt nht v n n c thc n ngon nn dinh dng v thnh phn m
cao.
- C sng tng nc di v tng y nh c phn, c mi cho nc mm c cht
lng km v thiu thc n (n rong, ru, bn hoc thc vt di y) lm cho tht c thiu
dinh dng v bng c c bn t nh hng n mu sc nc chp
V. Thuyt minh quy trnh
V.1 X l nguyn liu
V.1.1 C
Nu c chp thuc loi c tp, kch thc ln v nhiu du nh c Linh, c trch...
th cha trong cc h ngoi tri. l h xi mng c kh nng gi nhit tt. Khi t ngoi
tri, n hp thu nhit mnh v phn gii tht c. Cng dng ca vic s dng h ngoi tri
cho mt s loi c nh sau
- i vi c tp: do cht lng c khng tt, nu ch bin trc tip th nc mm
khng ngon mc d lng m c th cao. V th, h cha c tp ch yu l to h thng ly
m cho nc mm.
20
- i vi c c kch thc ln: nh h c kh ng gi nhit, nhit cao nn qu

trnh phn gii c nhanh hn so vi vic phn hy c nhit thng chp bng g trong
nh liu.
- i vi c du: du c trong qu trnh ch bin rt d b oxy ha nn cng nh
hng n cht lng nc mm. V vy, ngi ta tr c trong cc h ngoi tri va trnh
lm gim cht lng nc mm, va c th vt du bn, tng thm thu nhp.
Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn phi c ra sch, loi b tp cht v chun b ch
bin.
V.1.2 p mui
Trc khi ch bin, phi tin hnh v sinh thng chp v tnh ton lng mui cho
vo khi chp.
Cho c v mui vo thng. C mt lp c th mt lp mui v dng bn co g
dn u lp c v lp mui. Nn ri nhiu lp mui mng thay v t lp nhng dy. Ph mt
lp mui mt kh dy khong 2 3 cm trn cng. Mc ch l gi nhit v trnh rui nhng
u vo.
Ly nhiu lp l ph ln lp mui mt. Lp l c ct cht vo cc thanh np, dng
cc n h gi cc thanh np li ri dng hai n thng gc ngang qua thng chp nn
v khng b tri ln. Mc ch ca khu gi nn l va gi c v sinh, va tc dng lc p
nc t tht c c tit nhanh hn.
V.2
Thi gian: 2 ngy.
y l giai on ln men kh, c khi chp nng ln n gn 400C.
Ln men kh ym kh va c tc dng phn gii tt, va to hng v thm ngon.
V.3 Giai on ln men - ch bin chp c truyn
y chnh l qu trnh thy phn protein trong c nh h enzyme protease. Sn phm
cui cng l acide amin hoc peptide cp thp.
C 3 phng php ch bin chp c truyn:
-
Phng php nh khuy:

+ y l phng php ca Ct Hi - Hi Phng.
21
+ Cho mui nhiu ln li dng c kh nng phn gii ca enzyme v vi sinh

vt ti mc cao, rt ngn thi gian ch bin chp. Cho mui nhiu ln l to
iu kin phng thi, tiu dit cc vi khun gy thi thng thng v khng
km hm nhiu qu kh nng hot ng ca men.
+ Cho thm nc l l cung cp cho mi trng phn gii mt lng vi sinh vt
ng k, to mi trng lng gip cho men v vi sinh vt hot ng c d dng,
lm cho t bo tht c chng c phn gii.
+ Lng nc cho thm vo nn va phi, nu t qu th tc dng phn gii ca
men km nhng nu nhiu qu th khng khng ch c qu trnh thi ra, ng
thi lm gim m trong nc mm. V vy, lng nc cho vo cn ty thuc
c im ca nguyn liu, thng t 20 30% so vi c.
-
Phng php gi nn:

+ C c trn u vi mui cho mui ngay t u hoc cho mui nhiu ln,
sau p vo thng hoc b ri gi nn. Da vo men trong c phn gii
protide ca tht c, khng cho nc l v khng nh khuy.
+ y l phng php ca vng khu 4 c hoc ca cc tnh pha Nam.
Phng php ch bin h hp (kt hp hai phng php gi nn v nh khuy)

+ Phng php ny rt kinh nghim t hai phng php trn
+ Lc u, thc hin phng php gi nn.
+ sau thc hin phng php nh khuy.
min Nam, ch bin chp theo phng php gi nn th thi gian di nht nhng
ni chung m thi t hn nn m hu t trong nc mm cao hn v tng lng m cng
cao hn so vi phng php nh khuy.
Khi cho mui th thn c ngm mui, nt u v chm xung, khng cn
hin tng trng v ni ln na. Lc , ngi ta ni c ng c. Nh nn cht, nhit
ni c trong c lm cho men hot ng tng ln, trung tm tch t dn kh Nh3, CO2, H2S...
lm cho c trng ln, tht c b x nt nhng xng v da vn cn nguyn. Mui thm thu
vo c nc tit ra gi l nc bi. Khong 1 thng sau th c chm xung hn, nc ni ln
c mu vng, trong v xut hin mi nc mm r rt, lc c ng mt du. Mu
sc ca nc mm chuyn t mu vng nht sang hn mu vng m, nc mm trong.
22
Sau 6 12 thng, chp chn hon ton, c th chit rt.

c im ca phng php ny l chp chn c vn cn nguyn con, xng khng
nt nn thun li cho vic ko rt.
V.4 Chit rt
Qu trnh ko rt nc mm l qu trnh lc lin hon. Qu trnh ko rt l qu trnh
rt m trong b khng qu nubng cch dng lng nc bi hoc nc thuc t m cho
chuyn ln lt t thng ny qua thng khc tng m v tng hng v.
Sau khi chp chn, nc mm ch c mi thm thun ty, khng cn mi hn tp
ca chp na. Tuy vy, phn b vn cn mi tanh. Ta rt phn nc c nu vng, trong
pha trn (nc mm ct).
Cn li phn xng tht c cha phn gii ht ta tip tc cho ln men. Vi mi ln
chit rt ta li b sung nc mui vo lm nc thuc. Qu trnh ln men tip tc phn
gii ht lng tht c cn st li.
Qu trnh ln men v chit rt dng li khi tt c tht c hon ton c phn gii.
V.5 Phi trn
Mun thu c nc mm c hng v thm ngon v c nng m nh mong
mun, ta phi pha u cc loi noc mm c m khc nhau, thng pha nc mm c
m cao vi nc mm c m thp thnh loi nc mm c m trung bnh. Vic
tnh ton th tch c thc hin theo qui tc ng cho.
Gi s ta c 2 loi nc mm: mt loi A0N, mt loi B0N, pha ch thnh nc mm
150N. Cng thc pha u cho:
VI. Nhng hin tng h hng ca chp

VI.1 Chp chua
- Hin tng: chp bc mi chua, mu xm m mi tanh hi kh chu.
- Nguyn nhn
23
+ Chua v mn u: do lng mui lc u qu nhiu, lng mui ny ngm vo lp

tht c pha bn ngoi, bn trong v ni tng cha kp ngm mui lm cho tht c b nht
mui, xy ra qu trnh phn gii sinh ra nhiu acid bay hi phc tp nh: glycogen, glucose
b phn gii ym kh to ra acid lactic.Cc cht ny phn gii hiu kh to acid acetic, acid
butyric. Ngoi ra cc cht bo b thy phn to glycerin v acid bo hoc cht m kh amin
thnh acid bo.
+ Chua v nht u: c nht mui khng sc kim hm s pht trin ca vi sinh

vt, phn gii to nhiu acid bay hi phc tp lm pht sinh mi chua, tanh thi nhanh chng
chuyn sang h thi.
- Cch phng cha
+ Cn phi cho mui u v .
+ No o, phi nng v ko rt qua b chp tt.
+ Dng ru chuyn cc acid sang dng ester c mi thm hoc trung ha bng
NaHCO3.
+ Dng thnh hp ph mi.
+ Chua v mn u tin hnh cho thm nc l vo trong chp v tin hnh ch bin
chp tip theo.
VI.2 Chp en
- Hin tng: nc b xm en, c nht nht v mc cao hn na l c b en.
- Nguyn nhn
+ Do c c bn t tp cht khng nhng mang, nht bn ngoi m ngay ni tng
ca c.
+ Do cc sc t c trong da, tht v ni tng ca c nh: Lutein, astaxanthin,
taraxantin v nhng dn xut khc nh: sepiamelanin c trong mc.
+ Do s phn hy ca cc cht khc.
+ Do trn mui khng u gy ngng t nhm amin v nhm aldehyde.
24
+ S oxy ha cc cht bo cha bo ha.

Nhng cht gy en phn ln c cha S, khi phn hy c th hnh thnh H2S, CH3HS cho mu en, nhng cht ny tc dng vi ion kim loi cng cho mu en.
- Cch phng cha

Ty theo nguyn nhn c cch phng cha khc nhau.
+ X l nguyn liu ban u cho tt.
+ Cn chn la nguyn liu ban u cho k, trnh nhim bn.
+ Cho mt t thnh rang k v b chp tt vo trong b chp b en, tin hnh nh
khuy v tng cng phi nng.
+ Dng cht chng oxy ha KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2 oxy ha cc cht en.
+ Khi chp tr mi kp thi cho mui vo ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
+ un si nc bi, mu en s b ph hy do bay hi, vi sinh vt b tiu dit.
VI.3 Chp thi
- Hin tng: chp thi bao gi cng en v c mi hi thi nhng chp en cha chc
thi.
- Nguyn nhn:
Ch yu do mui qu nht hoc sau khi c i mui ta khng kp thi cho mui vo.
Khi cc vi sinh vt hot ng phn hy cc cht c m ch yu l cc acid amin thnh
cc sn vt cp thp lm cho chp b thi.
- Cch phng cha
+ Cn x l nguyn liu cho tt trnh nc ma vo.
+ Dng c ch bin phi sch s, khng chp ni m thp, bn thu.
+ Cn p dng ng k thut ch bin, ng thi cn nm vng hin tng c i
mui cho mui , ng v kp thi.
Nu chp b thi ri rt kh cha.
+ C th trn vi chp khc v em nu.
+ Chp b nc ma nhiu vo th c th mc ring phn ra cho mui vo, tng
cng phi nng no o.
25
VI.4 Nc mm thi v cch phng cha

- Hin tng: nc mm thi ni ln nhng bt nh v dn dn nc b c, c mu nu
xm n xanh v xng ln mi hi thi.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Chp cha chn ch mi phn gii n sn vt trung gian d b ng vn, keo t
m ta em ko rt.
+ Do nc mm lc khng trong (cn li xc c).
+ Do nc hm b nht mui hay qu nng to nhit v mi trng thch hp cho
vi sinh vt pht trin.
+ Do b thng lc hoc dng c cha khng sch s c khi ln c xc chp sng.
+ Do nc mm b nc ma hay nc l vo.
- Cch phng cha:
+ Cn trnh nhng nguyn nhn trn.
+ Cch cha duy nht hin nay l dng nhit lm bay hi mi hi thi.
VII. Cc ch tiu phn loi, kim tra chp nc mm
VII.1 Phn loi chp
Chia lm 3 loi
- Chp loi A: gm tt c cc loi chp ca c ni nh: c cm, c nc, c linh. Chp tt
loi ny dng sn xut nc mm thng hng.
- Chp loi B: gm cc loi chp ca c ni c cht lng km hn v cc loi chp ca
c khc c cht lng tt. Chp ny dng sn xut nc mm c bit v loi I.
- Chp loi C: l chp ca nhng loi c y c cht lng xu nh c phn, c mi...
VII.2 Ch tiu nh gi chp chn
VII.2.1 Cm quan
- Mu sc: mu nu ti, nu xm hoc xm. Ring nc ct c mu vng rm n cnh
gin.
- Mi thm c trng, khng c mi chua, mi l.
- Trng thi
26
+ i vi chp gi nn: c cn nguyn con, nu s ra tht c tch khi xng, nu

khuy tht s nt vn.
+ i vi chp nh khuy: c nt nhuyn, ci chp sng, khi nh khuy khng
c hin tng si bt.
VII.2.2 Ha hc: c 2 yu t
T l nit amin trn m ton phn ca nc ct.
+ i vi chp c ni t l ny > 45%.
+ i vi chp c y t l ny > 40%.
* Mt vi phng php khc
- Phng php phi nng hoc sy 500C, nu nc mm khng c bin i g so
vi mu i chng l nc mm chn. Nu mu t vng rm hoc cnh gin chuyn sang
vng nht mt hng v c trng, vn c th chp cha chn.
- Phng php lng ng: ngi ta s dng phng php c hc lc mnh mu nc
mm, lc 30-40 ln sau yn 20 pht, nu mu nc mm khng c bin i g so
vi mu i chng l chp chn.
VII.3 Tiu chun ca nc mm thnh phm
Bng 4. Tiu chun nh gi cht lng nc mm
LoiCh tiu
c bit (g/l) Loi 1
Loi 2
Nit tng s
20
15
11
Nit amin
8,5
6,5
Nit amoniac
<5
Mui
250 - 265
260 - 280 265 - 285
Thi gian bo qun (ngy) 150
100
70
VII.4 Bo qun nc mm
Nh mui v hm lng m cao, to p sut thm thu ln c ch hot ng ca vi
sinh vt. Hm lng m cao thi gian bo qun rt di t hng nm n hng chc nm
nhng hng v km i.
Dng c cha phi v sinh sch s.
27
VIII. Gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm

VIII.1 Cc cht m
Chim ch yu v quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm. Gm 3 loi m:
- m tng s: l tng lng nit c trong nc mm (g/l), quyt nh phn
hng ca nc mm.
- m amin: l tng lng m nm di dng acid amin (g/l), quyt nh gi
tr dinh dng ca nc mm
- m amon: cng nhiu nc mm cng km cht lng
Ngoi ra trong nc mm cn cha y cc acid amin, c bit l cc acid amin
khng thay th: valin, leucin, methionin, isoleucin, phenylalanin, alanin.v.v .. Cc thnh
phn khc c kch thc ln nh tripeptid, peptol, dipeptid. Chnh nhng thnh phn trung
gian ny lm cho nc mm d b h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc mm ph thuc vo nguyn liu em i ch bin.
VIII.2 Cc cht bay hi
Rt phc tp v quyt nh hng v ca nc mm.
Hm lng cc cht bay hi trong nc mm mg/100g nc mm
- Cc cht cacbonyl bay hi: 407-512 (formaldehyde)
- Cc acid bay hi: 404-533 (propionic)
- Cc amin bay hi: 9,5-11,3 (izopropylamin)
- Cc cht trung tnh bay hi: 5,1-13,2 (acetaldehyde)
Mi trong nc mm c hnh thnh ch yu do hot ng ca vi sinh vt ym kh
trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to ra.
VIII.3 Cc cht khc
- Cc cht v c: NaCl chim 250-280g/l v mt s cc cht khong nh: S, Ca, Mg,
P, I, Br.
- Vitamin: B1, B12, B2, PP.
28
Hnh 1: Nc mm
29
Hnh 2: Cc thng
30
Hnh 3: Nc mm c chit rt
31

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

Khoa Nng Nghip & SHD

Semina ch bin thy v hi sn

Qui trnh sn xut

I. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 3

Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc ca c

S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca c v s bin i ca chng c nh hng

Thnh phn ha hc (% khi lng)

Bng 3. Thnh phn ha hc c bin

Thnh phn ha hc (% khi lng)

Yu t nh hng r nht n thnh phn ha hc ca c l thnh phn thc n.

im ng in pI ca protein c vo khong pH = 4,5 5,5. Ti gi tr ny protein

c. C hot ng bi li nhiu, kch c ln cha nhiu TMAO hn c nh v t bi li trong

+ C bo (>10% cht bo) nh c hi, c trch, c thu,...

II.1.3.1 S phn cht bo trong c

II.1.7 Tnh cht ha hc th keo ca ng vt thy sn

Nc c nh: l nc cha rt nghim ngt trong kt cu hnh li, n

+ Dung dch mui mn: c t 23 - 220B, ha tan t 333 350 gram

Xng tht cha thoi ha

Bn cht ca qu trnh ny chnh l qu trnh thy phn protein trong c nh h

Vi d tham gia ca enzyme trong qu trnh thy phn theo c ch xc tc:

Sn phm ch yu ca qu trnh phn gii protein l acide amin v cc peptide cp

+ Pha 1 (0 25 ngy): c s gia tng th tch ca phn cht lng ni trn b mt sn

Nh vy tng din tch tip xc s dng phng php p dp kt hp vi nh

- i vi c c kch thc ln: nh h c kh ng gi nhit, nhit cao nn qu

Phng php nh khuy:

+ Cho mui nhiu ln li dng c kh nng phn gii ca enzyme v vi sinh

Phng php gi nn:

Phng php ch bin h hp (kt hp hai phng php gi nn v nh khuy)

Sau 6 12 thng, chp chn hon ton, c th chit rt.

VI. Nhng hin tng h hng ca chp

+ Chua v mn u: do lng mui lc u qu nhiu, lng mui ny ngm vo lp

+ Chua v nht u: c nht mui khng sc kim hm s pht trin ca vi sinh

+ S oxy ha cc cht bo cha bo ha.

- Cch phng cha

VI.4 Nc mm thi v cch phng cha

+ i vi chp gi nn: c cn nguyn con, nu s ra tht c tch khi xng, nu

c bit (g/l) Loi 1

260 - 280 265 - 285

Thi gian bo qun (ngy) 150

VIII. Gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm

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