TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI H NI KHOA IN-IN T

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ti nghin cu khoa hc
bi: thit k b ngun trong phng th nghim iu khin di rng trong khong 30v

GIO VIN HNG DN : Nguyn vn Ngha SINH VIN THC HIN : Nguyn ngc Ph Nguyn s Long Trng b Bin

H NI - 2010

Bn tm tt s b
1:Nu nhim v v yu cu bi 2:Tm hiu l thuyt 3:Thit k mch s b 4:Thit k chi tit hon thnh mch

Phn 1:
Nu nhim v v yu cu bi v Phn tm hiu l thuyt Yu cu bi:
thit k mch vi ngun vo ln hn 30 v,to u ra trong khong t 0 n 30 v. Vi yu cu bi ra ta c ngun u vo ln hn 30v..Qua mch to c u ra trong khong 30v tr li.Vi yu cu l tn hiu in DC u ra phi n nh ,in p u ra phng.m bo yu cu vi phng th nghim

Nhim v:
Vi bi cho ta phi tm hiu l thuyt gii quyt vn bi ton hp l nht, sau thit k mch nguyn l s b ri tng bc chuyn sang mch hon chnh gii quyt trn vn yu cu ra. Vi bi ton t ra ta cn tr li c nhung ccu hi sau: 1, 2, 3, Lm sao to ra in p ra thp hn in p u vo Lm sao iu chnh di in p Lm sao m bo cht lng in p u ra

gii quyt c vn trc tin ta cn tm hiu v nm vng nhng l thuyt cn Thit c th tr li c nhng cu hi t ra trn

Phn2
Tm hiu l thuyt :
Ta c 2 vn ph i lm r.Th 1 l lm sao to ra ngun nh hn ngun u vo .Th 2 l m bo tnh n nh v chnh xc cho ngun u ra. Vi bi ny ta thy ngun Buck p ng c nhu cu ra,vi nhng l do sau: BUCK : c s dng gim in p.

Buck Regulator (u vo nh hn u ra)

Thng thng th s dng nhiu nht mch bin i l Buck. N c s dng chuyn i xung in p 1 chiu thp hn khi cng phn cc. y l bn cht trong h thng c s dng phn phi cng sut trong mch (24V ti 48V), m c chuyn i ti 15V, 12V hay 5V vi s tn hao cng sut rt t. B bin i Buck c s dng 1 transitor nh 1 s chuyn i xen k v ngt s kt ni in p vo cun cm.

S trn cho thy c lu lng dng v chiu dng khi mch ng ngt. Khi chuyn i ng, in p c chuyn ti cun cm. Khi cho thy s khc nhau gia in p u vo v u ra v sau cun cm phng in bi v dng qua cun cm tng ln. Trong thi gian kha m khng ch c dng t cun cm qua ti m cn c do t in phng ra ( t in c np trong sut thi gian ny).

Khi chuyn i ngt, in p u vo t vo cun cm c xa b. Tuy nhin t dng qua cun cm khng th thay i tc thi , in p ca cun cm s c gi mt khng i. Kt thc u vo ca cun cm th nng lng trn cun cm b gim dn ti 1 mc diot c thng. Khi dng cm ng chy qua ti v quay tr li it. T in phng in cung cp vo ti trong thi gian kha ct,(Dng qua ti bao gm c ca cun cm v t in). S bin i lin tc ca cun cm to nn cc xung dng in.
Dng qua cun cm dng DC trung bnh qua ti

Nh gii thch dng qua cun cm tng ln khi kt ni c ng v gim xung khi kt ni c ngt. Dng DC qua ti c iu chnh bng tr s trung bnh ca cun cm.

Vn cn gii quyt tip theo l iu khin tn s ng m kha dng transitor .Ni

n gin v d hiu l nguyn tc iu ch rng xung PWM puse-widthmodulation.

Nguyn tc iu ch PWM - Pulse - Width-Modulation Vit bi :ph _long _bin H ni: 3/2010 PWM l ci g m sao n c ng dng nhiu trong iu khin th. Ly in hnh nht m chng ta thng hay gp l iu khin ng c v cc b bm xung p, iu p... S dng PWM iu khin nhanh chm ca ng c hay cao hn na n cn c dng iu khin n nh tc ng c. Ngoi lnh vc iu khin hay n nh ti th PWM n cn tham gia v iu ch cc mch ngun nh l : boot, buck, nghch lu 1 pha v 3 pha...PWM chng ta cn gp nhiu trong thc t v cc mch in iu khin. iu c bit l PWM chuyn dng iu khin cc phn t in t cng sut c ng c tnh l tuyn tnh khi c sn 1 ngun 1 chiu c nh .Nh vy PWM n c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b in in t. iu m dn in in t d dng nhn ra l PWM chnh nhn t m cc i Robocon s dng iu khin ng c hay n nh tc ng c.Bi vit ny s ni ln phng php iu khin PWM v cc thng s c bn ca n. 1 ) PWM l g?

Trc khi tm hiu su chng ta hy tm hiu nh ngha ca PWM l g? Nh vy Phng php iu ch PWM c tn ting anh l Pulse Width Modulation l phng php iu chnh in p ra ti hay ni cch khc l phng php iu ch da trn s thay i rng ca chui xung vung dm m s thay i in p ra Cc PWM khi bin i th c cng 1 tn s v khc nhau v rng ca sn dng hay hoc l sn m

- S nguyn tc iu khin ti dng PWM

Trn l th dng xung khi iu khin bng PWM. Vi rng xung u ra tng ng v c tnh bng %. Ty thch do chng ta iu khin.

2 ) Nguyn l ca PWM. y l phng php c thc hin theo nguyn tc ng ngt ngun ci ti v mt cch c chu k theo lut iu chnh thi gian ng ct. Phn t thc hin nhin v trong mch cc van bn dn. Xt hot ng ng ct ca mt van bn dn. Dng van ng ct bng Mosfet

Gin xung

Trn l mch nguyn l iu khin ti bng PWM v gin xung ca chn iu khin v dng in p u ra khi dng PWM. * Nguyn l : Trong khong thi gian 0 - to ta cho van G m ton b in p ngun Ud c a ra ti. Cn trong khong thi gian to - T cho van G kha, ct ngun cung cp cho

ti. V vy vi to thay i t 0 cho n T ta s cung cp ton b , mt phn hay kha hon ton in p cung cp cho ti. + Cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ti : Gi t1 l thi gian xung sn dng (kha m ) cn T l thi gian ca c sn m v dng, Umax l in p ngun cung cp cho ti. ==> Ud = Umax.( t1/T) (V) hay Ud = Umax.D vi D = t1/T l h s iu chnh v c tnh bng % tc l PWM Nh vy ta nhn trn hnh th dng iu ch xung th ta c : in p trng bnh trn ti s l : + Ud = 12.20% = 2.4V ( vi D = 20%) + Ud = 12.40% = 4.8V (Vi D = 40%) + Ud = 12.90% = 10.8V (Vi D = 90%) 3) Cc cch to ra c PWM iu khin to c ra PWM th hin nay c hai cch thng dng : Bng phn cng v bng phn mn. Trong phn cng c th to bng phng php so snh hay l t trc tip t cc IC dao ng to xung vung nh : 555, LM556...Trong phn mn c to bng cc chip c th lp trnh c. To bng phn mn th chnh xc cao hn l to bng phn cng. Nn ngi ta hay s dng phn mn to PWM a) To bng phng php so snh to c bng phng php so snh th cn 2 iu kin sau y : + Tn hiu rng ca : Xc nh tn s ca PWM + Tn hiu ta l tinshieuej xc nh mc cng sut iu ch (Tn hiu DC) Xt s mch sau :

Chng ta s dng mt b so snh in p 2 u vo l 1 xung rng ca (Saw) v 1 tn hiu 1 chiu (Ref) + Khi Saw > Ref th cho ra in p l 0V + Khi Saw < Ref th cho ra in p l Urmax V c nh vy mi khi chng ta thay i Ref th Output li c chui xung rng D thay i vi tn s xung vung Output = tn s xung rng ca Saw. b) To bng phng php dng IC dao ng NH chng ta bt th c rt nhiu IC c th to c trc tip ra xung vung m khng cn phi to tn hiu tam gic lm g v trong n tch hp sn ht c ri v ta ch vic lp vo l xong. Ti ly v d dng dao ng IC555 v con IC ny va n gin li d kim

Vi tn s xc nh c l f = 1/(ln.C1.(R1+2R2) nn ch cn iu chnh R2 l c th thay i rng xung d dng. Ngoi 555 ra cn rt nhiu cc IC to xung vung khc c) To xung vung bng phn mn. y l cch ti u trong cc cch to c xung vung. Vi to bng phn mn cho chnh xc cao v tn s v PWM. Vi li mch ca chng ta n gin i rt nhiu. Xung ny c to da trn xung nhn ca CPU. Ly 1 on v d to PWM trong con 8501 m mi hc qua v n :

chng trnh to PWM

3:Thit k mch s b
T nhng phn tch trn ta c mch nguyn l s b:

Lm r phn t trn mch: Vi iu khin:chip Pisoc(29466).Ngun nui 5 v. Nhim v:lp trnh chip to xung. Opto:P521 lm nhim v cch li v truyn tn hiu xung.T Pisoc ti kha iu khin Mosfet (knh P) IRS9540.ng vai tr lm kh iu khin cho ngun Buck T C1 v cun cm hnh thnh mch lc.T c tc dng l phng xung,cun cm chng dng in bin thin. Ngun:30v,1 chiu.(mc ni tip vi c qui) Diod D2:c th s dng hoc khng. C tc dng bo v mch.Phng trng hp u ngc 2 u m dng,nu in p ngc ln c th gy chy mch.Khi D2 s vt qu in p anhthng v ngt mch in.Chn() Mch n p dng IC 7805.Cp ngun 5v n nh cho chip(psoc)V chip hot ng cn in p u vo n nh cao.

Mch s dng t ho C2 v t gm C1 lc nhiu(a tn hiu,sung nhiu xung t) v san phng in p ti Vin v Vout.(tm hiu thm v t in) Led1 bo hiu c dng in chy qua, in tr R8 bo v Led.

Opto:cch li.To ngun kch Fet.Mac ni tip vi Mosfet knh P. Trc tin ta tm hiu thm v Mosfet knh P v mch kch Fet lm r v vic s dng 2 linh kin ny: Mosfet knh P

G : Gate gi l cc cng S : Source gi l cc ngun D : Drain gi l cc mng Trong : G l cc iu khin c cch l hon ton vi cu trc bn dn cn li bi lp in mi cc mng nhng c cch in cc ln dioxit-silic (Sio2). Hai cc cn li l cc gc (S) v cc mng (D). Cc mng l cc n cc ht mang in. Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS )

Nguyn l hot ng:

Mosfet hot ng 2 ch ng v m. Do l mt phn t vi cc ht mang in c bn nn Mosfet c th ng ct vi tn s rt cao. Nhng m m bo thi gian ng ct ngn th vn iu khin li l vn quan trng .

Mch in tng ng ca Mosfet . Nhn vo ta thy c ch ng ct ph thuc vo cc th in k sinh trn n. y ti khng ni r chi tit cu trc bn dn ca n n ng hoc m. Cc pc nn hiu nn na l : + i vi knh P : in p iu khin m Mosfet l Ugs<0. Dng in s i t S n D. V mch kch Fet s dng Opto: Cn cung cp 1 in p cho cc mng G ca Fet m Fet. i vi opto knh P, iu kin l -20V<Ugs<=0V in p ti S chnh l in p Vin t ngun c qui:30V.Ta s dng opto chuyn t in p thp hn 5V to ra t chp ti in p cao hn(10V). gs~-20V.V nu vi in p nh hn 5 V vo Fet s to chnh lch Ugs ln lm chy linh kin. l l do ti sao ta phi s dng opto. S dng in tr R2 hn dng bo v Led trong opto. V vic s dng in tr R4: Khi kch fet, ta cp mt in p Vgs m fet ln tip gip GS. ng thi in p ny cng np y vo t Cgs. Khi khng kch na, bn ngt cc G khi ngun kch. Tuy nhin, do c t Cgs nn in p trn cc C s khng gim ngay m vn gi gi tr c. V v th FET vn gi trng thi m mt thi gian di na. Khong thi gian ny di hay ngn ph thuc vo cch in

gia GS. Do tip gip GS cch in rt tt nn thm ch FET khng th chuyn c sang trng thi cm c. trnh tnh trng va phn tch, ngi ta phi gim cch in gia GS bng cch mc song song mt in tr Rg thot gia G v S. in tr ny s lm cho qu trnh phng ca t Cgs nhanh hn rt nhiu v FET nhanh chng chuyn sang trng thi kha. Mun chuyn trng thi t dn sang cm cng nhanh th Rg phi cng nh. Mch lc LC:chng nhiu v san phng in p.Gip n nh in p ra.S dng t ho()=>lm r hn v mch lc. Khu hi tip: Trong qu trnh hot ng,c th xy ra st hay tng p. in p u ra ko p ng c s n nh.Khu hi tip a in p Vout tr v chp.Ta s lp trnh cho chip nhn bit thay i rng xung, iu chnh in p nh mong mun. y l khu rt quan trng m bo cht lng u ra. in p hi tip c th rt ln nn ko th u trc tip vi chp.Ta thit k 1 mch phn p s dng bin tr v in tr nh hnh v:

Theo cng thc phn p:Vin(a vo chn chp)=R2/(R1+R2).Vout Ta iu chnh bin tr V in b. Vn quan trng l khu lp trnh chip to xung (PWM) v nhn bit hi tip.Ta s lm r vo phn tip theo. Phn 3:Lp trnh cho Psoc.