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Ngy ny thng tin di ng l ngnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin nhanh nht vi con s thu bao t n 3,6 t tnh n cui nm 2008. Khi ngun t dch v thoi t tin cho mt s t ngi i xe, n nay vi s ng dng ngy cng rng ri cc thit b thng tin di ng th h ba, thng tin di ng c th cung cp nhiu hnh loi dch v i hi tc s liu cao cho ngi s dng k c cc chc nng camera, MP3 v PDA. Vi cc dch v i hi tc cao ngy cc tr nn ph bin ny, nhu cu 3G cng nh pht trin n ln 4G ngy cng tr nn cp thit. ITU a ra n tiu chun ho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba vi tn gi IMT-2000 t c cc mc tiu chnh sau y: Tc truy nhp cao m bo cc dch v bng rng nh truy nhp internet nhanh hoc cc ng dng a phng tin, do yu cu ngy cng tng v cc dch v ny. Linh hot m bo cc dch v mi nh nh s c nhn ton cu v in thoi v tinh. Cc tnh nng ny s cho php m rng ng k tm ph ca cc h thng thng tin di ng. Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c m bo s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng . Nhiu tiu chun cho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba IMT-2000 c xut, trong hai h thng WCDMA UMTS v cdma-2000 c ITU chp thun v c a vo hot ng. Cc h thng ny u s dng cng ngh CDMA iu ny cho php thc hin tiu chun ton th gii cho giao din v tuyn ca h thng thng tin ng th h ba. HSDPA (High Speech Downlink Packet Access: truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao) l mt m rng ca cc h thng 3G WCDMA UMTS c th cung cp tc ln n 10 Mbps trn ng xung. HSDPA l mt chun tng cng ca 3GPP-3G nhm tng dung lng ng xung bng cch thay th iu ch QPSK trong 3G UMTS bng 16QAM trong HSDPA. HSDPA hot ng trn c s kt hp ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM) vi ghp knh theo m v s dng thch ng ng truyn. N cng a ra mt knh iu khin ring m bo tc truyn dn s liu. Cc k thut tng t cng c p dng cho ng ln trong chun HSUPA (High Speech Uplink Packet Access). Hai cng ngh truy nhp HSDPA v HSUPA c gi chung l HSPA (High Speed Packet Data). lm cho cng ngh 3GPP UTRA/UTRAN mang tnh cnh tranh hn na (ch yu l cnh tranh vi cc cng ngh mi ca 3GPP2 v WiMAX), 3GPP quyt nh pht trin E-UTRA v E-UTRAN (E: Elvolved k hiu cho pht trin) cn c gi l siu 3G (Super-3G) hay LTE (Long Term Evolution) m thc cht l giai on u 4G. Cng vic pht trin s tin hnh trong 10 nm v sau nh l s pht trin di hn (LTE: Long Term Evolution) ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn 3GPP. Trong giai on ny tc s liu t c 30-100Mbps vi bng thng 20MHz. Tip sau LTE, IMT-Adv (IMT tin tin) s c pht trin, y s l thi k pht trin ca 4G vi tc t 100 n 1000 Mbps v bng thng 100MHz. Hnh L.1 cho thy vin cnh ca thng tin di ng 4G v kh nng p ng tc chuyn ng v v tc truyn s liu.
B3G: Broad Band 3G: 3G bng rng WLAN: Wirless Local Area Network: Mng ni vng khng dy BWA: Broad Band Wirless Access: truy nhp khng dy bng rng
Hnh L.1. Vin cnh thng tin di ng 4G theo kh nng h tr tc chuyn ng v tc truyn s liu Hin nay tai Vit Nam bng tn I dnh cho WCDMA c chia l bn khe v c cp pht cho bn nh khai thc: Viettel, VMS, GPC, EVN+HT. Trong cc nm ti 3GWCDMA UMTS s c trin khai trn bng tn ny. Bi ging Gii thiu cng ngh 3G WCDMA UMTS nhm cung cp cc khi nim c bn v cng ngh 3G WCDMA UMTS cho cc cn b Tng Cng ty Vin Thng Qun i (Viettel). Bi ging bao gm bn chng. Chng u trnh by khi qut chung v s pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng ln 4G, kin trc chung ca mt mng 3G; cc kin trc R3, R4, R5 v R6 ca mng thng tin di ng 3G WCDMA UMTS. Chng hai trnh by a truy nhp CDMA v cc k thut lin quan c p dng cho WCDMA. Chng ba gii thiu giao din v tuyn c WCDMA. Chng bn gii thiu cng ngh a truy nhp tc cao HSPA Cc chng ca ti liu ny u c kt cu theo modul hc vin d hc hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung v tng kt.
MC LC
Chng 1..................................................................................... 5 TNG QUAN MNG 3G WCDMA UMTS.........................................5 1.1. GII THIU CHUNG............................................................5 1.2. L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG LN 4G........5 1.3. KIN TRC CHUNG CA MT H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G.................................................................................. 7 1.4. CHUYN MCH KNH (CS), CHUYN MCH GI (PS), DCH V CHUYN MCH KNH V DCH V CHUYN MCH GI......8 1.5. CC LOI LU LNG V DCH V C 3GWCDMA UMTS H TR ........................................................................11 1.6. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R3 ....................................12 1.7. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R4.....................................19 1.8. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6..........................21 1.9. CHIN LC DCH CHUYN T GSM SANG UMTS...........23 1.10. CU HNH A L CA H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G........................................................................................... 26 1.11. TNG KT......................................................................29 Chng 2................................................................................... 29 CNG NGH A TRUY NHP CA WCDMA................................29 2.1. GII THIU CHUNG..........................................................30 2.2. TRI PH V A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M........30 2.3. IU KHIN CNG SUT..................................................34 2.4. CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG CDMA.........................34 2.5. MY THU PHN TP A NG HAY MY THU RAKE.....36 2.6. CC M TRI PH S DNG TRONG WCDMA.................37 2.7. TRI PH V IU CH NG LN...............................39 2.8. TRI PH V IU CH NG XUNG.........................41 2.9. TNG KT........................................................................44 Chng 3...................................................................................45 GIAO DIN V TUYN CA WCDMA UMTS.................................45 3.1. GII THIU CHUNG..........................................................45 3.2. M U...........................................................................45 3.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC CA GIAO DIN V TUYN WCDMA/FDD...............................................................46 3.4. CC THNG S LP VT L V QUY HOCH TN S.....48 3.5. CC KNH CA WCDMA..................................................51 3.6. CU TRC KNH VT L RING.......................................59 3.7. S TNG QUT MY PHT V MY THU WCDMA.....60 3.8. PHN TP PHT..............................................................61 3.9. IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG WCDMA.......................63 3.10. CC KIU CHUYN GIAO V CC S KIN BO CO TRONG WCDMA......................................................................66
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
3.11. CC THNG S MY THU V MY PHT V TUYN CA UE........................................................................................... 68 3.12. AMR CODEC CHO W-CDMA ...........................................68 3.13. TNG KT......................................................................69 Chng 4...................................................................................70 TRUY NHP GI TC CAO (HSPA)........................................70 4.1. GII THIU CHUNG..........................................................70 4.2. TNG QUAN TRUY NHP GI TC CAO (HSPA).........70 4.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC GIAO DIN V TUYN HSPA CHO S LIU NGI S DNG.....................................71 4.4. TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG XUNG (HSDPA). 73 4.5. TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG LN (HSUPA).......84 4.6. CHUYN GIAO TRONG HSDPA ........................................90 4.7. TNG KT........................................................................93 Thut ng v vit tt.................................................................95
Ti liu tham kho..100
L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G c cho trn hnh 1.1 v l trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP c cho trn hnh 1.2..
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GSM: Global System for Mobile Telecommucations WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access EVDO: Evolution Data Only IMT: International Mobile Telecommnications IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electtronics Engineers WiFi: Wireless Fidelitity WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access LTE: Long Term Evolution UMB: Untra Mobile Broadband
Hnh 1.2. Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP Hnh 1.3. cho thy l trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc pht hnh ca 3GPP
Hnh 1.3. L trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc pht hnh ca 3GPP
RAN: Radio Access Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn BTS: Base Transceiver Station: trm thu pht gc BSC: Base Station Controller: b iu khin trm gc RNC: Rado Network Controller: b iu khin trm gc CS: Circuit Switch: chuyn mch knh PS: Packet Switch: chuyn mch gi SMS: Short Message Servive: dch v nhn tin Server: my ch PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network: mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network: mang di ng cng cng mt t
Cc min chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS) c th hin bng mt nhm cc n v chc nng lgic: trong thc hin thc t cc min chc nng ny c t vo cc thit b v cc nt vt l. Chng hn c th thc hin chc nng chuyn mch knh CS (MSC/GMSC) v chc nng chuyn mch gi (SGSN/GGSN) trong mt nt duy nht c mt h thng tch hp cho php chuyn mch v truyn dn cc kiu phng tin khc nhau: t lu lng ting n lu lng s liu dung lng ln. 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System: H thng thng tin di ng ton cu) c th s dng hai kiu RAN. Kiu th nht s dng cng ngh a truy nhp WCDMA (Wide Band Code Devision Multiple Acces: a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng) c gi l UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ca UMTS). Kiu th hai s dng cng ngh a truy nhp TDMA c gi l GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn da trn cng ngh EDGE ca GSM). Ti liu ch xt cp n cng ngh duy nht trong UMTS c gi l 3G WCDMA UMTS
1.4. CHUYN MCH KNH (CS), CHUYN MCH GI (PS), DCH V CHUYN MCH KNH V DCH V CHUYN MCH GI.
3G cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh nh ting, video v cc dch v chuyn mch gi ch yu truy nhp internet. Chuyn mch knh (CS: Circuit Switch) l s chuyn mch trong thit b chuyn mch thc hin cc cuc truyn tin bng cch thit lp kt ni chim mt ti nguyn mng nht nh trong ton b cuc truyn tin. Kt ni ny l tm thi, lin tc v dnh ring. Tm thi v n ch c duy tr trong thi gian cuc gi. Lin tc v n c cung cp lin tc mt ti nguyn nht nh (bng thng hay dung lng v cng sut) trong sut thi gian cuc gi. Dnh ring v kt ni ny v ti nguyn ch dnh ring cho cuc gi ny. Thit b chuyn mch s dng cho CS trong cc tng i ca TTD 2G thc hin chuyn mch knh trn trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian trong mi knh c tc 64 kbps v v th ph hp cho vic truyn cc ng dng lm vic ti tc c nh 64 kbps (chng hn ting c m ho PCM). Chuyn mch gi (PS: Packet Switch) l s chuyn mch thc hin phn chia s liu ca mt kt ni thnh cc gi c di nht nh v chuyn mch cc gi ny theo thng tin v ni nhn c gn vi tng gi v PS ti nguyn mng ch b chim dng khi c gi cn truyn. Chuyn mch gi cho php nhm tt c cc s liu ca nhiu kt ni khc nhau ph thuc vo ni dung, kiu hay cu trc s liu thnh cc gi c kch thc ph hp v truyn chng trn mt knh chia s. Vic nhm cc s liu cn truyn c thc hin bng ghp knh thng k vi n nh ti nguyn ng. Cc cng ngh s dng cho chuyn mch gi c th l Frame Relay, ATM hoc IP. Hnh 1.5. cho thy cu trc ca CS v PS.
Hnh 1.5. Chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS). Dch v chuyn mch knh (CS Service) l dch v trong mi u cui c cp pht mt knh ring v n ton quyn s dng ti nguyn ca knh ny trong thi gian cuc gi tuy nhin phi tr tin cho ton b thi gian ny d c truyn tin hay khng. Dch v chuyn mch knh c th c thc hin trn chuyn mch knh (CS) hoc chuyn mch gi (PS). Thng thng dch v ny c p dng cho cc dch v thi gian thc (thoi). Dch v chuyn mch gi (PS Service) l dch v trong nhiu u cui cng chia s mt knh v mi u cui ch chim dng ti nguyn ca knh ny khi c thng tin cn truyn v n ch phi tr tin theo lng tin c truyn trn knh. Dch v chuyn mch gi ch c th c thc hin trn chuyn mch gi (PS). Dch v ny rt rt ph hp cho cc dch v phi thi gian thc (truyn s liu), tuy nhin nh s pht trin ca cng ngh dch v ny cng c p dng cho cc dch v thi gian thc (VoIP). Chuyn mch gi c th thc hin trn c s ATM hoc IP. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ch truyn d b) l cng ngh thc hin phn chia thng tin cn pht thnh cc t bo 53 byte truyn dn v chuyn mch. Mt t bo ATM gm 5 byte tiu (c cha thng tin nh tuyn) v 48 byte ti tin (cha s liu ca ngi s dng). Thit b chuyn mch ATM cho php chuyn mch nhanh trn c s chuyn mch phn cng tham chun theo thng tin nh tuyn tiu m khng thc hin pht hin li trong tng t bo. Thng tin nh tuyn trong tiu gm: ng dn o (VP) v knh o (VC). iu khin kt ni bng VC (tng ng vi knh ca ngi s dng) v VP (l mt b cc VC) cho php khai thc v qun l c kh nng m rng v c linh hot cao. Thng thng VP c thit lp trn c s s liu ca h thng ti thi im xy dng mng. Vic s dng ATM trong mng li cho ta nhiu ci li: c th qun l lu lng kt hp vi RAN, cho php thc hin cc chc nng CS v PS trong cng mt kin trc v thc hin khai thc cng nh iu khin cht lng lin kt.
Chuyn mch hay Router IP (Internet Protocol) cng l mt cng ngh thc hin phn chia thng tin pht thnh cc gi c gi l ti tin (Payload). Sau mi gi c gn mt tiu cha cc thng tin a ch cn thit cho chuyn mch. Trong thng tin di ng do v tr ca u cui di ng thay i nn cn phi c thm tiu b sung nh tuyn theo v tr hin thi ca my di ng. Qu trnh nh tuyn ny c gi l truyn ng hm (Tunnel). C hai c ch thc hin iu ny: MIP (Mobile IP: IP di ng) v GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol: giao thc ng hm GPRS). Tunnel l mt ng truyn m ti u vo ca n gi IP c ng bao vo mt tiu mang a ch ni nhn (trong trng hp ny l a ch hin thi ca my di ng) v ti u ra gi IP c tho bao bng cch loi b tiu bc ngoi (hnh 1.6).
Hnh 1.6. ng bao v tho bao cho gi IP trong qu trnh truyn tunnel Hnh 1.7 cho thy qu trnh nh tuyn tunnel (chuyn mch tunnel) trong h thng 3G UMTS t tng i gi cng (GGSN) cho mt my di ng (UE) khi n chuyn t vng phc v ca mt tng i gi ni ht (SGSN1) ny sang mt vng phc v ca mt tng i gi ni ht khc (SGSN2) thng qua giao thc GTP.
Hnh 1.7. Thit lp kt ni tunnel trong chuyn mch tunnel V 3G WCDMA UMTS c pht trin t nhng nm 1999 khi m ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch gi cn ng tr nn cc tiu chun cng c xy dng trn cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin hin nay v tng lai mng vin thng s c xy dng trn c s internet v th cc chuyn mch gi s l chuyn mch hoc router IP.
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- Dch v m thanh cht lng cao (16-64 kbps) - Dch v truyn thanh AM (32-64 kbps) - Dch v truyn thanh FM (64-384 kbps) Dch v Dch v s liu - Dch v s liu tc trung bnh (64-144 vin thng kbps) - Dch v s liu tc tng i cao (144 kbps- 2Mbps) - Dch v s liu tc cao ( 2Mbps) Dch v a - Dch v Video (384 kbps)
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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Kiu
Dch v chi tit - Dch v hnh chuyn ng (384kbps- 2 Mbps) - Dch v hnh chuyn ng thi gian thc ( 2 Mbps) Dch v Internet Dch v truy nhp Web (384 kbps-2Mbps) n gin Dch v Dch v Internet Dch v Internet (384 kbps-2Mbps) Internet thi gian thc Dch v internet Dch v Website a phng tin thi gian thc a phng tin ( 2Mbps) 3G WCDMA UMTS c xy dng theo ba pht hnh chnh c gi l R3, R4, R5. Trong mng li R3 v R4 bao gm hai min: min CS (Circuit Switch: chuyn mch knh) v min PS (Packet Switch: chuyn mch gi). Vic kt hp ny ph hp cho giai on u khi PS cha p ng tt cc dch v thi gian thc nh thoi v hnh nh. Khi ny min CS s m nhim cc dch v thoi cn s liu c truyn trn min PS. R4 pht trin hn R3 ch min CS chuyn sang chuyn mch mm v th ton b mng truyn ti gia cc nt chuyn mch u trn IP. Di y ta xt ba kin trc 3G WCDMA UMTS ni trn.
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iu khin cuc gi
Cc phn cn li ca giao din s dnh ring cho nh thit k v ngi s dng s chn cho mnh u cui da trn hai tiu chun (nu xu th 2G cn ko di) l thit k v giao din. Giao din l kt hp ca kch c v thng tin do mn hnh cung cp (mn hnh nt chm), cc phm v menu.
1.6.1.2. UICC
UMTS IC card l mt card thng minh. iu m ta quan tm n n l dung lng nh v tc b x l do n cung cp. ng dng USIM chy trn UICC.
1.6.1.3. USIM
Trong h thng GSM, SIM card lu gi thng tin c nhn (ng k thu bao) ci cng trn card. iu ny thay i trong UMTS, Modul nhn dng thu bao UMTS c ci nh mt ng dng trn UICC. iu ny cho php lu nhiu ng dng hn v nhiu ch k (kha) in t hn cng vi USIM cho cc mc ch khc (cc m truy nhp giao dch ngn hng an ninh). Ngoi ra c th c nhiu USIM trn cng mt UICC h tr truy nhp n nhiu mng. USIM cha cc hm v s liu cn nhn dng v nhn thc thu bao trong mng UMTS. N c th lu c bn sao h s ca thu bao. Ngi s dng phi t mnh nhn thc i vi USIM bng cch nhp m PIN. iu ny m bo rng ch ngi s dng ch thc mi c truy nhp mng UMTS. Mng s ch cung cp cc dch v cho ngi no s dng u cui da trn nhn dng USIM c ng k.
1.6.2.1. RNC
RNC (Radio Network Controller) chu trch nhim cho mt hay nhiu trm gc v iu khin cc ti nguyn ca chng. y cng chnh l im truy nhp dch v m UTRAN cung cp cho CN. N c ni n CN bng hai kt ni, mt cho min chuyn mch gi (n GPRS) v mt n min chuyn mch knh (MSC).
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Mt nhim v quan trng na ca RNC l bo v s b mt v ton vn. Sau th tc nhn thc v tha thun kha, cc kho bo mt v ton vn c t vo RNC. Sau cc kha ny c s dng bi cc hm an ninh f8 v f9. RNC c nhiu chc nng logic ty thuc vo vic n phc v nt no. Ngi s dng c kt ni vo mt RNC phc v (SRNC: Serving RNC). Khi ngi s dng chuyn vng n mt RNC khc nhng vn kt ni vi RNC c, mt RNC tri (DRNC: Drift RNC) s cung cp ti nguyn v tuyn cho ngi s dng, nhng RNC phc v vn qun l kt ni ca ngi s dng n CN. Vai tr logic ca SRNC v DRNC c m t trn hnh 1.9. Khi UE trong chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, tn ti nhiu kt ni qua Iub v c t nht mt kt ni qua Iur. Ch mt trong s cc RNC ny (SRNC) l m bo giao din Iu kt ni vi mng li cn cc RNC khc (DRNC) ch lm nhim v nh tuyn thng tin gia cc Iub v Iur. Chc nng cui cng ca RNC l RNC iu khin (CRNC: Control RNC). Mi nt B c mt RNC iu khin chu trch nhim cho cc ti nguyn v tuyn ca n.
1.6.2.2. Nt B
Trong UMTS trm gc c gi l nt B v nhim v ca n l thc hin kt ni v tuyn vt l gia u cui vi n. N nhn tn hiu trn giao din Iub t RNC v chuyn n vo tn hiu v tuyn trn giao din Uu. N cng thc hin mt s thao tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c s nh "iu khin cng sut vng trong". Tnh nng ny phng nga vn gn xa; ngha l nu tt c cc u cui u pht cng mt cng sut, th cc u cui gn nt B nht s che lp tn hiu t cc u cui xa. Nt B kim tra cng sut thu t cc u cui khc nhau v thng bo cho chng gim cng sut hoc tng cng sut sao cho nt B lun thu c cng sut nh nhau t tt c cc u cui.
1.6.3. Mng li
Mng li (CN) c chia thnh ba phn, min PS, min CS v HE. Min PS m bo cc dch v s liu cho ngi s dng bng cc kt ni n Internet v cc mng s liu khc v min CS m bo cc dch v in thoi n cc mng khc bng cc kt ni TDM. Cc nt B trong CN c kt ni vi nhau bng ng trc ca nh khai thc, thng s dng cc cng ngh mng tc cao nh ATM v IP. Mng ng trc trong min CS s dng TDM cn trong min PS s dng IP.
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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1.6.3.1. SGSN
SGSN (SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node: nt h tr GPRS phc v) l nt chnh ca min chuyn mch gi. N ni n UTRAN thng qua giao din IuPS v n GGSN thng quan giao din Gn. SGSN chu trch nhim cho tt c kt ni PS ca tt c cc thu bao. N lu hai kiu d liu thu bao: thng tin ng k thu bao v thng tin v tr thu bao. S liu thu bao lu trong SGSN gm: IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t) Cc nhn dng tm thi gi (P-TMSI: Packet- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi gi) Cc a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi) S liu v tr lu trn SGSN: Vng nh tuyn thu bao (RA: Routing Area) S VLR Cc a ch GGSN ca tng GGSN c kt ni tch cc
1.6.3.2. GGSN
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node: Nt h tr GPRS cng) l mt SGSN kt ni vi cc mng s liu khc. Tt c cc cuc truyn thng s liu t thu bao n cc mng ngoi u qua GGSN. Cng nh SGSN, n lu c hai kiu s liu: thng tin thu bao v thng tin v tr. S liu thu bao lu trong GGSN: IMSI Cc a ch PDP S liu v tr lu trong GGSN: a ch SGSN hin thu bao ang ni n GGSN ni n Internet thng qua giao din Gi v n BG thng qua Gp.
1.6.3.3. BG
BG (Border Gatway: Cng bin gii) l mt cng gia min PS ca PLMN vi cc mng khc. Chc nng ca nt ny ging nh tng la ca Internet: m bo mng an ninh chng li cc tn cng bn ngoi.
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1.6.3.4. VLR
VLR (Visitor Location Register: b ghi nh v tm tr) l bn sao ca HLR cho mng phc v (SN: Serving Network). D liu thu bao cn thit cung cp cc dch v thu bao c copy t HLR v lu y. C MSC v SGSN u c VLR ni vi chng. S liu sau y c lu trong VLR: IMSI MSISDN TMSI (nu c) LA hin thi ca thu bao MSC/SGSN hin thi m thu bao ni n Ngoi ra VLR c th lu gi thng tin v cc dch v m thu bao c cung cp. C SGSN v MSC u c thc hin trn cng mt nt vt l vi VLR v th c gi l VLR/SGSN v VLR/MSC.
1.6.3.5. MSC
MSC thc hin cc kt ni CS gia u cui v mng. N thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu v chuyn mch cho cc thu bao trong vng qun l ca mnh. Chc nng ca MSC trong UMTS ging chc nng MSC trong GSM, nhng n c nhiu kh nng hn. Cc kt ni CS c thc hin trn giao din CS gia UTRAN v MSC. Cc MSC c ni n cc mng ngoi qua GMSC.
1.6.3.6. GMSC
GMSC c th l mt trong s cc MSC. GMSC chu trch nhim thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn n vng c MS. Khi mng ngoi tm cch kt ni n PLMN ca mt nh khai thc, GMSC nhn yu cu thit lp kt ni v hi HLR v MSC hin thi qun l MS.
1.6.3.7. Mi trng nh
Mi trng nh (HE: Home Environment) lu cc h s thu bao ca hng khai thc. N cng cung cp cho cc mng phc v (SN: Serving Network) cc thng tin v thu bao v v cc cn thit nhn thc ngi s dng v tnh cc cho cc dch v cung cp. Tt c cc dch v c cung cp v cc dch v b cm u c lit k y.
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B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR) HLR l mt c s d liu c nhim v qun l cc thu bao di ng. Mt mng di ng c th cha nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu bao, dung lng ca tng HLR v t chc bn trong mng. C s d liu ny cha IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t), t nht mt MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN: s thu bao c trong danh b in thoi) v t nht mt a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi). C IMSI v MSISDN c th s dng lm kho truy nhp n cc thng tin c lu khc. nh tuyn v tnh cc cc cuc gi, HLR cn lu gi thng tin v SGSN v VLR no hin ang chu trch nhim thu bao. Cc dch v khc nh chuyn hng cuc gi, tc s liu v th thoi cng c trong danh sch cng vi cc hn ch dch v nh cc hn ch chuyn mng. HLR v AuC l hai nt mng logic, nhng thng c thc hin trong cng mt nt vt l. HLR lu gi mi thng tin v ngi s dng v ng k thu bao. Nh: thng tin tnh cc, cc dch v no c cung cp v cc dch v no b t chi v thng tin chuyn hng cuc gi. Nhng thng tin quan trng nht l hin VLR v SGSN no ang ph trch ngi s dng. Trung tm nhn thc (AuC) AUC (Authentication Center) lu gi ton b s liu cn thit nhn thc, mt m ha v bo v s ton vn thng tin cho ngi s dng. N lin kt vi HLR v c thc hin cng vi HLR trong cng mt nt vt l. Tuy nhin cn m bo rng AuC ch cung cp thng tin v cc vect nhn thc (AV: Authetication Vector) cho HLR. AuC lu gi kha b mt chia s K cho tng thu bao cng vi tt c cc hm to kha t f0 n f5. N to ra cc AV, c trong thi gian thc khi SGSN/VLR yu cu hay khi ti x l thp, ln cc AV d tr. B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR) EIR (Equipment Identity Register) chu trch nhim lu cc s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t (IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity). y l s nhn dng duy nht cho thit b u cui. C s d liu ny c chia thnh ba danh mc: danh mc trng, xm v en. Danh mc trng cha cc s IMEI c php truy nhp mng. Danh mc xm cha IMEI ca cc u cui ang b theo di cn danh mc en cha cc s IMEI ca cc u cui b cm truy nhp mng. Khi mt u cui c thng bo l b mt cp, IMEI ca n s b t vo danh mc en v th n b cm truy nhp mng. Danh mc ny cng c th c s dng cm cc seri my c bit khng c truy nhp mng khi chng khng hot ng theo tiu chun.
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mng in thoi nh: PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network: mng di ng mt t cng cng), PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network: Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng), ISDN hay cc mng s liu nh Internet. Min PS kt ni n cc mng s liu cn min CS ni n cc mng in thoi.
Giao din Iub. Giao din Iub ni nt B v RNC. Khc vi GSM y l giao din
m.
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Hnh 1.10. Kin trc mng phn b ca pht hnh 3GPP R4 Bo hiu iu khin cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC v MSC Server. ng truyn cho cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC v MGW. Thng thng MGW nhn cc cuc gi t RNC v nh tuyn cc cuc gi ny n ni nhn trn cc ng trc gi. Trong nhiu trng hp ng trc gi s dng Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP: Real Time Transport Protocol) trn Giao thc Internet (IP). T hnh 1.10 ta thy lu lng s liu gi t RNC i qua SGSN v t SGSN n GGSN trn mng ng trc IP. C s liu v ting u c th s dng truyn ti IP bn trong mng li. y l mng truyn ti hon ton IP. Ti ni m mt cuc gi cn chuyn n mt mng khc, PSTN chng hn, s c mt cng cc phng tin khc (MGW) c iu khin bi MSC Server cng (GMSC server). MGW ny s chuyn ting thoi c ng gi thnh PCM tiu chun a n PSTN. Nh vy chuyn i m ch cn thc hin ti im ny. th d, ta gi thit rng nu ting giao din v tuyn c truyn ti tc 12,2 kbps, th tc ny ch phi chuyn vo 64 kbps MGW giao tip vi PSTN. Truyn ti kiu ny cho php tit kim ng k rng bng tn nht l khi cc MGW cch xa nhau. Giao thc iu khin gia MSC Server hoc GMSC Server vi MGW l giao thc ITU H.248. Giao thc ny c ITU v IETF cng tc pht trin. N c tn l iu khin cng cc phng tin (MEGACO: Media Gateway Control). Giao thc iu khin cuc gi gia MSC Server v GMSC Server c th l mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi bt k. 3GPP ngh s dng (khng bt buc) giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp vt mang (BICC: Bearer Independent Call Control) c xy dng trn c s khuyn ngh Q.1902 ca ITU. Trong nhiu trng hp MSC Server h tr c cc chc nng ca GMSC Server. Ngoi ra MGW c kh nng giao din vi c RAN v PSTN. Khi ny cuc gi n hoc t PSTN c th chuyn ni ht, nh vy c th tit kim ng k u t. 20
lm th d ta xt trng hp khi mt RNC c t ti thnh ph A v c iu khin bi mt MSC t ti thnh ph B. Gi s thu bao thnh ph A thc hin cuc gi ni ht. Nu khng c cu trc phn b, cuc gi cn chuyn t thnh ph A n thnh ph B (ni c MSC) u ni vi thu bao PSTN ti chnh thnh ph A. Vi cu trc phn b, cuc gi c th c iu khin ti MSC Server thnh ph B nhng ng truyn cc phng tin thc t c th vn thnh ph A, nh vy gim ng k yu cu truyn dn v gi thnh khai thc mng. T hnh 1.10 ta cng thy rng HLR cng c th c gi l Server thu bao ti nh (HSS: Home Subscriber Server). HSS v HLR c chc nng tng ng, ngoi tr giao din vi HSS l giao din trn c s truyn ti gi (IP chng hn) trong khi HLR s dng giao din trn c s bo hiu s 7. Ngoi ra cn c cc giao din (khng c trn hnh v) gia SGSN vi HLR/HSS v gia GGSN vi HLR/HSS. Rt nhiu giao thc c s dng bn trong mng li l cc giao thc trn c s gi s dng hoc IP hoc ATM. Tuy nhin mng phi giao din vi cc mng truyn thng qua vic s dng cc cng cc phng tin. Ngoi ra mng cng phi giao din vi cc mng SS7 tiu chun. Giao din ny c thc hin thng qua cng SS7 (SS7 GW). y l cng m mt pha n h tr truyn ti bn tin SS7 trn ng truyn ti SS7 tiu chun, pha kia n truyn ti cc bn tin ng dng SS7 trn mng gi (IP chng hn). Cc thc th nh MSC Server, GMSC Server v HSS lin lc vi cng SS7 bng cch s dng cc giao thc truyn ti c thit k c bit mang cc bn tin SS7 mng IP. B giao thc ny c gi l Sigtran.
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Hnh 1.11. Kin trc mng 3GPP R5 v R6 im mi ca R5 v R6 l n a ra mt min mi c gi l phn h a phng tin IP (IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem). y l mt min mng IP c thit k h tr cc dch v a phng tin thi gian thc IP. T hnh 1.11 ta thy ting v s liu khng cn cc giao din cch bit; ch c mt giao din Iu duy nht mang tt c phng tin. Trong mng li giao din ny kt cui ti SGSN v khng c MGW ring. Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) cha cc phn t sau: Chc nng iu khin trng thi kt ni (CSCF: Connection State Control Function), Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin (MRF: Multimedia Resource Function), chc nng iu khin cng cc phng tin (MGCF: Media Gateway Control Function), Cng bo hiu truyn ti (TSGW: Transport Signalling Gateway) v Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW: Roaming Signalling Gateway). Mt nt quan trng ca kin trc ton IP l thit b ca ngi s dng c tng cng rt nhiu. Nhiu phn mm c ci t UE. Trong thc t, UE h tr giao thc khi u phin (SIP: Session Initiation Protocol). UE tr thnh mt tc nhn ca ngi s dng SIP. Nh vy, UE c kh nng iu khin cc dch v ln hn trc rt nhiu. CSCF qun l vic thit lp , duy tr v gii phng cc phin a phng tin n v t ngi s dng. N bao gm cc chc nng nh: phin dch v nh tuyn. CSCF hot ng nh mt i din Server /h tch vin. SGSN v GGSN l cc phin bn tng cng ca cc nt c s dng GPRS v UMTS R3 v R4. im khc nhau duy nht l ch cc nt ny khng ch h tr dch v s liu gi m c dch v chuyn mch knh (ting chng hn). V th cn h tr cc kh nng cht lng dch v (QoS) hoc bn trong SGSN v GGSN hoc t nht cc Router kt ni trc tip vi chng. Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin (MRF) l chc nng lp cu hi nghi c s dng h tr cc tnh nng nh t chc cuc gi nhiu pha v dch v hi ngh .
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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Cng bo hiu truyn ti (T-SGW) l mt cng bo hiu SS7 m bo tng tc SS7 vi cc mng tiu chun ngoi nh PSTN. T-SGW h tr cc giao thc Sigtran. Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW) l mt nt m bo tng tc bo hiu vi cc mng di ng hin c s dng SS7 tiu chun. Trong nhiu trng hp T-SGW v RSGW cng tn ti trn cng mt nn tng. MGW thc hin tng tc vi cc mng ngoi mc ng truyn a phng tin. MGW kin trc mng ca UMTS R5 c chc nng ging nh R4. MGW c iu khin bi Chc nng cng iu khin cc phng tin (MGCF). Giao thc iu khin gia cc thc th ny l ITU-T H.248. MGCF cng lin lc vi CSCF. Giao thc c chn cho giao din ny l SIP. Tuy nhin c th nhiu nh khai thc vn s dng n kt hp vi cc min chuyn mch knh trong R3 v R4. iu ny cho php chuyn i dn dn t cc phin bn R3 v R4 sang R5. Mt s cc cuc gi thoi c th vn s dng min CS mt s cc dch v khc chng hn video c th c thc hin qua R5 IMS. Cu hnh lai ghp c th hin trn hnh 1.12.
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hnh). Trong cc pht hnh ny cc phn cng v cc tnh nng mi c a ra. Cc nt B c gi l MBS (Multistandard Base Station: trm gc a tiu chun). Tuy nhin MBS V1 ch n thun l nt B, ch MBS V2 mi thc s a tiu chun v cha cc chc nng ca c nt B v BTS trong cng mt hp my. Tng t RNC V2 v OMC-R V2 c a ra phc v cho c UMTS v GSM. Hnh 1.13 cho thy kin trc ng tn ti GSM v UMTS c pht trin trong giai on trin khai UMTS ban u (3GR1.1).
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Hnh 1.14. Kin trc mng RAN tch hp pht hnh 3GR2 (R2.1).
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Hnh 1.16. Phn chia mng thnh cc vng phc v ca MSC/VLR v SGSN nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng s c ni n MSC ang phc v thu bao di ng cn gi. mi vng phc v MSC/VLR thng tin v thu bao c ghi li tm thi VLR. Thng tin ny bao gm hai loi: Thng tin v ng k v cc dch v ca thu bao. Thng tin v v tr ca thu bao (thu bao ang vng nh v hoc vng nh tuyn no).
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Hnh 1.17. Phn chia vng phc v ca MSC/VLR v SGSN thnh cc vng nh v (LA: Location Area) v nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area) Vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR (hay SGSN) m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do v khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho MSC/VLR (hay SGSN) qun l v tr ny. C th ni vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn) l v tr c th nht ca trm di ng m mng cn bit nh tuyn cho mt cuc gi n n. vng nh v ny thng bo tm s c pht qung b tm thu bao di ng b gi. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v (LAI: Location Area Identity) hay nhn dng vng nh tuyn (RAI Routing Area Identity). Vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn) c th bao gm mt s v thuc mt hay nhiu RNC, nhng ch thuc mt MSC (hay mt SGSN).
Hnh 1.18. Phn chia LA v RA l mt vng ph v tuyn c mng nhn dng bng nhn dng ton cu (CGI: Cell Global Identity). Trm di ng nhn dng bng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC: Base Station Identity Code). Vng ph ca cc thng c m phng bng hnh lc gic tin cho vic tnh ton thit k.
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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1.10.5. Mu
Mu c hai kiu: v hng ngang (omnidirectional) v phn on (sectorized). Cc mu ny c cho trn hnh 1.19.
Hnh 1.19. Cc kiu mu v hng ngang (hnh 1.19a) nhn c t pht x ca mt anten c bp sng trn trong mt ngang (mt phng song song vi mt t) v bp sng c hng chc xung mt t trong mt ng (mt phng vung gc vi mt t). phn on (hnh 1.19b) l nhn c t pht x ca ba anten vi hng pht x cc i lch nhau 1200. Cc anten ny c bp sng dng na s 8 trong mt ngang v trong mt ng bp sng ca chng chc xung mt t. Trong mt s trng hp phn on c th c to ra t pht x ca nhiu hn ba anten. Trong thc t mu c th rt a dng ty vo a hnh cn ph sng. Tuy nhin cc mu nh trn hnh 1.19 thng c s dng thit k cho s ph sng chun.
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iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn) cho knh bo hiu u cui. Nu khng c kt ni RRC, 3G SGSN thc hin tm gi v cp nht thng tin v tr c thc hin theo RA.
Hnh 1.20. Cc khi nim phn chia vng a l trong 3G WCDMA UMTS.
1.11. TNG KT
Chng ny trc ht xt tng quan qu trnh pht trin thng tin di ng ln 4G. Nu cng ngh a truy nhp cho 3G l CDMA th cng ngh a truy nhp cho 4G l OFDMA. Sau kin trc mng 3G c xt. Mng li 3G bao gm hai vng chuyn mch: (1) vng chuyn mch cc dch v CS v (2) vng chuyn mch cc dch v PS. Cc pht hnh nh du cc mc quan trng pht trin mng 3G WCDMA UMTS c xt: R3, R4, R5 v R6. R3 bao gm hai min chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi trong kt ni gia cc nt chuyn mch gi l TDM (ghp knh theo thi gian). R4 l s pht trin ca R3 trong min chuyn mch knh chuyn thnh chuyn mch mm v kt ni gia cc nt mng bng IP. R5 v R6 h tr cc dch v a phng tin IP hon ton da trn chuyn mch gi. p ng c nhim v ny ngoi min chuyn mch gi, mng c b sung thm phn h a phng tin IP (IMS). Ct li ca IMS l CSCF thc hin khi u kt ni a phng tin IP da trn giao thc khi u phin (SIP Session Initiation Protocol). Ngoi ra IMS vn cn cha chuyn mch mm h tr dch v chuyn mch knh (MGCF). Hin nay mng 3GWCDMA UMTS ang giai don chuyn dn t R4 sang R5 (hnh 1.12). Cui chng trnh by cu trc a l ca mt mng thng tin di ng 3G c cha c vng chuyn mch knh v vng chuyn mch gi.
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2.2. TRI PH V A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M 2.2.1. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph
Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng tn l vn quan tm chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt. Trong cc h thng iu ch bin song bin, rng bng tn cn thit pht mt ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai ln rng bng tn ca ngun ny. Trong cc h thng iu tn rng bng tn ny c th bng vi ln rng bng tn ngun ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt tn hiu s, rng bng tn cn thit c cng gi tr vi tc bit ca ngun. rng bng tn chnh xc cn thit trong trng hp ny ph thuc v kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK v.v...). Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (vit tt l SS: Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht. Khi ch c mt ngi s dng trong bng tn SS, s dng bng tn nh vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, cc ngi s dng ny c th dng chung mt bng tn SS (tri ph) v h thng tr nn s dng bng tn c hiu sut m vn duy tr c cc u im ca tri ph. Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu: * Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit pht thng tin.
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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* Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu. C ba kiu h thng SS c bn: chui trc tip (DSSS: Direct-Sequence Spreading Spectrum), nhy tn (FHSS: Frequency-Hopping Spreading Spectrum) v nhy thi gian (THSS: Time-Hopping Spreading Spectrum). Cng c th nhn c cc h thng lai ghp t cc h thng ni trn. WCDMA s dng DSSS. DSSS t c tri ph bng cch nhn lung s cn truyn vi mt m tri ph c tc chip (R c=1/Tc, Tc l thi gian mt chip) cao hn nhiu tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. Hnh 2.1 minh ha qu trnh tri ph trong Tb=15Tc hay Rc=15Rb. Hnh 2.1a cho thy s n gin ca b tri ph DSSS trong lung s cn truyn x c tc Rb c nhn vi mt m tri ph c tc Rc c lung u ra y c tc Rc ln hn nhiu so vi tc Rb ca lung vo. Cc hnh 2.1b v 2.1b biu th qu trnh tri ph trong min thi gian v min tn s. Ti pha thu lung y c thc hin gii tri ph khi phc li lung x bng cch nhn lung ny vi m tri ph c ging nh pha pht: x=y c
x, y v c k hiu tng qut cho tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph; x(t), y(t) v c(t) k hiu cho cc tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph trong min thi gian; X(f), Y(f) v C(f) k hiu cho cc tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph trong min tn s; Tb l thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht, Rb=1/Tb l tc bit ca lung s cn truyn; Tc l thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph, Rc=1/Tc l tc chip ca m tri ph. Rc=15Rb v Tb=15Tc.
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Trong cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m da trn CDMA, mt tp m trc giao c s dng v mi ngi s dng c gn mt m tri ph ring. Cc m tri ph ny phi m bo iu kin trc giao sau y: 1. Tch hai m ging nhau bng 1: ci ci=1 2. Tch hai m khc nhau s l mt m mi trong tp m: ci cj=ck
1 N 3. C s bit 1 bng s bit -1 trong mt m Ck = 0 , trong N l s chip v N k=1
Ck l gi tr chip k trong mt m Bng 2.1. cho thy th d s dng b m gm tm m trc giao: c0, c1, , c7. Bng 2.2 v 2.3 cho thy th d khi nhn hai m ging nhau trong bng 1 c 1 v nhn hai m khc nhau trong bng 2.1 ta c mt m mi.. Bng 2.1. Th d b tm m trc giao c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1
Nu ta xt mt h thng gm K ngi s dng c xy dng trn c s CDMA, th sau tri ph cc ngi s dng ny s pht vo khng gian tp cc tn hiu y nh sau:
y = yi = ci xi
i =1 i =1 K K
(2.1) 32
Ta xt qu trnh x l tn hiu ny ti mt my thu k. Nhim v ca my thu ny l phi ly ra xk v loi b cc tn hiu khc (cc tn hiu ny c gi l nhiu ng knh v trong h thng CDMA chng c pht trn cng mt tn s vi xk). Nhn (2.1) vi xk v p dng quy tc trc giao ni trn ta c:
% xk = xk + ci xi
i =1 i k K
(2.2)
Thnh phn th nht trong (2.2) chnh l tn hiu hu ch cn thnh phn th hai l nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cn l nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc c gi l MAI (Multiple Access Interferrence: nhiu a ngi s dng). loi b thnh phn th hai my thu s dng b lc tng quan trng min thi gian kt hp vi b lc tn s trong min tn s. Hnh 2.2 xt qu trnh gii tri ph v lc ra tn hiu hu ch ti my thu k trong mt h thng CDMA c K ngi s dng vi gi thit cng sut pht t K my pht nh nhau ti u vo my thu k. Hnh 2.2a cho thy s gii tri ph DSSS. Hnh 2.2b cho thy ph ca tn hiu tng c pht i t K my pht sau tri ph, hnh 2.2c cho thy ph ca tn hiu ny sau gii tri ph ti my thu k v hnh 2.2d cho thy ph ca tn hiu sau b lc thng thp vi bng thng bng Rb.
Hnh 2.2. Qu trnh gii tri ph v lc tn hiu ca ngi s dng k t K tn hiu. T hnh 2.2 ta thy t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR: Signal to Interference Ratio) l t s gia din tch hnh ch nht c t m trn hnh 2.2.b v tng din tch cc hnh ch nht trng trn hnh 2.2.c: SIR=S1/S2. T s ny t l vi t s Rc/Rb. v th t s Rc/Rb c gi l li x l (TA: Processing Gain).
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o o
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Hnh 2.3. Chuyn giao mm (a) v mm hn (b) Ph thuc s tham gia trong SHO, cc trong mt h thng WCDMA c chia thnh cc tp sau y: Tp tch cc bao gm cc (on ) hin ang tham gia vo mt kt ni SHO ca UE Tp ln cn/ tp c gim st (c hai t c s dng nh nhau). Tp ny bao gm tt c cc c gim st/o lin tc bi UE v hin thi khng c trong tp tch cc Tp c pht hin. Tp ny bao gm cc c UE pht hin nhng khng thuc tp tch cc ln tp ln cn. SHO l mt tnh nng chung ca h thng WCDMA trong cc ln cn hat ng trn cng mt tn s. Trong ch kt ni, UE lin tc o cc phc v v cc ln cn (do RNC ch dn) trn tn s sng mang hin thi. UE so snh cc kt qu o vi cc ngng HO do RNC cung cp v gi bo co kt qu o n RNC khi thc hin cc tiu chun bo co. V th SHO l kiu chuyn giao c nh gi bi u cui di ng (MEHO: Mobile Estimated HO). Tuy nhin gii thut quyt nh SHO c t trong RNC. Da trn cc bo co kt qu o nhn c t UE (hoc nh k hoc c khi ng bi mt s cc s kin nht nh), RNC lnh cho UE b sung hay loi b mt s khi tp tch cc ca mnh (ASU: Active Set Apdate: cp nht tp tch cc).
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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Hnh 2.4. Truyn sng a ng v l lch tr cng sut Chui tn hiu gi ngu nhin c pht i CDMA c thuc tnh l cc phin bn dch thi ca n ti pha thu hu nh khng tng quan. Nh vy mt tn hiu c truyn t my pht n my thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau (thi gian tr khc nhau) c th c phn gii vo cc tn hiu phainh khc nhau bng cch ly tng quan tn hiu thu cha nhiu phin bn dch thi ca chui gi ngu nhin. My thu s dng nguyn l ny c gi l my thu phn tp a ng hay my thu RAKE (hnh 2.5).
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Hnh 2.5. My thu RAKE Trong my thu RAKE nhn c cc phin bn dch thi ca chui ngu nhin, tn hiu thu phi i qua ng tr trc khi c ly tng quan v c kt hp. ng tr bao gm nhiu mt tr c thi gian tr bng thi gian mt chip Tc. My thu dch nh thi bn sao m tri ph tng chip cho tng k hiu thng tin gii tri ph k hiu trong vng mt k hiu v to nn l lch tr cng sut (xem hnh 2.5a). Vi tham kho l lch tr cng sut (bc tranh th hin cng sut v tr ca cc ng truyn) c to ra, my thu chn cc ng truyn c cng sut vt ngng kt hp RAKE trn c s s lng b tng quan, b c tnh knh v b b tr thay i pha (c gi l cc ngn my thu RAKE). Trong trng hp p dng thu phn tp khng gian hay phn tp gia cc on , l lch tr cng sut c to ra cho mi nhnh v cc ng truyn c chn t l lch tr cng sut sut tng hp ca tt c cc nhnh. Trong thc t, v cc tn hiu tri ph gm nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc v cc tn hiu a ng ca knh ngi s dng, nn gi tr ngng c lp d trn mc cng sut tp m nn v cc ng truyn c SIR hiu dng (c cng sut thu vt ngng) c chn. V MS chuyn ng (hoc mi trng truyn sng thay i khi MS c nh), nn v tr ng truyn (thi gian tr) c kt hp RAKE cng s thng xuyn thay i, my phi nh k cp nht l lch tr ng truyn v cp nht cc ng truyn c kt hp RAKE trn c s l lch mi (qu trnh ny c gi l tm kim ng truyn v n lin quan n tm kim ng truyn kt hp RAKE).
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mt cch khc SF=Rs/Rc trong Rs l tc k hiu cn Rc l tc chip. H s tri ph l mt gi tr kh bin, ngoi tr i vi knh chia s ng xung vt l tc cao (HS-PDSCH ) trong HSDPA c SF=16. Thao tc th hai l thao tc ngu nhin ha tng tnh trc giao trong mt m ngu nhin ha c trn vi tn hiu tri ph. M ngu nhin ho c xy dng trn c s m Gold. Trong qu trnh nh knh, cc k hiu s liu c nhn vi mt m OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spread Factor: m trc giao h s kh bin) ng b v thi gian vi bin ca k hiu. Trong 3GPP, OVSF (hnh 2.6) c s dng cho cc tc k hiu khc nhau v c k hiu l Cch,SF,k trong SF l h s tri ph ca m v k l s th t m (0 k SF-1). Cc m nh knh c cc tnh cht trc giao v c s dng phn bit cc thng tin c pht i cng t mt ngun: (1) cc kt ni khc nhau trn ng xung trong cng mt trn ng xung v gim nhiu ni , (2) cc knh s liu vt l ng ln t mt UE. Trn ng xung cc m OVSF trong m b hn ch v th cn c qun l bi RNC, tuy nhin iu ny khng xy ra i vi ng ln. Cn lu khi chn m nh knh chng khng tng quan vi nhau. Chng hn khi chn m Cch,8,4=+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1, khng c s dng m Cch,16,8=+1-1+1-1+11+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1; v hai m ny hon ton ging nhau (tch ca chng bng 1) v chng s gy nhiu cho nhau. Cc m OVSF ch hiu qu khi cc knh c ng b hon ho ti mc k hiu. Mt tng quan cho do truyn sng a ng c b tr bi thao tc ngu nhin ha b sung. Vi thao tc ngu nhin ha, phn thc (I) v phn o (Q) ca tn hiu tri ph c nhn b sung vi m ngu nhin ha phc. M ngu nhin ha phc c s dng phn bit cc ngun pht: (1) cc khc nhau i vi ng xung v (2) cc UE khc nhau i vi ng ln. Cc m ny c cc tnh cht tng quan tt (trung bnh ha nhiu) v lun c s dng trn vi cc m tri ph nhng khng lm nh hng rng ph tn hiu v bng thng truyn dn.
Hnh 2.6. Cy m nh knh ng truyn gia nt B v UE trong WCDMA cha nhiu knh. C th chia cc knh ny thnh hai loi: (1) knh ring truyn lu lng v (2) knh chung mang cc thng tin iu khin v bo hiu. ng truyn t UE n nt B c gi l ng
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Cc nghin cu cho thy mi s pht khng lin tc trn ng ln c th gy nhiu m thanh cho thit b m thanh t gn my u cui di ng. Th d in hnh l trng hp nhiu tn s khung (217 Hz=1/4,615ms) gy ra do cc u cui GSM. trnh hiu ng ny, knh DPCCH v cc knh DPDCH khng c ghp theo thi gian m c ghp theo m I/Q (iu ch QPSK hai knh) vi ngu nhin ho phc. Minh ha trn hnh 2.8 cho thy s iu ch ny cho php truyn dn lin tc ngay c trong cc chu k im lng khi ch c thng tin iu khin lp 1 duy tr hot ng ng truyn (DPCCH) l c pht.
Hnh 2.8. Truyn dn knh iu khin vt l ring ng ln v knh s liu vt l ring ng ln khi c/ khng c (DTX) s liu ca ngi s dng Nh minh ha trn hnh 2.9, cc m ngu nhin ha phc c to ra bng cch quay pha gia cc chip trong mt chu k k hiu trong gii hn 900. Bng cch ny hiu sut ca b khuch i (lin quan n t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh) trong UE hu nh khng i khng ph th thuc vo t s gia DPDCH v DPCCH.
Hnh 2.9. Chm tn hiu i vi ghp m I/Q s dung ngu nhin ha phc, biu din cho t s cng sut gia DPDCH v DPCCH. DPCCH v cc DPDCH c th c ngu nhin ha bng cc m ngu nhin di hoc ngn. C 224 m ngu nhin ha di ng ln v 224 m ngu nhin ngn ng ln. V c th s dng c hng triu m nn khng cn quy hoch m ng ln. S m ngu nhin cho DPCH (0,., 16777215), cng vi SF thp nht c php ca m nh knh (4, 8, 16, 32, 128 v 256) cho phn s liu c n nh bi cc lp cao hn, chng hn khi thit lp kt ni RRC hoc khi iu khin chuyn giao.
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Hnh 2.10. Tri ph v iu ch phn bn tin PRACH Phn iu khin ca bn tin PRACH c tri ph bng m nh knh Cc=Cch,256,m, trong m=16.s+15 v s (0 s 15) l ch k tin t v phn s liu c tri ph bng m nh knh Cd=Cch,SF,m, trong SF (c gi tr t 32 n 256) l h s tri ph s dng cho phn s liu v m=SF.s/16. Phn bn tin PRACH lun lun c tri ph bng m ngu nhin ha di. di ca m ngu nhin ha c s dng cho phn bn tin l 10ms. C tt c l 8192 m ngu nhin ha.
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Hnh 2.12. Cc m ngu nhin ha s cp v th cp V thng thng mi c nhn dng bng mt m ngu nhin ho s cp, nn qu trnh tm kim cng l qu trnh tm kim m ny. Qu trnh tm kim c th c thc hin theo ba bc sau: Tm P-SCH (knh ng b s cp) thit lp ng b khe v ng b k hiu Tm S-SCH (knh ng b th cp) thit lp ng b khung v nhm m Tm m ngu nhin ha nhn dng
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2.9. TNG KT
Cc h thng CDMA c xy dng trn c s tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS). Vic s dng tri ph cng vi cc m trc giao cho php nhiu u cui di ng c th dng chung mt tn s. Khi ny tnh trc giao ca cc m v tri ph cho php mt my thu u cui c th d dng tch ra c tn hiu ca mnh. Do s dng chung mt tn s nn c th p dng chuyn giao mm cho CDMA. Trong chuyn giao mm mt my di ng c th kt ni n nhiu trm gc trn cng mt tn s nhng vi m tri ph khc nhau. u im ca chuyn giao mm l khng lm mt cuc gi trong qu trnh chuyn giao mc d n lm gim phn no dng lng v tng thm tnh phc tp h thng. Nhng cng v s dng chung mt tn s nn c th xy ra hin tng gn xa, trong my di ng gn trm gc s gy nhiu cho cc ngi s dng khc. khc phc nhc im ny phi p dng iu khin cng sut nhanh cho CDMA trong my di ng gn trm gc s c iu chnh pht cng sut thp hn my di ng xa trm gc. iu khin cng sut nhanh trong WCDMA c thc hin 1500 ln trong mt giy. Mt c im na ca CDMA l cc m ngu nhin ha mang tnh trc giao kh cao nn cc ng truyn n my thu c tr khc nhau thi gian chip hoc ln hn thi gian ny u c lp vi nhau v v th c th s dng phn tp a ng (hay my thu RAKE) trong CDMA. Nguyn tc ca my thu RAKE l chn mt s ng (mt s ngn) c cng sut thu ln hn ngng, ng chnh pha cc ng ny ri cng cng sut thu ca chng vi nhau. WCDMA s dng hai tng tri ph: (1) tri ph bng m nh knh, (2) tri ph bng m nhn dng ngun pht. M nh knh c xy dng trn c s m h s tri ph trc giao kh bin (OVSF), trong h s tri ph SF=Rs/Rc vi Rs l tc k hiu v Rc l tc chip. M ngu nhin ha c cu trc t m Gold. WCDMA s dng iu ch QPSK cho ng xung v BPSK cho ng ln. gim t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu iu ch, ngu nhin ha phc c s dng.
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3.2. M U
WCDMA UMTS l mt trong cc tiu chun ca IMT-2000 nhm pht trin ca GSM cung cp cc kh nng cho th h ba. WCDMA UMTS s dng mng a truy nhp v tuyn trn c s W-CDMA v mng li c pht trin t GSM/GPRS. WCDMA c th c hai gii php cho giao din v tuyn: ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplex) v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD: Time Division Duplex). C hai giao din ny u s dng tri ph chui trc tip (DS-CDMA). Gii php th nht s c trin khai rng ri cn gii php th hai ch yu s c trin khai cho cc nh (Micro v Pico). Hin nay mi ch c WCDMA/FDD c trin khai v th trong kha hc ny ta s ch xt WCDMA/FDD Gii php FDD s dng hai bng tn 5 MHz vi hai sng mang phn cch nhau 190 MHz: ng ln c bng tn nm trong di ph t 1920 MHz n 1980 MHz, ng xung c bng tn nm trong di ph t 2110 MHz n 2170 Mhz. Mc d 5 MHz l rng bng danh nh, ta cng c th chn rng bng t 4,4 MHz n 5
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MHz vi nc tng l 200 KHz. Vic chn rng bng ng n cho php ta trnh c nhiu giao thoa nht l khi khi 5 MHz tip theo thuc nh khai thc khc. Gii php TDD s dng cc tn s nm trong di 1900 n 1920 MHz v t 2010 MHz n 2025 MHz; y ng ln v ng xung s dng chung mt bng tn. Giao din v tuyn ca W-CDMA/FDD ( n gin ta s b qua k hiu FDD nu khng xt n TDD) hon ton khc vi GSM v GPRS, W-CDMA s dung phng thc tri ph chui trc tip vi tc chip l 3,84 Mcps. Trong WCDMA mng truy nhp v tuyn c gi l UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). Cc phn t ca UTRAN rt khc vi cc phn t mng truy nhp v tuyn ca GSM. V th kh nng s dng li cc BTS v BSC ca GSM l rt hn ch. Mt s nh sn xut cng c k hoch nng cp cc GSM BTS cho WCDMA. i vi cc nh sn sut ny c th ch tho ra mt s b thu pht GSM t BTS v thay vo cc b thu pht mi cho WCDMA. Mt s rt t nh sn sut cn lp k hoch xa hn. H ch to cc BSC ng thi cho c GSM v WCDMA. Tuy nhin a phn cc nh sn sut phi thay th GSM BSC bng RNC mi cho WCDMA. W-CDMA s dng rt nhiu kin trc ca mng GSM, GPRS hin c cho mng ca mnh. Cc phn t nh MSC, HLR, SGSN, GGSN c th c nng cp t mng hin c h tr ng thi WCDMA v GSM. Giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA/FDD c xy dng trn ba kiu knh: knh logic, knh truyn ti v knh vt l. Knh logic c hnh thnh trn c s ng gi cc thng tin t lp cao trc khi sp xp vo knh truyn ti. Nhiu knh truyn ti c ghp chng vo knh vt l. Knh vt l c xy dng trn cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA kt hp vi FDMA/FDD. Mi knh vt l c c trng bi mt cp tn s v mt m tri ph. Ngoi ra knh vt l ng ln cn c c trng bi gc pha. Trong phn di y ta trc ht ta xt kin trc giao thc ca giao din v tuyn sau ta s xt giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA/FDD, sau s xt cc knh ny.
3.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC CA GIAO DIN V TUYN WCDMA/FDD
Kin trc giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA c cho trn hnh 3.1.
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Hnh 3.1. Kin trc giao thc v tuyn cho UTRA FDD. Ngn xp giao thc ca giao din v tuyn bao gm 3 lp giao thc: Lp vt l (L1). c t cc vn lin quan n giao din v tuyn nh iu ch v m ha, tri ph v.v.. Lp lin kt ni s liu (L2). Lp khun s liu vo cc khi s liu v m bo truyn dn tin cy gia cc nt ln cn hay cc thc th ng cp Lp mng (L3). c t nh a ch v nh tuyn Mi khi th hin mt trng hp ca giao thc tng ng. ng khng lin nt th hin cc giao din iu khin, qua giao thc RRC iu khin v lp cu hnh cc lp di. Lp 2 c chia thnh cc lp con: MAC (Medium Access Control: iu khin truy nhp mi trng) v RLC (Radio link Control: iu khin lin kt), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol: Giao thc hi t s liu gi) v BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control: iu khin qung b/a phng ). Lp 3 v RLC c chia thnh hai mt phng: mt phng iu khin (C-Plane) v mt phng ngi s dng (U-Plane). PDCP v BMC ch c mt phng U. Trong mt phng C lp 3 bao gm RRC (Radio Resource Control: iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn) kt cui ti RAN v cc lp con cao hn: MM (Mobility Management) v CC (Connection Management), GMM (GPRS Mobility Management), SM (Session Management) kt cui ti mng li (CN). Lp vt l l lp thp nht giao din v tuyn. Lp vt l c s dng truyn dn giao din v tuyn. Mi knh vt l lp ny c xc nh bng mt t hp tn s, m ngu nhin ho (m nh knh) v pha (ch cho ng ln). Cc knh c s dng vt l truyn thng tin ca cc lp cao trn giao din v tuyn, tuy nhin cng c mt s knh vt l ch c dnh cho hot ng ca lp vt l.
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truyn thng tin giao din v tuyn, cc lp cao phi chuyn cc thng tin ny qua lp MAC n lp vt l bng cch s dng cc knh logic. MAC sp xp cc knh ny ln cc knh truyn ti trc khi a n lp vt l lp ny sp xp chng ln cc knh vt l.
DL: Downlink: ng xung; UL: Uplink: ng ln OCQPSK (HPSK): Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (Hybrid PSK) = kha chuyn pha vung gc trc giao CS-ACELP: Conjugate Structure-Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction = D bo tuyn tnh kch thch theo m li s cu trc phc hp 3GPP: Third Generation Parnership Project: n ca cc i tc th h ba ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute: Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u ARIB: Association of Radio Industries and Business: Lin hip cng nghip v kinh doanh v tuyn
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FDD s dng cc bng tn khc nhau cho ng ln v ng xung vi phn cch l khong cch song cng, cn cc h thng TDD s dng cng tn s cho c ng ln v ng xung. UMTS quy nh khai thc song cng phn chia theo tn s l ch tiu chun cho thng tin thoi v s liu. Hot ng ng thi v lin tc ca cc mch in pht v thu l cc thay i ng k nht so vi hat ng ca GSM.
Hnh 3.2. Phn b tn s cho WCDMA/FDD. a) Cc bng c th dng cho WCDMA FDD ton cu; b) Bng tn IMT-2000. Bng tn cho hat ng FDD cho cc bng I, II v III c cho trn hnh 3.3. Bng I (B1) l n nh bng chnh Chu u. Quy nh dnh hai cp pht 60MHz vi khong cch song cng chun 190MHz, tuy nhin quy nh cng cho php song cng kh bin, trong khong cch pht thu nm trong khong 130 n 250MHz. H thng song cng kh bin t ra cc yu cu b sung i vi thit k my pht thu v cc b t tn s my pht v my thu phi hot ng c lp vi nhau. Bng II (B2) ti s dng bng hin c ca h thng thng tin di ng c nhn v d nh s dng M m bo ng tn ti UMTS v GSM. Khong cch song cng ch bng 80MHz i vi bng II v th t ra cc yu cu kh khn hn i vi phn cng ca my thu pht.
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Hnh 3.3 Cp pht bng tn WCDMA/FDD Hnh 3.4 cho thy cp pht bng thng theo u thu ti Vng Quc Anh. Ph tn c chia cho nm nh khai thc nh sau: Cp php A (Hutchison) nhn cp pht bng kp 14,6 MHz (tng ng 3 5MHz vi bng bo v nh hn) Cp php B Vodafon) nhn cp pht bng kp 14,8MHz (tng ng 3 5MHz vi bng bo v nh hn) Cp php C (BT3G) nhn cp pht bng kp 10MHz (2 5MHz) v bng n 5MHz ti 1910 MHz Cp php D (One2One) nhn cp pht bng kp 10MHz (2 5MHz) v bng dn 5MHz ti 1900MHz Cp php E (Orange) nhn cp pht bng kp (2 5MHz) v bng n 5MHz ti 1905MHz.
Hnh 3.4. Th d cp pht bng tn cho nm nh khai thc ti Vng Quc Anh Cp pht tn s ca c khc vi cp pht tn s Anh ch, cc 10MHz bng kp c cp pht cho su nh khai thc (6 10MHz), tt c bn knh TDD1 c cp pht (1900 n 1920 MHz) cng vi mt trong s cc knh TDD2 (hnh 3.5).
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Hnh 3.5. Cp pht tn s cho su nh khai thc ti c Ti Vit Nam bng tn 3G c cp pht tn s theo tm khe tn s nh cho trong bng 3.2, trong hai hoc nhiu nh khai thc c th cng tham gia xin cp pht chung mt khe. Bng 3.2. Cp pht tn s 3G ti Vit Nam Khe tn s FDD BSTx* BSRx** A 2110-2125 MHz 1920-1935 MHz B 2125-2140 MHz 1935-1950 MHz C 2140-2155 MHz 1950-1965 MHz D 2155-2170 MHz 1965-1980 MHz * BSTx: my pht trm gc ** BSRx: my thu trm gc TDD BSTx/BSRx 1915-1920 MHz 1910-1915 MHz 1905-1910 MHz 1900-1905 MHz
L do cp pht cc knh 5MHz khc nhau ti cc nc khc nhau l ch cc nh khai thc phi quy hoch m v phi trnh vic s dng cc m gy ra nhiu knh ln cn trong cng mt nc hoc cc nh khai thc khc trong nc lin k. V th cn phi nghin cu quan h gia cc t hp m tri ph v hot ng ca cc knh ln cn.
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Knh vt l (PhCH). Knh mang s liu trn giao din v tuyn. Mi PhCH c mt
tri ph m nh knh duy nht phn bit vi knh khc. Mt ngi s dng tch cc c th s dng cc PhCH ring, chung hoc c hai. Knh ring l knh PhCH dnh ring cho mt UE cn knh chung c chia s gia cc UE trong mt . Knh truyn ti (TrCH). Knh do lp vt l cung cp cho lp 2 truyn s liu. Cc knh TrCH c sp xp ln cc PhCH Knh Logic (LoCH). Knh c lp con MAC ca lp 2 cung cp cho lp cao hn. Knh LoCH c xc nh bi kiu thng tin m n truyn.
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Cc knh lgic c lp MAC chuyn i thnh cc knh truyn ti. Tn ti hai kiu knh truyn ti: cc knh ring v cc knh chung. im khc nhau gia chng l: knh chung l ti nguyn c chia s cho tt c hoc mt nhm cc ngi s dng trong , cn knh knh ring c n nh ring cho mt ngi s dng duy nht. Cc knh truyn ti chung bao gm: BCH (Broadcast channel: Knh qung b), FACH (Fast Access Channel: Knh truy nhp nhanh), PCH (Paging Channel: Knh tm gi), DSCH (Down Link Shared Channel: Knh chia s ng xung), CPCH (Common Packet Channel: Knh gi chung). Knh ring ch c mt knh duy nht l DCH (Dedicated Channel: Knh ring). Knh truyn ti chung c th c p dng cho tt c cc ngi s dng trong hoc cho mt ngi hoc nhiu ngi c th. Khi knh truyn ti chung c s dng pht thng tin cho tt c cc ngi s dng th knh ny khng cn c a ch. Chng hn knh BCH pht thng tin qung b cho tt c cc ngi s dng trong . Khi knh truyn ti chung p dng cho mt ngi s dng c th, th cn pht nhn dng ngi s dng trong bng (trong bn tin s c pht). Knh PCH l knh truyn ti chung c s dng tm gi mt UE c th s cha thng tin nhn dng ngi s dng bn trong bn tin pht. Danh sch cc knh truyn ti v ng dng ca chng dc cho bng 3.3. Bng 3.3. Danh sch cc knh truyn ti Knh truyn ti DCH (Dedicated Channel: Knh ring) BCH (Broadcast Channel: Knh qung b) FACH (Forward Access Channel: Knh truy nhp ng xung) PCH (Paging Channel: Knh tm gi) RACH (Random Access Channel) CPCH (Common Packet Channel: Knh gi chung) DSCH (Dowlink Shared Channel: Knh chia s ng xung) ng dng Knh hai chiu c s dng pht s liu ca ngi s dng. c n nh ring cho ngi s dng. C kh nng thay i tc v iu khin cng sut nhanh Knh chung ng xung pht thng tin qung b (chng hn thng tin h thng, thng tin ) Knh chung ng xung pht thng tin iu khin v s liu ca ngi s dng. Knh chia s chung cho nhiu UE. c s dng truyn s liu tc thp cho lp cao hn Knh chung dng xung pht cc tn hiu tm gi Knh chung ng ln pht thng tin iu khin v s liu ngi s dng. p dng trong truy nhp ngu nhin v c s dng truyn s liu thp ca ngi s dng Knh chung ng ln pht s liu ngi s dng. p dng trong truy nhp ngu nhin v c s dng trc ht truyn s liu cm. Knh chung ng xung pht s liu gi. Chia s cho nhiu UE. S dng trc ht cho truyn dn s liu tc cao.
Cc knh logic c chuyn thnh cc knh truyn ti nh cho trn hnh 3.6.
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3.5.3. Cc knh vt l
Mt knh vt l c coi l t hp ca tn s, m ngu nhin, m nh knh v c pha tng i (i vi ng ln). Knh vt l (Physical Channel) bao gm cc knh vt l ring (DPCH: Dedicated Physical channel) v knh vt l chung (CPCH: Common Physical Channel). Cc knh vt l c tng kt hnh 3.7 v bng 3.4.
Hnh 3.7. Tng kt cc kiu knh vt l Bng 3.4. Danh sch cc knh vt l
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DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel: Knh vt l s liu ring DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh vt l iu khin ring)
ng dng Knh hai chiu ng xung/ng ln c n nh ring cho UE. Gm DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh vt l iu khin ring) v DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh vt l iu khin ring). Trn ng xung DPDCH v DPCCH c ghp theo thi gian vi ngu nhin ha phc cn trn ng ln c ghp m I/Q vi ngu nhin ha phc Khi s dng DPCH, mi UE c n nh t nht mt DPDCH. Knh c s dng pht s liu ngi s dng t lp cao hn Khi s dng DPCH, mi UE ch c n nh mt DPCCH. Knh c s dng iu khin lp vt l ca DPCH. DPCCH l knh i km vi DPDCH cha: cc k hiu hoa tiu, cc k hiu iu khin cng sut (TPC: Transmission Power Control), ch th kt hp khun dng truyn ti. Cc k hiu hoa tiu cho php my thu nh gi hng ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn v thc hin tch sng nht qun. Cc k hiu ny cng cn cho hot ng ca anten thch ng (hay anten thng minh) c bp sng hp. TPC iu khin cng sut vng kn nhanh cho c ng ln v ng xung. TFCI thng tin cho my thu v cc thng s tc thi ca cc knh truyn ti: cc tc s liu hin thi trn cc knh s liu khi nhiu dch v c s dng ng thi. Ngoi ra TFCI c th b b qua nu tc s liu c nh. Knh cng cha thng tin hi tip hi tip (FBI: Feeback Information) ng ln m bo vng hi tip cho phn tp pht v phn tp chn la. Knh chung ng ln. c s dng mang knh truyn ti RACH Knh chung ng ln. c s dng mang knh truyn ti CPCH Knh chung ng xung. C hai kiu knh CPICH: PCPICH (Primary CPICH: CPICH s cp) v S-CPICH (Secondary CPICH: CPICH th cp). P-CPICH m bo tham chun nht qun cho ton b UE thu c SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH v PICH v cc knh nay khng c hoa tiu ring nh cc trng hp knh DPCH. Knh S-CPICH m bo tham kho nht qun chung trong mt phn hoc on cho trng hp s dng 55
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel: Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin) PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel: Knh vt l gi chung) CPICH (Common Pilot Channel: Knh hoa tiu chung)
anten thng minh c bp sng hp. Chng hn c th s dng S-CPICH lm tham chun cho S-CCPCH (knh mang cc bn tin tm gi) v cc knh DPCH ng xung. P-CCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel: Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp) S-CCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel: Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp) SCH (Synchrronization Channel: Knh ng b) Knh chung ng xung. Mi c mt knh truyn BCH
Knh chung ng xung. Mt c th c mt hay nhiu S-CCPCH. c s dng truyn PCH v FACH
Knh chung ng xung. C hai kiu knh SCH: SCH s cp v SCH th cp. Mi ch c mt SCH s cp v th cp. c s dng tm PDSCH (Physical Downlink Knh chung ng xung. Mi c nhiu PDSCH (hoc Shared Channel: Knh vt l khng c). c s dng mang knh truyn ti DSCH chia s ng xung) AICH (Acquisition Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PRACH. c s Indication Channel: Knh dng iu khin truy nhp ngu nhin ca PRACH. ch th bt) PICH (Page Indication Knh chung ng xung i cp vi S-CCPCH (khi knh Channel: Knh ch th tm ny mang PCH) pht thng tin kt cui cuc gi cho gi) tng nhm cuc gi kt cui. Khi nhn c thng bo ny, UE thuc nhm kt cui cuc gi th n s thu khung v tuyn trn S-CCPCH AP-AICH (Access Preamble Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PCPCH iu Acquisition Indicator khin truy nhp ngu nhin cho PCPCH Channel: Knh ch th bt tin t truy nhp) CD/CA-ICH (CPCH Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PCPCH. c s Collision Detection/ dng iu khin va chm PCPCH Channel Assignment Indicator Channel: Knh ch th pht hin va chm CPCH/n nh knh) CSICH (CPCH Status Knh chung ng xung lin kt vi AP-AICH pht Indicator Channel: Knh ch thng tin v trng thi kt ni ca PCPCH th trng thi CPCH)
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TFI= Transport Format Indicator: Ch th khun dng truyn ti TFCI= Transport Format Combination Indicator: Ch th kt hp khun dng truyn ti
3.5.4. Qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v truy nhp gi CPCH
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Qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v truy nhp gi CPCH c cho trn hnh 3.10a v 3.10b.
Hnh 3.10. Cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v truy nhp gi Cc tr tc truy nhp ngu nhin trn hnh 3.10a nh sau. UE khi xng th tc truy nhp ngu nhin RACH bng cch pht i mt AP (tin t truy nhp). Nu chp nhn (OK), nt B pht AICH (ch th pht hin bt) n UE. Sau UE c th pht bn tin trn knh RACH (knh truy nhp ngu nhin). Cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin CPCH nh sau. Da trn thng tin kh dng ca tng knh PCPCH do CSICH thng bo, UE khi xng th tc truy nhp CPCH trn knh cha s dng bng cch pht i mt AP (tin t truy nhp). Nu c nt B chp nhn (OK) UE pht i mt CP (tin t pht hin va chm) thng bo rng n chim knh ny. Cui cng nt B pht i CD/CA-ICH (ch th pht hin va chm v n nh knh) n UE. Sau UE c th pht gi trn knh CPCH (knh gi chung)
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Hnh 3.12. Cu trc knh vt l ring cho ng ln v ng xung Cu trc knh vt l ring ng ln cho mt khe (mt chu k iu khin cng sut) c cho trn hnh 3.12. Thng tin ring lp cao hn bao gm s liu ngi s dng v bo hiu c mang bi DPDCH ng ln v thng tin iu khin to ra bi lp 1 c mang bi DPCCH. DPCCH bao gm cc k hiu hoa tiu quy nh trc (c s dng c tnh knh v tch sng nht qun), cc lnh iu khin cng sut (TPC: Transmit Power Control), thng tin phn hi (FBI: Feedback Information) cho phn tp pht vng kn v k thut phn tp chn trm (SSDT: Site Selection Diversity Technique), TFCI (ty chn). C th khng c, mt hay mt s (nhiu nht l 6) knh DPDCH trn mt lin kt v tuyn, nhng ch c mt DPCCH cho lin kt ny. DPDCH (hoc cc DPDCH) v DPCCH c ghp chung theo m I/Q vi ngu nhin ha phc. Cu trc knh vt l ring ng xung c m t trn hnh 3.12.Trn ng xung knh ring (DPCH) ng xung bao gm DPDCH ng xung v DPCCH ng xung ghp theo thi gian vi ngu nhin ha phc. S liu ring c to ra ti cc mc cao hn trn DPDCH c ghp theo thi gian vi cc bit hoa tiu, cc lnh TPC v cc bit TFCI (ty chn) c to ra ti lp vt l. TFCI c th c hoc khng c, nu khng c cc bit TFCI, DTX (pht khng lin tc) c s dng trong trng tng ng.
tuyn (RF) trong bng tn 2 GHz, sau c a ln khuych i trc khi chuyn n anten pht vo khng gian. Ti pha thu, tn hiu thu c b khuych i i tp m thp (LNA) khuych i, c bin i vo trung tn (IF) thu ri c khuych i tuyn tnh bi b khuych i AGC (t iu khuych). Sau khuych di AGC tn hiu c gii iu ch c cc thnh phn I v Q. Cc tn hiu tng t ca cc thnh phn ny c bin i vo s ti b bin i A/D, c lc bi b lc Nyquist cosine tng cn hai v c phn chia theo thi gian vo mt s thnh phn ng truyn c cc thi gian tr truyn sng khc nhau. My thu RAKE chn cc thnh phn ln hn mt ngng cho trc). Sau gii tri ph cho cc thnh phn ny, chng c kt hp bi b kt hp my thu RAKE, tn hiu tng c gii an xen, gii m knh (gii m sa li), c phn knh thnh cc khi truyn ti TB v c pht hin li. Cui cng chng c a n lp cao hn.
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u cui. Tn ti hai k thut phn tp pht WCDMA: Phn tp vng h v phn tp vng kn.
MF: Matched Filter: B lc phi hp Hnh 3.14. Phn tp pht vng h ca WCDMA STTD c xy dng trn c s m Alamouti nh sau :
x x 2 X(x1 , x 2 ) = 1 x x 2 1
(3.1)
trong ct 1 cha cc k hiu c pht i t anten 1 cn ct 2 cha cc k hiu c pht i t anten 2. Cc k hiu ny l cc k hiu iu ch QPSK (xem hnh 3.15).
Hnh 3.15. B iu ch STTD s dng m khi khng gian thi gian trc giao (OSTBC) 2x2.
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3.8.2. Ch vng kn
R3 v R4 s dng hai khi nim phn tp pht vng kn. Trong c hai ch ny, thng tin ng chnh pha c pht trn mt knh hi tip nhanh (tc 1500 bps) cho php chn 4 hoc 16 kh nng trng s bp sng. C hai khi nim ny u c th coi l truyn dn nht qun (to bp thch ng knh) vi s dng cn bng knh v cc chin lc bo hiu hi tip khc nhau. Kin trc my pht v my thu nt B c cho trn hnh 3.16a v 3.16b.
Hnh 3.16. Phn tp pht vng kn ca WCDMA Trong c hai ch trng s pht c la chn theo th tc di y: u cui o cc knh hoa tiu chung CPICH1 v CPICH2 c pht trn anten 1 v anten 2. u cui nhn c c tnh knh cho ng truyn h1 v h2 Vect trng s pht cn thit W(w1, w2) c xc nh, c lng t v c gi n BTS trong trng FBI ca knh DCCH.
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nhiu (SIR) ti mc cho php. V nhiu ngi s dng cng truyn ng thi trn cng mt tn s, nn mc nhiu ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng. Tn ti hai kiu iu khin cng sut: 1. iu khin cng sut vng h: cho cc knh chung 2. iu khin cng sut vng kn: cho cc knh ring DPDCH/DPCCH v chia s DSCH iu khin cng sut vng h thng c UE trc khi truy nhp mng v nt B trong qu trnh thit lp ng truyn v tuyn s dng c lng cng sut cn pht trn ng ln da trn cc tnh ton tn hao ng truyn trn ng xung v t s tn hiu trn nhiu yu cu. iu khin cng sut vng kn c nhim v gim nhiu trong h thng bng cch duy tr cht lng thng tin gia UE v UTRAN (ng truyn v tuyn) gn nht vi mc cht lng ti thiu yu cu i kiu dch v m ngi s dng i hi. iu khin cng sut vng kn bao gm hai phn: iu khin cng sut nhanh vng trong tc 1500 Hz v iu khin cng sut chm vng ngoi tc 10-100Hz.
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iu khin cng sut vng kn c minh ha trn hnh 3.18. UE nhn c BLER ch t lp cao hn do RNC thit lp cng vi cc thng s iu khin khc. Da trn BLER ch nhn c t RNC, n thc hin iu khin cng sut vng ngoi bng cch tnh ton SIR ch cho iu kin cng sut vng kn nhanh ng xung. UE c tnh SIR ng xung t cc k hiu hoa tiu ca DL DPCCH . c tnh SIR ny c so snh vi SIR ch. Nu c tnh ny ln hn SIR ch, th UE thit lp TPC=0 trong UL DPCCH v gi n n nt B, tri li n thit lp TPC=1. Tc diu khin cng sut vng trong l 1500Hz
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Chuyn giao mm (hoc mm hn) s dng nhiu kt ni t mt UE n nhiu nt B. Danh sch cc nt B tham gia vo kt ni vi UE trong chuyn giao mm/mm hn c gi l tp tch cc. C th quy nh c kch thc cc i ca tp tch cc. Thc cht chuyn giao l qu trnh trong mt (on ) hoc c kt np vo tp tch cc hoc b loi ra khi tp tch cc. nh k hoc ti cc s kin bo co (s kin 1A, 1B v 1C chng hn), SRNC nhn c kt qu o t UE a ra quyt nh chuyn giao. Sau khi quyt nh chuyn giao, SRNC gii bn tin lp li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt B lin quan v ng thi gi bn tin RRC v lp li cu hnh knh vt l n UE cc nt B ny v UE thc hin chuyn giao. Chuyn giao mm cho php tng s ng truyn thu c trn ng xung v ng ln nh vy tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR: Signal to Interference Ratio): Ec/I0 (Ec l nng lng chip cn I0 l mt ph cng sut nhiu) v lng tng ny c gi l li chuyn giao. S tng qut SHO c cho trn hnh 3.19.
R1a, R1b l di bo co cho cc s kin 1a v 1b c thit lp bi RNC; H1a, H1b l hng s tr c quy nh cho cc s kin 1a v 1b
Hnh 3.19. Th d v gii thut SHO Trong th d trong trn hnh 3.19 ta s dng cc s kin bo co 1A, 1B v 1C.
T hnh 3.19 ta thy: Lc u. Ch c 1 v 2 nm trong tp tch cc Ti s kin A. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 > (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3- (R1a-H1a/2) trong (Ec/I0)PCPICH1 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 1 mnh nht, (E c/I0)PCPICH3 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 3 nm ngoi tp tch cc, R1a l hng s di bo co (do RNC thit lp), H1a l thng s tr s kin v (R1b-H1a/2) 1 ca s kt np cho s kin 1A. Nu bt ng thc ny tn ti trong khong thi gian T th 3 c kt np vo tp tch cc Ti s kin C. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH4 > (Ec/I0)P-CPICH2 +H1c, trong (Ec/I0)P-CPICH4 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 4 nm ngoi tp tch cc v (Ec/I0)P-CPICH2 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 2 ti nht trong tp tch cc, H1c l thng s tr s kin 1C. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong thi gian T v tp tch cc
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y th 2 b loi ra khi tp tich cc v 4 s th ch ca n trong tp tch cc Ti s kin B. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 < (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3- (R1b+H1b) trong (Ec/I0)PCPICH1 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 1 yu nht trong tp tch cc, (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 3 mnh nht trong tp tch cc v R1b l hng s di bo co (do RNC thit lp), H 1b l thng s s tr v (R1b+H1b) l ca s loi cho s kin 1C. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong khong thi gian T th 3 b loi ra khi tp tch cc 3.11. CC THNG S MY THU V MY PHT V TUYN CA UE Cc thng s my thu v my pht quan trng trong phn v tuyn ca UE c cho trong bng bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Cc thng s my thu v my pht v tuyn quan trng cho phn v tuyn ca UE Cc thng s chung Tn s cng tc Bng tn I: 2110-2170 MHz Bng tn II: 1930-1990 MHz Bng tn III: 1805-1880 MHz Bng tn I: 190 MHz Bng tn II: 80 MHz Bng tn III: 95 MHz Bng tn 1: -117dBm Bng tn II: -115dBm Bng tn III: - 114dBm
Phn cch song cng chun Cc thng s my thu nhy Cc thng s my pht
Loi 1: +33dBm +1/-3dB Cng sut pht cc ai v Loi 2: +27dBm +1/-3dB chnh xc Loi 3: +24dBm +1/-3dB Loi 4: +21dBm 2dB iu khin cng sut pht Bnh thng: 9dB vng h Cc ai: 12dB
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vng khc trn th gii. AMC CODEC cho php la chn tc ty theo cht lng knh truyn sng. Nu cht lng tt, tc cao nht (12,2kbps) c chn. Nu ng truyn xu, mt trong s cc tc thp hn c la ty thuc vo cht lng ng truyn. AMR cng quy nh cc cng ngh ngoi vi cn thit cho thng tin di ng. Hai tu chn c cung cp l gii thut VAD (pht hin tch cc ting) v DTX (pht khng lin tc. Ngoi ra cng nh ngha cc yu cu cho che du li khi xy ra li. Chng hn ni suy cc thng s m ho nh khuch i bng m, h s d on ngn hn cng c nh ngha theo s chuyn i trng thi do li gy ra.
3.13. TNG KT
Trc ht chng ny trnh by ngn xp giao thc ca giao din v tuyn v cc knh logic, knh truyn ti, knh vt l c to nn giao din ny. Sau chng trnh by cc thng s lp vt l v quy hoch tn s ca WCDMA. Ti VitNam bng I c chia lm bn khe v c phn cho 4 nh khai thc. Ngn xp giao thc c chia thnh hai loi: mt trong mt phng C-Plane truyn bo hiu v mt trong mt phng U-Plane truyn lu lng. Tip theo cu trc ca cc knh ny c trnh by c th. Cc knh c chia thnh hai loi: knh iu khin, bo hiu v knh truyn lu lng. WCDMA l giai on pht trin u ca 3G WCDMA UMTS v th vic thit k cc knh truyn lu lng vn tp trung ln dch v chuyn mch knh vi knh c s dng cho dch v ny l DPCH. Tuy nhin cc knh dung c chuyn mch gi cng bt u c ch trng. DSCH (Knh chia s ng xung), RACH, FACH v CPCH c s dng cho mc ch ny. Cc knh RACH, FACH v CPCH c s dng truyn nhanh cc gi nh, cn knh DSCH c s cng vi knh DPCH trong thi im gi ln hn kh nng truyn ca knh DPCH. ng xung s dng s iu ch QPSK kt hp vi m ha knh kim sot li. M ha kim sot li c thc hin hai lp: (1) m ha pht hin li CRC, (2) m ha sa li. Cc m sa li c th l m xon hoc m turbo. WCDMA s dng phng php tri ph chui trc tip vi tc chip Rc=3,84Mcps. Tri ph c thc hin ti hai thao tc vi hai m: m nh knh v m nhn dng ngun pht. Khc vi GSM, 3G WCDMA s dng c phn tp pht ln phn tp thu ti nt B. Cc s ny c th nm trong ch vng h hoc vng kn. m bo t s tn hiu trn nhiu yu cu, hai s iu khin cng sut c s dng cho WCDMA: iu khin cng sut vng h v vng kn. iu khin cng sut vng h c p dng khi khi UE bt u truy nhp mng. iu khin vng kn c s dng khi UE kt ni vi nt B. iu khin cng sut vng kn bao gm iu khin cng sut vng trong nhanh vi tc 1500 ln trong mt giy v iu khin cng sut vng ngoi chm vi tc 10-100 ln trong mt giy. WCDMA c th s dng chuyn giao cng hoc mm. Chuyn giao mm ch c thc hin trn cng mt tn s v trong cng mt h thng Cui chng mt s thng s v thng tin quan trng lin quan n my thu v my pht v tuyn ca UE cng nh CODEC thoi cho WCDMA cng c trnh by.
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Tc s liu nh ca HSDPA lc u l 1,8Mbps v tng n 3,6 Mbps v 7,2Mbps vo nm 2006 v 2007, tim nng c th t n trn 14,4Mbps nm 2008. Trong giai on u tc nh HSUPA l 1-2Mbps trong giai on hai tc ny c th t n 4-5,7 Mbps vo nm 2008. HSPA c trin khai trn WCDMA hoc trn cng mt sng mang hoc s dng mt sng mang khc t c dung lng cao (xem hnh 4.1).
Hnh 4.1. Trin khai HSPA vi sng mang ring (f2) hoc chung sng mang vi WCDMA (f1). HSPA chia s chung h tng mng vi WCDMA. nng cp WCDMA ln HSPA ch cn b sung phn mm v mt vi phn cng nt B v RNC. Lc u HSPA c thit k cho cc dch v tc cao phi thi gian thc, tuy nhin R6 v R7 ci thin hiu sut ca HSPA cho VoIP v cc ng dng tng t khc. Khc vi WCDMA trong tc s liu trn cc giao din nh nhau (384 kbps cho tc cc i chng hn), tc s liu HSPA trn cc giao din khc nhau. Hnh 4.2 minh ha iu ny cho HSDPA. Tc nh (14,4Mbps trn 2 ms) ti u cui ch xy ra trong thi im iu kin knh truyn tt v th tc trung bnh c th khng qu 3Mbps. m bo truyn lu lng mang tnh cm ny, nt cn c b m lu li lu lng v b lp biu truyn lu lng ny trn h tng mng.
Hnh 4.2. Tc s liu khc nhau trn cc giao din (trng hp HSDPA)
4.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC GIAO DIN V TUYN HSPA CHO S LIU NGI S DNG
Hnh 4.3 cho thy kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA cho s liu ngi s dng. Mt phng bo hiu khng c th hin trn hnh 4.3 (trong mt phng ny bo hiu c ni n RLC sau c a ln DCH hay HSDPA hoc HSUPA). S liu t cc dch v khc nhau c nn tiu IP ti PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol). MAC-hs (High Speed: tc cao) thc hin chc nng lp biu nhanh da trn nt B.
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i vi HSDPA chc nng MAC mi (MAC-hs) c t trong nt B x l pht li nhanh da trn HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request: yu cu pht li t ng lai ghp), lp biu v u tin. i vi HSUPA chc nng MAC mi (MAC-e) c t trong nt B x l pht li nhanh da trn HARQ, lp biu v u tin. Ti UE chc nng MAC-e mi c s dng x l lp biu v HARQ di s iu khin ca MAC-e trong nt B. Chc nng MAC mi (MAC-es) c t trong RNC sp xp li th t gi trc khi chuyn ln cc lp trn. S sp xp li ny l cn thit, v ca chuyn giao mm c th dn n cc gi t cc nt B khc nhau n RNC khng theo th t.
MAC-hs: High Speed MAC: MAC tc cao MAC-e: E-DCH MAC: MAC knh E-DCH, MAC-es: thc th MAC knh E-DCH sp t li th t
Hnh 4.3. Kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA cho s liu ngi s dng Hnh 4.4 cho thy cc chc nng mi trong cc phn t ca WCDMA khi a vo HSPA.
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mc ch khc, chng hn cho bo hiu iu khin, cc dch v MBMS hay cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
Hnh 4.5. Cu trc thi gian-m ca HS-DSCH Phn di ca hnh 4.5 m t n nh ti nguyn m HS-DSCH cho tng ngi s dng trn c s TTI=2ms (TTI: Transmit Time Interval: Khong thi gian truyn dn). HSPDA s dng TTI ngn gim tr v ci thin qu trnh bm theo cc thay i ca knh cho mc ch iu khin tc v lp biu ph thuc knh (s xt trong phn di). Ngoi vic c n nh mt b phn ca tng ti nguyn m kh dng, mt phn tng cng sut kh dng ca phi c n nh cho truyn dn HS-DSCH. Lu rng HS-DSCH khng c iu khin cng sut m c iu khin tc . Trong trng hp s dng chung tn s vi WCDMA, sau khi phc v cc knh WCDMA, phn cng sut cn li c th c s dng cho HS-DSCH, iu ny cho php khai thc hiu qu tng ti nguyn cng sut kh dng.
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thng c gi l phn tp a ngi s dng v li ny cng ln khi thay i knh cng ln v s ngi s dng trong mt cng ln. V th tri vi quan im truyn thng rng phainh nhanh l hiu ng khng mong mun v rng cn chng li n, bng cch lp biu ph thuc knh phainh c li v cn khai thc n. Chin lc ca b lp biu thc t l khai thc cc thay i ngn hn (do phainh a ng) v cc thay i nhiu nhanh nhng vn duy tr c tnh cng bng di hn gia cc ngi s dng. V nguyn tc, s mt cng bng di hn cng ln th dung lng cng cao. V th cn cn i gia tnh cng bng v dung lng.
Hnh 4.6. Lp biu ph thuc knh cho HSDPA Ngoi cc iu kin knh, b lp biu cng cn xt n cc iu kin lu lng. Chng hn, s v ngha nu lp biu cho mt ngi s dng khng c s liu i truyn dn cho d iu kin knh ca ngi s dng ny tt. Ngoi ra mt s dch v cn c cho mc u tin cao hn. Chng hn cc dch v lung i hi c m bo tc s liu tng i khng i di hn, trong khi cc dch v nn nh ti xung khng c yu cu gt gao v tc s liu khng i di hn. Nguyn l lp biu ca HSDPA c cho trn hnh 4.7. Nt B nh gi cht lng knh ca tng ngi s dng HSDPA tch cc da trn thng tin phn hi nhn c t ng ln. Sau lp biu v thch ng ng truyn c tin hnh theo gii thut lp biu v s u tin ngi s dng.
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Hnh 4.9. Chm tn hiu iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM v khong cch cc tiu gia hai im tn hiu
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
77
4.4.4. HARQ vi kt hp mm
HARQ vi kt hp mm cho php u cui yu cu pht li cc khi thu mc li, ng thi iu chnh mn t l m hiu dng v b tr cc li gy ra do c ch thch ng ng truyn. u cui gii m tng khi truyn ti m n nhn c ri bo co v nt B v vic gii m thnh cng hay tht bi c 5ms mt ln sau khi thu c khi ny. Cch lm ny cho php pht li nhanh chng cc khi s liu thu khng thnh cng v gim ng k tr lin quan pht li so vi pht hnh R3. Nguyn l x l pht li HSDPA c minh ha trn hnh 4.10. u tin gi c nhn vo b nh m ca nt B. Ngay c khi gi c gi i nt B vn gi gi ny. Nu UE gii m tht bi n lu gi nhn c vo b nh m v gi lnh khng cng nhn (NAK) n nt B. Nt B pht li c gi hoc ch phn sa li ca gi ty thuc vo gi thuth kt hp gi ti UE. UE kt hp gi pht trc vi gi c pht li v gii m. Trong trng hp gii m pha thu tht bi, nt B thc hin pht li m khng cn RNC tham gia. My di ng thc hin kt hp cc pht li. Pht theo RNC ch thc hin khi xy ra s c hot ng lp vt l (li bo hiu chng hn). Pht li theo RNC s dng ch cng nhn RLC, pht li RLC khng thng xuyn xy ra.
78
Hnh 4.10. Nguyn l x l pht li ca nt B Khng nh HARQ truyn thng, trong kt hp mm, u cui khng loi b thng tin mm trong trng hp n khng th gii m c khi truyn ti m kt hp thng tin mm t cc ln pht trc vi pht li hin thi tng xc sut gii m thnh cng. Tng phn d (IR) c s dng lm c s cho kt hp mm trong HSDPA, ngha l cc ln pht li c th cha cc bit chn l khng c trong cc ln pht trc. IR c th cung cp li ng k khi t l m i vi ln pht u cao v cc bit chn l b sung lm gim tng t l m. V th IR ch yu hu ch trong tnh trng gii hn bng thng khi u cui gn trm gc v s lng cc m nh knh ch khng phi cng sut hn ch tc s liu kh dng. Nt B iu khin tp cc bit c m ha s s dng pht li c xt n dung lng nh kh dng ca UE. Cc hnh 4.11 cho thy th d v s dng HARQ s dng m turbo c s t l m r=1/3 cho kt hp phn d tng. Trong ln pht u gi bao gm tt c cc bit thng tin cng vi mt s bit chn l c pht. n ln pht li ch cc bit chn l khc vi cc bit chn l c pht trong gi trc l c pht. Kt hp gi pht trc v gi pht sau cho ra mt gi c nhiu bit d sa li hn v v th y l s kt hp phn d tng.
79
80
Hnh 4.12. Kin trc HSDPA Mi UE s dng HSDPA s thu truyn dn HS-DSCH t mt ( phc v). phc v chu trch nhim lp biu, iu khin tc , HARQ v cc chc nng MAC-hs khc cho HSDPA. Chuyn giao mm ng ln c h tr trong truyn dn s liu ng ln s thu c t nhiu v UE s nhn c cc lnh iu khin cng sut t nhiu . Di ng t mt h tr HSDPA n mt khng h tr HSDPA c x l d rng. C th m bo dch v khng b gin on cho ngi s dng (mc d ti tc s liu thp hn) bng chuyn mch knh trong RNC trong ngi s dng c chuyn mch n knh dnh ring (DCH) trong khng c HSDPA. Tng t, mt ngi s dng c trang b u cui c HSDPA c th chuyn mch t knh ring sang HSDPA khi ngi ny chuyn vo c h tr HSDPA. Cu trc knh tng th ca HSDPA kt hp WCDMA c cho trn hnh 4.13.
81
16QAM v t l m 1/1 l 14,4Mbps). Cc ngi s dng chia s HS-DSCH theo s knh vt l HS-PDSCH (s m vi SF=16) v khong thi gian truyn dn TTI=2ms. 2. HS-SCCH (High Speed-Shared Control Channel) s dng h s tri ph 128 v c cu trc thi gian da trn mt khung con c di 2ms bng di ca HS-DSCH. Cc thng tin sau y c mang trn HS-SCCH: S m nh knh S iu ch Kch thc khi truyn ti Gi c pht l gi mi hay pht li (HARQ) hoc HARQ theo RNC RLC Phin bn d Phin bn chm tn hiu Khi HSDPA hot ng trong ch ghp theo thi gian, ch cn lp cu hnh mt HS-SCCH, nhng kho HSDPA hot ng trong ch ghp theo m th cn c nhiu HS-SCCH hn. Mt UE c th xem xt c nhiu nht l 4 HS-SCCH ty vo cu hnh c lp bi h thng. 3. HS-DPCCH (High Speed- Dedicated Physical Control Channel) ng ln c h s tri ph 256 v cu trc t 3 khe 2ms cha cc thng tin sau y: Thng tin phn hi (CQI: Channel Quality Indicator: ch th cht lng knh) bo cho b lp biu nt B v tc s liu m UE mong mun ACK/NAK (cng nhn v ph nhn) cho HARQ 4. DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) i cng vi HS-DPCCH ng ln cha cc thng tin ging nh R3. 5. F-DPCH (Fractional- Dedicated Physical Channel) ng xung c h s tri ph 256 cha thng tin iu khin cng sut cho 10 ngi s dng tit kim ti nguyn m trong truyn dn gi
82
t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao. Trong trng hp khng th m bo t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao, nhiu anten thu m UE c nng lc MIMO c trang b c th c s dng cho phn tp thu cho mt lung pht n. V th mt UE c nng lc MIMO s m bo tc s liu cao hn ti bin trong cc ln so vi mt UE tng ng ch c mt anten. HSDPA MIMO h tr truyn dn hai lung. Mi lung c x l lp vt l nh nhau (m ha, tri ph v iu ch ging nh trng hp HSDPA mt lp). Sau m ha, tri ph v iu ch, tin m ha tuyn tnh da trn cc trng s phn hi t UE c s dng trc khi lung s c sp xp ln hai anten (hnh 4.14).
Hnh 4.14. S MIMO 2x2 S trn cng c th hot ng trong ch truyn dn mt lung. Trong trng hp ny ch c mt lung s liu l c m ha v c truyn ng thi trn c hai anten ging nh trng hp phn tp pht vng kn ca WCDMA. S MIMO vi hai ch ny c gi l D-TxAA (Dual Transmit Adaptive Array: dn thch ng pht kp). Trong mi trng di ng thc t ch hai lung c s dng khi UE gn trm gc (ng truyn c cht lng tt) v mt lung c s dng khi UE xa trm gc (ng truyn c cht lng xu). Vic a vo MIMO s nh hng ch yu ln qu trnh x l lp vt l; nh hng ln lp giao thc l nh v cc lp trn ch yu nhn MIMO nh l mt tc s liu cao hn.
12 5/6 7/8
5 5 10
9 10 13 14 15 16
15 15 15 15 15 15
2x2 2x2
R5 R5 R7 R7 R7 R7
84
vi cc ngi s dng khc v v th thng thng t l m ha knh thp hn i vi ng ln. Nh vy khc vi ng ln iu ch bc cao t hu ch hn trn ng ln trong cc v m v v th khng c xem xt trong pht hnh u ca HSUPA.
4.5.1. Lp biu
i vi HSUPA, b lp biu l phn t then cht iu khin khi no v ti tc s liu no mt UE c php pht. u cui s dng tc cng cao, th cng sut thu t u cui ti nt B cng phi cng cao m bo t s Eb/N0 (Eb=Pr/Rb, Pr l cng sut thu ti nt B cn Rb l tc bit c pht i t UE) cn thit cho gii iu ch. Bng cch tng cng sut pht, UE c th pht tc s liu cao hn. Tuy nhin do ng ln khng trc giao, nn cng sut thu t mt UE s gy nhiu i vi cc u cui khc. V th ti nguyn chia s i vi HSUPA l i lng cng sut nhiu cho php trong . Nu nhiu qu cao, mt s truyn dn trong , cc knh iu khin v cc truyn dn ng ln khng c lp biu c th b thu sai. Tri li mc nhiu qu thp cho thy rng cc UE b iu chnh thi qu v khng khai thc ht ton b dung lng h thng. V th HSUPA s dng b lp biu cho php cc ngi s dng c s liu cn pht c php s dng tc s liu cao n mc c th nhng vn m bo khng vt qu mc nhiu cc i cho php trong . Nguyn l lp biu HSUPA c cho trn hnh 4.15.
Hnh 4.15. Nguyn l lp biu HSUPA ca nt B Khc vi HSDPA, b lp biu v cc b m pht u c t ti nt B, s liu cn pht c t ti cc UE i vi ng ln. Ti cng mt thi im b lp biu t ti nt B iu phi cc tch cc pht ca cc UE trong . V th cn c mt c ch thng bo cc quyt nh lp biu cho cc UE v cung cp thng tin v b m t cc UE n b lp biu. Chng trnh khung HSUPA s dng cc cho php lp biu pht i t b lp biu ca nt B iu khin tch cc pht ca UE v cc yu cu lp biu pht i t UE yu cu ti nguyn. Cc cho php lp biu iu khin t s cng sut gia E-DCH v hoa tiu c php m u cui c th s dng; cho php ln hn c ngha l u cui c th s dng tc s liu cao hn nhng cng gy nhiu nhiu hn trong
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. Da trn cc kt qu o c mc nhiu tc thi, b lp biu iu khin cho php lp biu trong tng u cui duy tr mc nhiu trong ti mc quy nh (hnh 4.16). Trong HSDPA, thng thng mt ngi s dng c x l trong mt TTI. i vi HSUPA, trong hu ht cc trng hp chin lc lp biu ng ln c th thc hin lp biu ng thi cho nhiu ngi s dng. L do v mt u cui c cng sut nh hn nhiu so vi cng sut nt B: mt u cui khng th s dng ton b dung lng mt mnh.
Hnh 4.16. Chng trnh khung lp biu ca HSUPA Nhiu gia cc cng cn c iu khin. Thm ch nu b lp biu cho php mt UE pht ti tc s liu cao trn c s mc nhiu ni chp thun c, nhng vn c th gy nhiu khng chp nhn c i vi cc ln cn. V th trong chuyn giao mm, phc v chu trch nhim chnh cho hat ng lp biu, nhng UE gim st thng tin lp biu t tt c cc m UE nm trong chuyn giao mm. Cc khng phc v yu cu tt c cc ngi s dng m n khng phc v h tc s liu E-DCH bng cch pht i ch th qu ti trn ng xung. C ch ny m bo hot ng n nh cho mng. Lp biu nhanh cung cp mt chin lc cho php kt ni mm do hn. V c ch lp biu cho php x l tnh trng trong nhiu ngi s dng cn pht ng thi, nn s ngi s dng s liu gi tc cao mang tnh cm c cho php ln hn. Nu iu ny gy ra mc nhiu cao khng th chp nhn c trong h thng, th b lp biu c th phn ng nhanh chng hn ch cc tc s liu m cc UE c th s dng. Khng c lp biu nhanh, iu khin cho php c th chm tr hn v phi dnh mt d tr nhiu trong h thng trong trng hp nhiu ngi s dng hot ng ng thi.
4.5.2. HARQ vi kt hp mm
HARQ nhanh vi kt hp mm c HSUPA s dng vi mc ch c bn ging nh HSDPA: m bo tnh bn vng chng li cc sai li truyn dn ngu nhin. S c s dng ging nh i vi HSDPA. i vi tng khi truyn ti c pht trn ng ln, mt bit c pht t nt B n UE thng bo gii m thnh cng (ACK) hay yu cu pht li khi truyn ti thu b mc li (NAK). im khc bit chnh so vi HSDPA bt ngun t vic s dng chuyn giao mm trn ng ln. Khi UE nm trong chuyn giao mm, ngha l giao thc HARQ kt cui ti nhiu . V th trong nhiu trng hp s liu truyn dn c th c thu
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
86
thnh cng ti mt s nt B nhng li tht bi ti cc nt B khc. Nhn t pha UE, iu ny l , v t nht mt nt B thu thnh cng s liu. V th trong chuyn giao mm tt c cc nt B lin quan u gii m s liu v pht ACK hoc NAK. Nu UE nhn c ACK t nht t mt nt B, UE coi rng s liu c thu thnh cng. HARQ vi kt hp mm c th c khai thc khng ch m bo tnh bn vng chng li nhiu khng d bo c m cn ci thin hiu sut ng truyn tng dung lng v (hoc) vng ph. Cc bit c m ha b sung ch c pht khi cn thit. V th t l m sau cc ln pht li c xc nh theo t l m cn thit cho iu kin knh tc thi. y cng chnh l mc tiu m thch ng tc c gng t c, im khc chnh l thch ng tc c gng tm ra t l m ph hp trc khi pht.
87
Hnh 4.17. Kin trc mng c lp cu hnh E-DCH (v HS-DSCH). Hnh 4.18. cho thy cc knh cn thit cho HSUPA. E-DCH c sp xp ln mt tp cc m nh knh ng ln c gi l cc knh s liu vt l ring ca EDCH (E-DPDCH). Ph thuc vo tc s liu tc thi, s cc E-DPDCH v cc h s tri ph c th thay i. Ngoi knh s liu E-DCH cn c cc knh bo hiu cho n nh sau. Cc knh E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel: knh cho php tuyt i ca E-DCH) v E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel: knh cho php tng i ca E-DCH) l cc knh h tr cho iu khin lp biu. Knh E-HICH (E-DCH HARQ Indicator Channel: knh ch th HARQ ca E-DCH) l knh h tr cho pht li s dng c ch HARQ.
Hnh 4.18. Cc knh cn thit cho mt UE c kh nng HSUPA Khng nh HSDPA, HSUPA khng h tr iu ch thch ng v n khng h tr cc s iu ch bc cao. L do l cc s iu ch bc cao phc tp hn v i hi pht nhiu nng lng trn mt bit hn, v th n gin ng ln s dng s iu ch BPSK kt hp vi truyn dn nhiu m nh knh song song. Tng kt cc knh ng ln cn thit cho hot ng ca E-DCH c minh ha trn hnh 4.19 cng vi cc knh s dng cho HSDPA.
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Hnh 4.19. Cu trc knh tng th vi HSDPA v HSUPA. V ng ln khng trc giao theo thit k, nn cn thit iu khin cng sut nhanh x l vn gn xa. E-DCH khng khc vi mi knh ng ln khc v v th cng sut c iu khin theo cch ging nh cc knh ng ln khc. Nt B o t s tn hiu trn nhiu v pht i cc lnh iu khin cng sut trn ng xung n UE iu chnh cng sut pht ca UE. Cc lnh iu khin cng sut c th c pht bng cch s dng DPCH hay tit kim cc m nh knh bng F-DPCH. Di y ta tng kt cc knh ca HSUPA: 1. E-DPCH bao gm hai knh truyn ng thi: E-DPDCH v DPCCH. EDPDCH c h s tri ph kh bin t 2 n 256 vi cu hnh cc i 2xSF2+2SF4 (tc s liu nh bng 5,76 Mbps vi t l m ha 1/1). Khong thi gian truyn dn (TTI) ca EDPDCH c th l 2ms (tc s liu ln hn 2Mbps) hoc 10ms (tc s liu bng hoc di 2Mbps). DPCCH truyn ng thi vi E-DPDCH cha cc thng tin hoa tiu v iu khin cng sut (TPC). 2. E-DPCCH l knh vt l mi ng ln tn ti song song vi E-DPDCH truyn thng tin ngoi bng lin quan n truyn dn E-DPDCH. E-DPCCH c h s tri ph 256 cha cc thng tin sau: E-TFCI (Enhanced-Transport Format Combination Indicator: ch th kt hp khun dng truyn ti) thng bo cho my thu nt B v kch thc khi truyn ti c mang trn cc E-DPDCH. T thng tin ny my thu rt ra s knh EDPDCH v h s tri ph c s dng S th t pht li (RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number) thng bo v s th t ca khi truyn ti hin thi c pht trong chui HARQ. Bit hnh phc thng bo rng UE c hi lng vi tc hin thi (cng sut tng i n nh cho n) hay khng v n c th s dng c n nh cng sut cao hn hay khng. 3. HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel: knh ch th HARQ) l knh vt l ng xung truyn ACK hoc NAK cho HARQ. 4. E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel: knh cho php tng i E-DCH) l knh vt l ng xung mi pht lnh tng/gim mt nc cng sut ca lp biu (thng ch 1dB) so vi gi tr tuyt i c n nh bi knh E-AGCH. E-RGCH c s dng cho cc iu chnh nh trong khi ang xy ra truyn s liu. 20ETS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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RGCH c ghp chung vi 20HICH trn c s 40 ch k vo mt DPDCH c m nh knh vi h s tri ph 128 5. E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel: knh cho php tuyt i) l knh vt l ng xung mi c m nh knh vi h s tri ph 128 ch th mc cng sut chnh xc ca E-DPDCH so vi DPCCH. E-AGCH cha: Gi tr cho php tuyt i ch th t s cng sut E-DPDCH/DPCCH m UE c th s dng Phm vi cho php tuyt i cho php hoc cm UE pht theo HARQ S nhn dng UE s/th cp cho php UE xc nh knh E-AGCH ny c dnh cho n hay khng
4.6. CHUYN GIAO TRONG HSDPA Trong HSDPA ch c chuyn giao cng. Tn ti cc kiu chuyn giao sau y trong HSDPA: Chuyn giao trong cng mt RNC Chuyn giao gia cc RNC Chuyn giao t knh HS-DSCH sang DCH
90
thc hin chuyn giao UE phi bo cho SRNC v tt nht. Trng phn di y ta s xt qu trnh xc nh tt nht. 4.6.1. Xc nh tt nht v chuyn giao Qu trnh xc nh (on ) tt nht v chuyn giao c m t trn hnh 4.20.
Hnh 4.20. S kin o v bo co (on ) phc v HS-DSCH tt nht Da trn kt qu o Ec/I0 trn knh P-CPICH ca cc nm trong tp tch cc ca chuyn giao mm ng ln (thm ch c th c cc hay on nm trong tp ng c), UE bo co phc v HS-DSCH tt nht cho SRNC n quyt nh chuyn giao cng cho HS-DSCH. Hnh 4.20 cho thy 2 (on ) l c chn v sau khong thi gian T+D th HS-DSCH 1 c chuyn sang 2.
4.6.2. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia cc (hay on ) trong cng mt RNC Qu trnh chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai on ca cng mt nt B c minh ha trn hnh 4.21. Sau khi quyt nh chuyn giao, SRNC gi bn tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt lin quan B v ng thi gi bn tin RRC v t li cu hnh knh vt l n UE chng thc hin chuyn giao. Qu trnh chuyn giao t nt B ny sang nt B khc thuc cng mt RNC cng xy ra tng t.
91
4.6.3. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai cc (on ) thuc hai RNC khc nhau
Qu trnh chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai (on ) thuc hai RNC khc nhau c minh ha trn hnh 4.22. Sau khi SRNC quyt nh chuyn giao, n gi bn tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt B lin quan v ng thi gi bn tin RRC t li cu hnh knh vt l n UE thc hin chuyn giao. Trong trng hp ny bn tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c SRNC gi n nt B ch thng qua DRNC.
Hnh 4.22. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia cc on thuc hai RNC khc nhau
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92
4.7. TNG KT
HSPA l cng ngh tng cng cho 3G WCDMA cn c gi l 3G+. HSPA l cng ngh truyn dn gi ph hp cho truyn thng a phng tin IP bng rng. HSDPA s dng knh chia s ng xung trn c s ghp nhiu knh m vi h s tri ph SF=16, trong ti a s knh m dnh cho lu lng ln n 15 v mt knh m c dnh cho bo hiu v iu khin. HSUPA s dng knh tng cng E-DCH truyn lu lng. C HSDPA v HSUPA u s dng truyn dn thch ng trn c s lp biu v HARQ. Truyn dn thch ng l cng ngh trong ti nguyn v tuyn dc phn b cho ngi s dng da trn tnh trng ca knh truyn sng tc thi n ngi s dng ny: (1) nu iu kin truyn sng tt ngi s dng c phn phi nhiu ti nguyn hn, ngc li ngi ny c phn phi t ti nguyn. HSDPA s dng phn phi ti nguyn theo m hoc thi gian trong cng sut truyn dn khng i v tc truyn dn c th thay i s lng m, s khe c cp pht hoc bng cch thay i s truyn dn (AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding: m ha v
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iu ch thch ng), cn HSUPA s dng phn phi ti nguyn theo cng sut vi iu kin cng sut c cp pht cho mi my di ng khng gy nhiu cho cc my khc. Khi c cp pht cng sut cao hn my di ng c th truyn dn tc cao hn bng cch s dng nhiu m hn cho knh E-DCH hay gim h s tri ph SF nhng khng thay i s truyn dn (iu ch lun l BPSK). C hai HSDPA v HSUPA u s dng HARQ, trong bn tin c yu cu pht li c lu trong b nh m sau kt hp vi bn tin c pht li to thnh mt bn tin tt hn trc khi x l li. C ch pht li vi phn d tng cho php mi ln pht li ch cn pht li mt b phn ca phn d cha c pht v th tit kim c dung lng ng truyn. im khc bit gia HSDPA v HSUPA l HSDPA khng s dng iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao mm tri li HSUPA s dng c hai k thut ny, ngoi ra HSUPA ch s dng mt kiu iu ch BPSK v th n khng p dng k thut iu ch m m ha thch ng (AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding). Cui chng chuyn giao cng cho HSDPA c trnh by cho. Trong HSDPA ch c chuyn giao cng. thc hin chuyn giao, UE phi o t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh P-CPICH ca tt c cc hoc cc on nm trong tp tch cc (thm ch c th c trong tp ng c). T kt qu o n gi bo co v tt nht n SRNC. SRNC s quyt nh chuyn giao.
94
Thut ng v vit tt
2G 3G 3GPP 3GPP2 AICH AMC AMR ARQ APAICH ATM BCCH BCH BER BLER BPSK BS BTS CC CDMA Second Generation Third Generation 3 Genaration Partnership Project 3 Generation Patnership Project 2 Acquisition Indication Channel Adaptive Modulation and Coding Adaptive MultiRate Automatic Repeat-reQuest
ird ird
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Knh ch th bt tin t truy nhp Channel Asynchronous Transfer Mode Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Bit Error Rate Block Error Rate Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Base Tranceiver Station Convolutional Code Code Division Multiple Access Ch truyn d b Knh iu khin qung b Knh qung b T s li bit T s li khi Kha chuyn pha hai trng thi Trm gc Trm thu pht gc M xon a truy nhp phn chia theo m Knh ch th pht hin va chm CPCH/n nh knh Mng li Knh gi chung Knh hoa tiu chung Ch th cht lng knh Kim tra vng d Chuyn mch knh Knh ch th trng thi CPCH Knh iu khin ring Knh iu khin ng xung Knh iu khin vt l ring Knh vt l ring Knh s liu vt l ring 95
CD/CA- CPCH Collision Detection/ Channel ICH: Assignment Indicator Channel CN CPCH CPICH CQI CRC CS CSICH DCCH DCH DL DPCH Core Network Common Packet Channel Common Pilot Channel Channel Quality Indicator Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit Switch CPCH Status Indicator Channel Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Channel Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Physycal Control Channel DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
Discontinuous Reception Downlink Shared Channel Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Enhanced Dedicated Channel Enhanced Data rates for GPRS Evolution Equipment Identity Register
Thu khng lin tc Knh chia s ng xung Tri ph chui trc tip Knh cho php tuyt i tng cng Knh ring tng cng Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GPRS B ghi nhn dng thit b Knh iu khin ring tng cng Knh s liu ring tng cng Knh cho php tng i tng cng Knh truy nhp ng xung Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian DPCH mt phn (phn on) Mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM EDGE Nt h tr GPRS cng Dch v v tuyn gi chung H thng thng tin di ng tan cu Yu cu pht li t ng linh hot Chuyn giao cng B ghi nh v thng tr Truy nhp hi ng xung tc cao
EEnhanced Dedicated Control Channel DPCCH EEnhanced Dedicated Data Channel DPDCH E-RGCH Enhanced Relative Grant Channel FACH FDD Forward Access Channel Frequency Division Duplex
F-DPCH Fractional DPCH GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network GGSN GPRS GSM HARQ HHO HLR Gateway GPRS Support Node General Packet Radio Service Global System For Mobile Communications Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest Hard Handover Home Location Register
HSHigh-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Knh iu khin vt l ring tc DPCCH Channel cao HSDSCH HSPA High-Speed Dedicated Shared Channel Knh chia s ring tc cao High Speed Packet Access Truy nhp gi tc cao
HSHigh-Speed Physical Dedicated Shared Knh chia s ring vt l tc cao PDSCH Channel HSS HSSCCH Home Subsscriber Server High-Speed Shared Control Channel Server thu bao nh Knh iu khin chia s tc cao
96
HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access IMS IMT2000 IP IPv4 IPv6 IR Iu Iub Iur LTE MAC MMS MSC NodeB OVSF PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio PPrimary Common Control Physical CCPCH Channel PCH PDCP PHY PICH PS PSTN QAM QoS QPSK RACH RAN Paging Channel Packet-Data Convergence Protocol Physical Layer Page Indication Channel Packet Switch Public Switched Telephone Network Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quatrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Channel Radio Access Network PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel IP Multimedia Subsystem International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 Internet Protocol IP version 4 IP version 6 Incremental Redundancy
Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao Phn h a phng tin IP Thng tin di ng quc t 2000 Giao thc Internet Phin bn IP bn Phin bn IP su Phn d tng
Giao din c s dng thng tin gia RNC v mng li Giao din c s dng thng tin gia nt B v RNC Giao din c s dng thng tin gia cc RNC Long Term Evolution Medium Access Control Multimedia Messaging Service Mobile Services Switching Center Nt B Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor H s tri ph kh bin trc giao T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp Knh tm gi Knh vt l gi chung Giao thc hi t s liu gi Knh chia s ng xung vt l Lp vt l Knh ch th tm gi Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin) Chuyn mch gi Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng iu ch bin vung gc Cht lng dch v Kha chuyn pha vung gc Knh truy nhp ngu nhin Mng truy nhp v tuyn 97 Pht trin di hn iu khin truy nhp mi trng Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra Dch v nhn tin a phng tin Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng
Radio Access Technology Radio Frequency Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Control Real Time Protocol
Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn Tn s v tuyn iu khin lin kt v tuyn B iu khin mng v tuyn iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn Giao thc thi gian thc Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp Knh ng b H s tri ph Nt h tr GPRS phc v Moun nhn dng thu bao Dch v nhn tin T s tn hiu trn tp m Chuyn giao mm Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Kt hp khun dng truyn ti Knh truyn ti Khang thi gian pht Thit b ngi s dng ng ln Bng thng di ng siu rng
SSecondary Common Control Physical CCPCH Channel SCH SF SGSN SIM SMS SNR SHO TDD TDM TDMA TFC TFCI TrCH TTI UE UL UMB UMTS USIM UTRA Synchronization channel Spreading Factor Serving GPRS Support Node Subscriber Identity Module Short Message Service Signal to Noise Ratio Soft Handover Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiplex Time Division Mulptiple Access Transport Format Combination Transport Channel Transmission Time Interval User Equipment Uplink Ultra Mobile Broadband
Universal Mobile Telecommunications H thng thng tin di ng ton cu System UMTS SIM UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng Cht lng khng dy cao Tng hp truy nhp vi ba ton cu 98
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Uu WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WiFi Wireless Fidelitity WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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