MC LC

I.

TNG QUAN V SN PHM GI LA --------------------------------------------- 2

1. Cc thnh phn nguyn liu.------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.1. Tht heo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.2. M heo -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3. ng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4. Mui----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.5. MSG ( Monosodium glutamate) -------------------------------------------------- 5
1.6. Tiu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
1.7. Nc nm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.8. Mui phosphate---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.9. Bt bp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.10. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

II. QUY TRNH CH BIN ------------------------------------------------------------------ 8

1. S cng ngh: ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2. Thuyt minh quy trnh-------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
III.

NH GI SN PHM CA CC NHM THC HNH-------------------- 10

IV. KT LUN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

I.

TNG QUAN V SN PHM GI LA

Gi la hay ch la (phng ng Nam b) l tn gi ca mn n c lm t
hai nguyn liu c bn l tht nc thn ln gi nhuyn kt hp vi nc mm ngon,
gi trong l chui v luc chn. Thnh hnh trong m thc Vit Nam t Bc xung
Nam nh mt mn n va ph thng va sang trng, gi la gin v thm m mi
tht ti luc cng vi mi c trng ca l chui ti c luc chn.

1. Cc thnh phn nguyn liu.

1.1. Tht heo
Nguyn liu tht dng trong ch bin phi
m bo yu cu cht lng, khng dng tht b
bnh. Trong sn xut sn phm hp tht
thng dng tht heo. Tht v nhng sn phn
ch bin t tht l mt trong nhng phn c bn
trong khu phn thc n. Tht c khong 75%
nc, 25% m v 5% cn li l cht bo,
carbohydrat v khong cht.. l ngun quan
trng cung cp lng ln protein v cc cht
khong nh st (Fe), ng (Cu), magi (Mg),
photpho (P). Ngoi ra tht cn cung cp nhiu vitamin nh : vitamin A, vitamin
B1(thiamin), B2(riboflavin), B6, PPv trong tht cha y cc acid amin khng
thay th vi t l kh cn i.

1.2. M heo
M l tn gi chung cho cht bo c ngun
gc ng vt. Cht bo hay lipid l mt trong 3
nhm thc phm chnh yu v l ngun nng
lng quan trng cho c th.
2

Thnh phn ch yu ca m l triglycerit. Cc acid bo trong glycerit gm nhng

acid bo no v khng no nh palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic,
aracchidoicTriglyceric khng ha tan trong nc. Tuy nhin, trong nhng iu kin
nht nh di tc dng ca cht nh ha, chng c th to nh tng vi nc.
Lipit tp trung nhiu nht m m. Cht bo c nhiu tnh nng: cung cp nng
lng cho c th, to s ngon ming v mau no. N l cht gip c th hp thu cc
vitamin ha tan trong cht bo nh: A, D, E, F ( hn hp acid khng no, khng thay
th).
Ty theo pH ca tht m dng loi m ph hp: tht c pH cao c phi trn vi loi
m t b phn gii, tht c pH thp c dng vi m b chuyn ha.
M c tc dng lm tng dnh, bo, bng cho sn phm. M lm tng gi
tr cm quan cho sn phm, gip tn dng nguyn liu c th gim gi thnh sn
phm.
1.3. ng
S dng trong ch bin thc phm l ng
saccharose. ng s dng phi kh, tinh th ng
nht v phi tan hon ton trong nc.
Cc chc nng ca ng:
ng lm du mm sn phm, tr gip
qu trnh gi mu ca tht do ng
3+

2+

c tnh kh, s kh Fe thnh Fe

Gi cho nitrit khng b oxy ha thnh
nitrat.
Tng p sut thm thu khi kt hp vi mui.
L cht to ngt lm du v mn ca mui, to mi thm cho sn
phm.
Lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro, bin nc t do thnh nc
lin kt gp phn lm gim hot tnh ca nc c ch s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt.
V ngt du ca sn phm ch c c vi nng ng thch hp
trong sn phm; nng ny c th thay i tu thuc vo thnh
phn khc c trong sn phm.
axit ca thc phm cng cao th lng ng yu cu cho vo
cng nhiu mi m bo c c v ngt du.

Ch tiu ng s dng trong ch bin thc phm

Thnh phn
Ch tiu
Saccharose, %
99,7
m, %
0,15
Tro, %
0,15
ng kh, %
0,15
pH
7
1.4. Mui
Mui c b sung vo c tc dng:
To v mn cho tht, tng cht lng, cu trc cho sn phm.
Tng kh nng bo qun cho sn phm v c tnh st khun nh.
L cht c nh mu gin tip.
Gim t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng lm c ch cc vi sinh vt hiu
kh pht trin.
Lm tng kh nng c ch ca actin v myosin trong tht qua qu trnh
to p sut thm thu.
Trch ly protein myophibrilla, lm tng ha tan ca protein.
Mui phosphate:
- Pholyphosphate l nhng polymer hay mt cch chnh xc hn l nhng a
phn t ca mui natri hay kali ca cc acid ortho- hoc meta- phosphoric.
Thng s dng l pyro-, tri-, tetra- polyphosphate. Tc dng ca
polyphosphate l n nh cu trc thc phm, ngoi ra c tc dng sau:
Kh nng gi nuc: Sn phm ch bin t tht c kh nng gi nc v tnh
ha tan ca cc protein ch yu l protein ca t c. C hi trng hp trn
u c lin quan n mi lin kt gia protein v nc. Polyphosphate c
xem nh l tc nhn gi nc vi c ch to cu trc m do vic b gy cc
cu ni gia cc chui peptit v nh vy mi trng s c hydrat ha. Hot
ng ca phosphate trong vic ci thin s gi nc biu th 3 mt:
o Nng pH
o Hnh thnh lin kt vi ion Ca2+ v Mg2+
o Gy ra s dui protein ca c, to cc v tr c kh nng lin kt m tt
hn.
Tng tnh kh nng ha tan ca cc protein: Polyphosphate c vai tr
quan trng trong vic tng kh nng gi nc v ha tan protein. Chng phi
m bo s ha tan tip din sau qu trnh thoi bin hoc do nhit .
c ch v lm chm s tng trng ca vi sinh vt: Cht ph gia ny ngn
cn vic tng sinh v to iu kin thun li cho s ph hy cc mm vi
khun.Vai tr ch yu ca phosphate khi p mui l lm gia tng kh nng

lin kt ca nc vi protein ca m c, v bng cch lm gia tng nng

sut ca sn phm sau cng, tng cht lng ca sn phm.
Liu lng s dng: s dng theo Q 3742/2001/BYT, ngha l khng qu
2 3 g/kg( tnh trn lng P2O3).

1.5.

MSG ( Monosodium glutamate)

Tnh cht vt l
Tinh th rn khng mu, khng mi
C v mui nht
Nhit nng chy 232 C
tan trong nc 74 g/ml
Glutamat natri l 1 cht trong nhm Umami (ting Nht: thm ngon) c kh nng
tng khu v, tng cm gic ngon ming, c bit trong cc mn n c c, tht hay
nm. V th glutamat natri c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm,
vi s c mt ca nhiu m chnh c th gim c cc gia v khc v i khi thay i
c v gc ca thc phm m vn cho cm gic ngon ming. Trong cc thc phm ch
bin sn nh bt nm, bt canh, khoai ty chin,... thng c nhiu bt ngt
Dng bt ngt c th dn n vic gim lng mui n trong thc phm v khi c
bt ngt khng cn thm nhiu cc gia v khc. Khi n, bt ngt hay cc cht trong
nhm Umami bo hiu cho c th thc phm cha nhiu m v lin tng n v
tht.
1.6. Tiu
Ht tiu en nguyn ht l qu ca cy Piper nigrum L. cn nguyn, thng c
ly trc khi chng chn hon ton. Ht tiu en thng c ng knh t 3mm n
6mm v c mu nu, mu xm hoc mu en c v nhn.
Ht tiu en dng bt l ht tiu en c nghin nh, khng cha bt k tp
cht l no.
Mi v: khi nghin thnh bt c mi thm c trng ca ht tiu en, cay v khng
c mi v v l.
Ht tiu en khng c c nm mc, cn trng v cc phn xc ca cn trng
nhn thy c bng mt thng (k c knh lp).

Tiu c cho vo sn phm Pate nh l mt loi gia v, lm tng thm hng v

thm ngon cho sn phm.

1.7. Nc nm
Nc mm phi c trong ch bin gi la, cng dng to hng v c
trng cho sn phm.
1.8. Mui phosphate
Pholyphosphate l nhng polymer hay mt cch chnh xc hn l nhng a
phn t ca mui natri hay kali ca cc acid ortho- hoc meta- phosphoric. Thng s
dng l pyro-, tri-, tetra- polyphosphate. Tc dng ca polyphosphate l n nh cu
trc thc phm, ngoi ra c tc dng sau:
Kh nng gi nuc: Sn phm ch bin t tht c kh nng gi nc v tnh
ha tan ca cc protein ch yu l protein ca t c. C hi trng hp trn
u c lien quan n mi lien kt gia protein v nc. Polyphosphate c
xem nh l tc nhn gi nc vi c ch to cu trc m do vic b gy cc
cu ni gia cc chui peptit v nh vy mi trng s c hydrat ha. Hot
ng ca phosphate trong vic ci thin s gi nc biu th 3 mt:
o Nng pH
o Hnh thnh lin kt vi ion Ca2+ v Mg2+
o Gy ra s dui protein ca c, to cc v tr c kh nng lin kt m tt
hn.
Tng tnh kh nng ha tan ca cc protein: Polyphosphate c vai tr
quan trng trong vic tng kh nng gi nc v ha tan protein. Chng phi
m bo s ha tan tip din sau qu trnh thoi bin hoc do nhit .
c ch v lm chm s tng trng ca vi sinh vt: Cht ph gia ny ngn
cn vic tng sinh v to iu kin thun li cho s ph hy cc mm vi
khun.Vai tr ch yu ca phosphate khi p mui l lm gia tng kh nng
lin kt ca nc vi protein ca m c, v bng cch lm gia tng nng
sut ca sn phm sau cng, tng cht lng ca sn phm.
Liu lng s dng: s dng theo Q 3742/2001/BYT, ngha l khng qu 2
3 g/kg( tnh trn lng P2O3).
6

1.9. Bt bp
Bt bp hay bt ng l mt loi bt mn c lm t cc ni nh (phn li ca
ht) ca ht bp/ng kh. Bt bp c s dng cho nhiu iu trong nu n, nhng
ph bin nht l s dng nh mt cht kt dnh v cht lm c trong cc mn n khc
nhau. Khng ging nh bt m, bt bp thc s tr nn nh hnh r rng khi nu chn.
N cng c s dng nh l mt tc nhn chng kt dnh trong ng bt. trnh
vn cc khi s dng bt bp, ngi ta pha trn vi mt cht lng lnh cho n khi mn
trc khi nu n hoc thm n vo mt cht lng nng.
Bt bp hay bt ng l mt loi bt mn c lm t cc ni nh (phn li ca
ht) ca ht bp/ng kh. Bt bp c s dng cho nhiu iu trong nu n, nhng
ph bin nht l s dng nh mt cht kt dnh v cht lm c trong cc mn n khc
nhau. Khng ging nh bt m, bt bp thc s tr nn nh hnh r rng khi nu chn.
N cng c s dng nh l mt tc nhn chng kt dnh trong ng bt. trnh
vn cc khi s dng bt bp, ngi ta pha trn vi mt cht lng lnh cho n khi mn
trc khi nu n hoc thm n vo mt cht lng nng.
1.10.
Nc c tc dng gi nhit cho khi tht c n nh, trnh hin tng
chy nc do khi tht c xay trong mt khong thi gian th khi tht s nng ln v
c hin tng chy nc.

II.

QUY TRNH CH BIN

1. S cng ngh:

2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

Nguyn liu tht:
-

Tht sn xut gi la l tht nc c ly t phn i v vai. Tht phi l tht nc

trc co cng. trong ngnh ngi ta thng gi l tht nng. Ngha l protein trong
tht nguyn liu phi cha b bin i v trng lng phn t, kh nng gi nc. Nh
chng ta bit c tht c cu to bi cc b t c, do khi protein b bin i th b
8

t c s ri rc dn n trng lng phn t gim, kh nng gi nc cng s gim.

V c th sn phm dng gel cn c n hi cao do tnh cht gi nc ca
protein l mt vn cn quan tm.
Tht sau khi git m c treo mt nhit phng 0 40C, trong 14 16 gi

t nhit tm tht l 0 20C. Khi tht t c cht lng tt nht v

tri qua mt qu trnh bin i lm cho tht chn ti. Sau tht phi c lc b
gn, by nhy cho cc qu trnh c hc sau ny c d dng v bo m cht
lng sn phm.
Ct nh, xay th: tht sau khi c lc b gn v by nhy s c ct nh
v xay th cng vi m kh nhm to iu kin thun li hn cho qu trnh xay
tinh
giai on ny, ta cho my hot ng ch xay th, tc quay l 300
vng/pht. Ban u cho my quay kh (khng cho thm bo) v nh vy protein s
hot ng mc tt nht. Sau khi my quay c 3 4 vng ta cho thm mui
polyphosphate, v 1/3 bo. bo c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh xay
nhuyn v n l thnh phn ca nc to nh tng, ha tan gia v v c bit l
gi nhit hn hp di 120C.
Xay tinh: qu trnh xay tinh ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong quy trnh sn
xut gi la. Qu trnh ny nhm mc ch to nn mt h nh tng bn ca tt c
cc thnh phn vt cht c trong gi la nh: nguyn liu (tht nc, m kh), gia v,
ph gia, to nn mt h ng nht. Qu trnh ny s nh hng trc tip n cc qu
trnh sau ny v cht lng ca sn phm.
Cc qu trnh bin i y ch yu v mt vt l (kch thc, hnh dng ca
nguyn liu). Sau giai oan xay th l qu trnh xay nhuyn, vi tc quay ca dao
l 3000 vng/pht. Xay cho n khi nhit hn hp ln n 4 50C, cho thm 1/3
lng bo vo, v khi nhit hn hp t 8 90C, cho gia v v 1/3 lng
bo cn li. Hn hp ny v nc (tan ra t bo) to nn h nh tng, sau ta
cho tip tinh bt bin tnh vo. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh xay tinh ta thu c hn hp
gi l gi sng.

 Bao gi:
-

i vi sn phm sn xut th cng th bao gi bng l chui. Dng sn phm

ny c hng v rt thm ngon, tuy nhin thi gian bo qun li ngn v khng kinh
t.
-

Trong sn xut cng nghip: bao gi kh phc tp. Trc ht khi gi sng

c bao mt lp nilong ri em ht chn khng, sau c bao bng lp l, vic

bao gi nh vy gip qu trnh bo qun c lu hn khong 1 thng.
Hp: hp nhm mc ch lm chn v nh hnh cho sn phm. Trong cng nghip
ngi ta dng bn ln nu chn sn phm. Nhit nu v thi gian nu cn t
theo yu cu. Sau khi lm chn ta em gi i lm ngui v thu c sn phm gi la.
III. NH GI SN PHM CA CC NHM THC HNH

Mu sc

Cu trc
Mi

Nhm 10 + 12
Gi la c mu vng nht,
p, lm tm en ca tiu
s.
Mm mn, do, khng dai
lm, ng nht.
Thm nh. Dy mi thm
ca tiu s, mi thm c
trng ca tht.
Va, khng qu mn hay
qu nht.

Nhm 9 + 11
Mu vng nht, lm tm
en ca tiu.
Dai, ng nht, mm mn.
Thm du mi thm ca
tht.
Va.

IV. KT LUN
Qua bui thc hnh, nhm r hn v cng ngh sn xut gi la. y l kin
thc b ch, mang n cho sinh vin mt ng dng rt thc t. Sinh vin c th s
dng khi ra trng, lm nn tng cho bc khi u lp nghip khi sinh vin mong
mun hng ti cc sn phm thc phm t tht.

10