Chi ph da n phn mm

Cc chi ph trong mt d n l do: do yu cu v t{i nguyn phn cng, phn mm v ngun nhn lc chi ph pht trin phn mm l do ngun nhn lc cn thit a s c lng chi ph c o bng personmonths(PM ngi _ th|ng) chi ph ca d n ph thuc vo tnh cht, c im ca d n, ti bt k im no, tnh chnh xc ca vic c lng ph thuc vo s lng thng tin tin cy v cc sn phm cui cng.

c lng gi phn mn

Gii thiu v m hnh Cocomo

COstructive COst MOdel (COCOMO) : COCOMO l

m hnh do Barry Boehm , l{ m hnh c lng phn mn s dng ph bin nht trn th gii The COCOMO model : d b|o cng sc v{ thi gian ca d |n d trn c|c u v{o lin quan ti kch thc ca h thng kt qu v{ s lng cost dirvers m{ nh hng ti nng sut M hnh n{y da trn kho s|t (nghin cu) 60 d |n ti cng ty TRW, Northrop Grumman cui nm 2002. Chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng PL/I, t 2000 n 100,000 dng lnh

Cocomo constructive cost model

COCOMO bao gm 3 dng:

- COCOMO c bn: M hnh cho gi| tr n, chi ph c tnh nh ln ca phn mm theo dng lnh - COCOMO trung gian: Chi ph c tnh nh ln ca Phn mm theo dng lnh cng thm |nh gi| sn phm, phn cng, nh}n lc v{ c|c thuc tnh ca d |n. - COCOMO chi tit : tch hp mi c trng ca COCOMO trung gian cng thm |nh gi| ca chi ph nh hng (ph}n tch, thit k,.) trong mi giai an ca qui trnh cng ngh phn mm (the software engineering process)

 COCOMO c th p dng cho ba kiu d n phn mm:

- Organic mode : d |n phn mm n gin, i ng

nh c kinh nghim ng dng tt,v{ l{m vic trn mi trng vi nhng yu cn khng qu| cng nhc. - Semidetached Mode : i ng c kinh nghim hn hp, v{ l{m vic trn mi trng vi nhng yu cn khng qu| cng nhc - Embedded Mode : c trin khai trong iu kin cht ch phn cng, phn mm v{ c|c r{ng buc v vn hnh

Mode

Quy m d n

Bn cht d n

S sng to
t

Thi hn

Mi trng pht trin

Organic

2-50 D n nh, developer KLOC kinh nghim trong mi trng thn thin

Khng Quen cht thuc, ni b TB TB

Semi detached

50 D n TB, i TB, kinh TB 300 nghim lm cho d n KLOC tng t TB ng k

Embbede >300 D n ln, HT real time. d KLOC Giao din phc tp, i c kinh nghim trc rt t

Cht

Yu cu HW v giao din phc

Cocomo c bn
Phng trnh ca COCOMO c bn c dng:

E a ( KLOC )
d

Trong : D c (E) E l{ Effort c tnh bng Person-Months D l{ thi gian ph|t trin ( development time), tnh bng thng ab, bb, db l{ c|c h s c tra theo bng 3 KLOC = S dng lnh (n v=1000) c tnh ca sn phm d |n phn mm.

S lng nhn vin v mc hiu qu ca d n c tnh nh sau: Average staff size (SS) = E/D ( Persons) Productivity (P) = KLOC/E KLOC/PM

Cocomo c bn
H s ab, bb, cb v db c cho bi bng sau }y :

Project

ab 2.4 3.0

bb 1.05 1.12

cb 2.5 2.5

db 0.38 0.35

Organic
Semi -detached

Embbeded

3.6

1.20

2.5

0.32

10

V d 1

Gi s d |n c c tnh khong 400 KLOC. H~y tnh nh}n lc v{ thi gian cho mi loi d |n kh|c nhau 1. i vi loi Organic: E = 2.4(400)1.05 = 1295.31 PM D = 2.5(1295.31)0.38 = 38.07 M 2. i vi loi Semidetached: E = 3.0(400)1.12 = 2462.79 PM D = 2.5(2462.79)0.35 = 38.45 M 3. i vi loi Embbeded: E = 3.6(400)1.20 = 4772.81 PM D = 2.5(1295)0.32 = 38 M

11

Nhn xt
Chn loi d |n rt quan trng, ty thuc v{o 2 yu t: Quy m d |n C|c h s tng ng

12

V d 2
Quy m d |n c c tnh khong 200 KLOC. i ph|t

trin phn mm c kinh nghim mc trung bnh cho c|c loi d |n tng t. Lch biu ca d |n khng i hi cht ch lm. H~y tnh thi gian ph|t trin, s ngi bnh qu}n ca i, v{ tnh hiu sut ca d |n Solution: D |n thuc loi semi-detached
Tnh c|c h s:

E = 3.0(200)1.12 = 1133.12 PM

D = 2.5(1133.12)0.35 = 38.67 M
S nh}n vin (staff size) = E/D = 38.67 ngi
Hiu sut d |n (productivity) = KLOC/E = 176 LOC/PM

nh gi Cocomo c bn
u im: Cocomo c bn rt tt cho c tnh chi ph th. Thc hin tnh to|n d d{ng nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, chnh x|c hn v : Ch cp trit c|c nh}n t cng nghn, thit b, s kh|c nhau v r{ng buc phn cng. Kinh nghim v{ kh nng chuyn nghip ca con ngi khng ng nht. Nhng nh}n t thay i khi s dng cng c hin i Nhng c trng nh hng n chi ph phn mn

Cocomo Trung Gian

COCOMO TRUNG GIAN l{ m rng ca M hnh COCOMO c bn c dng c tnh thi gian lp trnh trong trin khai sn phm phn mm. M hnh COCOMO mc trung b sung thm 15 tha s chi ph (cost driver) C|c tha s chi ph n{y c ph}n th{nh 4 nhm chnh (bng 4)

c trng ca sn phm c trng v phn cng. c trng v chuyn gia c trng v d |n

+ c trng ca sn phm: - Yu cu v tnh tin cy ca phn mm - Khi lng CSDL (database) ca ng dng - Tnh phc tp ca sn phm. + c trng ca phn cng - R{ng buc v tnh nng Run-time - R{ng buc v B nh - Tnh khng n nh ca mi trng m|y o. - Yu cu v thi gian chuyn hng (turnabout time) + c trng v Chuyn gia. - Kh nng ph}n tch - Kh nng v k s PM (Software engineer) - Kinh nghim ng dng - Kinh nghim v m|y o - Kinh nghim v ngn ng lp trnh + c trng v D n S dng c|c cng c Phn mm ng dng c|c Phng ph|p ca CNPM (software engineering) Yu cu v trin khai lch biu (development schedule)

Cc nhm v tnh cht.

Cocomo trung gian

Mi tnh cht c |nh gi| (cho im) theo thang

im c 6 mc t rt chm (very low) n qu| cao (extra high) . Da trn thang im, H s Effort(effort multiplier) s c x|c nh theo bng sau: Tch c|c H s Effort = EAF (Effort Adjustment Factor, thng c gi| tr t 0.9 - 1.4.) c th hin qua bng sau

Cocomo Trung Gian

Phng trnh Cocomo trung gian c dng:

E = c tnh ca NGI/THNG, KLOC = S dng lnh (n v=1000) c tnh ca sn phm

d |n phn mm. Tha s EAF (Effort adjustment factor) l{ tch ca 15 tha s chi ph. EAF thng dao ng t 0.9 n 1.4 ai , bi : c cho bi bng sau.

Cocomo trung gian

H s ai v bi c cho bi bng sau y :

Project
Organic Semi -detached Embbeded

ai
3.2 3.0 2.8

bi
1.05 1.12 1.20

ci
2.5 2.5 2.5

di
0.38 0.35 0.32

Thi gian trin khai D c tnh t E tng t nh COCOMO C bn. S lng nh}n vin v{ mc hiu qu ca d |n c tnh nh sau:

Average staff size (SS) = E/D Persons Productivity (P) = KLOC/E KLOC/PM

V d
Mt d |n mi c c tnh l{ h thng nhng

(embedded system) c 400 KLOC. Ngi qun l d |n phi chn la gia 2 nhm l{m vic: mt nhm rt c nng lc nhng hu nh khng c kinh nghim g v ngn ng lp trnh s c dng trong d |n; nhm kh|c th khng gii lm nhng c nhiu kinh nghim v ngn ng lp trnh. H~y xt xem vic chn la c|c nhm s nh hng nh th n{o n d |n??

V d
Solution: V l{ d |n kiu embedded v{ m hnh COCOMO mc trung nn: E= ai(KLOC)bi = 2.8(400)1.20 = 3712 PM Trng hp 1: chn nhm c nng lc nhng khng c kinh nghim EAF = 0.82 x 1.14 = 0.9348 E1 = EAF x E = 0.9348 x 3712 = 3470 PM D1 = ci (E)di = 2.5(3470)0.32 = 33.9 PM

V d
Trng hp 2: nhm t c nng lc nhng nhiu kinh

nghim
EAF = 1.29 x 0.95 = 1.22 E2 = EAF x E = 1.22 x 3712 = 4528 PM D2 = ci (E)di = 2.5(4528)0.32 = 36.9PM

Nhn xt: Nhm 2 cn nhiu ngi v{ thi gian hn. V vy, nhm nng lc yu tuy c nhiu kinh nghim lp trnh khng th ph hp vi d |n loi embedded.

cocomo II
COCOMO II l{ m hnh cho php c tnh chi ph, s c gng v{ lch biu

khi lp k hach cho mt d |n phn mm mi. Gm c 3 module: Applications Composition, Early Design, and M hnh Post-architecture.
M hnh COCOMO gc do Dr. Barry Boehm khi xng nm 1981, v{

COCOMO II c hnh th{nh sau nhiu nm c gng ca nhm nghin cu (1990) USC CSE, IRUS at UC Irvine, and the COCOMO II Project Affiliate Organizations, l}n u tin c{i t gia nm 1997. USC COCOMO II.1998.0 beta ra i 10/1998.
Phin bn 98 s dng 161 im DL (data) v{ s dng c|ch tip cn Cng thc

Bayes (Bayesian statistical approach (119kb)) c thm kin chuyn gia trong m hnh.

Cocomo II
COCOMO bc trung gm mt m hnh chung da trn dng m

(KDSI) COCOMO II gm 3 m hnh khc nhau: - M hnh phc hp p dng (ACM: Application composition model) cho
cc pha u tin

Da trn object points (tng t nh function points)

- M hnh thit k ban u (EDM: early design model)

Da trn function points

- M hnh hu kin trc (PAM: Post-architecture model)

Da trn function points hay KDSI

Cocomo II
Output ca COCOMO bc trung l c lng chi ph v

kch thc Output ca COCOMO II l c lng khong chi ph v kch thc V d, nu c lng cng sc l E th ACM c gi tr trong khong (0.50E, 2.0E) v PAM thuc min (0.80E, 1.25E)

Cocomo II
Dng m hnh cng sc chung l{

Effort = a (size)b - COCOMO bc trung Ba gi tr cho b: 1.05 (nh), 1.12 (trung bnh), 1.20 (phc tp) - COCOMO II: b thay di 1.01 < b < 1.26 tu theo gi tr ca nhng tham s c chn COCOMO II h tr dng li (reuse)