Thit k, xy dng v s dng b t hoi

1. Gii thiu B t hoi u tin xut hin Php vo nm 1860, do k s Fosse Mouras pht minh ra. Cho n nay, loi cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch ny c ph cp trn ton Th gii. Vit Nam, b t hoi cng tr nn ngy cng ph bin. B t hoi c th phc v cho mt khu v sinh, mt h gia nh hay nhm h gia nh, cho cc i tng thi nc khc nh bp n tp th, nh hng, khch sn, khu du lch, trng hc, bnh vin, vn phng lm vic, cc c s chn nui v ch bin nng sn, thc phm, vv... B t hoi c s dng ph bin nhiu ni bi c nhiu u im nh hiu sut x l n nh, k c khi dng nc thi u vo c dao ng ln, chim t din tch, gi thnh r v vic xy dng, qun l n gin, nn d c chp nhn. Tuy nhin, pht huy vai tr ca cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch ny, cn thit k, thi cng xy dng, lp t v qun l vn hnh, bo dng b t hoi ng, nht l vi iu kin nc ta hin nay, khi phn ln nc thi, sau khi x l s b b t hoi, c x trc tip ra ngun tip nhn m khng qua bt k mt khu x l no tip theo. Vic hiu r v lm tt cng tc thit k, thi cng lp t v qun l vn hnh - bo dng b t hoi cn gp phn nng cao nhn thc v huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong xy dng, qun l h tng k thut th v bo v mi trng. Trong b t hoi din ra qu trnh lng cn v ln men, phn hu sinh hc k kh cn lng. Cc cht hu c trong nc thi v bn cn lng, ch yu l cc Hydrocacbon, m, bo, ... c phn hy bi cc vi khun k kh v cc loi nm men. Nh vy, cn ln men, bt mi hi, gim th tch. Cht khng tan chuyn thnh cht tan v cht kh (ch yu l CH4, CO2, H2S, NH3, ...). Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l nc thi v tc phn hu bn cn trong b t hoi: nhit v cc yu t mi trng khc; lu lng dng thi v thi gian lu nc tng ng; ti trng cht bn (rt ph thuc vo ch dinh dng ca ngi s dng b hay loi nc thi ni chung); h s khng iu ho v lu lng ti a; cc thng s thit k v cu to b: s ngn b, chiu cao, phng php b tr ng ng dn nc vo v ra khi b, qua cc vch ngn, ... B t hoi c thit k v xy dng ng cho php t hiu sut lng cn trung bnh 50 70% theo cn l lng (TSS) v 25 - 45% theo cht hu c (BOD v COD) (Nguyn Vit Anh v nnk, 2006, Bounds, 1997, Polprasert, 1982). Cc mm bnh c trong phn cng c loi b mt phn trong b t hoi, ch yu nh c ch hp ph ln cn v lng xung, hoc cht i do thi gian lu bn v nc trong b ln, do mi trng sng khng thch hp. Cng chnh v vy, trong phn bn b t hoi cha mt lng rt ln cc mm bnh c ngun gc t phn. B t hoi hu ht cc nc u tip nhn v x l c hai loi nc thi trong h gia nh nc en v nc xm. Nc thi sau b t hoi c dn ti cc cng trnh x l ti ch (bi lc ngm, b sinh hc hiu kh, vv...) hay tp trung, theo cm, ... B t hoi c du nhp vo Vit Nam thi k Php thuc. Thi , ch c mt s cng trnh xy dng mi c trang b b t hoi (c hoc khng c ngn lc), x l c nc en v nc xm. Dn dn, do s pht trin ca th, cc cng trnh c ci ni, xy dng thm, cc khu nh mi mc ln, nhng vic xy dng cc tuyn cng thu gom nc thi v tch ring nc thi ra khi nc ma khng theo kp vi s pht trin, ngi ta u thng ng ng dn nc xm v nc nh bp ra ngoi h thng cng chung, ch cn c nc en chy vo b t hoi. y l bc tranh rt ph bin cc th Vit Nam hin nay. Phng thc ny cng lan rng nhanh chng ra cc vng ven v vng nng thn. Nhiu b t hoi c thit k, xy dng v vn hnh khng ng quy cch v kch thc ti thiu, cch b tr ng ng, vch ngn, lm sinh ra dng chy tt trong b, sc bn v vng cn, b b r r lm nhim v nc ngm thm vo,... ng ra, bn cn trong b t hoi phi c ht theo

chu k t 1 n 3 nm, nhng trong thc t, nhiu b ti 7 hoc 10 nm mi c ht, khi h gia nh gp phi nhng vn nh tc, trn nc, mi hi, ..., nn hiu qu lm vic thp. Bn cnh loi b t hoi truyn thng, cn c cc loi b t hoi sau: b t hoi c ngn lc hiu kh, ngn lc k kh, hay c li lc tho lp c; b t hoi vi cc vch ngn mng dng hng ln (b BAST); b t hoi vi cc vch ngn mng dng hng ln v ngn lc k kh (b BASTAF); b t hoi c ngn bm (trong h thng thot nc gm cc b t hoi v ng ng p lc); cc loi b t hoi khc, kt hp vi cc qu trnh x l nh x l hiu kh c sc kh nhn to, c dng tun hon, c thu kh sinh hc, vv... Chi tit v cc loi b ny c trnh by trong cun sch: B t hoi v B t hoi ci tin, Nh xut bn Xy dng, 9/2007 ca cng tc gi. 2. Thit k b t hoi Tng dung tch ca b t hoi V (m3) c tnh bng tng dung tch t (dung tch hu ch) ca b t hoi V, cng vi dung tch phn lu khng tnh t mt nc ln tm an np b Vk. V = V + Vk (1) Dung tch t ca b t hoi bao gm 4 vng phn bit, tnh t di ln trn: - Vng tch lu bn cn phn hu Vt; - Vng cha cn ti, ang tham gia qu trnh phn hu Vb; - Vng tch cn (vng lng) Vn; - Vng tch lu vng - cht ni Vv (xem Hnh 1).

V = Vn + Vb + Vt + Vv

(2)

Dung tch vng lng - tch cn Vn: c xc nh theo loi nc thi, thi gian lu nc tn v lng nc thi chy vo b Q, c tnh n gi tr lu lng tc thi ca dng nc thi. Thi gian lu nc ti thiu tn c xc nh theo Bng 1. Bng 1. Thi gian lu nc ti thiu trong vng lng ca b t hoi Lu lng nc thi Q, m3/ngy <6 7-8 9 10 -11 Thi gian lu nc ti thiu tn, ngy B t hoi x l nc en + xm 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 B t hoi x l nc en t WC 2 1,8 1,6 1,4

12 13 >14

0,6 0,6 0,5

1,3 1,2 1

Dung tch cn thit vng tch cn ca b t hoi Vn (m3) bng: Vn = Q.tn = N.qo.tn /1000 Trong : N - s ngi s dng b, ngi; qo - tiu chun thi nc, ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu v mc trang thit b v sinh ca ngi nh. C th s b ly qo cho b t hoi ch tip nhn nc en l 30 - 60 l/ngi.ngy, hn hp nc en v nc xm l 100 - 150 l/ngi.ngy. - Dung tch vng phn hu cn ti Vb (m3): Vb = 0,5.N.tb/1000 Gi tr ca tb c nu trong Bng 2. Bng 2. Thi gian cn thit phn hu cn theo nhit Nhit nc thi, o C Thi gian cn thit phn hu cn tb, ngy 10 104 15 63 20 47 25 40 30 33 35 28 (4) (3)

- Vng lu gi bn phn hu Vt(m3): Sau khi cn phn hu, phn cn li lng xung di y b v tch t lm thnh lp bn. Dung tch bn ny ph thuc ti lng u vo ca nc thi, theo s ngi s dng, thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi, nhit v thi gian lu, c tnh nh sau: Vt = r.N.T/1000 (5) Vi: r - lng cn phn hu tch lu ca 1 ngi trong 1 nm. - Vi b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm: r = 40 l/(ngi.nm). - B t hoi ch x l nc en t khu v sinh: r = 30 l/(ngi.nm). T - khong thi gian gia 2 ln ht cn, nm. - Dung tch phn vng ni Vv thng c ly bng (0,4 - 0,5)Vt hay c th ly s b vi chiu cao lp vng bng 0,2 - 0,3 m. Trong trng hp b t hoi tip nhn nc thi t nh bp, nh n, cn tng dung tch vng cha bn cn v vng ln thm 50%. - Dung tch phn lu khng trn mt nc ca b t hoi Vk c ly bng 20% dung tch t, hoc theo cu to b, vi chiu cao phn lu khng (tnh t mt nc n np b) khng nh hn 0,2 m. Phn lu khng gia cc ngn ca b t hoi phi c thng vi nhau v c ng thng hi. - Cch tnh gin lc, p dng cho b t hoi h v nhm h gia nh:

i vi b t hoi x l nc thi sinh hot cho cc h v nhm h gia nh, cho n gin, ly nhit trung bnh ca nc thi bng 20oC. Dung tch t ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm bng: V = (N.qo.tn + 24 + 56.T)/1000 V = (N.qo.tn + 24 + 42.T)/1000 (6) (7) Tng t, dung tch t ca b t hoi x l nc en t khu v sinh bng: - i vi b t hoi x l nc thi cho cc h gia nh n l, c th xc nh s b dung tch t ti thiu ca b mt cch n gin hn na, theo s ngi thc t s dng b, theo cng thc: V = N.Vo (8) Trong : Vo l dung tch t n v ca b t hoi: Vo = 0,34 m3/ngi n 0,60 m3/ngi, nu b x l c nc en v nc xm; Vo = 0,27m3/ngi n 0,30m3/ngi, nu b ch x l nc en t khu v sinh. S ngi s dng tng th dung tch n v gim. Bng 3. Kch thc ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm S ngi s dng N, ngi 5 10 20 50 100 Chiu cao lp nc H, m 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.0 Chiu rng b B, m 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.0 Chiu di ngn th nht L1, m 2.1 2.6 3.1 4.5 5.5 Chiu di ngn th hai L2, m 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.6 Dung tch t V, m3 3.0 3.4 6.8 17.1 28.2 Dung tch n v m3/ngi 0.60 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.28

Kch thc b t hoi nu trong bng l kch thc hu ch ti thiu, khng k tng v vch ngn, c tnh vi tiu chun thi nc sinh hot 150 lt/ngi.ngy, nhit trung bnh ca nc thi l 20oC, chu k ht cn 3 nm/ln. Bng 4. Kch thc ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en S ngi s dng N, ngi 5 10 20 Chiu cao lp nc H, m 1.2 1.2 1.4 Chiu rng b B, m 0.7 1.0 1.0 Chiu di ngn th nht L1, m 1.2 1.6 2.9 Chiu di ngn th hai L2, m 0.6 0.7 1.0 Dung tch t V , m3 1.5 2.8 5.4 Dung tch n v m3/ngi 0.30 0.28 0.27

50 100

1.6 2.0

1.8 2.0

3.3 4.4

1.4 1.6

13.5 24.0

0.27 0.24

Kch thc b t hoi nu trong bng l kch thc hu ch ti thiu, khng k tng v vch ngn, c tnh vi lng nc en t khu v sinh chy vo b t hoi 60 lt/ngi.ngy, nhit trung bnh ca nc thi l 20 oC, chu k ht cn 3 nm/ln. Kt qu tnh ton cng cho ta thy rng dung tch b khng tng ng k khi dn c nc xm vo b t hoi, nht l khi s ngi s dng tng. iu ny cng cho thy s cn thit v ci li ca vic x l c nc en v nc xm trong b t hoi, thay v cho x l ch nc en t nh v sinh nh hin nay.

trnh lp vng ni trn mt nc, phi b tr tm chn hng dng hay T dn nc vo, ra ngp di mt nc khng t hn 0,4 m (m bo cch mt di lp vng cn khng di 0,15 m). ng thi, trnh sc cn, bn t y b, ming T dn nc vo v ra phi cch lp bn cao nht khng di 0,3 m. u trn ca T cao hn mt nc khng t hn 0,15 m. Khng dn nc vo b qua ng ng thot nc trnh xo trn v sc bn, cn trong b. Ct y ng vo cao hn y ng ra t nht 0,05 m. m bo ch t chy v trnh ngp cc b, y ng ra phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong cng tip nhn nc thi sau b t hoi v mc nc ngm cao nht. Cc ng dn nc vo, ra v gia cc ngn phi c t so le nhau qung ng nc chy trong b di nht, trnh hin tng chy tt. Trn cc vch ngn trong b c ca thng nc hoc ct dn nc. Khong cch mp trn ca thng nc n mt nc khng di 0,3 m trnh vng cn trn sang ngn sau. Dung tch t ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm ly bng 3m3. Dung tch ti thiu b t hoi x l nc en ly bng 1,5 m3. Trn thc t, khi c iu kin v din tch v kinh ph, ngi ta thng xy dng b t hoi c kch thc ln hn kch thc ti thiu, tng an ton khi s dng v ko di chu k ht bn. Nghin cu ca Harada trn 750 b t hoi ni thnh H Ni (2006) cho thy dung tch trung bnh ca cc b t hoi h gia nh khu vc ni thnh H Ni (ch yu ch tip nhn nc en) bng 5,4m3. Chiu su ti thiu ca lp nc trong b t hoi H , tnh t y b n mt nc, m bo qu trnh tch cn din ra v trnh c s xo trn nc thi vi bn, cn lng v vng ni, l 1,2 m. Chiu su ngn cha c th ln hn ngn lng. thun tin cho vic thi cng xy dng v qun l, chiu rng hay ng knh b khng c di 0,7 m. trnh hin tng chy tt trong b v tin cho vic xy dng, b thng c dng hnh ch nht trn mt bng vi t l di: rng = 3 : 1, vi su t 1,2 - 2,5m. Ph bin Vit Nam l b t hoi vi cu to gm 2 ngn hoc 3 ngn. B thng c dng ch nht hoc trn. B t hoi 2 ngn gm: ngn cha c kch thc ln nht, chim ti thiu 2/3 dung tch b; ngn lng, chim 1/3 dung tch b. B t hoi 3 ngn gm: ngn cha, dung tch ti thiu 1/2 dung tch b; 2 ngn lng, mi ngn chim 1/4 dung tch b. Trong trng hp b ch c 1 ngn, c th thay vch ngn gia 2 b bng cc tm chn sau ng dn nc

vo b v trc ng thu nc ra khi b, trnh hin tng chy tt, n nh dng chy v ngn vng cn tri ra khi b. i vi b t hoi x l nc thi cho > 30 ngi, cng nn dng cc tm chn hng dng t sau T vo v trc T ra, chy ht chiu rng b. y ngn cha phi c dc 25% v pha ng dn nc vo (pha di ca ht) d ht bn cn. B t hoi phi c ng thng hi, ng knh khng di 60mm, dn ln cao trn mi nh t nht 0,7 m trnh mi, kh c hi. 3. Thi cng xy dng, lp t b t hoi B t hoi c xy bng gch, b tng ct thp c sn hay b tng ct thp ti ch, hoc ch to sn bng cc vt liu nh composit, HDPE, ... B t hoi phi c xy dng kn, kht, m bo an ton v mt kt cu cng trnh, ngay c trong iu kin cha y nc hay khng cha nc, chu tc ng ca cc cng trnh bn trn v ln cn, cc phng tin giao thng, t v nc ngm. Np b t hoi phi c t nht 2 l trn ng dn nc thi vo v ra khi b qun l (kim tra, ht cn). Chiu rng l ht cn ti thiu 200 mm. L ht cn phi c y kn, kht bng np an BTCT hay cht do, gn bng keo, giong cao su hay bt ren vi phn v b. Trng hp np b t hoi t thp hn mt t, phi c c np an. C np an c xy bng gch, BTCT hay ch to sn bng cht do, phi m bo lp kn, kht. i vi b t hoi xy bng gch: Phi xy tng i (220 mm) hoc dy hn, xp gch mt hng dc li mt hng ngang, xy bng gch c M75 (cp bn B5) v va xi mng ct vng M75, mch va phi no, dy u, mit k. Cc b kch thc ln phi c bin php gia c m bo kt cu. C mt trong v mt ngoi b c trt 2 lp va xi mng ct vng M75, mit k, ngoi cng nh mu xi mng nguyn cht chng thm (ton b chiu cao b v mt trong y b). Ti cc gc b phi trt ngut gc. t cc tm li Inox hay thp chng nt, thm vo trong lp va trong khi trt mt trong tng b, mt phn li nm trn y b t nht l 20cm. Nu mc nc ngm cao, phi chn thm mt lp t st dy t nht 10cm xung quanh b. y b phi c lm bng BTCT, lin khi vi dm bao quanh chu vi b chn tng, chiu cao ti thiu 10cm chng thm. Chi tit ng qua tng phi c hn sn tm chn nc v chn k bng b tng si nh M200 (cp bn B15), hoc bng giong cao su chu nc. Cc phn kim loi (nu c) phi c sn chng g 2 lp sau khi lp t. Sau khi hon tt vic thi cng, phi kim tra b r r. Cho nc vo y b trnh hin tng y ni do nc ngm lm di chuyn, nt, v b. 4. Qun l vn hnh bo dng b t hoi Thi gian khi ng v to lp bn trong b t hoi ci tin t hiu sut x l n nh thng khng di 3 thng. C th rt ngn thi gian khi ng bng cch a vo b mt lng bn b pht t cc b t hoi hay b t hoi ci tin ang hot ng. Khng c x vo b t hoi cc loi cht thi nh: nc ma, nc chy trn b mt, nc x ra b bi, nc lm mm, nc x t phng tm hi/sauna c lu lng >25% dung tch b t hoi, bng v sinh, cc loi vi, nha, cao su, cht thi dch v, du m, cc cht d chy, n (k c dng rn, lng hay kh), cht kh trng, kh mi, cht khng sinh, ho cht dit c v thuc tr su.. , tr khi cht c nu r l c th x vo b t hoi, hay bt k cht no khc c th lm nh hng n hiu qu lm vic ca b t hoi. Cc loi b t hoi u phi thc hin vic ht bn. Thi gian ht bn ph thuc vo s ngi s dng b, thnh phn tnh cht nc thi, nhit mi trng. T kinh nghim thc t, c th ly gi tr thch hp ca chu k ht bn cn khi thit k v qun l vn hnh cc b t hoi h gia nh l 3 nm/ln. B t hoi c kch thc cng ln th chu k ht bn cho php cng

tng. Phi tin hnh ht bn cn khi chiu su lp bn y b > 40 cm (chim 1/3 chiu su hu ch trong b), hoc khi: chiu dy lp vng ni > 20 cm. Phng php o chiu dy lp bn v vng n gin nht l dng thanh g qun mnh vi trng, hay thc ch L. Khi ht bn b t hoi, phi li mt phn bn c (10 - 20%) duy tr mt lng vi sinh vt k kh trong b. Trnh ht bn b pht vo thi gian mc nc ngm cao hn y b trnh p lc y ni c th lm v, nt b v cc cng trnh ln cn. Trong trng hp cn thit phi ht, th ch ht lp bn y v lp vng ni, khng ht ht nc ra khi b. Vic ht bn b pht phi c thc hin bi cc c quan c cp php. Bn b pht phi c vn chuyn, lu gi v x l ng quy nh. (Ngun: T/C Xy dng, s 2/2008)