Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Phn m u:
Cht thi rn(CTR) xut hin t khi con ngi c mt trn tri t. Con ngi khai thc v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trn tri t phc v cho i sng ca mnh, ng thi thi ra CTR. Khi , s thi b cc cht thi t hot ng ca con ngi khng gy ra cc vn nhim mi trng trm trng do s lng dn c cn thp. ng thi, din tch t t nhin cn rng ln, nn kh nng ng ho CTR tt, do khng gy tn hi n mi trng. Khi x hi pht trin, con ngi sng tp hp thnh cc nhm, b lc, cm dn c, th s tch ly CTR tr thnh mt trong nhng vn nghim trng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi. Trong x hi cng nghip ngy nay, qu trnh pht sinh CTR gn lin vi qu trnh sn xut, mi giai on ca qu trnh sn xut u to ra CTR, t khu khai thc, tuyn chn nguyn liu n khi to ra sn phm phc v ngi tiu dng. Sn phm sau khi s dng c th ti sinh, ti ch hoc b, v cng l CTR. V th khi lng CTR hin nay pht sinh rt ln, cng thm vo l s CTR cha c x l a vn v CTR l 1 trong vn quan tm trong vic bo v mi trng trn ton th gii

Vt Liu Th Sn Xut Ti ch v ti sinh Ngi Tiu Dng

Cht Thi Cht Thi

Sn xut th cp

Thi b

Hnh 1.1 Dng vt liu v qu trnh pht sinh cht thi rn trong x hi cng nghip(Ngun Qun l v x l cht thi rn Nguyn Vn Phc) Thc phm tha v cc loi CTR khc b thi b ba bi khp ni trong cc th trn, trn cc ng ph, trc l giao thng, cc khu t trng vv to mi trng thun li cho s sinh sn v pht trin ca cc loi gm nhm nh chut. Cc loi gm nhm l im ta cho cc sinh vt k sinh nh b cht sinh sng v pht trin. Chng l

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

nguyn nhn gy nn bnh dch hch. Do khng c k hoch qun l nn cc mm bnh pht sinh t CTR lan truyn trm trng Chu u vo gia th k 14. Mi n th k 19, vic kim sot dch bnh nhm bo v sc khe cng ng mi c quan tm. Ngi ta nhn thy rng CTR, nh thc phm tha phi c thu gom v tiu hy hp v sinh th mi c th kim sot cc lai gm nhm, rui, mui cng nh nguy c truyn bnh. Mi quan h gia sc khe cng ng vi vic lu tr, thu gom v vn chuyn cc CTR khng hp l th hin r rng. C nhiu bng chng cho thy cc bi rc khng hp v sinh, cc cn nh chut, cc ni cha thc phm tha l mi trng thun li cho chut, rui, mui v cc vi sinh vt truyn bnh sinh sn, pht trin. Thc t cho thy, vic qun l CTR khng hp l l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh). V d: cc bi rc khng hp v sinh gy nhim bn cc ngun nc mt, nc ngm v gy nhim khng kh (mi hi). Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc trn th gii cho thy gn 22 cn bnh ca con ngi pht sinh do mi trng b nhim l kt qu ca vic qun l x l CTR khng hp l. Cc phng php ph bin nht c s dng x l CTR t u th k 20 l: Thi b trn cc khu t trng. Thi b vo mi trng nc (sng, h, bin) Chn lp Gim thiu v t Vn qun l CTR Vit Nam Vit Nam, tuy dn s th ch mi chim hn 20% dn s ca c nc nhng do c s h tng k thut qu km li t c chm sc nn tnh trng v sinh mi trng b sa st nghim trng. Tnh hnh ng rc do thiu cc trang thit b k thut cn thit v hiu qu qun l mi trng km ang gy tr ngi cho s pht trin kinh t trong nc v chnh sch m ca kinh t vi nc ngoi. Qu trnh th ha Vit Nam trong nhng thp k trc y pht trin chm vi t l th ha thuc loi thp nht so vi cc nc trong khu vc, t khi chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng c s qun l ca nh nc , tc th ha ang c tng nhanh hn. S gia tng dn s th trong khi cha c iu kin chun b tt v c s vt cht gy nn nhiu hu qu v kinh t, x hi nghim trng. Kt cu h tng c s ca cc th nh cp nc , thot nc , nh , giao thng th, v sinh mi trng v.v cn yu km khng p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Theo Bo co Din bin Mi trng Vit Nam nm 2004 ca World Bank, lng cht thi pht sinh ti Vit Nam c tnh khong 15 triu tn/nm. Trong thp k ti, tng lng CTR pht sinh c d bo s tip tc tng nhanh. Cc khu vc th chim khong 24% dn s c nc nhng li chim hn 50% tng lng cht thi pht sinh, v c tnh trong nhng nm ti, lng cht thi sinh hot pht sinh khong 60%, trong khi cht thi cng nghip s tng 50% v cht thi c hi s tng gp 3 ln sovi hin nay. Thnh ph H Ch Minh c din tch 2093,7 km2, dn s 6.117.251 ngi (thng 10/2004) phn b ti 24 qun huyn; ni tp trung 12 khu cng nghip, 2 khu ch xut v 1 khu cng ngh cao vi hn 800 nh my ring l, 15.000 c s sn xut va v nh, 62 bnh vin, hn 400 trung tm chuyn khoa, trung tm y t v hn 800 phng khm t nhn..., hin ang pht thi mi ngy khong 5.000 5.200 tn CTR th (bao gm CTR sinh hot trong cc c s cng nghip v cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi), 700 1.100 tn cht thi xy dng, hn 1000 tn CTR cng nghip, trong 120 150 tn CTR nguy hi, 9 12 tn CTR y t. Ti cc vng nng thn, cc ph thi ca sn xut nng, lm, ng nghip truyn thng (nh thn l cy, rm r, v ht, phn gia sc...) hu ht c s dng un nu, lm phn bn hoc chn lp. Nhng cht thi c ngun gc cng nghip, nh cht do, nha, kim loi, d lng ho cht kh phn hy, tuy cha tr thnh vn bc xc nhng ang c xu hng tng ln nhanh chng. Ti cc th v khu cng nghip, vic thu gom v x l CTR sinh hot, CTR cng nghip, cht thi nguy hi ang l vn mi trng cp bch. Hin nay, Vit Nam, nng lc thu gom CTR tt c cc th v khu cng nghip mi ch t khong 20 40%. Rc thi cha phn loi ti ngun, c thu gom ln ln v vn chuyn n bi chn lp. Cng vic thu nht v phn loi cc ph thi c kh nng ti ch, hon ton do nhng ngi ngho sinh sng bng ngh bi rc thc hin. Vic ng dng cc cng ngh ti ch CTR ti s dng cn rt hn ch, cha c t chc v quy hoch pht trin. Cc c s ti ch rc thi c quy m nh, cng ngh lc hu, hiu qu ti ch cn thp v qu trnh hot ng cng gy nhim mi trng. Hin ch c mt phn nh rc thi (khong 1,5 -5% tng lng rc thi) c ch bin thnh phn bn vi sinh v cht mn vi cng ngh hp v sinh. Bin php x l CTR hin nay ch yu l chn lp, nhng cha c bi chn lp CTR no t tiu chun k thut v sinh mi trng. Cc bi chn lp CTR vn cn gy nhim mi trng t, nc v khng kh do qu trnh vn hnh bi chn lp cn bt cp, vic x l nc r rc,

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

mi, v sinh mi trng km nh . Hn na hin nay qu t dnh cho cc bi chn lp gn nh l khng c hoc khng . Vn qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam l vn cn mi m v vy h thng lut, cc vn bn qun l CTR cn hn ch cha theo kp vi s pht sinh CTR chng mt nh hin nay. Hiu lc thi hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut cn cha hiu qu. Nng lc th ch v ngun lc thc thi khung chnh sch ca Vit Nam hin ang thiu cc cp tc nghip, v cc vn bn quy phm php lut cn cha c cng ch thi hnh hiu qu. Cc quy nh i vi cc c s qun l cht thi, cc c s cng nghip, cc bnh vin do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v cc c quan b/ngnh khc (B Y t, B Cng nghip, Cc ban qun l khu cng nghip) ban hnh cn cha c cng ch thc thi y v cha gim st c vic thc hin hot ng qun l cht thi do thiu nhn lc, phn cng chc nng nhim v khng r rng, vai tr ca cc c quan chnh ph cn b chng cho v cn manh mn, hn ch trong vic iu phi gia cc c quan. Do vy, dn n tnh trng thiu cc c ch khuyn khch i vi vic vn hnh ng k thut cc bi chn lp, cc c s cng nghip u t cho cc h thng x l cht thi v v th to iu kin cho vic p dng cc phng php tiu hu cht thi r tin, khng an ton nh l thi cc bi rc l thin. Nhn thc ca cng ng v bo v mi trng v an ton sc khe lin quan ti cng tc thu gom, x l v qun l CTR vn cn ang trnh thp. Vic b ba bi CTR xung cc knh rch gy mt v sinh, e da nghim trng n nguy c suy thoi mi trng nc ngm. Cn tng cng cng tc truyn thng, gio dc trong cc bc hc v vai tr ca qun l CTR trong x hi Chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn Mc tiu ca Chnh ph l phn u ti nm 2050, tt c cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh u c thu gom, ti s dng, ti ch v x l trit bng nhng cng ngh tin tin, thn thin vi mi trng v hn ch khi lng cht thi rn phi chn lp n mc thp nht. thc hin mc tiu ny, ngy 17/12/2009, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh 2149/Q-TTg ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm 2025, tm nhn n nm 2050 c vi quan im qun l tng hp cht thi rn l trch nhim chung ca ton x hi Theo , vic qun l cht thi rn s thc hin nguyn tc "ngi gy nhim phi tr tin". C th, qun l cht thi rn phi c thc hin theo phng thc tng hp, nhm phng nga, gim thiu pht sinh cht thi ti ngun l nhim v u tin hng

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

u, tng cng ti s dng, ti ch gim khi lng cht thi phi chn lp. T chc, c nhn pht sinh cht thi, gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng c trch nhim ng gp kinh ph, khc phc, bi thng thit hi. Chin lc cng t ra mc tiu n nm 2025, 100% cc th c cng trnh ti ch cht thi rn thc hin phn loi ti h gia nh; 100% tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot th, 100% tng lng cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hi v nguy hi, 90% tng lng cht thi rn xy dng th v 90% lng cht thi rn pht sinh ti cc im dn c nng thn c thu gom v x l m bo mi trng. Lng ti nilon s dng ti cc siu th v trung tm thng mi s gim 85% so vi nm 2010. Gii php quan trng t c cc mc tiu trn l phi phng nga v gim thiu pht sinh cht thi rn; thc y phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun; y mnh thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn; tng cng ti s dng, ti ch cht thi... c quy hoch chin lc nhm qun l cht thi rn, Chnh ph ch o s lp v thc hin quy hoch xy dng khu lin hp x l cht thi rn cho cc vng kinh t ca c nc. Tt c cc tnh, thnh ph trong c nc s lp v thc hin quy hoch qun l cht thi rn; trong , xy dng v thc hin quy hoch xy dng khu x l cht thi rn ti tn phng, x. ng thi, xy dng cc gii php v hon thin h thng vn bn php lut v c ch chnh sch v qun l cht thi rn; thit lp c s d liu v h thng quan trc d liu v cht thi rn ton quc; thc y nghin cu khoa hc v mt bin php ht sc quan trng l tuyn truyn, gio dc nng cao nhn thc cng ng v bo v mi trng. Xy dng v thc hin cc chin dch truyn thng nng cao nhn thc cng ng, khuyn khch tham gia vo cc hot ng phn loi ti ngun, gim thiu, ti ch ti s dng cht thi rn, hn ch s dng ti nilon, khng rc ba bi... a gio dc mi trng vo cc cp hc; thc hin cc hot ng th im, cc sng kin gip qun l cht thi rn tt hn. Theo k hoch, t nay n nm 2025 s c 10 chng trnh thc hin chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn c hon thnh. Qu ti ch cht thi rn cng s c thnh lp nhm h tr cho cc hot ng gim thiu v ti ch cht thi rn. ng thi, huy ng mi ngun vn u t cho cng tc qun l cht thi rn, tm kim h tr t cc ngun vn ODA...

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

CHNG 1. KHI QUT CHUNG V CHT THI RN

1.1 S b ngun pht sinh cht thi rn Trong Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn s 59/2007/N-CP nu r cht thi rn l cht thi th rn, c thi ra t qu trnh sn xut,kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc cc hot ng khc. Cht thi rn bao gm cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi. Cht thi rn pht sinh t nhiu ngun khc nhau, cn c vo c im cht thi c th phn chia thnh 3 nhm ln: Cht thi th, cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi. Ngun thi ca rc thi th rt kh qun l ti cc ni t trng (open area), bi v ti cc v tr ny s pht sinh cc ngun cht thi l mt qu trnh pht tn. Cht thi nguy hi thng pht sinh ti cc khu cng nghip, do nhng thng tin v ngun gc pht sinh v c tnh cc cht thi nguy hi ca cc loi hnh cng nghip khc nhau l rt cn thit. Cc hin tng nh chy trn, r r cc loi ho cht cn phi c bit ch , bi v chi ph thu gom v x l cc cht thi nguy hi b chy trn rt ton km. V d, cht thi nguy hi b hp ph bi cc vt liu d ngm nc nh rm r, v dung dch ho cht b thm vo trong t th phi o bi t x l. Lc ny, cc cht thi nguy hi bao gm cc thnh phn cht lng chy trn, cht hp ph (rm, r), v c t b nhim. Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn nh sau: T khu dn c: Bao gm cc khu dn c tp trung, nhng h dn c tch

ri. Ngun rc thi ch yu l: thc phm d tha, thu tinh, g, nha, cao su,... cn c mt s cht thi nguy hi T cc ng thng mi: Quy hng, nh hng, ch, vn phng c quan,

khch sn,...Cc ngun thi c thnh phn tng t nh i vi cc khu dn c (thc phm, giy, catton,..) Cc c quan, cng s: Trng hc, bnh vin, cc c quan hnh chnh:

lng rc thi tng t nh i vi rc thi dn c v cc hot ng thng mi nhng khi lng t hn.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

T xy dng: Xy dng mi nh ca, cu cng, sa cha ng x, d b

cc cng trnh c. Cht thi mang c trng ring trong xy dng: st thp vn, gch v, cc si, b tng, cc vi va, xi mng, cc dng c khng dng na Dch v cng cng ca cc th: V sinh ng x, pht quan, chnh tu

cc cng vin, bi bin v cc hot ng khc,... Rc thi bao gm c rc, rc thi t vic trang tr ng ph. Cc qu trnh x l nc thi: T qu trnh x l nc thi, nc rc, cc

qu trnh x l trong cng nghip. Ngun thi l bn, lm phn compost,... T cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip: Bao gm cht thi pht sinh t

cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip v tiu th cng, qu trnh t nhin liu, bao b ng gi sn phm,... Ngun cht thi bao gm mt phn t sinh hot ca nhn vin lm vic. T cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip: Ngun cht thi ch yu t cc

cnh ng sau ma v, cc trang tri, cc vn cy,... Rc thi ch yu thc phm d tha, phn gia sc, rc nng nghip, cc cht thi ra t trng trt, t qu trnh thu hoch sn phm, ch bin cc sn phm nng nghip. Ngun gc ban u ca cht thi rn (CTR): sn phm hng ha v cc ph phm t vt liu rn. Ngun cht thi rn th cp: chu trnh sinh trng v phn r t nhin ca thc vt, chim mt t l nht nh trong dng cht thi. CTR th c c trng bi cc sn phm tng i nh, s lng ln, v vng i c ch ngn. N c to ra bi cc hot ng thng thng trong cuc sng hng ngy CTR dng khi ln (bulky waste) thng c kch thc ln, nhng c to ra vi s lng tng i nh v vng i sn phm kh di. CTR dng khi ln thng c to ra bi cc trng hp t khi xy ra nh vic loi b mt gh bnh hay mt t lnh, lp li mi nh, ph hy mt ta nh, hoc lm li mt ng. Thnh phn ca CTR dng khi ln thng bin i nhiu hn thnh phn CTR th.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Tm li, cc ngun chnh to ra CT th v CT dng khi ln: t nh dn, khu bun bn thng mi, cc cng s, nhng phn ln CT dng khi ln li c to ra t cc cng trng XD hay t vic ph d nh. 1.2 Khi lng cht thi rn Khi lng c cho l thng s quan trng nht trong qun l cht thi rn. Khi lng xc nh quy m v s lng thit b yu cu qun l cht thi rn. Khi lng cht thi rn c th c biu th bng n v th tch (m3) hoc bng n v trng lng (tn). u im ca vic o khi lng theo trng lng ch khng phi theo th tch l ch trng lng thng khng thay i i vi mt tp hp cho trc ca cc vt b loi b, trong khi th tch li bin i rt nhiu. Khi lng cht thi rn thng c biu th bng kg trn u ngi trn ngy cc dng cht thi cc vng khc nhau c th c so snh. Khi lng ny c biu th bng cng thc sau: Pcd = 1000T/365P Trong : Pcd: kilogam trn ngi trn ngy T: khi lng tn CT c to ra trong mt nm, gm c CTR sinh hot khu dn c v CTR sinh hot khu thng mi, c quan P: dn s trong vng to ra cht thi S lng thng k t cc tnh, thnh ph, nm 2004 cho thy lng cht thi rn bnh qun khong 0,9 n 1,2kg/ ngi.ngy cc th ln v mt s th nh dao ng t 0,5 n 0,65kg/ngi.ngy. n nm 2008, con s ny tng ln 1,45kg/ngi/ngy cc th. Khi lng cht thi th chim gn 50% trn tng s cht thi rn tan quc. Kt qu nghin cu v lng pht sinh cht thi rn cc th cho thy, tng lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh t th c xu hng tng u, trung bnh t 10-16% mi nm. (1.1)

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Hnh 1.2 Thnh phn cht thi rn ton quc nm 2008 v xu hng thay i thi gian ti (Ngun: Trung tm nghin cu v quy hoch mi trng th - nng thn, B Xy Dng 2010) Thnh phn cht thi th rt a dng t cht thi hu c (rc sinh hot t h dn, ch, khu thng mi), cc cht do, thy tinh(chai, l) n cht thi rn xy dng (xem bng 1.1) T l phn trm cc cht c trong rc thi khng n nh, rt bin ng theo mi a im thu gom rc, ph thuc vo mc sng v phong cch tiu dung ca nhn dn mi th. Tnh trung bnh, t l thnh phn cc cht hu c chim 45%-60% tng lng cht thi; t l thnh phn nilng, cht do chim t 6-16% m trung bnh ca rc thi t 46%-52%. Bng 1.1 Thnh phn cht thi rn th (TPHCM) Phn loi bc 1 1.Giy Phn loi bc 2 Giy loi tr bo v tp ch Bo Tp ch v cc loi c in n khc Giy ba c lp sn gn sng Giy ba khng c lp sn gn sng Cc t ri qung co Ba c ph sp Hp ng dy V d Giy photocopy

Giy ba dung ng cht lng T lt tr em hoc c nhiu lp

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

2. Cht do

PET HDPE LDPE PVC Khc a thnh phn

Chai nc khong

Phim nh Nha ABS

3. Hu c

Xc gia sc, gia cm Cht thi t qu trnh lm vn: l cy, c v cc cht thi khc t qu trnh ct ta Thc phm Phn gia sc, gia cm Ph thi t cc nng sn Vi v cc sn phm dt may Sm, lp v cc sn phm cao su Da G Bao b g, pallet, mt ca

4. Kim loi en

St Bao b thic V lon

5. Kim loi mu

Kim loi mu Bao b nhm V lon V chai bia, nc gii kht Chai thy tinh trong Chai thy tinh mu Knh

7. Xy dng

Gch ngi B tng

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

t Cc sn phm khc trong xy dng

8. Khc, nguy hi Cc cht thi nguy hi dng trong Sn, cc bao b cha ha cht tim tng gia nh Tro Cht thi y t Cht thi cng nghip Khc
Ngun Qun l cht thi rn-cht thi nguy hi Ths V nh Long-Nm 2008

gia dng

1.3 Tc ng n mi trng CTR dng khi ln cng c kh nng lm suy gim cht lng mi trng v mt m quan, lm mt khng gian c gi tr v lm nhim mi trng. N c th gy ra mi nguy him chy n. CTR th cn l mt ngun vt liu th sn xut trong nh my, lm nhin liu, lm vt liu ph trong nng nghip. Thch thc c bn trong qun l CTR l phi gim thiu ti a cc tc ng c hi tim tng trong khi lm ti a ha s phc hi CTR nh l mt ngun nguyn vt liu c gi v hu ch. CTR c th lm suy thoi cht lng mi trng v mt thm m theo hai cch sau y: Th nht, nguyn liu cht thi m khng c cch ly mt cch hp l vi mi trng (v d rc ri ba bi trn ph v mnh vn, mnh v trn mt vng t trng) nhn chung l kh coi. Th hai l cc phng tin, thit b qun l CTR th thng khng a nhn, v d nh cc bi rc thi trong vng ng bng, ni c mt dn c cao v cc thit b t rc li t vng phi cng nghip. Bi rc thng chim mt khong khng gian ln, vic gim lng pht thi cht rn, ti ch, ti s dng, lm phn vi sinh v t rc, tt c u gp phn lm gim lng t yu cu cho mt bi rc. t m c s dng chn lp rc thng kh c s dng cho cc mc ch khc. Cc bi rc tip nhn cht thi rn th khng c x l thng thm nc v s lng ng theo thi gian. Cc bi rc nh th s to ra kh metan

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

l mt cht kh gy chy n v cc cht kh khc trong vng 20 nm hoc lu hn na khi cc bi rc ny ngng tip nhn rc. D cht thi trong mt bi rc c x l hay khng c x l, nhn chung bi rc khng c th c canh tc li. R cy s ph hy lp t khng thm c ph ln bi rc ng ca nhm lm gim lng nc r rc. Ngun rc thi t cc h gia nh thng l cc loi thc phm chim t l cao trong ton b khi lng rc thi ra. Kh hu nhit i nng m v ma nhiu nc ta l iu kin thun li cho cc thnh phn hu c phn hy, thc y nhanh qu trnh ln men, thi ra v to nn mi kh chu cho con ngi. Cc cht kh pht ra t qu trnh ny thng l H2S, NH3, CH4, SO2, CO2. Thng thng th cc vn v mi nng nht xy ra khi cht thi b thi ra nhanh, tiu th xy sn c v gy ra trng thi ym kh. CTR dng khi ln thng khng gy ra cc vn v mi v n cha cc vt cht nh c th phn hy nhanh. Nhng CTR th thng gy ra cc mi b phn i, thm ch khi c bao ph bng mt lp t ti trong mt bi rc. Cc thit b t rc thng ngn nga c mi. phn vi sinh (compost) thng gi c cht hu c nhng vn khng gy ra mi. Tuy nhin, qu trnh phn compost yu cu k thut cn thn gim ti a vic to mi trong khi . Bn cnh vic to mi, CTR c th cn gy ra cc dng nhim khc: Nc r rc cha cc cht c lm nhim nc ngm v nc mt. Cc sn phm c hi, c tnh n mn c sinh ra trong qu trnh t phi c ngn nga khng cho pht thi vo bu kh quyn. Mt chng trnh qun l CTR cng nn tm kim cc ngun li thu c t CTR bao gm: ti ch, phn compost, t trc tip i i vi thu hi nng lng, ch bin cht thi to ra nng lng v thu hi kh gas t bi rc lm nhin liu. 1.4. Cc c tnh ca cht thi rn 1.4.1 Tnh cht vt l ca cht thi rn Nhng tnh cht vt l quan trng nht ca cht thi rn l khi lng ring, m, kch thc, s cp phi ht, kh nng gi m thc t v xp ca cht thi rn. 1.4.1.1 Khi lng ring Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l trng lng ca mt n v vt cht tnh trn 1 n v th tch cht thi (kg/m3). Bi v khi lng ring ca cht thi rn thay i tu thuc vo nhng trng thi ca chng nh: xp, cha trong cc thng cha container, khng nn, nn nn khi bo co d liu v khi lng hay th tch cht

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

thi rn, gi tr khi lng ring phi ch thch trng thi (khi lng ring) ca cc mu rc mt cch r rng v d liu khi lng ring rt cn thit c s dng c lng tng khi lng v th tch rc cn phi qun l. Khi lng ring thay i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: v tr a l, ma trong nm, thi gian lu gi cht thi. Do cn phi thn trng khi la chn gi tr thit k. Khi lng ring ca cht thi th dao ng trong khong 180 400 kg/m3, in hnh khong 300 kg/m3. Phng php xc nh khi lng ring ca cht thi rn Mu cht thi rn c s dng xc nh khi lng ring c th tch khong 500 lt sau khi xo trn u bng k thut mt phn t. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: 1. nh mu cht thi rn vo thng th nghim c th tch bit (tt nht l thng c th tch 100 lt) cho n khi cht thi y n ming thng. 2. Nng thng ln cch mt sn khong 30 cm v th ri t do xung 4 ln. 3. nh mu cht thi rn vo thng th nghim b vo cht thi nn xung. 4. Cn v ghi khi lng ca c v thng th nghim v cht thi rn. 5. Tr khi lng cn c trn cho khi lng ca v thng th nghim thu c khi lng ca cht thi rn th nghim. 6. Chia khi lng cht thi rn cho th tch ca thng th nghim thu c khi lng ring ca cht thi rn. 7. Lp li th nghim t nht 2 ln v ly gi tr khi lng ring trung bnh. 1.4.1.2. m m ca cht thi rn c biu din bng mt trong 2 phng php sau: Phng php khi lng t v phng php khi lng kh. Theo phng php khi lng t: m tnh theo khi lng t ca vt liu l phn trm khi lng t ca vt liu. Theo phng php khi lng kh: m tnh theo khi lng kh ca vt liu l phn trm khi lng kh vt liu. Phng php khi lng t c s dng ph bin trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn. m theo phng php khi lng t c tnh nh sau: a= {(w d )/ w} x 100 Trong : a: m, % khi lng (1.2)

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

W: khi lng mu ban u, kg d: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh 1050C, kg Bng 1.2. m ca cc thnh phn trong cht thi rn th Thnh phn Cht hu c Thc phm tha Giy Giy carton Nha Vi vn Cao su Da Cht thi trong vn G Cht v c Thy tinh Can thic Nhm Kim loi khc Bi, tro, 1.4.1.3 Kch thc v cp phi ht Kch thc v cp phi ht ca cc thnh phn trong cht thi rn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic tnh ton v thit k cc phng tin c kh nh: thu hi vt liu, c bit l s dng cc sng lc phn loi bng my hoc phn chia loi bng phng php t tnh. Kch thc ca tng thnh phn cht thi c th xc nh bng mt hoc nhiu phng php nh sau: SC = l (2-2) SC = (l + w)/2 SC = (l + w + h)/3 SC = (l x w)1/2 SC = (l x w x h)1/3 Trong : SC : kch thc ca cc thnh phn (1.3) (1.4) (1.5) (1.6) (1.7) 8,0 6,0 0,5 3,0 3,0 2 3 2 3 8 Ngun: ISWM, McGraw-Hill 1993 9,0 34,0 6,0 7,0 2,0 0,5 0,5 18,5 2,0 70 6 5 2 10 2 10 60 20 % khi lng m (% khi lng)

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

l : chiu di, (mm) w : chiu rng, (mm) h : chiu cao, (mm) Khi s dng cc phng php khc nhau th kt qu s c s sai lch. Do tu thuc vo hnh dng kch thc ca cht thi m chng ta chn phng php o lng cho ph hp. V d: Tnh ton kch thc cp phi ht ca can nhm, can thic, thu tinh da vo phng trnh 1.6 1.4.1.4. Kh nng gi nc thc t Kh nng gi nc thc t ca cht thi rn l ton b lng nc m n c th gi li trong mu cht thi di tc dng ca trng lc. Kh nng gi nc ca cht thi rn l mt ch tiu quan trng trong vic tnh ton xc nh lng nc r r t bi rc. Nc i vo mu cht thi rn vt qu kh nng gi nc s thot ra to thnh nc r r. Kh nng gi nc thc t thay i ph thuc vo p lc nn v trng thi phn hu ca cht thi. Kh nng gi nc ca hn hp cht thi rn (khng nn) t cc khu dn c v thng mi dao ng trong khong 50-60%. 1.4.1.5. thm (tnh thm) ca cht thi c nn Tnh dn nc ca cht thi c nn l mt tnh cht vt l quan trng, n s chi phi v iu khin s di chuyn ca cc cht lng (nc r r, nc ngm, nc thm) v cc kh bn trong bi rc. H s thm c tnh nh sau:
K Cd 2

(1.8)

Trong : K: h s thm, m2/s C: hng s khng th nguyn d: kch thc trung bnh ca cc l rng trong rc, m : trng lng ring ca nc, kg.m2/s : nht vn ng ca nc, Pa k : thm ring, m2 S hng Cd2 c bit nh thm ring. thm ring k = Cd2 ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca cht thi rn bao gm: s phn b kch thc cc l rng, b mt ring, tnh gc cnh, rng. Gi tr in hnh cho thm ring i vi cht thi rn c nn trong bi rc nm trong khong 10-11 10-12 m2/s theo phng ng v khong 10v 10 theo phng ngang.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

1.4.2 Tnh cht ha hc ca cht thi rn Thnh phn ho hc ca cc vt cht cu to nn CTR ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nh gi cc phng php; la chn phng thc x l v ti sinh cht thi. V d: kh nng t chy vt liu rc ty thuc vo thnh phn ho hc ca CTR. Nu CTR c s dng lm nhin liu cho qu trnh t th 4 tiu ch phn tch ho hc quan trng nht l: Phn tch gn ng s b im nng chy ca tro Phn tch cui cng (cc nguyn t chnh) Nhit tr ca cht thi rn.

Phn tch s b i vi cc thnh phn c th chy c trong cht thi rn bao gm cc th nghim sau: m (lng nc mt i sau khi sy 105oC trong 1 gi) Cht d chy bay hi ( khi lng mt i thm vo khi em mu cht thi rn sy 1050C trong 1 gi t chy nhit 9500C trong l nung kn) C c nh (phn vt liu cn li d chy sau khi loi b cc cht bay hi) Tro (khi lng cn li sau khi t chy l h)

im nng chy ca tro im nng chy ca tro c nh ngha l nhit t chy cht thi tro s hnh thnh mt khi cht rn (gi l clinker) do s nu chy v kt t. Nhit nng chy hnh thnh clinker t cht thi rn trong khong 2000 - 22000F (1100 - 12000C). Phn tch cui cng cc thnh phn to thnh cht thi rn Phn tch cui cng cc thnh phn cht thi ch yu xc nh phn trm (%) ca cc nguyn t C,H,O,N,S, v tro. Trong sut qu trnh t CTR s pht sinh cc hp cht Clor ho nn phn tch cui cng thng bao gm phn tch xc nh cc halogen. Kt qu phn tch cui cng c s dng m t cc thnh phn ho hc ca cht hu c trong cht thi rn. Kt qu phn tch cn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic xc nh t s C/N ca cht thi c thch hp cho qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc hay khng. Nhit tr ca cc thnh phn cht thi rn Nhit tr ca cc thnh phn hu c trong thnh phn CTR th c th c xc nh bng mt trong cc cch sau:

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

S dng ni hay l chng ct qui m ln S dng bnh o nhit tr trong phng th nghim Bng cch tnh ton nu TP ca cc nguyn t ho hc c x.nh Do kh khn trong vic trang b l chng ct qui m ln, nn hu ht cc s liu v nhit tr ca cc thnh phn hu c trong CTR th u da trn kt qu th nghim s dng bnh o nhit tr trong phng th nghim. Gi tr nhit to thnh khi t cht thi rn. Gi tr ny c xc nh theo cng thc Dulng:

1.4.3 Tnh cht sinh hc ca cht thi rn Cc thnh phn hu c (khng k cc thnh phn nh plastic, cao su, da) ca hu ht CTR c phn loi v phng din sinh hc nh sau: - Cc phn t c th ho tan trong nc nh: ng, tinh bt, amino acid v nhiu acid hu c - Bn cellulose: cc sn phm ngng t ca 2 ng 5 v 6 carbon - Cellulose: sn phm ngng t ca ng glucose 6 carbon - Du, m, v sp: l nhng ester ca alcohols v acid bo mch di - Lignin: mt polymer cha cc vng thm vi nhm methoxyl (-OCH3) - Lignocelluloza: hp cht do lignin v celluloza kt hp vi nhau - Protein: cht to thnh t s kt hp chui cc amino acid Tnh cht quan trng nht trong thnh phn hu c ca phn CTR th l hu ht cc thnh phn hu c c th c chuyn ho sinh hc thnh kh, cc cht v c v cc cht tr khc. S to mi hi v pht sinh rui cng lin quan n tnh d phn hy ca cc vt liu hu c trong CTR th chng hn nh rc thc phm.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

a. Kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cc thnh phn hu c trong CTR: V cc vi sinh vt c th chuyn ha giy, cht thi sn vn, cht thi thc phm v g, cht thi ny c gi l c kh nng phn hy sinh hc. Cc bng v sinh ch yu c th phn hy sinh hc c, tng t nh vy i vi bng v dt may. Mt s vt liu cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc c s sn sng c chuyn ha hn so vi cc loi khc. Vt liu sn sng c chuyn ha nht l nhng vt liu c nit cao, hm lng m cao: cht thi thc phm, v cc cht thi xanh, nhuyn sn vn. Nhng cht thi ny c th b thi ra v tnh sn c v sinh hc cao. Cht thi l cy nhn chung c tnh sn c v sinh hc mc trung bnh. G, bng, len mc d c th c phn hy sinh hc u c tnh sn c v sinh hc kh thp v c xem l khng phn hy trong khun kh qun l CTR. Hm lng cht rn bay hi (VS), xc nh bng cch t chy CTR nhit 5500C, thng c s dng nh gi kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca phn hu c trong CTR. Tuy nhin s dng gi tr VS m t kh nng PHSH ca phn hu c trong CTR th khng ng bi v mt vi thnh phn hu c ca CTR rt d bay hi nhng li km kh nng PHSH nh l giy in. Thay vo hm lng lignin ca CTR c th c s dng c lng t l phn d PHSH ca CTR, v c tnh ton bng cng thc sau: BF = 0,83 0,028LC Trong : BF : t l PHSH biu din trn c s VS 0,83 v 0,028 l hng s thc nghim LC: hm lng lignin ca VS biu din bng % khi lng kh Cc CTR vi hm lng lignin cao nh: giy in c kh nng PHSH km hn ng k so vi cc cht thi hu c khc trong CTR th. Trong thc t cc thnh phn hu c trong CTR thng c phn loi theo thnh phn phn hy chm v phn hu nhanh. b. S pht sinh mi hi Mi hi c th pht sinh khi CTR c lu gi trong khong thi gian di mt ni gia v tr thu gom, trm trung chuyn, v ni chn lp. S pht sinh mi ti ni lu tr c ngha rt ln, khi ti ni c kh hu nng m. Ni mt cch c bn l s hnh thnh ca mi hi l kt qu ca qu trnh phn hu ym kh vi s phn hu cc thnh phn hp cht hu c tm thy trong rc th. (1.10)

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

V d, trong iu kin ym kh (kh), sunphat SO42- c th phn hu thnh sunfur S2-, v kt qu l S2- s kt hp vi H2 to thnh hp cht c mi trng thi l H2S. S hnh thnh H2S l do kt qu ca 2 chui phn ng ho hc

Nc rc ti bi rc c mu en l do kt qu hnh thnh cc mui sulfide trong iu kin ym kh. Nu khng c s hnh thnh cc mui sulfide th vic hnh thnh mi hi ti BCL l mt vn nhim mi trng c tnh cht nghim trng c. S pht trin ca rui Trong ma h hay l trong khu vc kh hu nng m, s nhn ging v sinh sn ca rui l vn quan trng cn quan tm ti ni lu tr CTR. Rui c th pht trin trong thi gian 2 tun sau khi trng c sinh ra. i sng ca rui nhng t khi cn trong trng cho n khi trng thnh c th c m t nh sau: Trng pht trin Giai on I ca u trng (gii) Giai on II ca u trng Giai on III ca u trng 8-12 gi 20 gi 24 gi 3 ngy

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Giai on nhng Tng cng

4-5 ngy 9-11 ngy

Giai on pht trin ca u trng trong cc thng cha rc ng vai tr rt quan trng v chim khong 5 ngy trong s pht trin ca rui. hn ch s pht trin ca rui th cc thng lu tr rc nn b thng rng trong thi gian ny hn ch s di chuyn ca cc loi u trng. 1.4.4 S bin i tnh cht l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ca cht thi rn Cc tnh cht ca cht thi rn c th c bin i bng cc phng php l, ha, sinh hc. Khi thc hin qu trnh bin i th mc ch quan trng nht l mang li hiu qu bi v s bin i cc c tnh ca cht thi rn c nh hng rt ln n k hoch pht trin v qun l cht thi rn. a. Bin i vt l Phn loi cht thi rn: Qu trnh ny nhm tch ring thnh phn cht thi rn nhm chuyn cht thi t dng hn hp thnh dng tng i ng nht thu hi cc thnh phn c th ti sinh, ti ch. Ngoi ra c th tch nhng thnh phn cht thi nguy hi v nhng thnh phn c kh nng ti thu hi nng lng. Gim th tch bng c hc: Phng php nn, p thng c s dng gim th tch cht thi, thng s dng nhng xe thu gom c lp ghp b phn p nhm lm tng khi lng rc thu gom trong mt chuyn. Nhng loi nh giy, carton, nha, lon nhm, lon thic khi thu gom thng c ng kin gim th tch cha, chi ph x l v vn chuyn. ng thi phng php ny cn lm tng thi hn ca cc bi chn lp cht thi. Gim kch thc bng c hc nhm lm gim cht thi c kch thc ng nht v nh hn kch thc ban u. b. Bin i ha hc Bin i ha hc nhm lm thay i thnh phn cc pha (v d t rn sang lng, hoc rn sang kh). Mc ch l lm gim th tch v thu hi cc sn phm bin i bao gm cc phng php sau: t: t l phn ng ha hc gia oxy v cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi sinh ra cc hp cht thi b oxy ha cng vi s pht sng v ta nhit. Lng khng kh cp d m bo qu trnh t xy ra hon ton, sn phm cui ca qu trnh t chy bao gm khng kh nng cha CO2. H2O, khng kh d v phn khng chy cn li. Trong thc t ngoi nhng thnh phn ny cn c mt lng nh cc kh NH3,SO2,NOx, v cc kh vi lng ty thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Nhit phn: Hu ht cc cht hu c u khng bn vi qu trnh nung nng, chng c th b phn hy qua cc phn ng bi nhit v ngng t trong iu kin khng c oxy to thnh nhng sn phm dng rn, lng, kh. Kh ha: Qu trnh ny bao gm qu trnh t chy mt phn nhin liu Cacbon thu nguyn liu chy v kh CO, H2 v mt s nguyn t hydrocacbon trong CH4 c. Chuyn ha sinh hc Bin i sinh hc cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi vi mc ch l lm gim th tch v trng lng ca cht thi, sn xut phn compost, cc cht mn lm cho n nh t, kh mtan. Cc loi vi khun, nm, men ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic bin i cc cht hu c. Qu trnh bin i ny xy ra trong iu kin ym kh v hiu kh ty thuc vo s hin din ca oxy tn ti hai phng php l phn hy hiu kh v phn hy k kh. Qu trnh phn hy k kh: L qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c trong cht thi rn th trong iu kin k kh xy ra theo 3 bc: Qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht c phn t lng ln thnh nhng hp cht thch hp l ngun nng lng. Qu trnh chuyn ha cc hp cht sinh ra t bc 1 thnh cc hp cht c nng lng thp hn. Chuyn i cc hp cht trung gian thnh cc sn phm ring l, ch yu l CH 4 v CO2 u im Chi ph u t thp Thu hi c kh phc v cho sn xut. Trong qu trnh s tn ti mt s loi vi sinh, vi khun gy bnh v nhit thp. Khi cht thi vi khi lng 1000 tn/ngy mi c hiu qu v kinh t. Nhc im Thi gian phn hy xy ra kh lu t 4-12 thng. Kh sinh ra c mi hi v kh chu gy nh hng ti sc khe cng ng. Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh: Qu trnh ny da vo s hot ng ca vi khun hiu kh khi c mt ca oxy, khong hai ngy nhit tng vo khong 450C sau 6-7 ngy nhit t t 70 75% y l nhit thch hp cho vi sinh vt phn hy cht hu c.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

u im: Chi ph u t thp, sn phm phn hy thp. Cht thi phn hy nhanh sau 2-4 tun. Vi sinh vt gy bnh b cht nhanh do nhit tng. Nhc im Chi ph x l cao K thut phc tp Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn duy tr mt s c trng trong qu trnh . Bng 1.3 Qu trnh bin i vt l, ha hc v sinh hc ca cht thi rn
Qu trnh bin i L hc Tch loi theo Tch loi bng tay - Cc thnh phn trong hn hp cht thi th - Bin i hnh dng ban u S dng lc ct, S dng lc hoc p - Gim th tch ban u thnh phn Gim th tch Gim kch thc hoc my sut Ha hc t hy Kh ha Hiu K kh - t thiu kh kh phn Sinh hc Bin i SH hiu kh Bin i SH k kh Bin i SH k kh Phn compost CH4, CO, sn phm phn xy ha bng nhit CO2, SO2, sn phm xy Kh gm hn hp kh, cn - S nhit phn S chng ct, phn ha khc, tro du v than nghin hoc xay nh Ph.php bin i Bin i hoc thay i c bn sn phm

compost hy K kh compost -

hy cn li: mn hoc bn CH4, CO2, rc cn li

Ngun Qun l cht thi rn Nguyn Vn Phc 1.5 c tnh khi lng cht thi rn Phng php tt nht c tnh khi lng cht thi l lp t c nh cc cn ni tiu hy cht thi v cn tng xe ti trn ng vo v c lc ra na. Nhiu ni tiu hy CTR c lp t cc cn, nhng ti mt s bi rc th vn cn cha lp.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Do vic c tnh th tnh CTR trong mt xe ti ch rc hay con-ten-n ch rc ng kn hoc ph kn l khng d dng nn th tch cn o c ghi li chnh l cng sut ch ca cc xe ti hoc con ten n. Bi v cch c tnh ny s to nn s khuyn khch chuyn ch rc trn cc xe ti cht y, nn s liu th tch rc c ghi li s gn vi th tch rc thc t. Vic biu th khi lng cht thi bng n v tn c a chung hn l bng yard khi. Sau y l biu thc chuyn i: M = VD/2000 Trong : V : th tch cht thi c o bng yard khi D : T trng cht thi c o bng pounds trn yard khi nhng ni tiu hy rc m khng lp t cn c nh, c th s dng cn xch tay c tnh tn cht thi ang c vn chuyn. Cc xe vn ti s c la chn v cn, cc kt qu s c dng c tnh trng lng ton b ca dng cht thi. S lng rc tng cng s c c tnh theo phng trnh sau : W = T(w/t) Trong : W l trng lng tng cng ca cht thi c vn chuyn n thit b/ni tiu hy rc T : Tng s lng cc xe vn ti chuyn ch cht thi n thit b/ni tiu hy rc w : trng lng tng cng ca cc xe vn ti c cn t : s lng xe vn ti c cn Cch tip cn ny thng ph hp vi nhng ni tip nhn mt lng xe vn ti tng i n nh. Tht ng tic l t l m cc xe vn ti vn chuyn rc n ni/thit b tiu hy lun dao ng trong ngy. Mt cch tip cn tt hn l cn c cng nhiu xe vn ti n trong ngy cng tt, ri theo di tng s lng xe vn ti m chuyn ch cht thi rn trong tng gi.Trng lng trung bnh ca mt xe vn ti ring r v tng trng lng phi c tnh ton cho tng gi, v ri tng ca tng gi c cng li thnh tng cho mt ngy. Phng trnh 1.12 c iu chnh nh sau : W = T1(w1/t1) + T2(w2/t2) + ..... + Tn(wn/tn ) (1.13) W = Tng trng lng cht thi c chuyn ch ti ni/thit b tiu hy (1.12) (1.11) M : khi lng cht thi rn c o bng tn

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

T1 = s lng xe vn ti chuyn ch cht thi ti ni/thit b tiu hy trong gi u tin T2 = s lng xe vn ti chuyn ch cht thi ti ni/thit b tiu hy trong gi th hai. Tn = s lng xe vn ti chuyn ch cht thi ti ni/thit b tiu hy trong gi cui cng ca ngy vn hnh w1 = trng lng tng cng ca cc xe vn ti trong gi u tin w2 = trng lng tng cng ca cc xe vn ti trong gi th hai wn = trng lng tng cng ca cc xe vn ti trong gi cui cng ca ngy vn hnh t1 = s lng xe ti c cn trong gi u tin t2 = s lng xe ti c cn trong gi th hai tn = s lng xe ti c cn trong gi cui cng ca ngy vn hnh Vic c tnh chnh xc ca cc kt qu v mt thng k thng phc tp khi m t s cc xe vn ti c cn so vi cc xe cha c cn s thay i t gi ny sang gi khc. 1.5.1 Ly mu cht thi rn th c tnh thnh phn V trong tt c cc s dng thng k da trn vic ly mu, th s thu mu l mt bc quan trng, mang tnh then cht c tnh thnh phn cht thi rn th. Cc xem xt v mt nguyn tc trong vic thu mu c th hin nh sau: Mi kg cht thi trong dng cht thi phi cmt c hi nh nhau c th hin trong cc kt qu cui cng. S lng cc mu cng ln th chnh xc ca kt qu cng cao S thay i gia cc mu cng ln th cng nhiu mu phi c phn loi nhm t c mt mc chnh xc cho trc. Thi gian dnh cho vic thu mu cng ln th thi gian dnh cho vic phn loi mu li cng t i. Cng nhiu cht thi c x l trc khi phn loi th cng kh khn v t chnh xc phn loi. Vn c bn l thi on thu gom mu. Nhn chung, giai on mt tun c s dng bi v hu ht cc hot ng ca con ngi v hu nh cc k hoch thu gom ph thi u da trn c s mt tun. Vic ly mu trong vng mt tun i vi mi ma trong mt nm thng c a dng hn. Ly mu vo ma xun th c bit quan trng

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

bi v cht thi sn vn c sinh ra trong thi gian ny l ln nht v vo ma ng l nh nht, v loi cht thi cng thay i nhiu nht. Vn c bn khc na l hoc thu gom mu cc v tr ni cht thi c to ra hay thu gom cht thi ni/thit b tip nhn cht thi. Vic ly mu ni/thit b tip nhn cht thi c a dng hn. Tuy nhin, thu gom mu nhng v tr to ra cht thi c th cn thit trong nhng trng hp sau y: Mc tiu u tin l m t cht thi c to ra bi mt ngun no , nh l cc loi bun bn c th. Xc nh cc ni m cht thi c tip nhn m nhng ni ny khng c th c d bo vi tin cy cho bt k mt tun cho trc no. Cc ni tip nhn cht thi m phn b rng khp lm cho vic ly mu kh khn hn v chi ph nhiu hn cho c vic ly mu v hot ng phn loi Kh c th tip cn ti ni/ti thit b tip nhn cht thi. Ti ni/thit b tip nhn CTR, khng c ch dnh cho hot ng phn loi rc Vic ly mu cc v tr to ra CTR c th s t hn v t c gi tr hn so vi vic ly mu ti ni/thit b tip nhn CTR. Chi ph ph thm l do cc n lc c yu cu tng thm thit k cng ly mu v thi gian di chuyn lin quan n vic thu gom cc mu. C 2 nguyn nhn c bn lm gim tnh hp l ca vic ly mu ti ni CTR c to ra: Th nht, cht thi c th kh thu c bi v n nm trn a phn c nhn m khng th ra vo mt cch t do c, hoc cht thi rn li trong cc thit b nn p rc. Mt s cht thi li khng tip cn c vo ban ngy bi v chng khng c trong cc thng cha rc ngoi tri cho ti khi kt thc gi lm vic v chng s c ly i vo sng sm hm sau. Th hai, mt phn tng i cht thi c i din bi tng thng cha rc th li cha bit bi v tn sut thu gom v khi lng rc trung bnh trong thng cha rc ti mi ln thu gom (pick up) th cng khng bit. Vic la chn mt cch ngu nhin cc thng cha rc ly mu dn n vic ly mu khng ng cch nhiu thng cha ang hot ng, cha nhiu cht thi.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

CTR th khu dn c thng tip cn d dng ly mu t cc l ng vo ngy thu gom. Bi v cc h dn c to ra mt khi lng rc thi tng t nhau, vic la chn mt cch ngu nhin cc h gia nh ly mu s cho mi kg cht thi mt tn sut tng t trong mt mu. Hn na, bi v c tnh ca CTR th nht qun t h gia nh ny sang h gia nh khc hn l t cng s ny sang cng s khc, nn nhng thiu st trong mt chng trnh ly mu CTR sinh hot nhn chung t quan trng hn nhng thiu st trong mt chng trnh ly mu CTR thng mi (commercial). Mt chng trnh chung ly mu CTR t cc a im to ra cht thi l khng th thc hin c i vi Nh nc bi v cc tnh hung thay i rt ln t ni ny n ni khc, t nghin cu ny n nghin cu khc. Sau y l cc nguyn tc chung cn tun theo: Thu thp cc mu t nhiu lnh vc khc nhau trong vng nghin cu cng nhiu cng tt m khng lm qu ti vic ly mu trong cc lnh vc quan trng. Nu c th, vic thu mu t cc v tr bun bn, thng mi nn t l thun vi ln ca cc ni cha CTR v t l vi tn sut chuyn ch cht thi (pick-up). Thu mu t cc khu dn c c cn h ring bit v t khu chung c nn t l vi s lng ngi sng trong Yu cu nhng ngi i thc a khng c t do lm theo mnh trong vic la chn cc v tr thu mu Vic thu mu ti ni/thit b tip nhn CTR thng r hn vic thu mu ti cc v tr sinh ra CTR v thng c kh nng to ra cc kt qu c gi tr. L do l v khng yu cu vic di chuyn, i li. Cc mu m thu thp c ti ni/thit b tip nhn CTR thng i din cho CTR ang c quan tm bi v chng c la chn mt cch in hnh t mt dy cc xe ti n l c bit cc thng s v ln m cha ng ton b dng cht thi.Vic thu mu ti ni/thit b tip nhn CTR gm hai giai on: La chn xe ti ly mu Thu mu t lng cht thi c x ra t cc xe ti c la chn trong bc trc . 1.5.2 La chn mu Cc k s mi trng thng la chn cc xe vn ti n l ngoi thc a ly mu, nhng h c th la chn trc cc xe ti m bo chc chn rng cc tuyn thu

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

mu c th u c mt trong cc mu. Cc phng php c th thc hin c la chn cc xe ti ngoi thc a nh sau: Khong thi gian khng i To ra s ngu nhin Phn phi gia cc ngun cht thi Tng xe ti th nh nth Tng tn cht thi th nth Tng mt khi cht thi th nth Mt xe ti c sau n pht

Khong cch ly mu khng i c th hin nh sau: -

Thu gom mt mu t mi mt xe ti th n th tng i n gin nhng li lm cho cht thi trong mi xe ti nh hoc mt phn cc xe ti ch y ri vo tnh trng b qu i din (overrepresented) trong cc mu. Thu gom mt mu t xe ti cha mi tn cht thi th n th l tng nhng trong thc t li kh khn bi v trng lng ca mi xe ti theo quan trc l khng r rng. Thu gom mt mu t xe ti cha mi m3 cht thi th n th kh thi hn bi v th tch ca hu ht cc xe ti c th c xc nh thng qua quan trc. Tuy nhin, vic ly mu da vo th tch xe vn chuyn c xu hng lm cho cht thi khng c nn p. Khong cch gia cc ln ly mu c da vo mt tp hp s lng cc xe vn chuyn hoc mt tp hp khi lng cht thi s gy ra s dao ng trong nhp vn hnh ly mu trong tng ngy lm vic ngoi thc a. S dao ng ny c th dn ti vic s dng nhn lc khng hiu qu v lm chch kng k hoch ban u vch ra. Cch tip cn ny cng gy ra tnh i din qu mc ca cht thi khi n vo thi im mun trong ngy v khong t gia cc xe ti vn chuyn c xu hng ko di ra vo phn cui ca ngy v bi v cc xe ti n mun thng c xu th ch khng y, c bit nu chng li c tnh bng tn ch khng phi tnh bng m3. Vic t c cc mu theo yu cu phn loi th tng t nh vic thu mt mu c sau n pht v chng u c nhng nhc im nh nhau. Khong cch ly mu mt cch ngu nhin c cng nhc im nh l khong cch ly mu khng i tng ng cng vi mt s nhc im ph thm sau y: Khong cch ly mu ngu nhin s lm tng kh nng i ly mu ngoi thc a i khi phi n khng ngi ri, hoc i khi phi lm thm ngoi gi

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Khong cch ly mu ngu nhin s lm tng kh nng b l cc xe ti c la chn khi m c qu nhiu xe ti n mt cch ngu nhin trong mt khong thi ngn.

Trong nhiu trng hp, vic ly mu theo ngun cht thi s lm gim ti a cc vn i km theo cc kiu ly mu theo khong cch ny. Cc ngun cht thi m t cc mu c th c la chn bao gm cht thi th, cht thi t cc xe gong n l, t cc tuyn thu gom c bit, t cc khu vc to ra cht thi nh khu dn c v khu thng mi v cc ngun c th nh t khch sn, hoc t cc chung c. Nhn chung, vic ly mu theo ngun s c ngha nu nh vic cung cp thng tin mt cch y v khi lng cht thi t mi ngun c ly mu. Cc mu c th c thu gom t tng ngun t l thun vi khi lng cht thi t mi ngun, hoc cc kt qu thnh phn i vi cc ngun khc nhau c th c ly theo trng s da trn khi lng t mi ngun. Tt nht l, ni/thit b tip nhn CTR c sn cn v mt ngn hng d liu my tnh cha ng nhng thng tin sau y v ti lng cht thi: trng lng thc ca cht thi, loi cht thi, loi xe vn ti chuyn ch cht thi, v loi xe gong thu gom c thu gom t th no ban u. Thng tin ny s c kt hp vi cc thng tin trong hp ng chuyn ch cht thi trong mi th c tnh mt cch hiu qu khi lng CTR th t khu dn c v t khu thng mi, bun bn. Cc dch v cng ch (thuc quyn qun l ca chnh quyn thnh ph) tronng cc th thng chuyn ch CTR t cc khu dn c, cn cc dch v t nhn thng ph trch chuyn ch cht thi rn khu bun bn, thng mi. Trong mt s trng hp khc, chnh quyn thnh ph thng k hp ng vi dch v chuyn ch t nhn thu gom cht thi khu dn c. Cht thi dn c v cht thi thng mi, bun bn cng c th c phn bit bi loi xe vn chuyn m c s dng chuyn ch cht thi. Nu ni/thit b tip nhn CTR khng c sn cn, ngi ta c th ghi chp li V cht thi trong vic thit k k hoch ly mu nhng phi phn bit gia cht thi c nn p v cha c nn p. Nhiu ni/thit b tip nhn CTR nhn rt t cht thi th cha c nn p, trong khi nhng ni khc li tip nhn mt khi lng ng k loi cht thi cha c nn p ny. Bi v tnh theo bnh qun u ngi th cht thi dn c c to ra tng i thng nht nn c th s dng s liu dn s phn b cc mu cht thi dn c trong s cc th nu nh khng sn c cc

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

bn ghi khi lng cn thit. i ng nhn s ngoi thc a phi phng vn cc xe vn chuyn t nhn n ni/thit b nhn rc bit v ngun gc cht thi ch n. Thng tin c cung cp t nhng i vn chuyn ny thng khng c y . Trong mt vi trng hp, thng tin ny c th c b sung hoc c chnh sa trong qu trnh phn loi mu. 1.5.3 Thu mu Hu ht cc chng trnh ly mu bao gm c ASTM D 5231 u khng nh rng mi mt xe ti c la chn th nn c hng dn x cht thi trong vng c quy nh thu mu. ASTM D 5231 cng khng nh rng b mt m cht thi s c x xung nn c dn sch s nhng trong hu ht cc nghin cu, vic ngn nga mt mu khng cho cha mt s lng vt cht t mt khi lng cht thi khc nhau l khng cn thit. Vic la chn mt phng php ly mu i hi s nh gi v bn cht ca CTR th c x t mt xe ti c nn p theo tiu chun ln b mt ca mt bi rc hoc ln mt mt phng c lt. Cht thi c xu hng gi c hnh dng ca n vn c khi c ch trong xe ti ch khng phi s thnh mt ng xp mm.Ti cht thi c c th cao t 7 n 8 fit. Trong nhiu ng rc, cc ti rc b nn li vi nhau cht n mc m rt kh khn ko vt cht ra khi ng rc. Mt s cht thi thng b tt khi nh hoc b tt sang mt pha ca ng rc, nhng cht thi xp v lng lo ny khng nn c s dng ly mu bi v n c th c nhng c im khng i din.Nhn chung, mt mu nn c la chn mt cch ngu nhin t mi xe vn ti c la chn nh c ch ra trong ASTM D5231. Nu nhiu mu phi c ly t mt ng rc th nn thu gom cc mu t nhiu phn khc nhau ca ng rc. Vn u tin l kch c mu c thu gom t mi xe vn chuyn. Ngi ta s dng cc kch c mu khc nhau, thay i t 50lb ti ton b ng rc. Cc mu ln c cc u im sau y: -S bin thin ( lch chun) gia cc mu th nh hn v vy mt s mu t hn c yu cu t c mt mc chnh xc cho trc. -S phn b kt qu phn loi cc mu th gn vi phn b chun hn (ng cong hnh chung) -Phm vi ranh gii gia mu v phn cn li ca ng rc th nh hn, tng xng vi th tch ca mu

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Cc mu nh thng c u im l thi gian phn loi mu v thu gom mu ngn hn. Ngi ta nht tr rng kch c mu ti u khong t 200 n 300 lb (90,8 kg 136,2 kg) t cc ng CTR th bao gm: Tp hp mt mu t hp t vt cht c ly t cc im c xc nh trc trong ng rc (v d nh l tng gc hay l ti im gia ca mi pha) To thnh hnh nn v chia u thnh bn phn Thu gom mt mu bng gu ngom t mt im c la chn ngu nhin Thu gom th cng mt ct cht thi t mt v tr c la chn ngu nhin. Nhc im c bn ca cc mu t hp th ging nh nhc im ca cc mu nh: phm vi bin ly mu ln buc nhng ngi ly mu phi a ra qu nhiu quyt nh liu c gp cc loi cht thi trong mu khng. Mt mu t hp c xu hng l mt mu nh gi hn l mt mu ngu nhin. Nhc im th hai ca cc mu t hp l chng mt nhiu thi gian hn thu gom nu so snh vi mu gu (grab) hoc mu ct (column). S bin i ca ly mu t hp l phi thu gom tng mu t nhng ng cht thi khc nhau. Trong bc to thnh hnh nn v chia u thnh bn phn, nhng ngi ly mu trn mt khi lng ln cht thi lm cho
A B C D

cc

c tnh ca n ng u hn, ri sp xp cht thi c trn vo mt ng hnh nn v la chn ngu nhin mt phn, thng l mt phn t ca ng cht thi c trn. Mc ch: kt hp cc u im v mt thng k ca cc mu ln vi thi gian phn loi cc mu nh hn c gim i. Qu trnh sp xp thnh hnh nn v chia u ng cht thi thnh 4 phn c th c lm vi c ng cht thi hoc ch vi mt phn cht thi v c th c thc hin mt ln hoc nhiu ln nhm t c mt mu n. ASTM D 5231 ch r mt vng nn v chia t, bt u khong 1000 lb (454 kg) cht thi rn nhm t c mt mu khong t 200 n 300 lb (90,8 kg 136,2 kg). To thnh hnh nn v chia t (coning and quartering) tim n nhng kh khn nu so snh vi ly mu gu (grab) hoc ly mu ct v c nhng nhc im nh sau: V c bn l lm tng thi gian ly mu i hi c khng gian rng C xu hng lm rch, gy cc ti rc, lm cho vic x l cht thi kh khn hn nhiu.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Lm tng thi gian phn loi rc do lm ph v cc cm rc cc loi. Yu cu s dng mt my cht ti kiu ko (front-end loader) trong mt giai on kh di. Nhiu ni/thit b tip nhn CTR c th to ra mt my cht ti kiu ko v lun phi c ngi vn hnh trong cc giai on ngn; nhng mt vi ni/thit b tip nhn CTR khng c th cung cp mt my cht ti kiu ko trong cc giai on di hn c yu cu cho to hnh nn v chia t. chnh xc ca vic phn loi rc b gim i do c s tng ln v phn trm cht thi thc phm b dnh vo hoc b hp ph vo cc thnh phn cht thi khc. Lm tng tn tht m t mu Thc y s phn tng cht thi do t trng v c ht. gim thiu kh nng phn tng ny th mu ly phn t phi mt mt phng vi cnh thng ng v cc im nm trung tm hnh nn. Thc t th hnh dng ny rt kh c th t c. u im ca to hnh nn v chia t l n lm gim i s khc nhau gia cc mu ( lch chun), gim s lng mu cn phn loi. To hnh nn v chia t c cho l hp l nu nh n lm gim lch chun b p nhng nhc im v nhng kh khn tim tng. Nu to hnh nn v chia t c lm mt cch hon thin v y th vic phn loi mu cui cng s tng ng vi vic phn loi ton b nn cht thi, v lch chun c gim mt cch ng k. V s lng cc mu phi c phn loi t c mt mc chnh xc cho trc th t l vi bnh phng lch chun, vic to nn v chia t c th lm gim mt cch ng k s lng mu c yu cu. Tuy nhin, lu rng cng thc hin vic to nn v chia t k lng th tng nhc im cng nh tng kh khn tim tng lun i km theo phng php ny li cng r rt. Mt phng php ly mu CTR thng dng hn l thu mt mu gu c s dng mt my cht ti kiu ko. Phng php ny tng i nhanh v thng c th c lm bi nhn lc ph trch thit b m khng can thip qu mc vo vic vn hnh thit b thng thng. Vic ly mu bng my cht ti kiu ko s lm gim tc ng tim tng v s thin v ca ngi ly mu thng xy ra vi cc phng php ly mu th cng, nhng li tim n nhng loi thin v khc nh sau: Ging nh ly mu bng xng, vic ly mu bng my cht ti kiu ko c xu hng thun li cho cc vt th nh v c chc hn l cc vt th nh v to. Cc vt th nh v to c xu th b y i hoc b ri xung khi m ci

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

gu ca my cht ti kiu ko c lp t, c nng ln, hoc c rt ra. Mt khc, vic lm gy, t cc ti cha rc khi gu ca my cht ti kiu ko xm nhp su vo ng cht thi th c xu hng gii phng cc vt cht mn, c chc khi nhng ti ny, iu lm gim tnh i din ca vt cht ny trong mu. Cc mu ly bng my cht ti kiu ko trn b mt t th thin v cht thi ri xung t nh hoc t cc pha ca ng cht thi m chng c th khng c cc c tnh nh l cc cht thi vn cn li trong ng. Trn cc b mt bm bi, cc mu ly bng my cht ti kiu ko trn b mt t c th b nhim bn bi bi. Tc ng ca nhng nhn t khng khch quan ny c th c gim i nu nh mu c ly cn thn v i ng ly mu phi chnh sa cc ngun gy ra s khng khch quan, v d nh cc vt th nng ri xung t gu khi n c nng ln. Trong phng php ly mu bng my cht ti kiu ko, nhn lc ly mu c th dng cc im ly mu khc nhau cho cc ti khc nhau m bo chc chn rng cc lp cht thi khc nhau theo phng ng v phng ngang u c i din trong mu. C th thay i im ly mu hoc l ngu nhin hoc l theo kiu lp li. Phm vi thin lch m c th xut pht t vic s dng cc im ly mu ging nhau cho mi ng cht thi th khng c bit. Mt nhc im c hu ca phng php ly mu bng my cht ti kiu ko l kh khn trong vic c tnh trng lng cc mu. Trng lng ch c th c c tnh da trn th tch, v cc mu c th tch bng nhau li c trng lng khc nhau. Mt phng php ly mu CTR t ph bin hn l thu gom th cng mt ct cht thi rn hp t mt v tr c la chn ngu nhin trn b mt ng cht thi, ko di t y n nh ng cht thi. Phng php ny c nhng u im nh sau: khng yu cu bt c thit b nng no thi gian ly mu tng i ngn Do cc lp khc nhau trong ng cht thi theo phng ngang u c ly mu, nn cc mu s i din nhiu hn so vi phng php ly mu bng gu s dng mt my cht ti kiu ko. Tuy nhin, lu rng cc ng cht thi cng b phn tng pha trc ra pha sau, v cc mu ly theo ct khng i din cho cc lp khc nhau theo phng ng.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Nhc im chnh ca phng php ly mu theo ct l ch vic ly cht thi bng th cng t pha b nn cht ca ng cht thi th rt kh khn v nguy c b cc vt thng ct v chch t vic ko cc cht thi l ln. Trong s nhiu quy trnh ly mu lai ghp m kt hp cc c im ca 4 quy trnh chung ny, c hai quy trnh kh l thch hp vi s lu c th. Th nht, trong quy trnh ly mu c ch r ASTM D 5231, mt my cht ti kiu ko c th loi b t nht l 454 kg(1000lb) vt cht dc theo ton b mt pha ca ng cht thi; sau ng cht thi s c xo trn, to nn v chia t to ra mt mu nng t 90,8 n 136 kg (t 200 n 300 lb). So snh vi phng php ly mu bng gu c s dng mt my cht ti kiu ko, phng php ATSM c u im l to ra cc mu mang tnh i din cho cht thi tt hn, nhng li c nhc im l lm tng thi gian ly mu. Trong mt quy trnh ly mu lai ghp th hai, mt my cht ti kiu ko lm ti mt khi lng nh cht thi t mt im c la chn ngu nhin hoc t mt ct trong ng cht thi, v mu c thu th cng t ng cht thi c lm ti ln. Phng php ny th an ton hn phng php ly mu theo ct th cng v kim sot c trng lng ca mu nhiu hn l ly mu bng my cht ti kiu ko. Phng php ny ch yu trnh c cc thin lch tim n ca ly mu bng my cht ti kiu ko nhng li c xu hng thin lch do ngi ly mu. 1.5.4 Phn loi v cn mu cht thi rn th Trong hu ht cc trng hp, vic phn loi CTR nn c xem nh l mt hot ng cng nghip ch khng phi l mt ng.cu trong phng th nghim. Trong khi chnh xc l rt cn thit th vic o chnh xc ph hp li l ounces ch khng phi l gam hay hay l mg. Nu c nht nh i hi c mt mc chnh xc cao qu th s lm chm li qu trnh phn loi, gim s lng mu c th c phn loi. Ln lt, s gim ny s lm gim chnh xc thng k ca kt qu. Trong case m mt hot ng yu cu mt mc chnh xc l 10% th khng chnh xc l 1% khng c cho l quan trng lm.Cc nguyn l v hot ng cng nghip ng dng cho phn loi CTR bao gm gim thiu ti a s di chuyn ca cng nhn, duy tr s thoi mi v khch l cng nhn. a.Ly mu cht thi rn th phn tch trong phng th nghim t c cc kt qu th nghim c ngha i vi CTR th th kh khn. Cc ngun kh khn c bn l:

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

s c mt ca nhiu loi vt th khc nhau trong CTR th v kch c ln ca cc vt th ny. Thu gom cc mu nh nhng mang tnh i din t mt ng ng nht cc vt th nh (v d nh ng go) th d dng hn t mt ng cc vt th ln khng ng nht. Cc ngun kh khn th cp trong ly mu CTR th bao gm s phn b khng ng u ca m v cc quy trnh th nghim khng trc sau nh mt. Thnh phn ca CTR khng mang tnh cht ng nht. vic xc nh thnh phn ca cc cht thi khng phi l cng vic n gin. Cng vic kh khn nht trong vic thit k v vn hnh h thng qun l CTR l d on c thnh phn ca cht thi trong hin ti v tng lai. Mt cch xc nh n gin nht hin nay vn p dng l phng php mt phn t. Trnh t tin hnh nh sau: 1. Mu CTR ban u c ly t khu vc ng.cu c khi lng khong 100250kg. ng rc ti mt ni c lp ring bit, xo trn u bng cch vun thnh ng hnh cn nhiu ln. Khi mu trn u ng nht chia hnh cn lm 4 phn bng nhau. 2. Kt hp 2 phn cho nhau v tip tc trn u thnh 1 ng hnh cn. Tip tc thc hin bc trn cho n khi t c mu th nghim c khi lng khong 20-30kg phn tch thnh phn. 3. Mu rc s c phn loi th cng, bng tay. Mi thnh phn s c t vo mi khay tng ng. Sau em cn cc khay v ghi khi lng ca cc thnh phn. c s liu cc thnh phn chnh xc, cc mu thu thp nn theo tng ma trong nm b.Quy trnh th nghim (labortory procedure) Vn c bn l kch c cc mu ln nh th no c gi ti phng th nghim. Cu tr li i vi vn ny ph thuc vo cc quy trnh c s dng bi phng th nghim. Mt quy trnh th nghim thng mi gm cc bc sau: Mt phn vt cht ca mu c gi ti phng th nghim s c cn, lm kh, v c cn li xc nh hm lng m. Yu t gii hn g. on ny ca quy trnh thng l ln ca l sy kh trong phng TN. Mt phn vt cht kh c nghin thnh ht t 1/8 n 1/4 in. Mt phn vt cht t 1/8 n 1/4 in c nghin mn thnh bt, cng nh cng tt. i vi nha do, phi thm vo kh trc khi nghin lm cho n gin hn.

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

Nhn chung, th nghim trong phng th nghim mt cch thc s c thc hin trn 0,5 n 3 gam vt cht c nghin mn, ph thuc vo loi th nghim, thit b c th v quy trnh th nghim. Nhng s thay i v quy trnh ny nh sau: Hu ht cc phng th nghim khng c thit b nghin cc vt cht v c nh thy tinh v kim loi. Trong th nghim chy, vt cht ny b loi khi mu trc khi nghin ri cn v ghi chp li nh l tro. i vi th nghim kim loi, cc vt th kim loi c th b ct ra tng mnh bng tay hoc khoan to ra cc l nh th nghim. Thy tinh v gm s thng b nghin. Nhiu phng th nghim khng c cc thit b nghin mn v vy vic thc hin cc th nghim trn vt cht tng i to, th. Thm vo vic s dng cc phng php khc nhau chun b cht thi cho th nghim, cc phng TN cng s dng cc phng php th nghim khc nhau. Vn thc s khng phi l ln ca mu ln nh th no th c gi ti phng TN m l i ng nhn s phng TN v ngoi thc a nn chia s nhim v l: lm gim cc mu ti 1 hoc 2 gam i vi cc mc ch thc hnh, khi lng ti a c gi ti phng th nghim nn l khi lng m phng th nghim c chun b dn ra v trn ln trong vic chun b la chn vt cht c lm kh. Khi lng ti thiu nn l khi lng m phng th nghim c chun b lm kh v nghin nh. Cc mu t hp lm th nghim ch yu c tch ly trong cc ti nha ng rc ri ng hp vn chuyn. Mt phng php khc l tch ly cc mu trong cc thng nha 5l c np y. Cc thng nha th t hn nhiu so vi cc ti nha nhng c mt vi u im sau y: Cc thng nha v np ca chng th d dng dn nhn v cc nhn th d dng c. Cc np, chng ch c nhc ln ch khi vt cht c thm vo thng, ngn nga c tn tht m trong giai on ly mu hiu qu. Vt cht ca mu c th c nn li trong cc thng nha nu n c y xung xung quanh ra bn trong. c.Xem xt v s dng cc kt qu th nghim Cc quy trnh, th tc th nghim khng hon chnh v cc li xy ra khi thc hin cc quy trnh cng nh trong tnh ton v ghi chp cc kt qu l ph bin. Xem xt li

Bi ging Thit K Kim Sot Cht Thi Rn

cc kt qu nhn c t mt phng TN thy chng c ngha hay khng l mt vic rt quan trng. Vic kim tra ny kh d dng i vi cht thi c tnh chy bi v nhiu ngi c bit v cc c tnh gy chy ca CTR v cc vt cht thnh phn ca n. Nhn bit cc kt qu th nghim b li i vi kim loi th kh khn hn nhiu so vi cc cht hu c c hi. Sau y l cc hng dn ng dng nh gi tnh hp l, ng n ca kt qu th nghim i vi cc c tnh gy chy trn c s kh: cc kt qu trn c s kh i vi giy, cht thi sn vn, nha, g, v cc loi bng v sinh c th tiu hy c nn gn vi kt qu ca cc vt cht k trn, phi chp nhn s thay i ln hn trong cc kt qu n l i vi cht thi thc phm, dt/cao su/da, bi qung v cc cht t khc do s bin i v mt ha hc ca nhng loi ny trong s cc loi giy, ch c nhng loi vi t l giy bng cao nh l tp ch v cc th qung co nn c gi tr tro ln hn 10% mt cch ng k. Phng th nghim nn t nguyn kim tra s tnh ton ny v lm nhc li th nghim nu nh cc tnh ton khng phi l nguyn nhn ca vn . Nghin vn cc vt cht khng u, dng khi ln nh cc ng g d nh trc khi chn lp