TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH TP.

HCM

B GIO DC V O TO
KHOA MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC

TI:

QUY TRNH CNG NGH NUI TO SPIRULINA SPP

Ging vin hng dn: TH.S Nguyn Th Thu Hng Sinh vin thc hin: Trn th L - 0851110013

L trung Hiu - 0851110081

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

TP.HCM_19/02/2012

LI NI U:
Dn s th gii ang pht trin khng ngng, cng vi tin trnh cng nghip ha hin i ha lm cho din tch canh tc ngy cng b thu hp. T chin tranh th gii th hai tr li y, theo tnh ton c ti 300 triu ngi cht do thiu dinh dng ch yu cc nc chu Phi v chu . Vi x hi pht trin nh ngy nay khng ai ngh rng mi ngy c ti 33000 tr em di 5 tui cht i, con s y ln ti 12 triu mi nm. Khng th lm ng trc tnh trng y cc nh khoa hc u n lc khng ngng, v n nm 1970 n Tin s Clement ngi Php nui cy v sn xut thnh cng to Spirunila th vn trn dng nh c gii p. Nhng ch n nm 1990, khi t chc nhn o Antenna Thy S thnh cng vi tng dng to Spirulina spp chng i ngho nhng nc km v ang pht trin, th to Spirulina spp mi c a vo nghin cu v nui trng rng ri. Khi c ni dung cc chuyn tt nghip c giao, chng em khng ngn ngi chn to spirulina lm ti, nui trng v phn tch to ny l mt ti rt th v v thit thc i vi nc ta, nhng vn cha c ch trng u t nghin cu rng ri. Trc tin em xin chn trng cm n Th.s Nguyn Th Thu Hng ging vin khoa MTCNSH Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh TP.HCM tn tnh hng dn gip nhm em hon thnh chuyn ny. Sau cng, nhm em xin gi li cm n n qu thy c v ban lnh o trong trng.

Nhm sinh vin thc hin: L trung Hiu - 0851110081 Trn Th L - 0851110138

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

TM TT NI DUNG

PHN I: M U Gii thiu v to Spirulina spp Nhng c im Chnh V To Spirulina SPP

Bng phn loi khoa hc v to spirulina spp Phn b v sinh thi v to spirulina spp Lch s pht hin to spirulina spp mang tnh khoa hc Trn th gii Ti vit nam S sinh sn to spirulina spp iu kin sinh trng v pht trin to spirulina spp iu kin nhit iu kin pH Ch thi kh Nhn t nh sn

PHN II: Quy trnh sn xut to spirulina spp:

Nguyn liu dng trong qu trnh nui to Phn tch thnh phn mi trng Quy trnh cng ngh ca qu trnh sn xut sinh khi spirulina spp Nhng thng s quan trng trong qu trnh nui to Thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut sinh khi spirulina spp Nhng thit b lin quan n nui cy sinh khi spirulina spp Nhng tiu chun quc gia lin quan n sn phm sinh khi spirulina spp

PHN III: Kt lun v ngh n sn phm sinh khi spirulina spp PHN IV: Ti Liu Tham Kho V Bng Ghi Ch

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

PHN I: TNG QUAN

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

1. Bi cnh ti Vit Nam v Nc Ngoi v vn nui sinh khi to spirulina

spp: i Vit Nam: u tin, to spirulina spp c gio s Ripky D.Fox ngi c (l nh nghin cu cc ch

phm ti Hip Hi Chng Suy Dinh Dng bng Nhng Sn Phm T To) a vo Vit Nam t nm 1985. Lnh vc nghin cu: t nm 1985 1995, trong 10 nm c nhng nghin cu thuc lnh vc cng ngh sinh hc cp nh nc c bit n c nghin cu ca G.S T.S Nguyn Hu Thc v cng s (thuc vin cng ngh sinh hc vin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit Nam) ti Cng Nghip Nui Trng v S dng To Spirulina. Lnh vc y hc: c ti cp thnh ph l nghin cu ca B.S Nguyn Th Kim Hng v cng s vi ti Nghin cu sn xut v s dng thc n c to spirulina spp trong dinh dng iu tr. Nhng c s nui to spirulina spp ti Vit Nam: C s Chu Lt ti sng Thun Hi C s Sui Ngh ti ng Nai C s Dacminh ti c lc (thng tin t mt nhm sinh vin trng i hc Nng Lm)
gio s Ripky D.Fox ngi

T
hp.

i cc quc gia khc: c k n l nc M, nc Nga, nc Php, nc Nht v nhng nc khc na.

Ti nc M: c h thng nui to spirulina spp bng ng nha trong sut dnh ch U, vi tng chiu di ng l 21m, ng knh ng l 1.2m, tng chiu cao ng nha l 6.25m . Trong h thng ny: khng kh bn ngoi c bm vo h thng ng vo phn dung dch bn trong t bo to ng ha. ng thi, nng lng nh sng mt tri xuyn qua ng n nhng t bo to spirulina spp thc hin qu trnh quang Ti nc Php: c v ang s dng h thng nui to spirulina spp vi tng din tch n 5,000m2.

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Ti nc Nht, v Nga: c h thng nui to spirulina spp vi dng hnh tr, kch thc ng knh t 6 8m, chiu cao tr t 1 2m. Trong , tng chiu cao dung dch nui to spirulina spp l t 0.7 1.4m (chim 70% tng chiu cao tr). 2. Lch s pht hin to spirulina spp mang tnh khoa hoc: Lch s pht hin u tin v to spirulina spp mang tnh khoa hc: vo nm 1960, b tin s Clement nh khoa hc ngi Php khi n b h TChad ti Trung Phi, mt vng t kh cn quanh nm. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi ti y th lc rt cng trng v khe mnh. Khi b c bit v thc n m nhng ngi ti y s dng l mt loi bnh mu xanh c lm t mt loi, th nm ri rc trn b h TChad c vt v, em phi lm bnh. em v, qua phn tch: tin s Clement pht hin ra loi thc n nhng ngi ang s dng l mt loi to giu dinh dng l to spirulina spp.

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Nhng thnh phn ha hc v to spirulina spp S th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thnh phn Protein tng s Glucide Lipide Nucleic acid Dip lc Karoten Tro Lng % cht kh 60 -70 13 16 78 4.29 0.76 0.23 4-5

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

Bng thnh phn dinh dng t to spirulina spp (thng tin t Avigad Vnhak):

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

c im sinh l to spirulina spp: hnh thi to Spirulina spp c nhng c im sau: khi quan st to spirulina spp di knh hin vi, hnh dng to spirulina spp c th nh sau:

To spirulina spp c mu xanh lc, thuc dng a bo v c vc ngn gia nhng t bo n to Xon theo kiu l xo t phi qua tri

Tng chiu di to spirulina spp 0.25 mm ng knh to spirulina spp t 35 - 50m Mi bc xon ca to spirulina spp 60m Cch thc di chuyn ca to spirulina spp trt xung quanh trc ca to, vn tc 5m Thuc nhm t dng quang nng v c. Thuc nhm hiu kh bt buc.

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

c im ha sinh ca to spirulina spp B my quang hp spirulina spp Qu trnh quang hp ca to spirulina spp c thc hin trn mng thylakoid nm trn mng t bo. Quang hp l qu trnh trao i cht bt buc i vi nhng t bo thuc nhm t dng quang nng v c. Trong , quang hp thc cht l mt qu trnh chuyn i nng lng t dng nng lng nh sng (quang nng) thnh dng nng lng ha nng di dng cc ngun ng n glucose. l mt qu trnh xy ra lin tc t nng lng nh sng mt tri c nhng sc t ca to spirulina spp hp thu phn ly nc (H2O) thnh dng in t electron to nng lng sinh hc thng qua chui chuyn in t; ng thi, dng in t c xy ra th lun c s ti to phn t NADPH2 t NADP+. Cui cng, ATP v NADPH2 sinh ra c hai enzyme c hiu l ribulose kinase phosphate v ribulose carboxylase dng c nh phn t CO2 thng qua nhiu phn ng ha hc to thnh ng glucose. Tng th qu trnh nh sau:
6CO2 + 18 ATP 12+ 12NADPH2 --> C6H12O6 + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP 18 + Pi

Trc tin, qu trnh quang phn ly nc to ATP v ti to NADP+ thnh NADPH2 thng qua chui chuyn in t sau:

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

ng thi, lng ATP v NADPH2 c sinh ra c hai enzyme c hiu dng c nh CO2 nh sau: Enzyme ribulose carboxylase c nh 3 phn t CO2 vo 3 ng ribulose 5 phosphate c s tham gia ca 3 phn t H2O v to thnh 6 phn t glycerate 3 phosphate. Tip theo, ngay lp tc enzyme glucerate kinase s dng 12 phn t ATP gn ln 12 phn t glycerate 3 phosphate ny to thnh 12 phn t glycerate 1,3 diphosphat v ng thi tr li 12 phn t ADP. K n, enzyme glycerate 1,3 diphosphat dehydrogenase v coenzyme NADPH2 c dng kh 12 phn t glycerate 1,3 diphosphat thnh 12 phn t glyceraldehyde 3 phosphat; ng thi gii phng 12 phn t phosphate v c v tr li 12 phn t NADP+. Cui cng, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphat thng qua hng lot phn ng ha hc trong t bo to to thnh nhng thnh phn cn thit cho t bo thng qua hnh sau

Tng th qu trnh c nh CO2, t bo to phi s dng v hon tr li T bo to s dng

6 phn t CO2
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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

18 phn t ATP (12 phn t cho

T bo to hon tr li:

c nh CO2 v 6 phn t ti to ng Ribulose 5 phosphat)

18 phn t ADP v 18 Pi 12 phn t NADP+

12 phn t NADPH2 6 phn t H2O V mt lng H2O c dng Mt lng ln ngun nng

trong qu trnh quang phn ly H2O

lng nh sng mt tri

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S tng trng to spirulina spp:

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I.4.1 Bng phn loi to spirulina spp theo khoa hc: Lnh vc (Donmain): bacteria Nghnh (phylum): cyanophyta Lp (class): cyanophyceae B (order): oscillatoriales H (family): Oscillatoriaceae Ging (Species): Spirulina Loi (genus): S.plentasisv S.Chlorella

Nhng nhu cu dinh dng cho to spirulina spp Ngun dinh dng Carbon: c cung cp dng NaHCO3, v kh CO2 ha tan vi vai tr lm b khung sn Carbon, v tng hp nng lng sinh hc ATP. Ngun dinh dng Nit: c cung cp dng NaNO3 ha tan. Nit l thnh phn cu to 20 acid mine tng hp nhng enzyme, nhng protein, hin din trong pyrine, pyryminde, thnh phn quan trng trong cu trc chlorophyll a, b v phycocyanine, ATP, RNA, ti u a nc ca nhng phn t lipide v, nhng thnh phn quan trng cn thit cho s sng to spirulina spp. Ngun dinh dng khong a lng: nhng nguyn t Mg2+, Ca2+, S4+, K+, Na+, P4+, Cl- l nhng thnh phn tham gia cu to cu trc t bo to spirulina spp. Ngun dinh dng khong a lng b sung: l nhng nguyn t Ni2+, Co2+, Ti3+, Cr5+ vi nng ln c b sung vo mi trng to mi trng thch hp cho to spirulina spp. V, to spirulina spp l loi to sng ti bin nn cn phi c nhng nguyn t vi lng cao ny. Ngun dinh dng khong vi lng: nhng nguyn t Bo4+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Mo l nhng cofactor kim loi ca mt s enzyme trong to. Vi vai tr hot ha v l thnh phn lin kt ti tm hot ng ca nhng enzyme gip nhng enzyme thc hin chc nng sinh hc thng qua s cho - nhn in t ca nhng nguyn t ny. D
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l mt lng nh, nhng khng th thiu cho s sng ca to spirulina spp. Nu nhng nguyn t vi lng ny thiu th to khng th tng hp c nhng thnh phn quan trng cho s sng ca nhng t bo ca to spirulina spp.

Nhng nhn t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca to spirulina spp. Nhn t nhit

Nhit l yu t vt l nh hng ln n nhng phn ng ha sinh

bn trong t bo to spirulina spp. ng thi, nh hng mnh n s sinh trng v sinh sn ca to spirulina spp thng qua s n nh ca cu trc khng gian 3 chiu v nhng bo quan ca to spirulina spp.

cho pht trin to spirulina spp: 18 40oC. pht trin v sinh sn ca to: 32 40oC. Trong , l 35oC.

Ch :

Nhit > 40oC to spirulina spp cht sau 6 ngy. Nhit <18oC to s cht. Nhit < 25oC tc sinh trng ca to spirulina spp chm.

Nhn t pH: l yu t ha hc rt quan trng trong s trong s sinh trng v pht trin ca to spirulina spp. Lin quan n s bn vng cu trc khng gian 3 chiu ca nhng enzyme v protein trong to.

: 7 11 : 8.5 9

Ch : nu pH trong vng 10 - 11 to vn pht trin nhng vi tc to sinh khi rt chm.

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Nu pH

7: to spirulina spp vn sng nhng tc to sinh khi chm. Ch thi kh: lng kh c cung cp 2% lin tc trong ch c nh

sng mnh v c mt ca spirulina spp.

l iu kin ti u cho s hnh thnh sinh khi to

Nhn t nh sng: l yu t vt l rt quan trng rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca to spirulina spp. Lng nh sng cn c cung cp lin tc hnh thnh sinh khi to ti a (to spirulina spp khng b nh hng trong chu k ngy v m). Cng nh sng thch hp c sc t to hp th:

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PHN II

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01

3. QUY TRNH SN XUT TO SPIRULINA SPP a. Nguyn liu dng trong qu trnh nui to Mi trng c bn (mi trng Zarrouk) Thnh phn Lng s dng 0.1g/200ml 0.5g/200ml 7H2O 0.04g/200ml FeSO4 0.0002g/200ml K2SO4 0.2g/200ml CaCl2.2H2O 0.008g/200ml NaCl.2H2O 0.2g/200ml Mi trng b sung 1 H3PO4 2.6g/l ZnSO4.7H2O 0.04g/l CuSO4.5H2O 0.08g/l MnCl.4H2O 1.81g/l MoC3 0.01g/l Mi trng b sung 2 K2Cr2(SO).2H2O 960g/l Ti(SO4)3 400g/l NiSO4.5H2O 478g/l Co(NO3)2.7H2O) 44g/l
Trnh t tin hnh pha mi trng:
1. Cn chnh xc v ha tan

16.8g NaHCO3 trong 500ml nc ct bng mt becher sch th 1. 2. Cn v pha chnh xc cch thnh phn trong mi trng c bn ng vi lng s dng theo s liu trong becher th 2. 3. Cn v pha chnh xc cch thnh phn trong mi trng b sung 1 ng vi lng s dng theo s liu trong becher th 3. 4. Cn v pha chnh xc cch thnh phn trong mi trng b sung 2 ng vi lng s dng theo s liu trong trong becher th 4. 5. Lc u v ht chnh xc 10ml dung dch mi trng c bn cho vo becher 1000ml. 6. Lc u v ht chnh xc 1ml dung dch b sung 1 cho vo becher trn. 7. Lc u v ht chnh xc 1ml dung dch b sung 2 cho vo becher trn 8. Thm n vch bng nc ct.

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Hp kh trng mi trng

b.

Phn tch thnh phn ca mi trng:

Mi trng c bn (mi trng Zarrauk) K2HPO4 cung cp phosphate v ion K+ tn ti dng ha tan ion K+ v HPO4. Vai tr: Phosphate: l thnh phn tham gia cu to ATP, Purin, Pyrinmidin, lipide, RNA, Pyruvate, c gn vo nhng phn t gip enzyme thc hin chc nng sinh hc

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Quy trnh nui to Spirulian spp:

To ging B cha nhng ha cht b sung

Nhn ging

X l nc H nui to

Khng kh

Nng lng nh sng

Lc X l nc thi Ra To t 20% nc Dng ti: ch bin thnh bt dinh dng

Sy kh: sn xut dng thuc, hoc bo qun Chic xut

Thc phm chn nui

Nhng acid amin Phycocyanin Polysacharide Karotenoid

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Thuyt Minh Quy Trnh Sn Xut To: Mc ch nhn ging: l cung cp s lng to spirulina spp cho thit b nui chnh. Mc ch x l nc: l loi b nhng cht, phn t, nhng vi sinh vt l c hi hin din trong nc nh hng n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca to. Mc ch ca cung cp khng kh: cung cp ngun Carbon thng qua kh CO 2 v kh O2 cho to. Mc ch s dng b cha nhng ha cht b sung: c dng cung cp nhng ngun dinh dng cho to trong qu trnh nui to. Mc ch h nui to: c dng tng sinh khi to nh mong mun. Mc ch ca lc: loi b nc (cn xt li mt t thnh phn mi trng) v thu nhn sinh khi to spirulina. Mc ch ca x l nc thi: tr li ngun nc sch cho mi trng sinh thi khng gy nhim mi trng sng ca nhng sinh vt khc. Mc ch ca ra: loi b nhng cht, phn t cn st li trn si t bo to. Mc ch ca chic xut: ph v cu trc t bo v gii phng nhng acid amin, Phycocyanin, Polysacharide, Karotenoid v thu nhn nhng phn t ny dng tinh khit. ng thi, phn xc sinh khi to c s dng lm ngun dinh dng trong chn nui. Mc ch cung cp ngun nh sng: nh sng l yu t quan trng v rt cn thit to nng lng ATP gip to tng sinh khi v thc hin nhng chc nng khc cho t bo sng ca to.

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Thit b lin quan n nui to spirulina spp: Thit b nui to dng kn:

Thit b nui to dng h

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Nhng tiu chun quc gia lin quan n sn phm sinh khi spirulina spp: Hiu tm cha ra.

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PHN III
Kt lun v ngh n sn phm sinh khi spirulina sp: Ci ny th L vit gip Hiu nh, hi hi

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Ti Liu Tham Kho: B.S L Vn Lng K thut nui cy to theo bng ting anh.

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