PHN TCH THC PHM

GV: Th.S Nguyn Khc Kim

NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: X l s liu trong phn tch


NI DUNG
Phn II: Phn tch nh lng
Chng 1: Phn tch khi lng
Chng 2: Phn tch th tch
Chng 3: Phng php acid baz
Chng 4: Phng php oxy ha kh
Chng 5: phng php chun to ta
Chng 6: Phng php phc cht
Chng 7: Phng php o quang

NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: Cc phn ng thng gp
Chng 6: X l s liu trong phn tch



MT S KHI NIM V DUNG DCH

1. Mt s khai nim
2. Shinh thanh dung dch
3. Dung dch bao hoa
4. Dung dch ly tng, dung dch thc
5. Hot
Mt s khi nim v dung dch
1. Mt s khi nim:
Dung dch: l 1 hn hp ng nht ca hai hay nhiu cht,
trong c chia lm hai phn dung mi v cht tan
Dung mi: l thnh phn ch yu ca dung dch, n ng
vai tr phn tn cc cht khc vo bn trong n cn c
gi l mi trng phn tn.
Cht tan: l thnh phn cn li, chim thnh phn t hn
nhng li quyt nh tnh cht ca dung dch. Cht tan
phn tn u trong dung mi v c gi l cht phn tn

Mt s khi nim v dung dch
1. Mt s khi nim:
Dung dch: hn hp kh, rn, lng. Thc t nghin cu v
ng dng nhiu l dung dch lng. V vy ta xt ch yu l
dung dch lng, trong dung dch lng th dung dch nc
l c xt nhiu nht.
V d: dung dch HCl 1M th nc ng vi tr l dung mi
cn HCl l cht tan, trong cc phn t HCl phn tn
u vo trong mi trng phn tn l nc
Mt s khi nim v dung dch
2. S hnh thnh dung dch:
Dung dch va l 1 h vt l va l h ha hc
Ging hn hp vt l ch thnh phn c th thay i
v cc cht vn gi tnh cht ban u
Ging qu trnh ha hc ch c km theo hiu ng
nhit, gia cht tan v dung mi c nhng lin kt nht
nh
Lin kt c gi l qu trnh Solvat ha
Mt s khi nim v dung dch
3. Dung dch bo ha:
Dung dch bo ha l dung dch trong cht tan trng
thi cn bng vi kt ta ca n.
Nng ca dung dch bo ha chnh l ha tan ca n
trong dung dch ti nhit
Dung dch c nng cht tan ln hn tan gi l dung
dch qu bo ha
Dung dch c nng cht tan nh hn ha tan gi l
dung dch cha bo ha
V d: nhit 20
o
C, dung dch bo ha NaCl c 36g
NaCl trong 100 g H
2
O

Mt s khi nim v dung dch
4. Dung dch thc, dung dch l tng.
Dung dch thc la dung dch ma trong s tng tac gia
cac phn t khac nhau, tnh cht ca dung dch ph thuc
khng nhng vao thanh phn dung dch ma con c lc
tng tac gia cac phn t khac nhau
Dung dch l tng la dung dch c to nn bi cac cht
ging nhau v thanh phn ha hc va tnh cht, trong
lc tng tac gia cac phn t cng loi va khac loi la
ging nhau, tnh cht ca dung dch ch ph thuc vao
thanh phn ca cac cht. Khi to thanh dung dch khng
km theo hiu ng nhit va s thay i th tch.
Mt s khi nim v dung dch
5. Hot :
Nu cht tan trong DD hin din di dng ion v nu DD ng thi
hin din nhiu ion th gia chng c lc tng tc lm cho kh
nng hot ng ca cc ion thay i theo chiu hng gim i. Lc
trong DD, ion khng cn th hin vi nng thc C m xem nh th
hin vi nng hiu dng a (hot ) vi:

f: l h s hot , thay i theo lc tng tc (lc ion) vi:


Vi: C
i,
Z
i
l nng v in tch ca ion trong dung dch
. a f C =
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
1 1
( ... )
2 2
n
i i n n
C Z C Z C Z C Z = = + + +

Mt s khi nim v dung dch

5. Hot :
S thay i ca f theo c biu din bng cac cng thc
thc nghim (bng 1.1) hoc c gia tr gn ng nu trong
bng 1.2
Bng 1.1: Cng thc thc nghim dng tnh h s hot f khi
DD c lc ion khc nhau


0 <0,02 0,02<<0,2 >0,2
lg f
0
2
0,5
i
Z
2
0, 5
1
i
Z
+
2
0, 5
1
i
Z
h

+
+
Mt s khi nim v dung dch
5. Hot :
Bng 1.2: Cc gi tr gn ng ca h s hot f khi DD c lc
ion khc nhau

in tch
ion
Lc ion
0 0,001 0,002 0,005 0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,2
1 1 0,97 0,95 0,93 0,90 0,87 0,81 0,76 0,70
2 1 0,87 0,82 0,74 0,66 0,57 0,44 0,33 0,24
3 1 0,73 0,64 0,51 0,39 0,28 0,15 0,08 0,04
4 1 0,56 0,45 0,30 0,19 0,10 0,04 0,01
0,003
1(H
+
) 1 0,98 0,97 0,95 0,92 0,90 0,88 0,84 0,83
1(OH
-
) 1 0,98 0,97 0,95 0,92 0,89 0,85 0,81 0,80
Mt s khi nim v dung dch
5. Hot :
V d 1: Tnh hot ca DD KCl v ca K
+
, Cl
-
trong nc
c C=0,01M.
Ta c:

2 2 2
2
1 1
[0, 01.( 1) 0, 01.( 1) ] 0, 01
2 2
lg 0, 5.1 . 0, 01 0, 05 0,89
0,89.0, 01 0, 0089
i i
K Cl
KCl K Cl
C Z
f f
a a M
+
+
+
= = + + =
< 0, 02 = = =
= = =

Mt s khi nim v dung dch

5. Hot :
Nhn xt:
1) Nu DD long =0 f=1 a=C
2) Hot thng c k hiu bng du ()
3) Trong ha phn tch, cc nng c s dng thng
khng ln, iu ny lm cho f tin kh gn n 1. Trong
cc chng sau, n gin ha vic tnh ton, f thng
c ly =1

NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: Cc phn ng thng gp
Chng 6: X l s liu trong phn tch



NNG DUNG DCH

1. Cc loi dung dch c nng ph
2. Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
3. Cch chuyn i gia cc nng dung dch
Cc loi dung dch c nng ph
chnh la nhng loi dung dch c nng khng oi hi
chnh xac va thng dng lam cac thuc th trong nh
tnh, lam mi trng, dung dch m
Thng gp mt s dung dch ph sau:
1. Nng t l:
Biu th t s theo th tch gia cht tan dng m c
(thng mi) so vi th tch nc ct.
V d 1: Dung dch HCl 1:1 c ngha la mt th tch dung
dch HCl m c (37%, d=1,19 g/mL) pha trn vi mt
th tch nc ct.
V d 2: Pha 1L dung NH
4
OH 1:3 t dung dch NH
4
OH 1:1?
Cc loi dung dch c nng ph
2. Nng phn trm (%):
2.1 Nng phn trm theo khi lng (w/w):
Biu din s gam cht tan cha trong 100g dung dch



Trong : C
m
(%): Nng phn trm theo khi lng
m
ct
: Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch
m
dd
: Khi lng dung dch
m
dm
: Khi lng dung mi.
dd
% 100 100
ct ct
m
dm ct
m m
C x x
m m m
= =
+
Cc loi dung dch c nng ph
2.2 Nng phn trm theo th tch (v/v):



Trong : C
v
(%): Nng phn trm theo th tch
V
ct
: Th tch cht tan trong dung dch
V
dd
: Th tch dung dch
V
dm
: Th tch dung mi.
Nng % theo th tch ca dung dch cn thng
c gi l cn
dd
% 100 100
ct ct
v
dm ct
V V
C x x
V V V
= =
+
Cc loi dung dch c nng ph
2.3 Nng phn trm khi lng theo th tch (w/v):
i khi trong thc t sn xut ngi ta cn dng nng
phn trm khi lng theo th tch. Nng ny biu din
s gam cht tan cha trong 100mL dung dch



Trong : C
m/v
(%): Nng % khi lng theo th tch
m
ct
: Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch (g)
V
dd
: Th tch dung dch (mL)

/
dd
% 100
ct
m v
m
C x
V
=
Cc loi dung dch c nng ph
3. Nng khi lng hay nng g/L:
Biu din s gam cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch



Trong : C
g/l
(%): Nng phn trm theo khi lng
m
ct
: Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch (g)
V
dd
: Th tch dung dch (mL)
/
dd
1000
ct
g l
m
C x
V
=
Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
la dung dch c nng chnh xac bit trc. Ngi ta
dng cac loi dung dch nay thit lp hoc nh lng
cac dung dch khac.
Cc loi nng dung dch:
1. Nng phn t hay nng mol/l (C
M
):
Biu din s mol cht tan cha trong 1 lt dung dch


Trong : M l khi lng phn t ca cht tan (g/mol)
V l th tch ca dung dch tnh theo n v lt

1
ct
M
m
C x
M V
=
Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
1. Nng phn t hay nng mol/l (C
M
):
Hay:


Vi: V l th tch ca dung dch tnh theo n v mL
2. Nng phn triu (ppm):
Biu din khi lng cht tan cha trong mt triu (10
6
)
ln khi lng mu c cng n v
1ppm = 1mg cht tan/1kg mu
Hoc 1ppm = 1mg cht tan/1lt dung dch

1000
ct
M
m
C x
M V
=
Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
3. Nng ng lng (C
N
):
Biu din s ng lng cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
y l nng c s dng nhiu nht trong ha phn
tch tnh ton


Vi: l ng lng gam ca cht tan =M/z
z l s n v ng lng tham gia phn ng
V l th tch ca dung dch tnh theo n v mL

1000
ct
N
m
C x
V
=
Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
3. Nng ng lng (C
N
):
Cch tnh s n v ng lng z trong hp cht AB:
1) S n v ng lng ca mt nguyn t: la ha tr ca ca nguyt t
o trong hp cht.
2) AB l hp cht oxy ha hay hp cht kh: z l s in t trao i
tng ng vi 1 mol
V d:
Phn ng
AB
MnO
4
-
+ 5e
-
Mn
2+

KMnO4
=M/5,
MnCl2
=M/2
Cl
2
+ 2e
-
2Cl
-

Cl2
=M/2,
HCl
=M/1
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 6e
-
2Cr
3+

K2Cr2O7
=M/6,
Cr3+
=M/3
S
4
O
6
2-
+ 2e
-
2S
2
O
3
2-

Na2S4O6
=M/2,
Na2S2O3
=M/1
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+2e
-
2FeSO
4

FeSO4
= M/1,
Fe2(SO4)3
=M/2
Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
3. Nng ng lng (C
N
):
Cch tnh s n v ng lng z trong hp cht AB:
3) AB l hp cht acid hay hp cht baz: z l s ion H
+
hay
OH
-
tham gia phn ng tng ng vi 1 mol cht
V d: Nu cc phn ng trung ha hon ton th

HCl
=M/1;
H2SO4
=M/2;
H3PO4
=M/3

NaOH
=M/1;
ca(OH)2
=M/2;
NH3
=M/1;
Na2CO3
=M/2
Cc loi dung dch c nng chnh
3. Nng ng lng (C
N
):
Cch tnh s n v ng lng z trong hp cht AB:
4) AB l hp cht ion (hay mui): z l s ion mang in tch +1 hoc -1
trao i vi 1mol AB
V d:

BaCl2
=M/2;
NaCl
=M/1;
FeSO4
=M/2;
Fe2(SO4)3
=M/6
5) AB l hp cht phc: z ca hp cht phc hoc cc thnh phn ca
phc c tnh ging nh hp cht ion hoc mui
V d:
Cu
2+
+4NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+

Cu2+
=M/2
NH3
=M/
1/2
=2M
[Cu(NH3)]2+
=M/2
Cch chuyn i cc loi nng dung dch
v mt s nh lut c bn
1. Lin h gia mt s nng thng dng:
Ta c:

Suy ra:

1000 1000
. ; . ; % .100
ct ct ct
M N
ct dm
m m m
C C C
M V V m m
= = =
+
/
dm
. .
%.10. %.10.
;
. ;
. . %.( ) . .
1000 1000 100
g l M N
M N
N
N M M
N ct M
ct
C C M C
C d C d
C C
M
C
C z C C
z
C V C m m C M V
m
= =
= =
= =
+
= = =
Cch chuyn i cc loi nng dung dch
2. Nng dung dch sau khi pha trn:
Trn DD a% vi DD b% (ca cng mt cht) s c DD
c% vi a>c>b :



V:






a
b
m c b
m a c

. .
a b
a b
a m b m
c
m m
+
=
+
BAI TP
1. Tnh hot ca cac ion trong dung dch hn hp
KCl 10
-3
M, MgSO
4
10
-3
M.
2. Tnh hot ca cac ion trong dung dch KCl 0,1M.
BAI TP
Tnh s n v ng lng trong cc phn ng sau:
1. H
2
S + NaOH Na
2
S + H
2
O
2. SO
2
+ NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
3. FeCl
3
+ NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ NaCl
4. ZnCl
2
+ NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
+ NaCl + H
2
O
5. H
3
PO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaHPO
4
+ H
2
O
6. AgCl + NH
4
OH [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl + H
2
O
7. Fe
2+
+ CN
-
[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
8. Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
S +H
2
O
9. SO
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
10. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ KI FeSO
4
+ I
2
+ K
2
SO
4
BAI TP
1. Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha 3 lt dung dch NaOH
10%, bit dd NaOH 10% c d=1,110 g/ml.
2. Xac nh nng C
M
va C
N
ca dung dch NaOH 16%, bit
dd NaOH 16% c d=1,175 g/ml
3. Xac nh lng NaOH 40% cn thm vao 600ml nc thu
c dd NaOH 10%
4. Dung dch HCl 36,5% (d=1,18 g/ml):
- Tnh s gam HCl nguyn cht trong mi ml dung dch?
- Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch?
- Tnh s ml dd trn cn dng pha 200ml dd HCl 3M?
5. Phi dng bao nhiu ml dd CH
3
COOH 98% pha 250ml dd
acid acetic 1M.
BAI TP
6. Cn bao nhiu ml dd H
2
SO
4
96% (d=1,84 g/ml) pha 1 lt
dd H
2
SO
4
0,5N?
7. Cn 2,8614g Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O hoa tan trong nc thanh
250ml dd. Tnh nng ng lng ca dd o?
8. Xac nh lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O va dd CuSO
4
8% cn pha
560g dd CuSO
4
16%?
9. Tnh s gam K
2
Cr
2
O
7
cn dng pha 250 ml dd 0,05N,
bit rng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
sau khi tham gia phn ng b chuyn
thanh Cr
3+
10. Tnh nng ng lng ca dd Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
15% w/w
(d=1,12g/ml), bit rng Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
la sn phm ca qua
trinh trung hoa hoan toan Al(OH)
3
bng dd H
2
SO
4
?
NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: Cc phn ng thng gp
Chng 6: X l s liu trong phn tch



MT S NH LUT C BAN

1. nh lut tac dng khi lng
2. nh lut tac dng ng lng
Cc nh lut c bn
1. nh lut tc khi lng:
Khi cho cc cht tc dng vi nhau, c nhng phn ng
ha hc xy ra hon ton, ngha l ton b cc cht phn
ng ht vi nhau to thnh sn phm.
V d: 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
Trong thc t, a s cc phn ng thng gp li l
thun nghch, ngha l cc phn ng khng din ra n
cng m ch din ra n trng thi cn bng, trong c
s tn ti song song gia sn phm v tc cht.
V d: H
2
+ I
2
2HI










Cc nh lut c bn
1. nh lut tc khi lng:
Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng, t s gia tch hot
sn phm trn tch hot tc cht vi cac ch s tng
ng l mt hng s, c gi l hng s cn bng K.
nh lut tc dng khi lng p dng cho phn ng
thun nghch tng qut:

Ta c:

Nu dung dch long:










1
2
aA dD bB cC + +
( ) .( )
( ) .( )
c d
a b
C D
K
A B
=
[ ] .[ ]
[ ] .[ ]
c d
a b
C D
K
A B
=
Cc nh lut c bn
1. nh lut tc khi lng:
Hng s cn bng K cho bit phn ng a din ra vi mc
no: K cng ln, phn ng thun (1) cng chim u th
v ngc li K cng nh, phn ng nghch (2) cng chim
u th
V cn bng t c l cn bng ng nn khi c s thay
i ca mt trong s cc yu t: nng , p sut, nhit
th cn bng s b thay i gi l s chuyn dch cn bng.
Nguyn l Le Chtelier: Khi c cc yu t bn ngoi nh:
nng , nhit , p sut, tc ng ln h, cn bng s
dch chuyn theo chiu chng li s thay i










Cac nh lut c bn
2. nh lut tc dng ng lng:
nh lut tc dng ng lng c Danton pht biu:
Trong mt phn ng ha hc, s ng lng ca cc
cht tham gia phn ng phi bng nhau. Ni cch khc,
trong mt phn ng ha hc, mt ng lng ca cht
ny ch thay th hay kt hp vi mt ng lng ca
cht khc m thi.
Xt phn ng: A + B D + E
Ta c:













. .
A NA B NB
V C V C =
NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: Cc phn ng thng gp
Chng 6: X l s liu trong phn tch



S IN LY, CHT IN LY

1. Cht in ly
2. Phng trinh ion
3. in ly
4. Hng s in ly
S in ly, cht in ly
1. Cht in ly:
Cht in ly l nhng cht c kh nng phn ly thanh ion
khi hoa tan vao nc lam cho dung dch dn c in.
V d: NaCl, HCl, CH
3
COOH,
Sin ly la qua trinh phn tphn ly thanh ion.
V d: NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
Kh nng phn ly ca cc cht in ly l khc nhau, ph
thuc vo bn cht v nng ca cht in ly, ph thuc
vo nhit v dung mi ha tan cht in ly.











S in ly, cht in ly
1. Cht in ly:
Cht in ly mnh l nhng cht khi ha tan vo dung dch c
kh nng phn ly hon ton thnh cc ion. Cac mui tan (NaCl,
KCl, K
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
), cac kim mnh (KOH, NaOH,), acid
mnh (HCl, H
2
SO
4
)
V d: NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

Cht in ly yu l nhng cht khi ha tan vo dung dch ch c
th phn ly mt phn thnh cc ion. V d: dd NH
3
, HCOOH,
CH
3
COOH, H
2
CO
3

V d: CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+

NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-










S in ly, cht in ly
2. Phng trnh ion:
Trong dung dch, cc cht in ly mnh thng c biu
din dng ion. Cc cht in ly yu, kh tan v d bay
hi thng c biu din dng phn t.
Trong thc t, n gin ha, ngi ta thng biu din
phng trnh phn ng ca cc cht in ly dng ion.
V d: AgNO
3
+ NaCl AgCl+ + NaNO
3
Dng ion: Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl+
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
Dng ion: H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O










S in ly, cht in ly
3. in ly:
Xt phn ng: CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
Ti thi im t=0: C

0 0
Ti thi im cn bng: C a a a
in ly c nh ngha:


Trong o: o la in ly khng c n v hoc n v %
C la nng ban u (mol/l)
a la nng a phn ly thanh ion mol/l




a
C
o =
S in ly, cht in ly
3. in ly:
in ly o l i lng c trng cho mc phn ly c
th ca cc cht in ly trong dung dch thnh cc ion.
Nu o cng ln tc a hay s phn t phn ly ra thnh ion
cng nhiu th cht l cht in ly cng mnh v ngc
li o cng nh cht l cht in ly yu
T gi tr ngi ta tm phn loi:
2% : Cht in ly yu (cac axit yu, cac baz yu).
2% 30%: Cht in ly trung binh (HF, H
2
SO
3
nc 1).
30% : Cht in ly mnh cac axit mnh, cac baz
mnh, cac mui trung tnh






S in ly, cht in ly
4. Hng s in ly:
Phn ng phn ly dng tng qut:
A
m
B
n
mA
n+
+ nB
m+
Ta c hng s in ly:


in ly o tilnghch vi nng , nng cang cao
in ly cang gim va ngc li.
Hng s in ly ca acid hay baz phn ng mnh
yu ca acid hay baz o.




[ ] .[ ]
[ ]
n m m n

m n
A B
K
A B
+ +
=
NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: Cc phn ng thng gp
Chng 6: X l s liu trong phn tch



CC PHAN THNG GP

1. Phn ng acid baz
2. Phn ng oxy ha kh
3. Phn ng to phc
4. Phn ng to thanh hp cht t tan
PHAN NG ACID BAZ
1. ACID BAZ:
Quan im axit v baz ca Bronsted Laury
Axit la cht cho proton, baz la cht nhn proton
Acid:
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
HCl + H
2
O Cl
-
H
3
O
+
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O CO
3
2-
+ H
3
O
+
Baz:
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
+ OH
-

NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + OH
-




PHAN NG ACID BAZ
1. ACID BAZ:
Quan im axit v baz ca Bronsted Laury
Trung tnh: Na
+
, Cl
-
, K
+
, NO
3
-
Lng tnh:
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O CO
3
2-
+ H
3
O
+
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
+ OH
-

H
2
PO
4
-
+ H
2
O H
3
PO
4
+ OH
-
H
2
PO
4
-
+ H
2
O HPO
4
2-
+ H
3
O
+

Zn(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O ZnO
2
2-
+ H
3
O
+
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2H
3
O
+
Zn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
PHAN NG ACID BAZ
1. ACID BAZ : Khi nim pH
Ta c:[H
+
].[OH
-
] = [H
3
O
+
].[OH
-
] = 10
-14
25
o
C.
Theo nh nghia quc t:
pH = -lg[H
+
], pOH = -lg[OH
-
]
Trong mi trng trung tnh:
[H
+
]=[OH
-
] = 10
-7
, pH = pOH = 7
Trong mi trng acid:
[H
+
] >10
-7
, pH <7
Trong mi trng baz:
[OH
-
] > 10
-7
, pH>7
PHAN NG ACID BAZ
nh nghia phn ng acid - baz:
Phn ng acid baz la phn ng gia mt acid va mt
baz. o la cac phn ng trung hoa, to ra sn phm la
mt mui acid, baz hoc trung tnh va nc.
mnh ca acid c c trng bi hng s phn ly
acid K
a
, mnh ca baz c c trng bi hng s
phn ly baz K
b
H
n
A nH
+
+ A
n-


Me(OH)
n
Me
n+
+ nOH
-
[ ] .[ ]
[ ]
n n
a
n
H A
K
H A
+
=
[ ] .[ ]
[ ( ) ]
n n
b
n
OH Me
K
Me OH
+
=
PHAN NG ACID BAZ
nh nghia phn ng acid - baz:
Trong dung dch nc bao gi cung tn ti mt cp acid
baz lin hp: CH
3
COOH + H
2
O CH
3
COO
-
+ H
3
O
+
Va: NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
Cp: CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COO
-
va NH
4
+
/NH
3
c gi la cp acid baz lin hp. Vi 1 cp acid
baz lin hp nu acid cang mnh thi baz cang yu va
ngc li.
Mi quan hgia K
a
va K
b
:
K
a
.K
b
= 10
-14
pK
a
+ pK
b
= 14

TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC

TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
1. Dung dch acid mnh c nng C
a
:
HA A
-
+ H
+
C
a
C
a
Ta c: [H
+
] = [HA] = C
a
pH = -lg[H
+
] = -lgC
a
V d: Dung dch HCl c nng 0,01M
HCl Cl
-
+ H
+
0,01M 0,01M
pH = -lg0,01= -lg 10
-2
=2
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
2. Dung dch baz mnh c nng C
b
:
MOH M
+
+ HO
-
C
b
C
b
Ta c: [OH
-
] = [MOH] = C
b




14 14 14
10 10 10
[ ] lg[ ] lg 14 lg
[ ] [ ]
b
b b
H pH H C
OH C C

+ +

= = = = = +
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
2. Dung dch baz mnh c nng C
b
:
V d: Dung dch NaOH c nng 0,01M
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-
0,01M 0,01M
pH = 14 + lg10
-2
= 14 2 = 12
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
3. Dung dch axit yu c K
a
, C
a
:
HA H
+
+ A
-



V d: Tnh pH dung dch acid HCOOH 0,1M, bit K
a
=10
-4
pH = 0,5.(-lg10
-4
) 0,5.lg10
-1
= 0,5.(4 + 1)=2,5


1 1
lg
2 2
a a
pH pK C =
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
4. Dung dch ca mt baz yu c K
b
v C
b
:





V d: Tnh pH dung dch NH
3
0,1M, bit K
b
=10
-4,8
pH =14 0,5 (-lg10
-4,8
) + 0,5.lg10
-1
= 14 - 0,5.(4,8 +1)
=11,1


1 1
14 lg
2 2
b b
pH pK C = +
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
5. pH ca DD m
nh nghia dd m: Dung dch m la dung dch c gia
tr pH khng thay i hoc thay i rt t khi thm mt
lng nh axit mnh hoc mt lng nh baz mnh vao
dung dch , k c khi pha loang dung dch.
V d h m acetate 1M, pH = 4,8: CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COONa
(1M:1M)
Thm 10ml HCl 0,1M vo pH = 4,7
Thm 10ml NaOH 0,1 M vo pH = 4,9
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
5. Dung dch gm 1 acid yu v 1 baz yu
Cc loi dd m:
m acetate: CH
3
COOH / CH
3
COONa
m cacbonat: NaHCO
3
/ Na
2
CO
3

m amoni: NH
4
Cl / NH
4
OH
m photphate: Na
2
HPO
4
/ Na
3
PO
4
(hoc NaH
2
PO
4
/
Na
2
HPO
4
; H
3
PO
4
/NaH
2
PO
4
).
Nhng h m ch c mt cp axt baz lin hp c gi
la m n, con h c 2 cp axt baz lin hp c gi la
m a.
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
5. Dung dch gm 1 acid yu v 1 baz yu dd m
Tnh pH ca dung dch m:
H gm 1 acid yu c nng C
a
, hng s phn ly K
a
v 1
baz yu c nng C
b
:


V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch m 1M
CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COONa, bit hng s phn ly ca acid acetic
pK
a
= 4,8
Ta c pH = 4,8 + lg1/1=4,8
lg
b
a
a
C
pH pK
C
= +
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
6. Dung dch ca hp cht ion (mui):
Hp cht ion to bi mt acid mnh v mt baz mnh (v
d NaCl, KNO
3
): Trong nc, cc hp cht s phn ly
hon ton thnh cc ion trung tnh i vi nc nn pH
ca dung dch l pH ca nc:

Hp cht ion cu to bi mt acid mnh v baz yu
(NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
): Hp cht ny c tnh acid yu nn c
th xem tng ng vi mt acid yu:



7(25 )
o
pH C =
1 1
lg
2 2
a mui
pH pK C =
TNH pH TRONG CC DD NC
6. Dung dch ca hp cht ion (mui):
Hp cht ion cu to bi mt baz mnh v acid yu
(NaCH
3
COO, KCN): Hp cht ny c tnh baz yu nn c
th xem tng ng vi mt baz yu:


Tnh acid, baz ca mt s ion trong nc:





1 1
14 lg
2 2
b mui
pH pK C = +
Ion Trung tnh Acid Baz
Anion Cl
-
, I
-
, Br
-
, NO
3
-
,
ClO
4
-
,
HSO
4
-
, H
2
PO
4
-
OH
-
, HS
-
, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
, PO
4
3-
,
HPO
4
2-
, S
2
-
, CN
-
, CH
3
COO
-
Cation Na
+
, K
+
, Li
+
, Ca
2+
,
Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
H
+
, Al
3+
, NH
4+
,
Zn
2+
, Cu
2+

[Al(H
2
O)
5
(OH)]
2+
BAI TAP
PHAN NG OXY HOA KH
1. Phng trinh Nernst:
Cho ban cn bng trao i in txy ra gia hai dng
oxy ha (Ox) va dng kh(Kh) ca mt i oxy ha kh
lin hp (Ox/Kh): Ox + ne +mH
+
Kh
Th ca cp oxy ha khnay c tnh theo phng
trinh Nernst:

E
o
la th oxy ha chun ca cp Ox/Kh, la hng s c
trng cho khanng oxy ha hay khca hai dng lin
hp.

0, 059 [ ]
lg lg[ ]
[ ]
o m
Ox
E E H
n Kh
+
| |
= + +
|
\ .
PHAN NG OXY HOA KH
2. Hng s cn bng:
Xt hai cp Ox
1
/Kh
1
(cho, nhn n
1
e) v Ox
2
/Kh
2
(cho,
nhn n
2
e).


Hng s cn bng ca phn ng thun:




1
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
2
Ox Ox n n Kh n n Kh + +
1 2 1 2
( )
1 2
0,059 2 1
2 1
1 2
[Ox ] .[Kh ]
(1) 10
[Ox ] .[ ]
o o
n n E E
n n
n n
K
Kh

= =
PHAN NG OXY HOA KH
2. Hng s cn bng:
Nhn xet:
Nu E
o
1
-E
0
2
>0 hay E
o
1
>E
0
2
K>1: phn ng theo chiu
(1) hay Ox
1
c tnh oxy ha mnh hn Ox
2
; ngc li,
nu Nu E
o
1
-E
0
2
<0 hay E
o
1
<E
0
2
K<1: phn ng xy ra
theo chiu (2) hay Ox
1
c tnh oxy ha yu hn Ox
2
hay
Kh
1
c tnh khmnh hn Kh
2
PHAN NG OXY HOA KH
Nhn xet:
Tr s E
o
ca cp oxy ha khcho bit cng oxy ha
ca dng Ox. Nu E
o
cang ln, tnh oxy ha cang mnh,
tnh khca dng khcang yu.
T chi s E
o
ca hai cp, c thdoan chiu phn ng
khi trn hai i oxy ha khbt ky vi nhau: i nao c E
o

ln hn thi dng oxy ha ca i o s oxy ha dng kh
ca i kia.
V du: E
o
(Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
)=0,77 V, E
o
(Sn
4+
/Sn
2+
)=0,15 V.

Fe
3+
+ Sn
2+
Fe
2+
+ Sn
4+
Vic doan ch thc sng khi trong hkhng c cu
tnao khac
PHAN NG OXY HOA KH
3. Th tng ng:
Nu mi trng khng c acid:



Nu mi trng c acid: ta c phn ng


1 1 2 2
1 2
t
n E n E
E
n n
+
=
+
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
0, 059
lg[ ]
m
t
n E n E
E H
n n n n
+
+
= +
+ +
1
2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2
1
Ox Ox
2
n n Kh n mH n n Kh n mH O
+
+ + + +
PHAN NG TAO PHC
1. nh nghia:
Phc cht la nhng hp cht c thanh phn phc tp,
bn trong dung dch nc, ngha la kh nng phn li km
V d: Cho 1mmol (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.12H
2
O ha tan
vao th tch xac nh nc va cho vao lng KCNS d,
dung dch nhn c c mau mau. Cho 2mmol
K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] hoa tan vao th tch nc nh trn va cho
vao lng KCNS d dung dch nhn c s c
mau hng.
PHAN NG TAO PHC
2. Phn loi:
Phc cht c hai loi, la phc cht v c va phc cht hu c.
Phc cht v c: K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
], K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
], NH
4
+
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl, CdCl
3
-
,
CdCl
4
2-
...
Phc cht hu c: Me
2+
to vi mui 2 ln th Na ca EDTA (Etylen
Diamin Tetra Axetic axit):
PHAN NG TAO PHC
3. Cch gi tn phc cht:
S ch s phi t + tn phi t + tn ion trung tm +
tn ion cu ngoi.
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
: Tetramino ng (II) sulfat.
K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]: Kali hexa xyanua st (III)
Tn ca phi t: X-halogien nua; OH - hyroxo; NO3-
nitrato; H
2
O aqu; NH
2
(NH
3
- NH) amino; CO - cacbonyl.
4. Hng s bn va hng s khng bn (xem phn trc)




PHAN NG TAO TUA
Cho AB la hp cht t tan ta c:
AB A
n+
+ B
n-


Dng tng quat vi hp cht A
m
B
n
:
A
m
B
n
mA
n+
+ nB
m-
2
[ ].[ ]
n n
AB AB
T A B S S T
+
= = =
[ ] .[ ] ( ) )
.
n m n n m n
AmBn
AmBn
n m
m n
T A B mS nS
T
S
m n
+
+
= = .(
=
PHAN NG TAO TUA
Nhn xet:
Da vao T va S ca cac cht, c thso sanh bn ca
cac ta vi nhau. Tng quat, cht c tch s tan T hoc
tan S cang ln thi ta cang km bn. Tuy nhin, ch c
so sanh bn ca cac cht da vao tch s tan khi cac
cht c biu thc tnh tch s tan ging nhau (cng s mu).

PHAN NG TAO TUA
Nhn xet:
V d T
AgCl
= 10
-10
, T
AgBr
=10
-13
, T
AgI
= 10
-17
ta c thkt lun
rng AgI bn hn AgBr; AgBr bn hn AgCl.
Vi cac cht c biu thc tnh tch s tan khac nhau, phi
da vao tan so sanh bn ca ta.
V d: d T
AgCl
= 10
-10
ln hn T
Ag2CrO4
=10
-12
nhng Ag
2
CrO
4

km bn hn AgCl vi AgCl c tan xp x 10
-5
M, trong
khi tan ca Ag
2
CrO
4
li khong 10
-4
M
PHAN NG TAO TUA
Nhn xet:
Ngoai khanng thhin bn, tch s tan ca mt cht con
c thgip suy ra iu kin hoa tan hay to ta.
V d: vi cht AB c T
AB
= [A
+
].[B
-
], mun dng [A
+
] to ta
[B
-
], iu kin c ta la [A
+
].[B
-
] >T
AB
hay [A
+
] > T
AB
/[B
-
]
Ngoai ra, vi T
AB
= [A
+
].[B
-
] =const, khi nng ca mt
trong hai ion tng ln thi nng ca ion con li phi gim
xung; lc o, tan ca ta s c tnh theo nng ca
ion c gia tr b hn.
NI DUNG
Phn I: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v dung dch
Chng 2: Nng dung dch
Chng 3: Mt s nh lut c bn
Chng 4: S in ly, cht in ly
Chng 5: Cc phn ng thng gp
Chng 6: X l s liu trong phn tch


XLY S LIU TRONG PHN TICH
1. ng, lp li, chnh xc:
lp li: khai nim dng biu din skhac bit gia cac gia tr
xac nh x
i
qua nhiu ln thc hin php xac nh o.
ng: khai nim dng biu din st khac bit gia gia tr
thc va gia tr xac nh c x.
chnh xac: khai nim c dng biu din mt php xac
nh c ng va lp li u tt.

chnh xac khng ng nhng khng ng ng nhng lp
(ng va lp li tt) lp li tt va lp lai khng tt li khng tt



XLY S LIU TRONG PHN TICH
2. Sai s h thng, sai s ngu nhin:
Sai s hthng (hay sai s xac nh): sai s mc phi do
cac nguyn nhn c thbit trc c. Sai s hthng
gy nh hng ln ng ca php phn tch va nh
hng thng c tnh mt chiu. C thxac nh c sai
s hthng, do vy c thgim, loi tr hay hiu chnh li
loi sai s nay khi a xac nh c nguyn nhn.
Sai s ngu nhin (sai s khng xac nh): la sai s gy
nh hng n lp li ca php xac nh khng theo
quy lut nao c, do cac nguyn nhn khng xac nh va
khng doan c.
BAI TP