Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

Bi gi tp ch HH&UD: Ngi gi: Nguyn Hi Qunh. a ch: Phng Gio dc v o to huyn V Xuyn- H Giang. Chc v: Ph trng phng Hng dn hc sinh mt s kinh nghim gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim phn Andehit gii nhanh bi tp ho hc phn anehit yu cu hc sinh phi nm r tnh cht ho hc ca anht, phn bit tnh cht chung v ring ca anehit v xeton. i vi mi th loi bi tp cn tm phng php gii nhanh ph hp, m bo bn cht ho hc, linh hot p dng cc nh lut trong ho hc, la chn nhng d kin, thng tin lin quan n bi tp ho hc, hc sinh cn nm c bi hi ci g? d kin cch lm nh th no? Cch gii nhanh mt s th loi phn bi tp anehit: Dng 1: T cng thc chung ca aneht + Vit cng thc chung : CnH2n+2-m-2a(CHO)m hay R(CHO) n T cng thc chung ta c th vit cc cng thc ca cc loi Anehit: - Anehit no, n chc, mch h: CnH2n+1CHO vi n 0 v trong phn t c cha mt lin kt i nhm chc: - CHO nn vit cng thc phn t: CnH2nO - Aneht khng no n chc, mch h: CnH2n+1-2aCHO - Cng thc phn t anehit no, mch h: CnH2n+2-m (CHO)m Ch : t cng thc chung ca cc loi anehit nu t chy mt anehit thu c s mol CO2 = s mol H2O => nH: nC = 2:1 trong phn t c mt lin kt i vy anht trn no n chc, mch h; cng c th da vo phn ng chy, phn ng cng H2 t xc nh cng thc tng qut ca anehit... V d 1: t chy mt hn hp 3 anehit A, B, C cng dy ng ng thu c s mol CO2 = s mol H2O, dy ng ng ca anehit trn l: a. No, n chc, mch h b. Khng no n chc c. No, a chc d. Khng no, hai chc Gii: V t chy thu c s mol CO2 = s mol H2O, trong phn t c mt lin kt i ti nhm chc anehit cn gc hirocacbon no, mch h vy anhit l no, n chc, mch h: p n a

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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

V d 2: Cng thc n gin nht ca mt anehit no a chc l (C2H3O)n. Cng thc phn t ca anehit trn l: a. C2H3O b. C4H6O2 c. C8H12O4 d. b v c u ng Gii: CTPT anehit: C2nH3nOn <=> C2n-nH3n-n (CHO) n <=> CnH2n (CHO) n T cng thc phn t anehit no CnH2n+2-mCHO)m ta thy s nguyn t H ca gc = 2 ln s nguyn t C trong gc+ 2 - s nhm chc Vy: 2n=2n+2-n => n = 2 : p n b V d 3: Cng thc thc nghim (cng thc nguyn) ca mt anehit no mch h A l (C4H5O2)n. Cng thc phn t ca A l: a. C2H3(CHO) 2 c. C4H6(CHO)4 Tng t v d 2 p n l: c V d 4: Cho cc cng thc phn t ca cc anehit sau: (1) C8H14O2 (2) C8H10O2 (3) C6H10O2 (4) C5H12O2 (5) C4H10O2 (6) C3H4O2 Dy cc cng thc phn t ch anehit no, hai chc, mch h l: a.1, 2, 5 b. 2,4, 6 c. 4, 5, 6 d. 1, 3, 6 Gii: V l ng ng ca aneht no , mch h, hai chc c cng thc chung l: CnH2n (CHO) 2 hay CnH2n-2O2 v trong cng thc phn t c 2 lin kt vy dy p n : d V d 5: t chy hon ton 10,8 gam mt anehit no, mch h cn dng 10,08 lt kh O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy cho qua dung dch nc vi trong d c 45 gam kt ta to thnh. Cng thc phn t ca anehit l: a. C3H4O2. b.C4H6O4. c.C4H6O2. d.C4H6O. Gii: Phng trnh t chy: CxHyOz + x+y/4-z/2 O2 xCO2 + y/2 H2O 0,45/xmol 0,45 mol 0,45 mol x+y/4-z/2 = x => y= 2z (*)
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b. C6H9(CHO) 6 d. C8H12(CHO) 8

Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

Phn t khi: 12x+ y +16z = 10,8x/0,45(**) T * v ** ta c x = 3z/2 x : y : z = 3: 4: 2 v no, mch h => p n a Dng 2: Da vo phn ng trng gng: vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O AgOH + NH4NO3 AgOH + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]OH Phc tan i vi aneht n chc ( tr HCHO) khi thc hin phn ng trng gng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 ta c phng trnh phn ng: RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH RCOONH4 + 2Ag + 3 NH3 + H2O Nhn xt: ta thy t l nRCHO : n Ag = 1: 2 Ring i vi anehit fomic HCHO, phn ng c th xy ra qua 2 giai on theo s sau: OH HCHO [Ag(NH3)2] HCOONH4 + 2Ag OH HCOONH4 [Ag(NH3)2] (NH4)2CO3 + 2Ag Vy nu d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 th t l nHCHO : n Ag = 1: 4 i vi anehit R(CHO) n khi thc hin phn ng trng gng ta c: OH R(CHO) n [Ag(NH3)2] 2n Ag Trong qu trnh gii bi tp phn anehit lin quan n phn ng trng gng cn ch mt s k nng sau: - Nu thc hin phn ng trng gng hn hp 2 anehit n chc trong d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 s mol Ag thu c gp 2 ln s mol hn hp th trong hn hp khng c anehit fomic HCHO. - Nu thc hin phn ng trng gng hn hp 2 anehit n chc trong d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 s mol Ag thu c ln hn 2 ln s mol hn hp th trong hn hp c anehit fomic HCHO. - Nu thc hin phn ng gia hn hp 2 cht hu c n chc trong d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 s mol Ag thu c nh hn 2 ln s mol hn hp th trong hn hp khng c mt cht hu c khng tham gia phn ng trng gng ( trng hp ny thng c p dng khi thc hin phn ng oxi ho hn hp 2 ru n chc xc nh cng thc cu to ca ru...). - Vy i vi loi bi tp tham gia phn ng trng gng ca anehit cn bm chc vo cc d kin u bi, k m bng

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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

ngn ng ho hc v tm cch bin lun kh nng c th xy ra i n kt qu trnh nhng sai lm d mc phi... - i vi anehit a chc 1 mol anehit cho 2n mol Ag ( n l s nhm - CHO ). V d 1: Cho 0,2 mol hn hp 2 anehit cng dy ng ng no, mch h, c s mol bng nhau phn ng hon ton vi lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 s lng Ag thu c l 43,2 gam ( hiu sut 100%). Nu t chy hon ton hn hp trn thu c 15,68 lt (KTC) kh CO2. Cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit l: a. HCHO, CH3CHO b. CH3CHO, C4H9CHO c. C2H5CHO, C3H7CHO d. c b v c u ng Gii: nAg = 43,2/108=0,4 mol => nAg : nhn hp = 2:1 vy hn hp anehit l no, n chc, mch h ( trong hn hp khng c HCHO ). Gi cng thc trung bnh l: C n H2 n +1CHO S phn ng chy: C n H2 n +1CHO n +1 CO2 0,2 mol 0,7 mol Trng hp: n1 = 0 HCHO loi Trng hp: n1 = 1 CH 3CHO v n = 2,5 => (n1+n2 ) / 2 = 2,5 Vy : n2 = 4 Trng hp: n1 = 2 n = 2,5 => (n1+n2 ) / 2 = 2,5 Vy : n2 = 3 p n d V d 2: Cho 0,1 mol anehit X tc dng vi dung dch d AgNO3/NH3 thu c 0,4 mol Ag. Mt khc cho 0,1 mol X tc dng hon ton vi H2 th cn 22,4 lt H2 (KTC). Cng thc cu to ph hp vi X l: a. HCHO b. CH3CHO c. (CHO) 2 d. c a v c u ng Gii: V 0,1 mol X tc dng hon ton vi H2 th cn 0,1 mol H2 vy trong X ch c mt nhm chc -CHO. Ta c t l nAg : nX = 4:1 vy p n: a. V d 3: Cho a mol anehit X, mch h tc dng hon ton vi H2 th cn 3a mol H2 v thu c cht hu c Y. Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi Na d thu c a mol H2. t chy hon ton a mol X thu c ti a 4a mol CO2. Cng thc cu to ph hp vi X l:
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n + 1 = 3,5 => n = 2,5

Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

a. C2H4(CHO) 2 b. CH(CHO) 3 c. C2H2(CHO)2 d. C2HCHO Gii: V khi tc dng vi H2 th cn 3a mol H2 vy trong X c 3 lin kt . V Y tc dng hon ton vi Na d thu c a mol H2 : trong Y c 2 nhm chc -OH vy X c 2 nhm chc - CHO, v trong gc hiroccbon c mt lin kt . S phn ng chy: CnH2n-2 (CHO) 2 n+2 CO2 a 4a Vy n+2=4 => n=2 p n: c. V d 4: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp A gm 2 anht n chc, ton b sn phm chy cho hp th vo dung dch nc vi trong d, khi lng bnh tng 12,4 gam v khi lc thu c ti a 20 gam kt ta. Mt khc cng cho hn hp trn tc dng vi lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 s lng Ag thu c l 32,4 gam. Cng thc cu to ca 2 aneht l: a. HCHO, CH3CHO b. CH3CHO, C4H9CHO c. C2H5CHO, C3H7CHO d. HCHO, C2H5CHO Gii: Theo sn phm chy: S mol CO2 = s mol CaCO3 = 20/100 = 0,2 mol Khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng l: m ( CO2 + H2O) = 12,4 gam => nH2O = 3,6/18=0,2 mol v s mol CO2 = s mol H2O nn 2anehit u no, n chc, mch h. nAg = 32,4/108 = 0,3 mol > 2.n hn hp A vy trong A c cha HCHO (x mol) gi cng thc anhit cn li l: CnH2n+1CHO (y mol) Ta c s phn ng trng gng: HCHO 4Ag x 4x CnH2n+1CHO 2Ag y 2y Ta c h phng trnh: x + y = 0,1 (I) T h ta c x = y = 0,05 mol 4x + 2y = 0,3 (II) Gi cng thc trung bnh l: C n H2 n +1CHO

S phn ng chy: =1
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C n H2 n +1CHO n +1 CO2 0,1 mol 0,2 mol

=> n

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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

V s mol 2 anehit bng nhau nn ta c :

n1 + n 2 =1 2

vy n = 2

p n: d V d 5: Chia m gam mt anehit mch h thnh 3 phn bng nhau: Kh hon ton phn 1 cn 3,36 lt H2 (ktc) Phn 2 thc hin phn ng cng vi dung dch Brom c 8 gam Br2 tham gia phn ng. Phn 3 cho tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c x gam Ag: Gi tr ca x l: a. 21,6 gam b. 10,8 gam c. 43,2 gam d. Kt qu khc Gii: Gi cng thc ca anehit l: CnH2n+2-m-2a(CHO) m z mol Phn 1: CnH2n+2-m-2a(CHO) m + (a+m)H2 Ni CnH2n+2-m(CH2OH)m (I) z mol z (a+m)mol Phn 2: CnH2n+2-m-2a(CHO)m + a Br2 CnH2n+2-m-2aBr2a(CHO) m (II) z mol z a mol Phn 3: CnH2n+2-m-2a(CHO)m AgNO 3 / 3 2m Ag (III) NH z mol 2mz mol

Ta c: z (a+m) = 0,15 ( theo phng trnh I);* za = 8/160 = 0,05 ( theo phng trnh II);** t * v ** ta c zm = 0,1 phn 3 n Ag = 2zm = 0,1x2 = 0,2 mol vy m Ag = 0,2x108 = 21,6 gam p n a V d 6: Cho 0,15 mol mt anehit Y tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 18,6 gam mui amoni cua axit hu c. Cng thc cu to ca anehit trn l: a. C2H4(CHO) 2 c. C2H2(CHO)2 b. (CHO)2 d. HCHO

Gii: Gi cng thc ca anehit Y l: R(CHO) n

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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

Ta c s : R(CHO) n AgNO 3 / 3 R(COONH4)n NH 0,15 mol 0,15 mol MR(COONH )

4 n

18,6 = 0,15 = 124

R + 62n = 124 n=1 => R=124-62 = 62 (loi) n=2 => R=124-2x62 = 0 Vy cng thc cu to l: OHC-CHO p n b V d 7: Khi cho 0,l mol X tac dung vi dung dich AgNO3 d/NH3 ta thu c Ag kim loai. Ho tan hon ton lng Ag thu c vo dung dch HNO3 c nng d thu c 8,96 lt NO2 (KTC). X l: a. b. c. d. X la anhit hai chc X la anhitformic X l hp cht cha chc CHO Ca a, b u ng

Gii: V s mol Ag thu c bng s mol NO2 = 0,4 mol , ta thy t l nX : n p n d -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ag

= 1: 4

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Nguyn Hi Qunh: Phng GD&T huyn V Xuyn H Giang

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