22

CHUONG 2
CAC MACH TAO DAO DNG
Chng nay nhm trnh bay cac vn v tao dao ng, iu kin va c im mach
tao dao ng, n nh bin va tn s dao ng, phng phap tnh toan cac mach dao
ng 3 im in cam, 3 im in dung, mach clapp, mach dao ng ghep bin ap, mach
dao ng thach anh, mach dao ng RC...
2.1. Cac vn d chung v tao dao dng
Mach dao ng co th tao ra cac dang dao ng :
- hnh Sine (iu hoa) - xung ch nht.
- xung tam giac. - xung rng ca...
y ta xet tao dao ng hnh Sine (iu hoa) v y la dang dao ng c ban.
Cac mach dao ng hnh Sine thng c dung trong cac h thng thng tin, trong
cac may o, may kim tra, trong cac thit b y t ... Cac phn t tch cc dung tao dao
ng nh en in t, transistor lng cc, FET, KTT, hoc nh diode tunel, diode gun.
- en dung khi cn cng sut ra ln, tn s t thp n rt cao.
- KTT khi tn s yu cu thp va trung bnh.
- Transistor khi tn s yu cu cao.
Tham s c ban cua mach dao ng
- Tn s dao ng.
- Bin in ap ra.
- n nh t n s dao ng (nm trong khoang 10
- 2
10
- 6
)
- Cng sut ra.
- Hiu sut cua mach.
Nguyn tc c ban tao mach iu hoa
- Tao dao ng bng hi tip dng.
- Tao dao ng bng phng phap tng hp mach.
23
Chng nay khao sat mach dao ng theo nguyn tc mach dao ng bng hi tip
dng.
2.2. Diu kin dao dng va dc dim cua mach dao dng
2.2.1. Diu kin d mach dao dng






(A): Khi khuch ai co h s khuch ai : K = K.e
j

k

(B): Khi hi tip co h s truyn at : K
ht
= K.e
j

ht

X
r
= K
ht
. X
r

Ma X
r
= K. X
v

X
r
= K. K
ht
.X
v

Mach ch dao ng khi X
v
= X
r
, ngha la luc o ta co th ni im a va a va tn hiu
ly ra t mach hi tip c a tr lai u vao (Mach

in khng co tn hiu vao ma co
tn hiu ra).
Vy iu kin mach dao ng la :
X
r
= X
v
K. K
ht
= 1
Hay la : K K
ht
. e
j (

k +

ht)
= 1 (*)
Trong o :
K : module h s khuch ai
k
: goc pha cua b khuch ai
K
ht
: module h s hi tip
ht
: goc pha cua mach hi tip
T (*)

= + =
=
) 2 ( n 2
) 1 ( 1 K . K
ht k
ht

Vi n = 0, 1, 2, ...
K (A)
_
K
ht
(B)
_
X
r
X
V

X

r

a

a

Hnh 2.1. S khi thng quat cua mach dao ng
24
: tng dch pha cua b khuh ai va cua mach hi tip, biu th s dch pha gia
X
r
va X
v
.
Biu thc (1) : iu kin cn bng bin , cho bit mach ch co th dao ng khi h
s khuch ai cua b khuch ai bu c tn hao do mach hi tip gy ra.
Biu thc (2) : iu kin cn bng pha cho thy dao ng ch co th phat sinh khi tn
hiu hi tip v ng pha vi tn hiu vao.
2.2.2. Dc dim cua mach dao dng
1. Mach dao ng cung la mt mach khuch ai, nhng la mach khuch ai t iu
khin bng hi tip dng t u ra v u vao. Nng lng t dao ng ly t ngun
cung cp mt chiu.
2. Mach phai thoa man iu kin cn bng bin va pha.
3. Ma ch phai cha t nht mt phn t tch cc lam nhim vu bin i nng lng
mt chiu thanh xoay chiu.
4. Mach phai cha mt phn t phi tuyn hay mt khu iu chnh am bao cho
bin dao ng khng i trang thai xac lp.
2.3. n djnh bin d dao dng va tn s dao dng
2.3.1. n djnh bin d dao dng
Khi mi ong mach, nu iu kin cn bng pha c thoa man tai mt tn s nao
o, ng thi KK
ht
> 1 th mach phat sinh dao ng tn s o. Ta noi mach trang thai
qua . trang thai xac lp bin dao ng khng i ng vi K.K
ht
= 1.
am bao bin trang thai xac lp, co th thc hin cac bin phap sau y :
- Han ch bin in ap ra bng cach chon tr s in ap ngun cung cp mt
chiu thch hp.
- Dch chuyn im lam vic trn c tuyn phi tuyn cua phn t tch cc nh thay
i in ap phn cc t ln cc iu khin cua phn t khuch ai.
- Dung mach hi tip phi tuyn hoc dung phn t hiu chnh. V du in tr nhit,
in tr thng cua diode.
Tuy thuc vao mach in cu th co th ap dung mt trong cac bin phap trn.
25
2.3.2. n djnh tn s dao dng
Vn n nh tn s dao ng lin quan cht che n iu kin cn bng pha. Khi
dch pha gia in ap hi tip a v va in ap ban u thay i se dn n thay i cua
tn s dao ng.
iu kin cn bng pha : =
K
+
ht
= 2n
Cho n = 0
K
+
ht
= 0

K
,
ht
: phu thuc vao tham s m, n cua cac phn t cua mach khuch ai va mach
hi tip va phu thuc .

K
(m, ) +
ht
(n, ) = 0 (**)
Vi phn toan phn va bin i (**) ta nhn c biu thc :
d = -


+




+

ht K
ht K
dn
n
dm
m
(3)
T biu thc (3) ta suy ra cac bin phap nng cao n nh tn s :
1. Thc hin cac bin phap nhm giam s thay i tham s cua mach hi tip (dn) va
mach khuch ai (dm).
- Dung ngun n ap.
- Dung cac phn t co h s nhit nho.
- Giam anh hng cua tai n mach dao ng bng cach mc thm tng m u
ra cua tng dao ng.
- Dung cac linh kin co sai s nho.
- Dung cac phn t n nh nhit.
2. Dung cac bin phap nhm giam tc thay i goc pha theo tham s cua mach,
ngha la giam
m
K

va
m
ht

bng cach chon mach dao ng thch hp.
3. Thc hin cac bin phap lam tng tc thay i goc pha theo tn s, tc la bng


K
,


ht
xung quanh tn s dao ng bng cach s dung cac phn t co phm cht cao,
v du thach anh.
26
2.4. Cac phap tinh toan mach dao dng
2..4.1. Cac mach tuong duong cua mach dao dng dung transistor






z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
jx
1
(r
1
0)
z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
jx
2
(r
2
0)
z
3
= r
3
+ jx
3
jx
3
(r
3
0)
iu kin dao ng :
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 0
x
1
, x
2
cung du
x
1
, x
2
khac du
|x
3
| > |x
2
|
* Nu z
1
, z
2
: C z
3
: L
Ta co mach dao ng ba im in dung (Colpits)







* Nu z
1
, z
2
: L z
3
: C
Ta co mach dao ng ba im in cam (Hartley)
+
Z3
Z2
Z1
+
_
Hnh 2.2. S mach tao dao ng dung Transitor
L3
C2
C1
Hnh 2.3. Mach dao ng ba im
in dung (Colpits)
L1
L2
C2
Hnh 2.4. Mach dao ng ba im
in cam (Hartley)
27
Thng thng dung ba mach in ng ba im in dung v s n nh tt hn
nhng ba im in cam d thc hin.
* Mach bin th :






2.4.2.Phuong phap tinh toan.
Co nhiu phng phap, nhng y ta xet phng phap thng dung nht, o la tnh
toan mach dao ng theo phng phap b khuch ai co hi tip.
Xem iu kin pha a bao am (do kt cu mach am nhim).
Ta ch cn cn c vao mach in cu th xac nh h s khuch ai K va h s hi
tip K
ht
. Sau o da vao iu kin cn bng bin K.K
ht
= 1 suy ra cac thng s cn
thit cua mach, v du :
Tnh iu kin t dao ng cua mach ba im in dung dung BJT









R
E
, C
E
: thanh phn n nh nhit
R
1
, R
2
: phn cc
L2 L1 C
Hnh 2.5. Mach dao ng ghep bin ap
C3
C2
C1
L
Hnh 2.6. Mach dao ng Clapp
C
B
E
Lc
C2
C1
Vcc
Ct
R2
R1
Ce Re
L
I
V
td
Hnh 2.7. S mach dao ng ba im in dung dung Transitor
28
L
C
: cuc can cao tn giam anh hng tn s dao ng v ngun
C
t
: tu lin lac cao tn (thoat cao tn)
+ Bc 1 : Tnh h s khuch ai k :
K = - S.Z
c
= -
11
21
h
h
Z
c
S : h dn BJT
Z
c
: tr khang gia Colect va t : no la mt phn tr khang cua khung cng hng.
Z
c
= P
2
.Rt // Z
Vpa

Z
Vpa
: tr khang vao phan anh sang nhanh Colect-emit.
Nu R
1
// R
2
>> h
11
ta co :
Z
Vpa
=
2
11
2
v
n
h
n
Z
=
Trong o : n la h s phan anh. 0<n << 1
n = -
2
1
1 2 CE
BE
C
C
C j
I
:
C j
I
V
V
= =

&
&

0<n << 1 C
1
<< C
2

Rtd la tr khang cua khung cng hng tai tn s cng hng.
Rtd =
r
C
L

L : in cam cua khung cng hng
C : in dung cua khung cng hng
r : in tr tn hao cua khung cng hng
P : h s ghep cua Transistor vi khung cng hng
P =
I
C C
C C
j
C j
I
C C
C C
j
I
:
C j
I
V
V
2 1
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
1 td
CE
+
=
+
=

&
&

=
n 1
1
1
C
C
1
C C
C
C ) C C (
C C
2
1
2 1
2
1 2 1
2 1
+
=
+
=
+
=
+

29
Z
c
=
2
11
2
2
11
2
VPa
2
VPa
2
n
h
) n 1 (
Rtd
n
h
.
) n 1 (
Rtd
Z Rtd P
Z . Rtd . P
+
+
+
=
+

Z
c
=
2
11
2
11
) n 1 ( h Rtd n
h . Rtd
+ +

K = -
2
11
2
11
11
21
) n 1 ( h Rtd n
h . Rtd
.
h
h
+ +

K =
2
11
2
21
) n 1 ( h Rtd n
h . Rtd
+ +

+ Bc 2 : Xac nh h s hi tip :
K
ht
=
2
1
1 2 CE
BE
C
C
C j
I
:
C j
I
V
V
= =

&
&
= - n
+ Bc 3 : Tnh tch K.K
ht
:
K.K
ht
= n .
2
11
2
21
) n 1 ( h Rtd n
h . Rtd
+ +

+ Bc 4 : Xac nh iu kin dao ng cua mach :
K.K
ht
1
(1 + n)
2
+ n
2

11
21
11
h
h
h
Rtd
Rtd. n 0
Du = ng vi trng hp dao ng xac lp.
Du < ng vi trng hp qua luc ong mach.
+ Bc 5 : Xac nh h s hi tip cn thit mach t dao ng c.
Thng n << 1 nn biu thc trn co th vit :
n
2
.
11
21
11
h 2
h
n 2
h
Rtd
Rtd + 1 0 (*)
n
2
- 2n
Rtd
h
2
h
11 21
+ 0
Giai phng trnh bc hai nay ta nhn c :
30
n
1,2
=
Rtd
h
2
h
2
h
11
2
21 21

(*) 0 khi n
2
n n
1

Luc o mach co dao ng hnh sine ( trang thai xac lp) tai n
1
hoc n
2

V Rtd >>
2
21 11
2
21
2
h
Rtd
h
2
h

n
1
= h
21
> loai bo n
1
v iu kin n|<<1
+ Bc 6 : Xac nh tr s linh kin mc trong mach qua h s hi tip n va qua tn
s dao ng cua mach.
T gia tr n = n
2
va tm c ta co :

+
= =
= =
2 1
2 1
CH dd
2
2
1
C C
C C
L 2
1
f f
n
C
C
n
tm c L, C
1
, C
2

2.5. Mach din cac b dao dng LC
2.5.1. Vn d n djnh bin d
2.5.1.1. Ch d dao dng mm va dao dng cung
n nh bin trong cac mach dao ng LC, thng dung phng phap di
chuyn im lam vic cua phn t tch cc. in tr R
E
trong mach in tnh toan trn
lam nhim vu o.
Khi mi ong mach, nh co phn ap R
1
, R
2
nn tip giap BE cua Transistor c
nh thin va lam vic vi goc ct = 180
o
tng ng vi ch dao ng mm. H dn
S cua Transistor tai im lam vic ban u kha ln, do o KK
ht
> 1 va mach vao ch
qua . Bin dao ng tng dn lam cho ha ap trn R
E
tng dn n phn cc BE giam,
mach chuyn sang ch C ng vi goc ct < 90
o
. Tng ng vi ch dao ng
cng. ng thi h dn trung bnh giam lam cho h s khuch ai K = -
11
21
h
h
giam va tch
KK
ht
tin ti bng 1 ch xac lp.
31
Trong mach ta a dung hi tip m trn R
E
chuyn dch lam vic t khu vc co
h dn ln sang khu vc co h dn be.










2.5.2. Mach din dao dng ghep bin ap









in ap nay tao nn trong cun cam Colect dong L I
L I =
L
B
C
L
C
j
V SZ
j
V

=
n = -
L
M
LI j
MI j
V
v
CE
BE
=

= M < 0
Dong L I cam ng sang cun th cp :
I
C
V
BE
t

im lam vic tnh

Hnh 2.8. c tuyn V
BE
- I
C
cua Transitor
B
E
C
E
E
C
B
Vcc
L2
Cb
R2
R1
Re
C
Vcc
Ce
L1
V
ht
= V
B
*

*

M
Hnh 2.9. S mach tao dao ng ghep bin ap mc E chung
32
M j I V V L B ht . =

L j
M j

.S.Z
C
.
L
M
V B = .S.Z
C.
B V (1)
n < 1 v n = -
CE
CB
CE
BC
V
V
V
V
= L < L
T (1) ta thy B V va ht V ng pha th M < 0
Ngha la cun s cp va cun th cp phai cun ngc cc tnh. iu kin bin :
K.K
ht
= 1; K
ht
= - n =
L
M

K = - SZ
C
; Z
C
= P
2
.R
td
// Z
vpa
; Z
vpa
=
2
e 11
n
h

Trong o :
L e 11
2
td C
Z
1
h
n
R
1
Z
1
+ + =
S =
e 11
e 21
h
h

K
ht
= +
L
M
U
U
C
B
= = - n
Lp tch : K.K
ht
1 = (-n) . 0
h R . n
R . h . n
1
h R . n
h . R
.
h
h
e 11 td
2
td e 21
e 11 td
2
e 11 td
e 11
e 21

+

+

P
CE
CE
td
BE
V
V
V
V
= = 1
n
2
- n.h
21e
-
td
e 11
R
h
0

thay vao ta c : n
2
- n.h
21e
+
td
e 11
R
h
0
Giai ra ta c kt qua :
33
n
1,2
=
td
e 11
2
e 21 e 21
R
h
2
h
2
h

Kt qua cung ging nh mach phn trn a tnh toan
Tn s dao ng cua mach :
f =
LC 2
1

tao dao ng co tn s cao, dung s baz chung v in ap vao va ra cung pha
nn iu kin cn bng pha thoa man khi M > 0 (2 cun dy qun cung cc tnh)
iu kin bin cung ging s emit chung nu thay h
21e
, h
11e
bi h
21b
va h
11b
.

n =
L
M
L Ij
M Ij
V
V
CB
EB
=

= ; 0 < n < 1
P =
td
CB
V
V
= 1








2.5.3.Mach dao dng din cam (Hartley)


R2 R1
Ce
C
Re
Zt L
Vcc
*

*

M
Hnh 2.10. S mach tao dao ng ghep bin ap mc B chung
34


















Ta thy : X
1
= X
BE
= L
2
> o, X
2
= X
CE
= L
1
> o, X
3
= X
CB
=
c
1

< o
Thoa man iu kin cn bng v pha
iu kin cn bng bin : (tnh cho mach hnh 2.11)
K
ht
= +
1
2
1
2
CE
BE
L
L
L Ij
L Ij
V
V
=

= = - n
Va K = - SZ
C
= -
e 11
e 21
h
h
[P
2
.R
td
//
2
e 11
n
h
]
H s phan anh : n = -
1
2
CE
BE
L
L
V
V
= P : h s ghep gia transistor va mach :
E
C
E
B
R3
L1
C
L2
C2
C1
Vcc
Ce
R2
R1
Re
V
t
Hnh 2.11. S mach tao dao ng Hartley mc E chung
C
E
B
Vcc
L1
C2
C
C1
L2
Ur
R1
R2
Re
V
t
Hnh 2.12. S mach tao dao ng Hartley mc B chung
35
P =
n
V
V
V
V
U V
V
V
V
L L
L
V
V
V
V
EB
CE
EB
CE
EB CE
CE
CB
CE
CB
CE
td
CE
+
=

=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1

(iu kin L
1
va L
2
ghep long)
Thc hin tng t nh cac mac trc ta tm c bt phng trnh :
(1 + n)
2
h
11e
+ n
2
R
td
- n R
td
h
21e
0
Tn s dao ng : f
dd
f
CH
=
C ) L L ( 2
1
2 1
+

Nu ghep cht : L

= L
1
+ L
2
+ 2M
Mach Clapp :









y la bin dang cua mach ba im in dung. Nhanh in cn c thay bi mt
mach cng hng gm L, C ni tip ma tr s cua chung c chon sao cho mach co tr
khang tng ng vi mt in cam tai f = f
d
, ngha la
C
1
L
dd
dd

>

H s ghep gia transister va khung cng hng:
2
1
1 2 CE
BE
C
C
C j
I
:
C j
I
V
V
n =

= =

n
V
V
K
CE
BE
ht
= =
1
td
td 1 td
CE
C
C
C j
I
:
C j
I
V
V
P =

= =
E
Cv
Cr
C
L
C1
C2
Re
R1
R2
Ce
Vcc
C3
Rc
Hnh 2.13. S mach tao dao ng Clapp
36
Trong o :
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
2 1 td
+ + =
Thng chon C << C
1
, C
2
=> C C
td

=> 1
C
C
C
C
P
1 1
td
<< = =
Ngha la khung cng hng ghep rt long vi BJT nhm giam anh hng cua cac in
dung phn b cua phn t tch cc (BJT) (in dung ra, in dung vao) n tn s dao
ng cua mach.
Tn s dao ng cua mach :

LC 2
1
LC 2
1
f f
td
ch dd

= =
V vy C
1
, C
2
va cac in dung vao ra cua transistor hu nh khng tham gia quyt
nh tn s dao ng cua mach . Do o s Clapp cho phep tao dao ng co tn s n
nh hn cac loai s ba im khac.
Theo iu kin cn bng bin ta xac nh c B phng trnh:
0 )
C
C
( h R nh R n
2 1
e 11 td e 21 td
2
+ =
. 1
C . h n R C
C . R h n
.
n C
h R C
n
h
.
C
R C
).
h
h
).( n (
2
1 e 11
2
td
2
2
td e 21
2
2 2
e 11 td
2
2
e 11
2
td
2
e 11
e 21

+
=
T o tnh c :

2
1
t
e 11
2
e 21 e 21
2 , 1
C
C
R
h
2
h
2
h
n

=
La h s hi tip cn thit mach co dao ng xac lp khi KK
ht
= 1
0
C
C
h R . h . n R . n 0
)
C
C
( h R . n
h . n
2
1
e 11 td e 21 td
2
2
1
e 11 td
2
e 21

+
+

2.5.4. Cac mach tao dao dng dung thach anh
37
Tinh th thach anh (quartz crystal) la loai a trong m trong thin nhin co cu tao sau
mt va hai thap hai u (hnh 2.14) co nhiu nc ta. Thach anh chnh la dioxid
silicium SiO
2
cung cht lam lp cach in transitor MOSFET. tinh th thach anh co
cac truc mang tn Z, X, Y. Truc Z xuyn qua hai nh thap, truc X qua hai cach i va
thng goc vi truc Z (co 3 truc X), truc Y thng goc vi hai mt i (co 3 truc Y).
Tinh th thach anh dung trong mach dao ng la mt lat mong c ct ra t tinh th.
Tuy theo mt ct thng goc vi truc nao ma lat thach anh co dc tnh khac nhau. Thng
truc ct la AT (thng goc vi truc Y, song song vi truc X va tao vi truc Z mt goc
35
o
15

). Lat thach anh co din tch mt khoang mt n vai cm

2
c mai mong n vai
mm sao cho hai mt tht phng va tht song song. Hai mt nay c ma kim loai (vang
hay bac) va han vi hai in cc lam chn ra. K n lp thach anh c boc trong mt
lp bt cach in va c ong trong hp thit kn co hai chn lo ra, bn trong co th
c hut haut khng kh.
c tnh cua tinh th thach anh la hiu ng ap in (piezoelectric) theo o khi ta ap hai
mt cua lat thach anh th mt hiu in th xut hin gia hai mt, con khi ta keo dan hai
mt th hiu in th co chiu ngc lai. Ngc lai, di tac dung cua hiu th xoay chiu
lat thach anh se rung tn s khng i va nh vy tao tn hiu xoay chiu tn s khng
i. Tn s dao ng cua thach anh tuy thuc vao kch thc cua no (c bit la chiu
day) va mt ct. Tn s dao ng thay i theo thi gian va nhit mi trng nhng noi
chung rt n nh. Anh hng quan trong nht ln thach anh la nhit . Khi nhit thay
i, kch thc cua lat thach anh thay i dn n tn s dao ng thay i theo, nhng du
sao cung tram ngan ln n nh hn cac mach khng dung thach anh. Do o trong nhng
ng dung cn n nh tn s rt cao ngi ta phai n nh nhit thach anh. Cac ng h
ch gi (eo tay, treo tng) u du ng dao ng thach anh.








Hnh 2.14. Tinh th, cu tao va hnh dang linh kin thach anh
thach anh
bac
in cc
(chn ra)
(truc quang)
Z
Y
(truc c)
X
(truc in)
38
2.5.4.1. Tinh cht va mach tuong duong cua thach anh
L
q
, C
q
, r
q
: phu thuc kch thc
khi thach anh va cach ct khi
thach anh.
C
q
: in dung tao bi 2 ma ghep
vi u ra.
Thng thng r
q
rt nho co th bo
qua.

+ Thach anh c cu tao t SiO
2
, c s dung khi yu cu mach dao ng co tn
s n nh cao v h s phm cht Q cua no rt ln.
+ Thach anh co tnh cht ap in : in trng - sinh dao ng c hoc va dao ng
c hoc - sinh ra in tch.
Do o co thdung thach anh nh mt khung cng hng.
Bo qua r
q
(r
q
= 0) th tr khang tng ng cua thach anh c xac nh :
) C . C . L C C (
1 c L
j
c j
1
L j
L j
1
c j
1
.
c j
1
L j
X Z
q p q
2
p p
q
2
q
q
q
q q
q
q q
+

=

+ +

+
= (*)
Goi f
d
la tn s dao ng cua 1 mach
T (*) thach anh co 2 tn s cng hng:
- Tn s cng hng ni tip f
q
ng vi Z
q
= 0
q q
q
C . L 2
1
f

=


Nu f
d
< f
q
- TA C
Nu f
q
< f
d
< f
q
- TA L
Nu f
d >
f
p
TA C
- Tn s cng hng song song : f
p
ng vi Z
q
=
B
A
B
A
C
p

r
q
C
q
L
q
Hnh 2.15. Ky hiu va mach tng
ng cua thach anh
39
p
q
q
td
p q q
q q
C
C
1 f
LC 2
1
C C L
C C
2
1
f + =

=
+

=
Trong o :
p q
p q
td
C C
C C
C
+
= C
q
ni tip C
p
Khi C
p
>> C
q
=> f
p
f
q

Cac thng s c trng cua T.A:
f
q
: 1 KH
3
100MH
3

r
q
~ 0

q q
q
td
r C
L
R = rt ln


5 4
q
q
q
q
q
td
10 10
r
C
L
L
C
R Q = = = rt ln
n nh tn s :

8 6
0
10 10
f
f

thay i tn s cng hng cua thach anh trong mt pham vi hep, ngi ta mc
ni tip thach anh vi mt tu bin i C
s
nh hnh ve.



Tn s cng hng ni tip cua no :
s q
q
q
/
q
C C
C
1 f f
+
+ =
Lng thay i tn s do mc thm C
s
vao:
s q
q
s p
q
q
q
/
q
q
C C
C
2
1
1
C C
C
1
f
f f
f
f
+
=
+
+ =

C
S
q

Hnh 2.17
Ni tip
Song song
f
p
f
q
f

jX
q
Hnh 2.16. c tnh in khang cua thach anh
40
2.5.4.2. Mach din b tao dao dng vung thach anh voi tn s cng huong song song










Nhanh thach anh mc ni tip vi tu C
s
tng ng vi 1 in cam mach co th dao
ng di dang 3 im in dung.
Luc o phai chon thach anh sao cho:
f
q
< f
dd
< f
p
va
td dd
s dd
L
c
1
<

2.5.4.3. Mach din b tao dao dng dung thach anh voi tn s cng huong ni tip











R
b

Rc
R
e
C
2
C
1
V
cc
C
e
C
S
q

Hnh 2.18. Mach b dao ng dung thach anh vi tn s cng hng song song
V
cc
R
1
R
2

Cs
C
e

R
e

q
Hnh 2.19. Mach dao ng dung thach anh vi
tn s cng hng ni tip, ghep bin ap, EC
L
3
C
2
C
1
R
2
R
1
R
e

V
cc
C
3
q
Hnh 2.20. Mach dao ng thach anh vi tn s
cng hng ni tip, ba im in dung, BC
41







Trong 3 s trn, thach anh c mc hi tip va ong vai tro nh 1 phn t ghep
co tnh chon loc i vi tn s.
Khi f
d
~ f
q
(ni tip)

th tr khang X
q
= 0 - ha ap trn thach anh nho lam in ap
hi tip v tng ln va mach tao ra dao ng vi tn s f
dd
~ f
q

2.5.5. Mach din cac b tao dao dng RC
c im chung cua cac b tao dao ng RC:
1. Thng dung pham vi tn s thp thay cho cac b LC v kch thc cua b tao
dao ng LC tn s thp qua ln.
2. Khng co cun cam, do o co th ch tao no di dang vi mach
3. Trong b dao ng RC - f
dd
t l vi 1/C, con trong b dao ng LC th f
dd
t l
vi
C
1
trong b dao ng RC d dang thay i f
dd
vi b dao ng LC
4. Yu cu b dao ng RC lam vic ch A giam meo
5. V khu hi tip (gm cac phn t R,C) phu thuc tn s, nn mach se tao c
dao ng tai tn s ma iu kin pha c thoa man
B dao ng RC dung mach di pha trong mach hi tip:






V
cc
C
k
L
k

R
e
R
3
R
4
T
2
R
c
R
e
R
1
R
2

T
1

C
1
q
Hnh 2.21. Mach b dao ng dung thach anh vi tn s cng
hng ni tip hi tip qua hai tng khuch ai
V
r

R
1
R
2
C
R
C
R R
C
V
1
I
1
I
2
I
3
V
2
Hnh 2.22. Mach dao ng RC
42
H phng trnh :

2 3
3 2
3 2 1
1 2 1
0 2
1
0 2
1
1
V RI
I R
C j
RI
RI I R
C j
RI
V RI I R
C j
&
&
=
=

+ +
=

+ +
=

H s truyn at cua mach :

+ = =
RC RC
j
RC V
V
K

6
) (
1
) (
5
1
3 2
2
1
&
&

* Phn ao = 0
RC . 6
1
=
Thay
RC . 6
1
= vao phn thc ta tnh c iu kin cn bng bin :
2 1
2
1
2
29 29
29 30 1
) . (
5
1
R R
R
R
K
C R
K
= = =
= = =

Mach dao ng dung mach loc T va T - kep trong mach hi tip :







Vi mach loc T, vit phng trnh dong in cho nut 1 va 2, t o xac nh c h s
truyn at:
R
V
1

V
2
R
C
C
1 2
1
2 3
C
C
V
2
V
1
R R
C/2 2R
Hnh 2.23. Mach b dao ng dung mach loc T va
T kep trong hi tip
43
RC
1
a do trong
a 3 j 1 a
a 2 j 1 a
U
U
H
2
2
v
r
ht

=
+
+
= =

2 2 2
2
ht
2 2 2
2 2 2
ht
a 6 ) 1 a (
) a 1 ( a
arctg
a 9 ) 1 a (
a 4 ) 1 a (
K
+

=

+
+
=

ht
= 0 khi a = 1 tc
RC
1
dd
=
Thay a = 1 vao k
ht
ta tm c :
3
2
K K
htmun ht
= =
Vi mach loc T kep:
a j a
a
V
V
K
ht
4 ) 1 (
1
2
2
1
2
+

= = vi
RC
1
a

=
T o ta suy ra : 2 phng trnh Module va pha:
2 2
ht
2 2 2
2
ht
a 1
a 4
arctg
1 a
a 4
arctg
a 16 ) 1 a (
1 a
K

=
+

=

Khi a = 1
RC
1
dd
= va
2
ht

=
Va K
ht
= K
htmun
= 0
Mach tao dao ng vung KTT co mach T trong mach ni tip:







V
r

R
2
R
1
R
R
C
C
Hnh 2.24. Mach b dao ng dung KTT co
mach loc T trong mach hi tip
44
R
1
, R
2
: Mach hi tip dng; T : Hi tip m
Tai
3
2
) ( K :
ht dd
=
V K
o
cua KTT rt ln =>
) ( K K
ht ht
) (
=
+
va
1 2
2 1
2
ht
R 2 R
3
2
R R
R
K
) (
= =
+
=
+

Chnh la iu kin cn bng bin cua mach.