Cng ngh FDMA Cng ngh FDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo tn s.

Ph tn s qui nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh 2N di tn s k tip, cch nhau mt di tn phng v. Mi di tn c gn cho mt knh lin lc. N di tn dnh cho lin lc hng ln, sau mt di tn phn cch l N di tn k tip dnh cho lin lc hng xung . c im: mi MS oc cp pht i knh lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn. Nhiu giao thao do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l rt ng k BTS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi mi MS trong t bo. H thng FDMA in hnh l h thng di ng AMPS (Advanced mobile phone system) . Cng ngh TDMA Cng ngh TDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian. Ph tn s quy nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh di tn lin lc, mi di tn lin lc ny c dng chung cho N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi gian trong chu k 1 khung. Tin tc c t chc di dng gi, mi gi c bt ch th u gi, th ch cui gi, cc bt ng b, cc bt bo v v cc bt d liu . c im: Tn hiu ca thu bao c truyn dn s. Lin lc song cng mi hng thuc di tn lin lc khc nhau. Gim nhiu giao thao, gim s my thu pht BTS. Fading v tr truyn dn l nhng vn k thut rt phc tp, ngoi ra ISI (giao thao cc k hiu) hay mt ng b cng l nhng vn cn gii quyt. H thng TDMA in hnh l h thng di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). Cng ngh CDMA Cng ngh CDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo m. Mi MS c gn mt m ring bit v k thut tri ph tn hiu gip cho cc MS khng gy nhiu ln nhau trong iu kin

cng mt lc dng chung di tn s. Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn 71 c im: di tn tn hiu rng hng trm Mhz, s dng k thut tri ph phc tp. K thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng trng rt nh v chng pha inh hiu qu hn FDMA hay TDMA. Vic cc thu bao MS trong t bo dng chung tn s khin cho thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin, vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn l vn phc tp, chuyn giao tr nn mm do hn, iu khin dung lng trong t bo rt linh hot. H thng CDMA cng p dng k thut nn s nh TDMA, nhng vi tc bit thay i theo tch cc thoi, nn tn hiu thoi c tc bit trung bnh nh hn. 2.1.1. Tng i chuyn mch s Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, xut hin th h tng i in t s l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t s u tin iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn c gii thiu ti M vo nm 1965. Sau , hng lot cc tng i in t s thng mi ra i. Cc th h tng i u tin s dng h thng chuyn mch s, song cc mch giao tip thu bao vn l Analog. Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng thng minh, v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li. Ngy nay, s bng n ca mng Internet tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh v truyn thng tr thnh mt bi ton mang tnh thi s. Mt mng c th cho php truyn thng bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi. Tc cao v m bo cht lng phc v (QoS) tr thnh nhng vn cp thit cn phi

gii quyt. Cc h thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cng vi cc ch tiu k thut v giao thc mi. 2.1.1.1. Phn cp cc h thng tng i Thng thng cc h thng chuyn mch c phn cp trong mng. ITU-T khuyn ngh 35 cp cho mt quc gia, tuy nhin hin nay ang c xu hng gim s cp mng n nh hn v mt ng b. Sau y l mt v d v phn cp cc h thng tng i: - Tng i ni ht (lp 5). N c giao din trc tip vi cc thu bao v u ni ti tng i lin tnh (Toll) qua cc ng trung k. Cc tng i ny c chc nng ghi thng tin cc thu bao. - Tng i qu giang v lin i, lin tnh (lp 4). Hu ht tt c cc tng i lp 5 u u ni ti tng i lin tnh. Cc tng i qu giang chuyn mch cc lu lng trung k ti tng i lin tnh cp cao hn. Dch v iu hnh cc c th cung cp bi cc tng i ny. Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch 82 - Tng i lin tnh (lp 3). Tng i lin tnh s cp c th trc tip phc v cc tng i lp 4 v lp 5 ph thuc vo trin khai cc ng trung k. Ni cch khc, nu trong iu kin bnh thng cc ng trung k b ht, th lu lng t cc lp tng i thp hn c th n thng lp 3. Cc tng i lp 3 c kh nng lu tr, sa i, tin bin dch, bin dch hoc bin i m cc con s nhn c cng nh l tm tuyn hiu qu nht ti cc tng i cp cao hn. - Tng i lin vng (lp 2). C chc nng nh mt trung tm chuyn mch lin tnh v c th nm trong s cc tng i lp 1. - Tng i ca quc t (lp 1). Cc tng i ny truy nhp trc tip ti cc tng i ca ca cc nc khc. N cng cung cp tr gip iu hnh quc t. u im ca mng phn cp l n cung cp mt c ch tm tuyn ng hiu qu qua

mng. Nhc im l nu cc tng i lin tnh hay lin vng c s c th mt vng rng ln s b cch ly. C th d phng mt vi hng thay th nhng chng cng khng th ti dch v. 2.1.1.2. Cu trc chc nng ca tng i k thut s Chc nng chnh ca h thng tng i l chuyn mch. Trng chuyn mch ca tng i k thut s SPC c cu to t nhiu phn t chuyn mch v c iu khin bi phn mm theo chng trnh ghi sn. Cc ma trn chuyn mch c sp xp nh th no l do thit k ca nh sn xut, nhng u da trn cc phn t chuyn mch c bn l n v chuyn mch theo thi gian (T) hay chuyn mch khng gian (S). M hnh n gin nht ca mt trng chuyn mch ch ra trn hnh 2.1. Hnh 2.1. M hnh h thng chuyn mch n gin Nhim v quan trng nht ca trng chuyn mch l thc hin qu trnh u ni cho mt u vo ti mt u ra (tuyn s liu, khe thi gian, ) di s iu khin ca b x l trung tm. V mt vt l, trng chuyn mch c th c cc cu trc ghp hp TS, ST, STS,TST, TSSST, TTT. Tuy nhin, cu trc ghp TST ang s dng ph bin nht v hiu qu kinh t, cc ch tiu k thut, dung lng v mt s u im khc. Ti trng chuyn mch, cc ma trn chuyn mch tng S c cu to t cc phn t logic AND hoc phn t 3 trng thi di s iu khin ca cc b vi x l cc b, cn cc chuyn mch tng T l cc b nh truy xut ngu nhin (RAM) v cng c iu khin bi cc b vi x l cc b. Trn hnh 2.1 ch th hin mt cch n gin vn iu khin trng chuyn mch. Trn thc t ti cc tng i qu trnh iu khin thng phn cp thnh nhiu mc, th hin c cu iu khin phn tn ti cc b x l bn trong. Mt s h thng chuyn mch dung lng nhChng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch 83

thng s dng c cu iu khin tp trung, c th hiu l ton b hot ng iu hnh h thng nm trong mt nhm b x l duy nht. Cc b x l cp thp c iu khin bi cc b x l cp cao v thng thng c mt b hoc nhm b x l lp thnh trung tm x l, c trch nhim qun l v iu hnh ton b h thng chuyn mch s. C th m rng khi nim v h thng chuyn mch s bng vic xt thm cc khi chc nng theo hng phc v cho thu bao v cc ng dy trung k (hnh 2.2). Cc module trung k (TM) v thu bao (LM) l nhng khi hp nht ca h thng chuyn mch. Chng i din cho cc ng dy thu bao hoc nhm trung k ging nhau trn mt l mch in, gi l thit b ng dy hoc thit b trung k, v c u ni ti trng chuyn mch qua giao din iu khin. Trng chuyn mch B x l trung tm Cc b /k Module ng dy Module trung k Module ng dy Module trung k Li vo Li ra

Hnh 2.2 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc module ng dy v trung k Cc h thng chuyn mch s s dng nhiu cch khc nhau kt ni cc ng dy thu bao trong module ng dy. Mt vi h thng chuyn mch s cho php kt cui khng ch mt ng dy trn mt module ng dy m cn cho php nhm nhiu ng kt cui ti mt module ng dy. Cc kiu kt ni ny u c u im v c nhc im. Nu mt module ng dy nhiu ng c cht lng km, n c th nh hng ti mt s ng dy trong module . Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mt thit b ng dy hng, th c th d dng ci t li sang thit b ng dy mi nu module gm nhiu ng dy thu bao. Tng t i vi vic s dng cc trung k trn module trung k. Trong cc h thng chuyn mch hin i c th thm vo cc phn t module ng dy hay trung k m khng phi lp mi h thng. iu ny cho php d dng pht trin v cung cp cc dch v mi. Tc dng ca tng thit k ny l m bo cho h thng tin cy nht nh khi h thng hon ton hot ng t ng. Hng pht trin tip theo tp trung vo phn iu khin h thng. Ti y pht trin cc khi nim x l phn tn trong mi trng h thng chuyn mch s (hnh 2.3). Trn hnh v c th thy rng b iu khin tp trung c thay th bng cc b x l iu khin phn tn, thm vo l b x l iu khin module ng dy v trung k. Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch 84 Trng chuyn mch B x l trung tm Cc b /k Module

ng dy Module trung k Module ng dy Module trung k Li vo Li ra I C I C Cc b /k Hnh 2.3 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc b iu khin cc b Nhim v iu khin h thng chuyn mch c phn b cho hng lot cc b x l iu khin cc khi chuyn mch cng nh l cc nhm module thu bao v trung k. B x l trung tm iu khin hot ng ca cc b iu khin ny. Kiu kin trc ny rt mm do v cho php xy dng cc tng i c dung lng khc nhau nh qu trnh tng s lng b x l iu khin mng. V d, mt tng i nh c th cu hnh ch mt b x l iu khin ton b, trong khi cu hnh ca tng i ln hn c th c ca vi b x l iu khin cc b. Kh nng x l

b vi x l iu khin trung tm, cc b vi x l iu khin mng v kch thc mng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh dung lng ti a ca h thng. trng chuyn mch ca tng i hot ng c hiu qu, cc knh tn hiu s thng c ghp li c lung tc cao nht v ng nht cho tt c cc li vo c tc khc nhau.

Thut ng ch lung tc cao l Highway (HW). Tc HW c th bng bao nhiu l tu thuc vo tng tng i c th. Chnh v vy, trc khi i vo trng chuyn mch chnh, thng thng h thng tng i c cc mch giao tip IC vi cc chc nng ghp knh, ghp lung, tp trung lu lng hoc tng t nh vy. hon tt cc khi nim c bn v mt tng i in t s, ta xem xt thm cc khi chc nng dch v h thng, trong quan trng nht l khi chc nng bo hiu. S h thng tng i vi cc khi chc nng dch v th hin trn hnh 2.4. Mc ch ca cc mch iu khin dch v l cung cp m mi quay s, chung, v cc chc nng lin quan khc. Trong h thng chuyn mch s hin i mi mt module ng dy hoc trung k hoc nhm module c th u ni ti mt mch iu khin phc v. Cc mch phc v to ra cc tn hiu c bn kt ni cc h thng tng i trong mng cng nh thc hin chc nng iu hnh trong mng ni chung. Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch 85 Trng chuyn mch B x l trung tm Cc b /k Module ng dy Module trung k Module

ng dy Module trung k Li vo Li ra I C I C Cc b /k SC SC Hnh 2.4: M hnh h thng chuyn m