B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn

Trng i hc Lm nghip

CNG NGHIN CU
Lun vn Thc s Khoa hc Lm nghip

Tn ti:

nh gi nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng thng xanh lm c s xy dng chnh sch v dch v mi trng ti tnh Dk Nng

Ngi thc hin: Phm Tun Anh

Dk Lk, thng 7 nm 2006

B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn

Trng i hc Lm nghip

CNG NGHIN CU
Lun vn Thc s khoa hc Lm nghip

Tn ti:

nh gi nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng thng xanh lm c s xy dng chnh sch v dch v mi trng ti tnh Dk Nng

Ngi hng dn khoa hc : PGS.TS. Bo Huy

Ngi thc hin: Phm Tun Anh

Dk Lk, thng 7 nm 2006

2

Mc lc
Trang

Danh mc cc bng biu ......................................................................4 Danh mc cc hnh v s ................................................................4 Danh mc cc t vit tt.......................................................................4 t vn ............................................................................................5 1 Tng quan vn nghin cu.......................................................7 1.1 Th gii ..................................................................................7 1.2 Trong nc ..........................................................................18 1.3 Tho lun v tng quan nghin cu.....................................20 2 Mc tiu, ni dung v phng php nghin cu.........................21 2.1 Mc tiu nghin cu.............................................................22 2.2 Gi nh nghin cu .............................................................22 2.3 Phm vi v i tng nghin cu ........................................22 2.4 Ni dung nghin cu ............................................................23 2.5 Phng php nghin cu ....................................................24 3 4 5 K hoch thc hin ti............................................................30 iu kin thc hin ti............................................................30 Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................32

Danh mc cc bng biu

Bng 1: Lng pht thi kh CO2 ca mt s quc gia trn th gii (theo World Ressources, 1990 1991) .......................................................................................11 Bng 2: Lng Carbon tch ly trong cc kiu rng (Theo Woodwell, Pecan, 1973) .........................................................................................................................13 Bng 3: Khung logic nghin cu ...........................................................................29 Bng 4: K hoch thc hin ti .......................................................................30

Danh mc cc hnh v s
Hnh1: S phn b pht thi CO2 trn th gii vo kh quyn (Theo D.Dubrana, 1991) .........................................................................................................................10 Hnh 2: Chu trnh carbon ton cu (Theo Schimel, 2001) ....................................12 Hnh 3: Lng carbon c lu gi trong thc vt v di mt t theo cc kiu s dng rng nhit i Brazil, Cameroon, Indonesia (Joyotee, 2002) ...14 Hnh 4: M hnh hm 1/2 log biu din s suy gim lng C tch lu trong cc kiu s dng rng nhit i Brazil, Cameroon, Indonesia (Bo Huy, 2005) ..14 Hnh 5: S logic trong tip cn nghin cu ca ti ...................................21

Danh mc cc t vit tt
CBA CDB CDM FAO Cost benefit analysis - Phn tch hiu qu chi ph Conference biodiversity - Hi ngh a dng sinh hc Clean development mechanistm - C ch pht trin sch Food and agriculture organization - T chc Lng thc nng nghip th gii GIS KNK RUPES Geographycal information system - H thng thng tin a l Kh nh knh n p cho ngi ngho vng cao chu bo tn v ci thin mi trng m h cung cp UNFCCC Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu
4

t vn
Ngy nay, s gia tng nng CO2 trong kh quyn l mi quan tm ton cu. Cc nh nghin cu lo ngi rng s gia tng cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh, c bit l kh CO2, chnh l nhn t gy nn nhng bin i bt ng v khng lng trc ca kh hu. Trong khi rng c vai tr iu tit kh hu, c bit l kh nng hp th kh thi CO2. iu quan tm hin nay l lm th no c lng, d bo kh nng hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng v cc phng thc qun l rng lm c s khuyn khch, xy dng c ch chi tr dch v mi trng. y chnh l nhng vn cn thiu nhiu nghin cu Vit Nam. Nhit b mt tri t c to nn do s cn bng gia nng lng mt tri n b mt tri t v nng lng bc x ca tri t vo khong khng gian bn ngoi hnh tinh chng ta. Nng lng mt tri ch yu l cc tia sng ngn d dng xuyn qua ca s kh quyn. Trong khi , bc x ca tri t l sng di c nng lng thp, d dng b kh quyn gi li. Cc tc nhn gy ra s hp th bc x sng di trong kh quyn l kh CO2, bi, hi nc, kh mtan, kh CFC...Kt qu ca s trao i khng cn bng v nng lng gia tri t vi khng gian xung quanh, dn n s gia tng nhit ca kh quyn tri t. Hin tng ny din ra theo c ch tng t nh nh knh trng cy v c gi l hiu ng nh knh. Tiu th nhin liu ha thch cng vi nhng hot ng khc ca con ngi l nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy nn nhng bin ng v nng CO2 trong kh quyn. S gia tng kh CO2 v cc kh nh knh khc trong kh quyn lm nhit tri t tng. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc, khi nng CO2 trong kh quyn tng gp i, th nhit b mt tri t tng ln khong 3oC. Cc s liu nghin cu cho thy nhit tri t tng 0,5oC trong khong thi gian t 1885-1940, do thay i ca nng CO2 trong kh quyn t 0,027% ln 0,035%. D bo, nu khng c bin php khc phc hiu ng nh knh, nhit tri t s tng ln 1,5- 4,5oC vo nm 2050. Vai tr gy nn hiu ng nh knh
5

ca cc cht kh c xp theo th t CO2, CFC, CH4, O3, NO2. S gia tng nhit tri t do hiu ng nh knh c tc ng mnh m ti nhiu mt ca mi trng tri t. K t nhng nm 1860, khi nn cng nghip pht trin cng vi nhng cnh rng b thu hp lm cho CO2 trong kh quyn tng ln ti mc 100 phn triu v nhit Bc bn cu cng tng ln. V hin tng ny c xu hng gia tng nhanh hn k t nhng nm 1950. Trong khi , rng l b cha carbon, n c vai tr c bit quan trng trong cn bng O2 v CO2 trong kh quyn, do vy n c nh hng ln n kh hu tng vng cng nh ton cu. Rng c nh hng ln n nhit tri t thng qua iu ho cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh m quan trng nht l CO2. Hng nm c khong 100 t tn CO2 c c nh bi qu trnh quang hp do cy xanh thc hin v mt lng tng t c tr li kh quyn do qu trnh h hp ca sinh vt. Tuy nhin tc ng ca con ngi lm tng nhanh lng CO2 vo kh quyn, tnh t nm 1958 n 2003 th lng CO2 trong kh quyn tng ln 5%. Nu ton b sinh khi ca rng ma nhit i b t trong vng 50 nm ti th lng CO2 thi ra cng vi lng khng c hp th t rng ma s lm tng lng CO2 trong kh quyn gp i hin nay v nhit tri t s tng ln 2 - 50C, lm cho bng 2 cc tan dn n nhng thay i i vi cc h sinh thi dy Himalaya, dy Andes v mc nc bin s dng ln 1-3m lm ngp cc vng thp ven bin pha nam ca Bangladesh, ng bng sng Mkng Vit Nam v mt phn ln din tch cc bang Florida v Louisiana ca M, nhiu hn o trn Thi Bnh Dng s bin mt trn bn th gii [3]. Trn thc t lng CO2 hp th ph thuc vo kiu rng, trng thi rng, loi cy u th, tui lm phn [3]. Do vic qun l chu trnh CO2 trong iu ha kh hu, gim tc hi hiu ng nh knh i hi phi c nhng nghin cu, nh gi v kh nng hp th ca tng kiu thm ph c th lm c s lng ha nhng gi tr kinh t m rng mang li nhm a ra chnh sch chi tr cho cc ch rng v cc cng ng vng cao.

Mt khc, trn th gii, vic nghin cu lng ha nhng gi tr v mt mi trng ca rng mi trong giai on khi u v hon ton mi Vit Nam. Chnh v vy, nghin cu s tch ly carbon trong thc vt thn g xc nh gi tr kinh t i vi chc nng phng h mi trng sinh thi ca rng t nhin ni chung, rng thng xanh ni ring l mt hng nghin cu mi cn quan tm. Kt qu nhng nghin cu mang tnh nh lng ny s l c s xc nh gi tr chi tr cho cc ch rng. Nu iu ny c thc thi s l ngun ng lc rt ln i vi cc ch rng v cc cng ng sng gn rng. Trong bi cnh , cc vn nghin cu c t ra nh sau: Lm th no lng ha c nng lc hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng khc nhau v cc i tng rng c qun l khc nhau. Hiu qu kinh t ca qun l rng gn vi dch v mi trng so vi qun l rng truyn thng. gii quyt cc vn nu trn, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti: nh gi nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng thng xanh lm c s xy dng chnh sch dch v mi trng ti tnh Dk Nng

1 Tng quan vn nghin cu

1.1 Th gii Nh bc hc Php Lavoisier (1672 1725) l ngi u tin pht hin ra cc thnh phn c bn ca khng kh. Khng kh ca kh quyn cha nhiu loi kh khc nhau: oxy, nit, dioxit carbon, zn, mtan, oxit nit, oxit lu hunh, neon, kripton, radon, hli... v mt lng hi nc rt thay i. Ngoi ra cn c nhng loi kh nhn to do con ngi to ra nh cc freonTrong nit chim t l cao nht vi khong 75%, tip theo l oxy: 21%, cc kh t nhin khc c t l thp nh CO2 vi 0,03%, acgon 0,93%; cc kh him thng l kh tr nh neon c hm lng 18ml/ m3 khng kh, hli 5ml/ m3 v kripton 1ml/ 1m3 khng kh v.vNgoi ra cn c cc cht phng x t nhin vi t l rt thp 6.10-8 [11].

Tri qua nhiu th k, hm lng cc cht kh vn c trong khng kh b bin ng hoc xut hin nhng loi kh mi do con ngi to ra. iu dn ti s nhim khng kh. Ngi ta nh ngha v nhim khng kh nh sau: Khng kh gi l b nhim khi thnh phn ca n b thay i hay c s hin din ca nhng cht l, gy ra nhng tc hi m khoa hc chng minh c hay gy ra s kh chu i vi con ngi[11]. Khi m mt trong nhng thnh phn kh ni trn ca kh quyn tng ln hay gim i n mt mc no - thng l do hot ng ca con ngi - th gy nn nhim khng kh, nh hng xu n mi trng sng v cc h sinh thi ca sinh quyn. Nhng nghin cu v s bin ng kh CO2 trong kh quyn Hm lng kh CO2 trong kh quyn hin nay l 0.35% v t l ny ang c xu hng gia tng. nh gi hm lng dioxit carbon ca khng kh tri t ca thi k xa xa, cc nh nghin cu Lin X c, ly cc mu bng trong cc chm ni bng dy 3 400m (c nin i 160 thin nin k) cc su khc nhau. Kt qu phn tch cc mu bng Bc cc ni trn ca cc nh khoa hc X Vit v cc mu bng o Grinlen ca cc nh khoa hc Grenoble v Berne ca Php v Thy S u cho thy rng khng kh b nht trong cc khi bng cha hm lng dioxit carbon l 0.020%, tc 200ppm1. Cc gi tr thp hn
1

/3 so vi mc thi k tin cng nghip (trc cuc cch mng cng nghip

cui th k 18) l 279 280ppm v vo cui th k 19, t l tng ln 290ppm. Kt qu phn tch ca i thin vn Mauna Loa (trn o Ha oai) cho bit hm lng CO2 kh quyn nm 1958 l 315ppm. n nm 1989 vic phn tch cho thy hm lng dioxit carbon tng ln 350ppm v n nm 1990 l 354ppm. Nh vy, trong thi gian khong 1 th k, ngha l t nm 1850 n nay, hm lng dioxit carbon trong kh quyn tng ln 25%. Vic o lng loi kh

ppm: (percent per millions) 1 phn triu

ny trong bng ca cc cc i cho thy r t 150 thin nin k nay cha bao gi hm lng dioxit carbon trong kh quyn li tng ln nhanh n nh vy. Hin nay hm lng CO2 tng ln u n mi nm 1.4ppm. Ngi ta c on n nm 2030, hm lng dioxit carbon ca kh quyn Tri t ln ti 600ppm (0.06%) gp i hm lng ca th k 19 [11]. S tng cao hm lng CO2 trong khng kh s dn ti nhiu hu qu do nhim mi trng. S tng cao ny n mt mc no s gy hi cho s sng ca con ngi v sinh vt. C 2 cu tinh c kh nng hp th mt khi lng ln dioxit carbon pht thi vo khng kh bi con ngi l i dng v thm thc vt, nh m hm lng CO2 lm nhim khng kh gim i. Trc y, cc nh khoa hc cho rng mt na khi lng dioxit carbon tch t trong khng kh, phn cn li do i dng v cy xanh hp th. Ngy nay, cc o lng ca cc nh khoa hc cho thy thm thc vt thu gi 1 tr lng CO2 ln hn mt na khi lng cht kh sinh ra t s t chy cc nhin liu ha thch trn th gii. V t nguyn liu carbon ny hng nm thm thc vt trn Tri t to ra c 150 t tn vt cht kh thc vt. Khm ph ny cng khng nh thm vai tr ca cy xanh: vic trng nhiu cy xanh lm gim hm lng dioxit carbon kh quyn hay ngc li vic ph rng lm tng hm lng trong kh quyn. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra nhim khng kh bi dioxit carbon v nhng dn liu c lin quan n s bin ng CO2 trong kh quyn: - Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh my cng nghip v cc hot ng khc ca con ngi trn ton cu t chy cc nhin liu ha thch (than , du m v kh t) hn 10 t tn quy ra than trong mt nm. chnh l nguyn nhn lm gia tng hm lng dioxit carbon trong kh quyn. - T nhng kt qu nghin cu ca mnh, Vin Ti nguyn th gii (World Ressousces Institute) cho rng x hi loi ngi t 1860 1949 thi vo kh quyn khong 51 t tn carbon di dng dioxit carbon thng qua hnh thc duy nht l s dng cc nhin liu ha thch. Sau nhp thi kh CO2 gia tng
9

v t ti 130 t tn b sung t 1950 n 1987. Nu ngi ta cng thm vo khi lng kh carbonic pht thi do vic t ph rng t 1860 th n nm 1987 khi lng carbon thi vo kh quyn t ti tng s 241 t tn ch trong vng hn mt th k. - Cc s liu nu ln bi cc c quan nghin cu ca cc nc khc nhau, d c din t di nhng hnh thc v kt qu khc nhau u khng nh rng s gia tng hm lng CO2 trong kh quyn l mt iu xc thc. Hin nay, ngi ta c tnh rng hng nm vic t nhin liu ha thch pht thi vo kh quyn 5,5 t tn dioxit carbon. - T l pht thi CO2 trn ton cu c thng k nh sau: M v Canada 27%, Lin X c v ng u 25%, Ty u 17%, Trung Quc 9%, Nht Bn, xtralia v Niu Ziln 8% v cc nc cn li 14% (theo D.Dubrana, 1991).
Nht, c, Niuziln: 8% Cc nc khc: 14% M - Canada: 27%

Lin x v ng u: 25%

Ty u: 17% Trung Quc: 9%

Hnh1: S phn b pht thi CO2 trn th gii vo kh quyn (Theo D.Dubrana, 1991)

- M l quc gia ng u th gii v gy nhim khng kh bi CO2 v cc loi kh thi khc. M, Canada v Mhic tiu th gn 40% nng lng ha thch tiu th trn th gii. - Ti hi ngh Manila 1995, cc quc gia cng nghip phng Ty b t co l th phm gy nhim mi trng: hng nm pht thi vo kh quyn 23 t tn kh CO2 ph hoi lp zn. - Cn chu , Trung Quc l nc ng u trong pht thi CO2 v cc kh khc vo mi trng (6,6% trong tng s), tip theo l Nht Bn (chim 3.9% trong tng s) [11].
10

Bng 1: Lng pht thi kh CO2 ca mt s quc gia trn th gii (theo World Ressources, 1990 1991)
Quc gia
M Trung Quc Nht Bn Innxia Philippin Vit Nam Malaixia

Th hng
1 4 6 9 18 28 37

T l % trong tng s
17.8 6.6 3.9 2.4 1.2 0.7 0.4

- Hot ng giao thng vn ti cng l mt nguyn nhn quan trng lm pht thi kh carbonic v cc loi kh khc. Mt nghin cu cho bit hot ng ca cc t M trong mt nm pht thi vo khng kh khong 72 triu tn CO2. - Cc v n ht nhn hay cc tn la ht nhn t chy mt khi lng xy rt ln v cng to ra mt khi lng dioxit carbon khng l. - Vic t rng lm ry v nn ph rng cc nc ang pht trin cng vi nn chy rng khp cc Chu lc lm pht sinh mt lng dioxit carbon khng km phn quan trng. - Cc vt dng nh t lnh, my iu ha nhit cng gp phn lm tng nng CO2 trong khng kh. - Hot ng t nhin nh phn xut ca ni la hng nm trn th gii cng lm sn sinh ra mt lng kh CO2 v SO2 ln. H Nyos Cameroon nm gn trong ming ni la, lm nc h cha mt khi lng CO2 ln l 200 triu m3 v vy m t nc h bc ln 1 m my dioxit carbon ph quanh h, c ln lm cht ngt 1 700 ngi sng xung quanh h v mi sinh vt khi i qua. H Monuon cch 100km, nc h su 96m v cha n 15 triu m3 dioxit carbon v lun pht thi vo khng kh xung quanh v c ln git cht 37 ngi sng gn [11]. Nhng nghin cu v s tch ly carbon trong cc h sinh thi
11

Theo Schimel v cng s, trong chu trnh carbon ton cu, lng carbon lu tr trong thc vt thn g v trong lng t khong 2.5Tt2, trong khi kh quyn ch cha 0.8Tt.
Kh quyn = 760 Tch lu 3.3 0.2

Nhin liu ho thch v SX Ciment 6.3 0.6 Sn lng s cp ton cu

Hp th b mt 0.7 1.0

Hp th ca i dng 2.3 0.8

H hp v chy = 60

Thc vt = 500 t v vt rng = 2000 = 2500

Trao i khng kh/ i dng = 90 Ra tri = 0.8

i dng = 39000

Hu c v khong cht cha C > 6000

Trm tch = 0.2

Hnh 2: Chu trnh carbon ton cu (Theo Schimel, 2001)

Theo chu trnh trn, trong tng s 6.3Gt3 6.6Gt lng carbon thi ra t cc hot ng ca con ngi, c khong 0.7Gt 1.7Gt c hp th bi cc h sinh thi bn trn b mt tri t. V hu ht lng carbon trn tri t c tch ly trong sinh khi cy rng, c bit l rng ma nhit i. T nhng nghin cu trong lnh vc ny, Woodwell a ra bng thng k lng carbon theo kiu rng nh sau

2 3

1 terra ton (Tt) = 1012t = 1018g 1 giga ton (Gt) = 109t = 1015g

12

Bng 2: Lng Carbon tch ly trong cc kiu rng (Theo Woodwell, Pecan, 1973)
Kiu rng Rng ma nhit i Rng nhit i gi ma Rng thng xanh n i Rng phng bc t trng trt Tng carbon lc a Lng carbon (t tn) 340 12 80 108 7 547 T l (%) 62.16 2.19 14.63 19.74 1.28 100

S liu bng 1 cho thy lng carbon c lu gi trong kiu rng ma nhit i l cao nht, chim hn 62% tng lng carbon trn b mt tri t, trong khi t trng trt ch cha khong 1%. iu chng t rng, vic chuyn i t rng sang t nng nghip s lm mt cn bng sinh thi, gia tng lng kh pht thi gy hiu ng nh knh. Mt nghin cu ca Joyotee Smith v Sara J.Scherr (2002) nh lng c lng carbon lu gi trong cc kiu rng nhit i v trong cc loi hnh s dng t Brazil, Indonesia v Cameroon, bao gm trong sinh khi thc vt v di mt t t 0 - 20cm. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy lng carbon lu tr trong thc vt gim dn t kiu rng nguyn sinh n rng phc hi sau nng ry v gim mnh i vi cc loi t nng nghip. Trong khi phn di mt t lng carbon t bin ng hn, nhng cng c xu hng gim dn t rng t nhin n t khng c rng [3].

13

400 350
Carbon (tn/ha)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Rng nguyn Rng khai Rng b ho t Nng sinh thc chn sau nng Lm kt hp ry Cy trng ngn ngy ng c chn th gia sc Trong thc vt Di mt t

Hnh 3: Lng carbon c lu gi trong thc vt v di mt t theo cc kiu s dng rng nhit i Brazil, Cameroon, Indonesia (Joyotee, 2002)

T dn liu trn, Bo Huy (2005) dng hm na logarit m phng s suy gim lng carbon lu gi ca cc kiu rng v cc loi t theo quan h: y= -188.62Ln(x) + 318.83 vi h s tng quan rt cht, R=0.9538
350 C a rb o n tro n g th c v t (t n /h a ) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 Cc kiu s dng rng
Rng b ho sau nng ry t Nng Lm kt hp ng c chn th gia Cy trng ngn ngy sc Rng khai thc chn

Rng nguyn sinh

y = -188.62Ln(x) + 318.83 R2 = 0.9538

Hnh 4: M hnh hm 1/2 log biu din s suy gim lng C tch lu trong cc kiu s dng rng nhit i Brazil, Cameroon, Indonesia (Bo Huy, 2005)

Qua m hnh trn cho thy cc kiu rng t nhin, lng carbon tch ly trong thc vt ln gp nhiu ln so vi cc loi hnh s dng t nng nghip.
14

Hay ni cch khc, s suy gim lng carbon tch ly trong sinh khi thc vt t trng thi rng nguyn sinh n ng c din ra rt mnh. V vn ny, Maine van Noorwijk a ra nhn nh: Mt ha t nng nghip thoi ha hoc mt ha t ng c khng hp th c d ch l mt cht kh carbonic, nhng nu chuyn sang canh tc nng lm, mt ha c th gi c hn 3 tn carbon. V vy, cn phi c nhng gii php hu hiu bo v rng t nhin ni chung rng nhit i ni ring v nhng chng trnh khuyn khch nng dn s dng t theo hng nng lm. Nghin cu lng carbon lu tr trong rng trng nguyn liu giy, Romain Pirard (2005) tnh lng carbon lu tr da trn tng sinh khi ti trn mt t, thng qua lng sinh khi kh (khng cn m) bng cch ly tng sinh khi ti nhn vi h s 0.49, sau nhn sinh khi kh vi h s 0.5 xc nh lng carbon lu tr trong cy[1]. Nhng nghin cu v phng php xc nh carbon trong sinh khi Carbon c xc nh thng qua vic tnh ton s thu nhn v iu ho CO2 v O2 trong kh quyn ca thc vt bng cch phn tch hm lng ho hc ca carbon, hydro, oxy, nit v tro trong 1 tn cht kh. V d i vi cy Vn sam hm lng kg/1 tn cht kh ln lt l: C = 510,4; H = 61,9; O = 408,0; N = 5,3 v tro = 14,4. T y tnh c lng CO2 m loi ny hp th v lng O2 m loi ny iu ho trong kh quyn ng vi 1 tn cht kh. (Below (1976), dn theo Nguyn Vn Thm (2002)). to c 510.4 kg carbon, cy rng cn phi hp th 1 lng CO2 c xc nh theo phng trnh ha hc sau : CO2 = C + O2 = 510.40 + (510.40 * 2.67) = 510.40 + 1362.77 = 1873.17kg. Tng t, trong qu trnh hnh thnh nn 61.9kg hydro, cy rng sn xut mt lng oxy l : H2O = H2 + 1/2 O2 = 61.90 + (61.9*8) = 61.90 + 495.20 = 557.10kg
15

T kt qu tnh ton trn, ta c: to ra 01 tn cht kh, cy rng hp th 1873.17kg CO2 v thi ra kh quyn (1362.77+495.20) 408.00 = 1449.97kg O2 Nh vy, to thnh 01 tn sinh khi kh tuyt i, cy rng s dng khong 1.87 tn CO2 v thi vo kh quyn 1.5 tn O2 t do. iu cho thy rng rng l mt nh my xanh khng l sn xut ra xy t do cn thit cho con ngi v mi sinh vt sng khc trn tri t ny. Nh vy, da vo lng carbon trong sinh khi thc vt, chng ta xc nh c lng CO2 m cy hp th c trong khng kh. S hnh thnh th trng CO2 Cng vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi, nhng hot ng ca con ngi ngy cng gia tng v ang dn n nhng tc ng tiu cc i vi h thng kh hu ton cu. Nhn thc c vn ny, ti hi ngh thng nh v mi trng v pht trin ti Brazil nm 1992, 155 quc gia k kt Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu (UNFCCC) Ti hi ngh cc bn tham gia UNFCCC ln th 3 t chc ti Kyoto, Nht Bn thng 12 nm 1997, Ngh nh th ca cng c c thng qua (gi l Ngh nh th Kyoto) v thit lp mt khun kh php l mang tnh ton cu cho cc bc khi u nhm kim ch v kim sot xu hng gia tng pht thi kh nh knh, a ra mc tiu gim 6 loi kh nh knh4 v thi gian thc hin cho cc nc pht trin. c bit ngh nh th a mt s c ch linh hot nhm gip cho bn b rng buc bi cc cam kt c th tm gii php gim kh pht thi ra bn ngoi phm vi a l ca quc gia mnh vi chi ph chp nhn c.

Cc loi kh nh knh bao gm: 1. Dioxit carbon (CO2), 2. Metan (CH4), 3. Oxit nit (N2O), 4. Hydrofluo carbon

(HFCs), 5. Perfluoro carbon (PFCs), 6. Sunfua hexafluorit (SF6)

16

Cc c ch ny bao gm: C ch ng thc hin (Jiont Implementation - JI); C ch bun bn quyn pht thi (International Emissions Trading - IET); C ch pht trin sch (Clean Development Mechanism - CDM). Ngh nh th Kyoto vi c ch pht trin sch - CDM - m ra c hi cho cc nc ang pht trin trong vic tip nhn u t t cc nc pht trin thc hin cc d n ln v trng rng, phc hi rng, qun l bo v rng t nhin, hn ch tnh trng chuyn i mc ch s dng t t t lm nghip sang t nng nghip, thc y sn xut nng nghip theo hng nng lm kt hp...gp phn pht trin t nc mnh theo hng bn vng. Nhiu nguyn tc ca tip cn h sinh thi c tn thnh hi ngh a dng sinh hc (CBD 2000) xc nh s quan tm ca x hi tng ln lin quan ti CDM. Vic tip cn ny nhn ra rng cng ng a phng l mt phn khng th thiu c trong h sinh thi rng v cn phi tn trng quyn v nhng mi quan tm ca h. N gip cho ngi dn a phng c th c nhng thun li hn trong th trng mi vi nhiu c hi v nhu cu g v lm sn ngoi g cc quc gia ang pht trin c chng nhn dch v g v mi trng khng c carbon (Scheer, 2002). Trong cc dch v mi trng m nhng cng ng vng cao c th c n b (hp th carbon, bo v vng u ngun v bo tn a dng sinh hc) th c ch n b cho th trng carbon l cao hn c, thm ch rng carbon c xem l mt ng gp quan trng trong gim ngho [13]. Cc k hoch n b carbon hin cng ang tng ln nhanh chng. Bass (2000) tng kt c 30 k hoch trong nm 2000, nhng n nm 2002 c n 75 k hoch nh vy (Landell Mills, 2002), chnh v vy, Smith v Scherr (2002) cho rng c tim nng sinh k t cc d n rng carbon. Tuy nhin khi nim trao i carbon vn ang c tranh lun, nhiu nhm nghin cu mi trng cho rng chnh l k h cho php cc nc cng nghip tip tc gy nhim thay v tin hnh nhng bin php tn km kim sot mc gy nhim ca h (RUPES). Tuy vy trao i carbon l mt
17

gii php c kh nng thc thi v RUPES ang tm kim cc c hi cho vic thc hin trao i carbon nhm n b cho nhng ngi nng dn vng cao chu , ngi ng vai tr bo v ti nguyn, nhng cng ng s c chun b tt hn hng li t vic trao i carbon, khi c ch ny tr nn kh thi hn so vi nhng cng ng m cha c bt k loi c ch n b no (Chandler). Trao i carbon l mt chin lc nh cc cng ty cc nc cng nghip c th h tr ti chnh cho cc d n nhm lu gi li cc loi kh nh knh trong sinh khi rng cn bng lng carbon m h pht thi ra. Trn c s ny hnh thnh khi nim rng carbon (Carbon Forestry), l cc khu rng c xc nh vi mc tiu iu ho v lu gi kh carbon pht thi t cng nghip. Khi nim rng carbon thng gn vi cc chng trnh d n ci thin i sng cho c dn sng trong v gn rng, ang bo v rng. H l nhng ngi bo v rng v chu nh hng ca s thay i kh hu ton cu, do cn c s n b, chi tr thch hp, c nh vy mi va gp phn nng cao sinh k cho ngi gi rng ng thi bo v mi trng kh hu bn vng trong tng lai, hay ni cch khc l cc hot ng nhm tch ly carbon da vo cng ng ch c th thnh cng nu nh c mt c ch c th duy tr v bo v lng carbon lu tr gn vi sinh k ca ngi dn sng gn rng [3]. 1.2 Trong nc Vit Nam l mt nc c tim nng thc hin vic gim kh pht thi. Hin ti, Vit Nam khng c xp vo ph lc 1 ca th gii, ngha l vic pht thi CO2 vo kh quyn cn qu nh so vi mt bng chung ca th gii, nn cha bt buc phi gim. y chnh l c hi cc nc pht trin u t vo cc d n pht trin kinh t Vit Nam, c bit l cc d n CDM, h c th nhn c chng ch mi trng. L mt nc ang pht trin, Vit Nam nhanh chng tham gia cam kt vi cc t chc quc t, nh k Cng c khung, Ngh nh th Kyoto, tham gia cc d n CDM, thnh lp cc c quan u mi quc gia...tc l cc iu kin
18

theo quy nh ca th gii v vic xy dng v thc hin cc d n tim nng v CDM trong cc lnh vc: Bo tn v tit kim nng lng; Chuyn i s dng nhin liu ha thch; Thu hi v s dng CH4 t rc thi v khai thc m qung; Trng rng...Bn cnh , trong nhng nm gn y, Vit Nam c nhng n lc thc hin mt s nghin cu v hot ng lin quan n vn bin i kh hu v CDM. Qua thu c mt s dn liu quan trng nh sau: - Ba ngun kh nh knh (KNK) chnh Vit Nam l nng lng, nng nghip, thay i s dng t v lm nghip, trong thay i s dng t v lm nghip chim 50,5 v 18,7% tng pht thi quc gia. Theo kt qu kim k kh nh knh (KNK) quc gia nm 1994 Vit Nam, tng pht thi KNK l 103.8 triu tn CO2, bnh qun theo u ngi vo khong 1.4 tn [6]. - c tnh trong vng 2 thp k ti, mc pht thi ca cc nc ang pht trin s vt mc pht thi ca cc nc pht trin. Mt trong nhng vn gay cn nht i ph vi bin i kh hu l lm th no gim s tng pht thi KNK t cc nc ang pht trin. Trong hon cnh , CDM c th ng gp vo vic gim pht thi cc nc ang pht trin bng cch a ra khun kh thc hin cc d n hp tc gia cc nc ang pht trin v pht trin, cc hot ng trng mi v ti trng rng c quyt nh thuc cc d n CDM. - Cc kt qu nghin cu chin lc quc gia v CDM, trong lnh vc thay i s dng t v lm nghip, th tim nng hp th KNK ca rng vo khong 52,2 triu tn CO2 vi chi ph gim thp, dao ng t 0,13USD/tn CO2 n 2,4USD/tn CO2 trong khi chi ph gim thp CO2 trong lnh vc nng lng dao ng t 22,3USD/tn CO2 n 154,22USD/tn CO2[6]. - Trong thi gian n cn nng cao nhn thc cng ng v CDM cp quc gia v a phng, xc nh cc ch tiu v ch s pht trin bn vng vi cc ngnh u tin nh nng lng v lm nghip xy dng d n CDM; ng thi nghin cu v tim nng bn carbon ca cc d n c trin vng cho nhng quc gia c nhu cu.

19

Do th trng mua bn gim pht thi kh nh knh cn qu mi m, cc doanh nghip thiu thng tin v th trng ny, do mc d tim nng th trng Vit Nam l rt ln, nhng cn c qu t cc doanh nghip tham gia. n lc Nh nc phi ph bin rng ri hn, cung cp nhiu thng tin hn cho cc nh doanh nghip h c th cn nhc khi tham gia th trng. 1.3 Tho lun v tng quan nghin cu im qua kt qu nghin cu nhng vn c lin quan n CO2 v th trng carbon trn th gii v trong nc, chng ti nhn thy rng: - Vic nh lng lng CO2 m rng hp th l vn kh phc tp, lin quan n qu trnh quang hp v h hp thc vt, cng nh vic xc nh tng trng v s o thi ca cy rng theo thi gian, v th phn ln cc nghin cu mi ch tp trung vo xc nh lng carbon tch ly trong thc vt ti thi im nghin cu. - Trn th gii, cc nghin cu mi ch tp trung vo vic nh gi lng carbon lu tr trong mt s kiu s dng t, mt s loi cy rng trng m cha c nh gi c th i vi rng t nhin. - Th trng carbon v ang din ra rt si ng trn th trng th gii, c bit l chu u. Tuy nhin vic mua bn ny ang da trn c s chi ph hn ch kh pht thi m cha c c s khoa hc trong vic tnh ton nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng t nhin. - Trong nc, mc d Vit Nam tham gia ngh nh th Kyoto nhng vn ny hin ang cn b ng, thiu cc thng tin cng nh c s khoa hc, phng php tnh ton, d bo lng CO2 hp th bi thm ph ca quc gia lm c s tham gia th trng carbon ton cu. - Cc doanh nghip trong nc cha tch cc tham gia th trng ny bi nhiu l do: thiu thng tin, thiu c s khoa hc cng nh hnh lang php l, c ch cho hot ng ny.

20

2 Mc tiu, ni dung v phng php nghin cu

ti nghin cu thc hin theo phng php tip cn c trnh by trong hnh 5. Trong xut pht t mc tiu nghin cu chung, xc nh c 2 mc tiu nghin cu c th c tnh thc tin. Cc ni dung c xc nh trn c s mc tiu; Phng php nghin cu c xy dng, thit lp nhm gii quyt cc ni dung nghin cu.

Hnh 5: S logic trong tip cn nghin cu ca ti

21

2.1 Mc tiu nghin cu V l lun: Gp phn ng dng v pht trin phng php c lng v d bo nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng t nhin lm c s xc nh ph mi trng trong qun l rng. V thc tin: C hai mc tiu c th: Lng ha kh nng hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng t nhin thuc kiu rng thng xanh. D bo hiu qu kinh t trn c s tnh ph mi trng da vo nng lc hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng t nhin xut chnh sch chi tr dch v hp th CO2 cho cc trng thi rng v phng thc qun l rng khc nhau. 2.2 Gi nh nghin cu nghin cu ti ny, mt s gi nh quan trng c t ra l: - C s thay i ng k v kh nng hp th CO2 trong cc kiu rng, trng thi, giai on sinh trng. - C kh nng tnh ton lng CO2 hp th theo cc phng thc qun l rng lm c s chi tr ph dch v mi trng. 2.3 Phm vi v i tng nghin cu Trong phm vi gii hn v thi gian, ngun lc v yu cu ca lun vn Thc s, ti nghin cu c xem l ng gp bc u cho nghin cu theo hng ny, do vy c gii hn phm vi v i tng nh sau: Phm vi nghin cu:
- Trng thi rng nghin cu: Tp trung nghin cu nng lc hp th CO2

ca 3 trng thi rng t nhin c trng cho kiu rng thng xanh gm rng non phc hi sau nng ry, rng qua khai thc chn v rng t b tc ng.
22

- Tch ly carbon thc vt thn g: Ch nghin cu lng Carbon tch ly trong cc b phn trn mt t ca thc vt thn g: thn, cnh, l c ng knh t 5cm tr ln - xut chnh sch dch v mi trng: Dch v mi trng rng l rt a dng v cha c khai thc ht, bao gm: Thu gi kh CO2, qun l u ngun, ngun nc, du lch sinh thi, cnh quan, ngh ngi gii tr, bo tn a dng sinh hc, .... ti ch tp trung nghin cu xut chnh sch chi tr cho dch v mi trng l hp th CO2 trong qun l rng. i tng im nghin cu: Cc lm phn rng t nhin c trng thi rng non phc hi sau nng ry, rng qua khai thc chn v rng t b tc ng thuc kiu rng thng xanh thuc tnh Dak Nng. 2.4 Ni dung nghin cu i) Xc nh lng carbon tch ly trong cc b phn ca thc vt thn g, theo c knh, trg thi rng: - Xc nh t trng gia sinh khi ti v sinh khi kh iu kin tiu chun - Xc nh lng carbon trong cc b phn thn g v quy cho theo c knh, lm phn, trng thi ii) c lng nng lc hp th CO2 theo tng trng thi rng Trn c s rt mu cc i tng nghin cu ni dung trn, dng thng k c lng cho tng lm phn v quy i t lung C lu gi ra lng CO2 hp th. Ni dung ny nhm xc nh tng khi lng CO2 hp th c theo tng trng thi trn n v din tch, t nh gi nng lc hp th gia cc trng thi vi nhau iii) Phn tch cc nhn t nh hng n nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng v m hnh ha cc mi quan h a bin - Thng k c lng cc nhn t lm phn: D, H, N, G, M, tn che, theo trng thi
23

- Xy dng m hnh hi quy biu din quan h gia s thay i lng CO2 hp th vi cc nhn t lm phn nh hng: CO2 = f(D, H, G, M, N, tn che, ) iv) D bo nng lc hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi - D bo thay i cc nhn t lm phn - D bo thay i kh nng hp th CO2 theo cc trng thi rng cc lm phn c qun l khc nhau. v) nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca qun l rng kt hp vi thu ph dch v mi trng lm c s xut chnh sch - Thu thp v phn tch thng tin th trng CO2. - So snh hiu qu kinh t ca qun l rng kt hp vi dch v mi trng v qun l kinh doanh rng truyn thng, qun l rng cng ng. vi) Tng hp xut chnh sch dch v mi trng - Tng hp nng lc hp th CO2 ca tng trng thi rng, cc phng thc qun l khc nhau (khai thc bn vng, ch bo v nghim ngt, trng dm, lm giu rng) v hiu qu kinh t xut chnh sch. 2.5 Phng php nghin cu i) Phng php lun Trn c s chu trnh Carbon thng qua qu trnh quang hp to sinh khi, qu trnh h hp v qu trnh o thi (mt i) ca thc vt cho thy ch c thc vt mi c kh nng hp th CO2. Trong khi ngun CO2 thi ra khng kh khng ch thng qua h hp ca thc vt m t rt nhiu ngun, nhng ch c thc vt mi c kh nng hp th CO2 to ra hp cht C6H12O6. y l kh nng ca thc vt rng gim thiu kh gy hiu ng nh knh. Nh vy nghin cu lng carbon lu gi trong thc vt t suy ra lng CO2 hp th l c s xc nh kh nng hp th CO2 ca cc kiu rng, trng thi rng. Kt hp vi nghin cu rt mu thc nghim, phn tch ha hc lng C lu gi trong thc vt thn g trn mt t vi m hnh ho ton hc d on v lng ho nng lc hp th CO2 cho tng trng thi rng.
24

Trn c s nng lc hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng, gn vi cc phng thc qun l rng hin ti; phn tch hiu qu kinh t, x hi, mi trng lm c s xut cc gii php v c ch chnh sch dch v mi trng. ii) Phng php nghin cu c th: - Phng php xc nh lng C lu gi trong thc vt thn g trn mt t theo c knh v trng thi rng: Rt mu theo phng php lp tiu chun (mu) i din cho cc trng thi rng ca Kurniatun Hairiah v cng s (ICRAF). Din tch mu: 20 x 100m o tnh C trong cy c D1,3 > 30cm v ph 5x40m o tnh C trong cy c 5cm< D1,3 <30cm. ph t trong chnh. Nghin cu trn 3 n v trng thi, s mu l 5 cho mi trng thi. Nh vy s mu cn thu thp l 15 . Trong mu, m t y cc c im sinh thi v o m cc nhn t iu tra: tn loi, ng knh, chiu cao, phm cht ca tt c cc cy c trong mu. Gii tch thn cy t l theo c knh: - Phn chia theo c knh 10cm: <10cm, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 v >50cm - Mi c knh rt mu gii tch 10% s cy trong mu o thn cy rt mu cc ch tiu: Doo (D gc) v Doi (ng knh v tr 1/10H), Hcc, Hdc. Ly mu ti trn cy gii tch theo c knh: Phn cy gii tch ra 04 b phn: Thn chnh, v, cnh v l. Cn trng lng ca tng b phn v theo tng b phn rt mu ti vi t l 1% theo trng lng. a cc mu vo phng th nghim sy kh, sau cn li xc nh t trng gia sinh khi ti v sinh khi kh sau khi sy. Phn tch hm lng ca cc thnh phn ho hc c trong cc mu sinh khi kh: carbon, hydro, oxy, nit v tro. Xc nh c hm lng C lu tr trong sinh khi kh cc b phn thn g. T quy i ngc tr li theo t l rt
25

mu ca tng b phn thn cy tnh c lng C c trong tng b phn v ton b ca 1 cy theo c knh v tp hp cc c knh tnh c C trong lm phn, trng thi rng - Phng php c lng CO2 hp th cho tng trng thi, din tch rng T lng C c xc nh qua phn tch trn, tip tc c tnh c lng CO2 m thc vt hp th v lng O2 m n iu ho trong kh quyn ng vi 1 tn cht kh v ti thng qua phng trnh ha hc: CO2 = C + O2. S dng phng php thng k c lng khong CO2 hp th vi sai s cho php bin ng t 5 10% cho tng trng thi rng. - Phng php s dng m hnh ton m phng nng lc hp th CO2 vi cc nhn t iu tra rng, trng thi rng: Cc c trng ca lm phn c quy t cc tiu chun, trong : - Chiu cao c suy t quan h: H = f(D) - Th tch c suy t quan h: V = f(D) hoc V = f(D, H). T y kt vi phn b N/D suy c M/D v M lm phn. Lp cc m hnh hi quy quan h gia lng CO2 hp th vi cc nhn t lm phn v sinh thi nh sau: - Gi nhn t ph thuc y l lng CO2 - Gi cc bin s c lp l xi bao gm: Cc nhn t iu tra rng (D, H, G, M, TC, N) v cc nhn t sinh thi rng (a hnh, t, ). - M hnh ho theo dng tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn tnh, dng tng qut l: y = f(x1, x2, x3, .. xn) S dng phn mm SPSS hoc phn mm Statgrgaphics d tm mi quan h thch hp (tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn) hoc cc m hnh t hp bin s.

26

Thm d v la chn mi quan h thch hp bng cc dng hm phi tuyn hoc tuyn tnh; kim tra h s tng quan R hoc h s quan h R2 bng tiu chun F v s tn ti ca tng bin s c lp bng tiu chun t mc sai s 5%. M hnh ho quan h gia lng lu tr CO2 vi cc bin s ni trn. Kim nghim sai s ca cc m hnh bng cc d liu khng tham gia tnh ton. Mc sai s chp nhn l 5 10%. - Phng php d on nng lc hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng trong khu vc nghin cu Trn c s d bo bin ng trng thi rng, thng qua m hnh lp ma trn bin i kh nng hp th CO2. - Phng php nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca qun l rng kt hp dch v mi trng So snh hiu qu kinh t ca cc phng thc qun l rng: Truyn thng v kt hp dch v mi trng, p dng phn tch CBA (NPV, IRR, )

27

Trng thi rng: Non, Ngho, Trung bnh

Tng lng C theo lm phn, trng thi

Nhn t iu tra lm phn: D. H. G. M. N v sinh thi

Rt mu 5 /trng thi: 3x5 = 15

iu tra cc nhn t sinh thi

Lng CO2 hp th theo trng thi

100m 20m 40m 5m

N / D cy D <3 0 cm
400 300 200 100 0 <10 10 - 20 C D ( c m) 20 - 30

N / D cy D >3 0 cm
50 40 30 20 10 0 30 - 40 40 - 50 C D ( c m) > 50cm

Tng lng C theo c knh

M hnh quan h, d bo: CO2 = f (D, H, G, M, TC, sinh thi)

Gii tch 10% s cy theo c knh o cc nhn t iu tra: Doi, H Rt mu ti 1% trng lng 4 b phn: Thn, V, Cnh v L Lng C ca cy theo c knh

Sy kh cc b phn, t l Kh/Ti

Lng C trong cc b phn ti

Phn tch hm lng C cc b phn

Lng C trong cc b phn kh

Cc bc nghin cu, d bo bin i CO2 hp th theo cc nhn t lm phn v sinh thi

28

Bng 3: Khung logic nghin cu

Mc tiu nghin cu 1. Lng ha kh Ni dung nghin cu 1.1. Xc nh lng carbon lu gi trong cc b phn thc vt thn g Xc khi nh ti t v Phng php nghin cu - Rt mu theo phng php t tiu chun in hnh theo tng trng thi. 5 / trng thi. D>30cm, mu: 20*100m 5<D<30cm, mu: 5*40m - Gii tch thn cy vi t l 10% - iu tra nhn t cy ng: Doi, H - Ly mu 4 b phn: l, v, thn, cnh. T l 1% theo trng lng - X l (sy) trong phng th nghim - Phn tch ha hc xc nh t trng C lu tr trong sinh khi - Quy ngc theo t l tnh C trong tng b phn, theo c knh ca lm phn, trng thi Kt qu d kin -Xc nh c t trng trng lng sinh khi tui v kh sau khi sy iu kin tiu chun -Xc nh c t l cc thnh phn ha hc trong sinh khi thc vt -T l hm lng C hp th c trong cc b phn thn g. - Lng C theo c knh, trng thi rng

nng hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng t nhin thuc kiu rng thng xanh

trng gia sinh sinh khi kh iu kin tiu chun

Xc nh lng carbon cc cho b theo trong phn c

thn g v quy knh, lm phn, trng thi 1.2. c lng kh nng hp th CO2 theo trng thi rng 1.3. Phn tch cc nhn t nh hng n nng lc hp th CO2 v m hnh ha mi quan h gia lng CO2 hp th vi cc bin s c lp 2. D bo hiu qu kinh t trn c s thu ph mi trng theo nng lc hp th CO2 ca rng. cc trng thi 2.2. So snh hiu qu kinh t ca qun l rng c kt hp thu ph dch v mi trng 2.1. D bo s thay i hp th CO2 ca cc trng thi rng

- Phng trnh ha hc - Uc lng khong CO2 theo trng thi - Phn tch hi quy a bin. M hnh ha bng cc hm tuyn tnh v phi tuyn tnh bng phn mm SPSS - Kim tra bng cc tiu chun t, F,
2

nh lng kh nng hp th CO2 theo trng thi Xc nh c cc nhn t nh hng n nng lc hp th CO2 theo tng trng thi. Cc hm m phng mi quan h lng CO2 hp th vi cc bin s ti nguyn v sinh thi rng.

- D bo s bin i ca cc nhn t lm phn - S dng m hnh hi quy d on bin i hp th CO2 - Cn c vo gi mua bn hin ti trn th gii v Vit Nam - Phn tch CBA theo tng tng trng thi cho cc phng thc qun l rng.

Ma trn v kh nng hp th CO2 theo s thay i ca trng thi D bo hiu qu kinh t v cc khuyn ngh c lin quan

29

Mc tiu nghin cu

Ni dung nghin cu

Phng php nghin cu

Kt qu d kin

3. xut chnh sch chi tr dch v hp th CO2 cho cc trng thi rng v phng thc qun l rng khc nhau.

3.1. Tng hp xut chnh sch dch v mi trng

Tng hp cc kt qu: Hp CO2, hiu qu kinh t ca cc phng thc qun l rng.

C s ca chnh sch chi tr dch v hp th carbon co tng trng tha, phng thc qun l rng

3 K hoch thc hin ti

Bng 4: K hoch thc hin ti
Thi gian Thng 7 nm 2006 Thng 8 nm 2006 T thng 9 11/2006 T thng 12/2006 1/2007 T thng 2 3/2007 T thng 4 5/2007 T thng 6 7/2007 Thng 08 nm 2007 Cng vic thc hin Tham kho ti liu, hon thnh cng chi tit Kho st thc t, thit k cc mu biu iu tra Trin khai cc hot ng nghin cu ti hin trng: thu thp s liu th cp, iu tra rt mu, gii tch thn cy Sy v phn tch cc mu trong phng th nghim X l ni nghip, tng hp cc kt qu nghin cu Vit lun vn Chnh sa, hon chnh lun vn Bo v lun vn

4 iu kin thc hin ti

Thit b: - Cc dng c phc v iu tra rng: Dng c iu tra, GPS, cc loi bn , mu biu iu tra... - Cc thit b h tr: my tnh, my chp hnh k thut s. - Phng th nghim sinh ho ca trng i hc Ty Nguyn. Nhn lc: - T vn khoa hc l cc GS, PGS c nhiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc nghin cu mi trng, qun l ti nguyn rng, cng ngh thng tin a l, kinh t ti Trng i hc Ty Nguyn; i hc Lm nghip Xun Mai; Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam; i hc Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

30

- Cn b k thut lm trng Qung Tn, cc cng ng trong khu vc nghin cu. Hin trng: - Cc lm phn rng t nhin thuc kiu rng thng xanh ca lm trng Qung Tn, huyn Dak Rlp, tnh Dak Nng. - c cp thm quyn cho php tin hnh thu mu iu tra, gii tch thn cy.

31

5 Ti liu tham kho

Ting Vit
1. L Huy B (2004), Mi trng. NXB i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh. 2. L Huy B, Nguyn Th Ph, Nguyn c An (2001): Mi trng kh hu thay i mi him ho ca ton cu. NXB i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh. 3. Bo Huy (2005): Bi ging Lm hc nhit i cho lp Cao hc. Trng i hc Lm nghip Vit Nam. 4. Phm Xun Hon (2005): C ch pht trin sch v c hi thng mi carbon trong lm nghip. Nxb Nng nghip. 5. L Vn Khoa v cng s (2001): Khoa hc mi trng. NXB Gio dc 6. NEDO v MONRE: Gii thiu c ch pht trin sch trong hp tc gia Nht Bn v Vit Nam. 7. Hong Kim Ng, Phng Ngc Lan (1998): Sinh thi rng. Nxb Nng nghip. 8. Phm Nht(2001): Bi ging a dng sinh hc. Trng i hc Lm nghip. 9. RUPES (Rewarding Upland Poor for Environment Services) (2004): Chin lc mi nhm n p cho ngi ngho vng cao Chu bo tn v ci thin mi trng ca chng ta. World Agroforestry Center, ICRAF. 10. Nguyn Vn Thm (2002): Sinh thi rng. Nxb Nng nghip. 11. Nguyn Phc Tng (1999): Ting ku cu ca Tri t. Nxb Gio dc. 12. UNEP: C ch pht trin sch Clean Development Mechanism.

Ting Anh
13. Arild Angelsen and Sven Wunder (2003): Exploring the Forest Poverty link. Key concept, issues and research implications. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 40 14. Daniel Murdiyarso (2005): Sustaining local livelihood through carbon sequestration activities: A research for practical and strategic approach. Carbon Forestry, Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR. 15. Esteve Corbera (2005): Bringing development into Carbon forestry market: Challenges and outcome of small scale carbon forestry activities in Mexico. Carbon Forestry, Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR.

32

16. Joyotee Smith and Sara J. Scherr (2002): Forest Carbon and Local Livelohhods. Assessment of Opportunities and Policy Recommendations. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 37. 17. Kurniatun Hairiah, SM Sitompul, Meine van Noodoijk and Cheryl Palm (2001): Carbon stocks of tropical land use systems as part of the global C balance. Effects of forest conversion and options for clean development activities. International Centre for research in Agroforestry, ICRAF. 18. Kurniatun Hairiah, SM Sitompul, Meine van Noodoijk and Cheryl Palm (2001): Method for sampling carbon stocks above and below ground. International Centre for research in Agroforestry, ICRAF. 19. Marlon Cardinoza (2005): Revising traditional NRM regulations (Tara Bandu) as a community-based approach of protecting carbon stocks and securing livelihoods. Carbon Forestry, Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR. 20. Romain Pirard (2005): Pulpwood plantations as carbon sinks in Indonesia: Methodological challenge and impact on livelihoods. Carbon Forestry, Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR.

33