MU

1. Nguyn nhn gy nn mau i vi nc: - Nc mt trong t nhin: do mun,phiu sinh vt, cac san phm t s phn huy cac cht hu ctao ra. Ngoai ra,mt s ion kim loai hay nc thai cng nghip cung la nguyn nhn gy cho nc co mau. - Nc thai cng nghip: do cac ion kim loai co mau,cac hp cht mau cua cac nha may nh dt nhum - Nc sinh hoat: do cac cht ty ra, du m, cac cht hu c bi phn huy. 2. S khac nhau gia mau thc va mau biu kin: + Mau biu kin: c xac inh ngay trn mu nguyn thuy,ma khng cn loai bo cht l lng. Cac cht l lng la cac cht hoa tan va huyn phu. + Mau thc: c xac inh trn mu a cho quay li tm loai bo cac cht l lng. 3. Tai sao dung ng chun so mau? Xac inh ng chun lam gi? - Ta lp ng chun xac inh c phng trinh ng chun y=ax+b t cac gia tri mau va hp thu. - T o, khi ta bit c gia tri hp th cua mu ta se thay vao phng trinh va tinh c gia tri mau cua mu.

4. Tai sao n vi o mau la Pt-Co?

-

Vi dung dich mau chun potassium chloroplatinate K2PtCl6 (tng

ng 500 n vi mau Pt-Co). Hoa tan 1,246g K2PtCl6 (500 mg Pt). Va 1,00 CoCl2.6H2O(250 mg Co) trong nc ct a co 100ml HCl m c,sau inh mc thanh 1 lit.
-

Dung dich K2PtCl6 c mu xanh ca nc t nhin,vi vy c chn lm dung dch mu chun.

Pt-Co c s dng nh l n v o mu l do dung dch potassium chloroplatinate v clorua cobalt (c mu xanh l cy nht) tng t nh mu t nhin ca nc do n v o mu l Pt-Co

C 1.Cc n v o c: NTU, FTU,JTU, mg SIO2.

Mi quan h: 1JTU= 1NTU= 1mg SiO2= 1 v o c.

ACID BAZO

1. Nc c s hin din ca to th kim s c s thay i:

Khi c s hin din ca ro trong nc th kim ca nc tng ln

Nhiu ngun nc mt c iu kin tt cho s pht trin ca to, c bit l nhng ni c cn nhiu, pH c th t ti 10. To s dng cacbonic cho cc hot ng quang hp dn n pH cao. V CO2 l kh axit nn khi kh CO2 dn n lm gim nng H+ v th pH tng. V vy to s dng cacbonic lm cc dng kim thay i t bicacbonat thnh cacbonat v t cacbonat thnh hidroxit (trong qu trnh thay i ny th kim tng cng khng thay i). To c th tip tc s dng CO 2 ca nc cho n khi pH tng n gi tr nh hng, thng pH c gi tr t 10 11. 2 HCO3- CO3- + H2O + CO2 CO3- + H2O 2OH- + CO2 Vo ban m, to sn xut kh CO2 lm nh hng ngc li ca qu trnh trn b lo cho phn s dng ban ngy cho qu trnh quang hp
2.

ng dng t s liu ki m trong phn tch x l nc

- Da vo s liu kim, pH ca nc, ngi ta xc nh c n nh ca nc. T xc nh nhng tc ng m nc c th chu: xm thc, lng ng canxi cacbonat ng dng nhng tnh cht ny bo v ng ng bng kim loi khi qu trnh xm thc bng cch cho

vo nc nhng ho cht ph hp to s lng ng canxi cacbonat len thnh ng hnh thnh lp bo v vng chc. - La chn bin php x l nc cho thch hp m bo mi trng cn bng v sc kho con ngi. - kim lm tc dng m cho dy pH ti u cho qu trnh keo t. - kim l thng s phi c xem xt n vic tnh ton nhu cu v vi v soda trong qu trnh lm mm nc bng phng php kt ta. - L thng s trong qu trnh kim sot n mn, nh gi kh nng m ca nc thi v bn, l iu kin thi ca nc thi. 3. Mi quan h gia kim, pH, cacbonic trong nc t nhin
-

Bng phng php thc nghim, xc nh n nh ca nc,

ban u xc nh pH0 v kim Kto, sau em bo ho bng CaCO 3 ri xc nh li pH v kim Kt . Nu trong nc c hm lng CO2 t do, n s di chuyn mt phn canxi cacbonat thnh canxi hidrocacbonat lm cho pH v kim trong nc tng ln. Ngc li nu trong nc qu bo ho canxi cacbonat th n s tch ra khi nc dng kt ta bm trn b mt cc ht canxi cacbonat mi a vo lm cho pH v kim ca nc gim.

Ch tiu n nh ca nc c biu th nh sau : C 0 = Kto/Kt =

pH0/pH, C0 =1: nc n nh, C0 <1: nc c tnh xm thc. C0 >1: nc c kh nng lng ng CaCO3.

D CNG V CALCI

1.

Gii thch hin tng cng ca nc:

Mi quan h cng tng v kim.

s hin din ca Na+ trong nc bin v cc ngun khc to nn

cng gi ca nc. Mc d khng gy ra cng trong nc nhng gim hiu qu s dng x phng. Mi quan h: Tng cng = cng Ca2+ v cng Mg2+. kim CO32-, HCO3- l cng cacbonat. + khi kim <tng cng: cng cacbonat (mg/l)= kim(mg/l) + khi kim tng cng.

Tng cng = cng cacbonat + cng noncacbonat.

2.

Nguyn nhn gy ra cng ca nc?

Do s hin din ca cc ion a ha tr ch yu l Ca2+, Mg2+ trong nc .

Ch yu l s phong ha(ha tan, xm thc) t nhin ca cc qung cha canxi: olomi v thch cao; vi di iu kin thi tit. -S xm thc CO2:
CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2O Ca
2+

+ 2HCO 3

Ha tan do ma axit(H2CO3,HNO3...) Ca2+ + CO2

CaCO3 +2 H+

-S xm thc CO2:

Cc yu t nh hng n cng: - Mu cha cc nguyn t kim loi nng tng ng s cn tr vic xc nh im cui.
-

Nu nng Ca2+ >5.10-3M,s c cn bng ph to ta Ca(OH)2 gy sai thiu.

Nng Mg2+ ban u cng khng c qu cao v nu kt ta Mg(OH)2 qu nhiu cng gy ra sai thiu.

Thi gian ca chun khng c qu lu, pH ca mu ln hn 10 th s to kt ta CaCO3 v Mg(OH)2 . 3. ng dng s liu trong phn tch:

Bit c hm lng trong nc ta c cc bin php x l.

 Nh nc cng tm thi (bicacbonat v cacbonat s kt hp vi

Ca2+ , Mg2+ ) ta dng bit php un si hoc kh bng vi loi b. Ca2+ + HCO3- + Ca(OH)2 -----> CaCO3+ 2H2O
Nc cng vnh cu: Kh Ca2+ bng phng php cho thm

orthophosphate: 5Ca2+ + 3PO43- + OH- ------ > CaOH(PO4)

Nc cng gy hi cho con ngi, sinh vt. V vy, cn phi xc nh cng Ca2+ xem ngun nc c phi l nc cng hay khng. Nc c th cha cc khong cht cng nh Ca2+, Mg2+ hoc khong cht lm mm nh Natri. l l do quan trng v sao phi th nghim nc xc nh cng Ca2+ trong nc. Ring cch xc nh c tnh ca nc,xc nh hm lng Ca2+ trong nc th chng ta c th la chn c ngun nc thch hp vi mc ch s dng, an ton cho sc khe con ngi v phng php x l hp l. Cc n v o cng : Mg CaCo3/l c (odH) : 1 odH = 10mg CaO/l nc Php (of) : 1 of = 10mg CaCO3/ 0,7l nc

 Anh (oe) :

1 oe = 10mg CaCO3// 0,7l nc

ng u (mg ng lng/l) = 1mg ng lng /l = 2,8 odH = 28 mg CaO/l nc

ST 1.

Cc nguyn nhn gy i nhim Fe trong nc ngm:

St c hnh thnh do qu trnh kh oxit st (III) trong t. Trong iu kin thiu oxy, vi sinh vt ym kh oxy ha cht hu c theo c ch anoxic, trong Fe3+ thng dng oxit khng tan l cht nhn electron: Fe2O3 + C(H2O) + H2O -- Fe2+ + H+ + CO S xut hin phn st Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 : Fe2+ trong nc ngm khi tip xc vi khng kh li b oxy ha thnh st III hydroxit v cui cng to oxit st: Fe2+ + O2 + H2O ---- Fe(OH)3 --- Fe2O3 + H+ Cc sn phm ca phn ng phn hy dng keo rt kh lng, ln vn trong nc. l hin tng nc b phn. Fe2O3 c mu nu m. Do cc vt liu tip xc vi nc ging nhim st thng b vng nu. S c mt ca cht hu c trong nc ngm l nguyn nhn chnh lm nc ngm nhim phn st. Vic khai thc nc ngm qu mc lm nc ngm h thp xung. Nh vy tng s xm nhp cht hu c t trn b mt vo nc ngm v lm tng hm lng st trong nc ngm. Do keo st trong t hp th nhiu ion kim loi khc nhau nh Manga, Arsenic.

Nh vy, cc mch nc ngm b nhim st th trc b nhim cc cht hu c, qu trnh nhim ny lm PH trong nc ngm gim lm tng hm lng CO2 trong nc ngm dn n tng tnh n mn ca nc ngm qu trnh ny thc y phn ng kh Ion st 3 vn ang kt ta trong t thnh ion st 2 ha tan trong nc gy l cht lng nc km v c qu nhiu ion st ha tan. 2. ngha mi trng ca Fe trong vic cp nc:

Khi kho st ngun nc mi, th vic xc nh Fe rt quan trng. Hiu qu x l ca mt cng trnh cng thng qua nh gi hm lng. Ch thiu ny gip gii quyt cc vn v h thng phn phi khi vi khun oxy ha st tn ti trong ng ng. Qu trnh n mn ng ng bng st l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nc trong h thng phn phi. V th, phn thch ch tiu st gip nh gi mc n mn v tm phng php khc phc. Mt s phng php o hm lng Fe: - Khi nng Fe cao ta dng phng php kt ta. - Khi nng Fe thp ta dng phng php so mu: - Ngoi ra, ta cn c th dng phng php hp th quang ph nguyn t

4. NC NGM C HM LNG ST CAO

Trong cu trc ca tri t khi hnh thnh th nhng nguyn t nng nh st v niken chm

xung hnh thnh nn lp nhn ca tri t. Trn tri t c nhng m st. Nhng m st ny trong lng t, khi nhng mch nc ngm chy qua th st s ngm v cc ti nc ngm ny, lm cho hm lng st trong nc ngm lun cao.

CLO
1.

Thc hin mu trng trc khi nh phn nhm:

Trnh sai s khi nc ct pha long c cha ion Cl-. Khi nc sch: xc nh ng th tch AgNO 3 tc dng to Ag2CrO3 xc nh chnh xc th tch AgNO3 tc dng to kt ta AgCl.

so mu vi mu nh vy d nhn bit im tng ng.

2.

Phng php nh phn thc hin trong mi trng trung tnh: mi trng axit: th ion CrO4- chuyn thnh Cr2O7- khng to kt ta gch vi Ag+ v th khng xc nh c im tng ng.

Trong mi trng kim: AgNO3 b oxi ha thnh Ag2O khng th phn nh c.

Do , tt nht l ta thc hin nh phn trong mi trng trung tnh.

3.

ngha ca nng Cl-- :

Chloride nng hp l khng c vi con ngi, nhng khi dng nc c hm lng chloride cao c th gy bnh v thn. Ngoi ra nc cha nhiu chloride c tnh xm thc btng.

PHOSPHAT

1. S khc bit gia orthophotphat; polyphotphat; photphat hu c:

Orthophosphat:

y l dng phosphat c cu to: PO43- c tnh tan khi trng thi hp cht nh: Mg(PO4), K3PO4. C tnh linh ng cao d dng hp th bi VSV v thc vt hn cc dng khc.

Polyphosphat:

y l hp cht lin kt v c cha hn 1 nguyn t phospho nh P 2O5, P2Ondh2 c tnh linh ng km hn so vi orthophosphat.

Phosphat hu c:

Dng ny c thnh phn cu trc t cc phn t ATP, ADP trong c th sinh vt. Trong t nhin, hu nh dng ny l nhng cht mang tnh c hi mnh di dng thuc tr su, v kh ha hc. 2. So snh kt qu phn tch hm lng photphat sau khi ly mu bo qun nhiu ngy. Hm lng photphat o c ca mu bo qun nhiu ngy (onh). Photphat l cht dinh dng thit yu cho s sng ca VSV nn c VSV s dng phn gii hp cht hu c trong c th VSV. Trong qu trnh chun th qu trnh un nng trong mi trng axit cc dng photphat c chuyn v dng orthophosphat nhng vn cho kt qu nh ban u.
3. ngha ca phostphat trong kim sot nhim nc. V vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l sinh hc cn 1 lng photphorus ti to v tng hp m, nu lng phosphorus t chun th s gip cc vi sinh vt phn gii cht hu c sinh trng pht trin bnh thng . Nu lng nc thi c qu nhiu phosphorus s lm cho cc sinh vt to pht trin cng gy nhim cho nc , ngn cn s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt h hp hiu kh & k kh .

NITRATE 1. L do ta phn tch nitrate:

 N l nguyn t dinh dng thit yu, n c th gp phn to nn hin tng ph dng ha mc d khng to ngng pht trin.

Xc nh hm lng NO3- c th bit c ngun nhim .......... NO3-, NO2- c mt NH4+ hay khng nh th ngun nc ang trong qu trnh t lm sch.

2.

TCVN i vi NO3-: NO3- 6mg/l. Khi NO3- > 6mg/l th gy hi i vi ngi s dng.

Khi tr em s dng ngun nc ny c th gy ra bnh thiu huyt sc t.

3.

Cc dng tn ti ca NO3- : NO3- c mt trong nc ngm v nc

mt.

Nc mt NO3- tn ti dng vt.

Nc ngm: nc ngm nng hoc nhng ni trng trt s dng nhiu phn bn ng bng, vng t ct th c [NO3- ] cao.

DO 1. DO quan trng trong sng sui:

V DO l yu t xc nh s thay i xy ra khi vi sinh vt k kh hay hiu kh . y l ch tiu quan trng nht lin quan n vic kim sot nhim dng chy. Nu trong nc sng sui b cc kim loi nng hoc cc hp cht hu c xm nhp vo lm cho cc vi sinh vt hiu kh hay k kh cht th nng DO s thp nh hng n mi trng nc. V vy n quan trng trong vic nh gi nhim trong sng sui .

2.

Cc yu t nh hng n DO

Ph thuc vo din tch tip xc ca khng kh i vi nc ngun . Vo cn lng trong nc : nu lng cn lng ln v lng oxy trong nc khng cho qu trnh phn hy hiu kh th oxy ha tan ca nc cn kit. Ph thuc vo nhit : V ma h khi nhit ca nc tng qu trnh oxy ha xy ra vi cng mnh trong khi ha tan ca oxy vo nc li gim xung . V vy v ma h thiu ht oxy nhanh hn ma ng .

3. 1ml Na2S2O3 0,025 N dng = 1mg O2/l. 1 ml Na2S2O3 0,025 dng =1 mg O2/lt v hu ht cc cht in phn s dng trong phn tch nc iu chnh sao cho mi ml dung dch chun tng ng vi 1,0 mg cht t do 1 ml dd Na2S2O3 0,025 0,025 = (1/40) e =2 O2 =16 S ng lng gam O2 : = (M/e) =(16/2) = 8

V khi inh phn =300 -97-3 = 200 ml 1 ml dd Na2S2O3 0,025 = (1/)*(1/ V khi inh phn ) 1/40 = (1/8)*(1/5) =1/40 Vy 1 ml Na2S2O3 0,025 dng =1 mg O2/lt. BOD 1. n g dng ca BOD trong x l nc thi:

BOD l mt th nghim quan trng nht kim sot nhim ngun nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip: + Xc nh tnh trng nhim c th tnh n vic x l nhim nh lm thong b mt nc nhim hoc sc kh vo ngun gy nhim vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh lm sch. + C th thm cc tc nhn VSV vo ngun nc gip qu trnh lm sch nhanh hn. BOD c th nh gi c kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc c kho st. BOD cng cao chng t mc nhim cng nng. y l th nghim gin tip o hm lng cht hu c.
2.

L do ta chn phn tch BOD5 phn tch BOD: Qu trnh oxy ha l qu trnh din ra chm v theo nh l thuyt qu trnh din ra hon ton mt thi gian rt lu.

 Trong vng 20 ngy, khong 90-95% hp cht hu c c oxy ha. Trong vng 5 ngy, khong 60-70% hp cht hu c c oxy ha. T ngy th 5 tr i lng oxy cn tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha N v c dn n s sai lch ca th nghim nu qu lu. Do , ngi ta chn cch phn tch BOD5 thun tin. 3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc oxy ha trong th nghim BOD: Cc cht c hi i vi vsv PH v iu kin thm thu phi thch hp. Cht dinh dng cung cp cho vsv Nhit mi trng nui cp ( nhit ca phn tch ) Seed (vsv c b sung trong pt BOD ) COD 1. NGHA CA KIM TRA COD: Ch tiu COD c dng xc nh hm lng cht hu c c trong nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip. COD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha cc cht hu c thnh CO2 v H2O di tc dng ca cht

oxy ha mnh, t tm ra phng n x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hoc hay ha hc.
2. VAI TR CA AgSO4 V HgSO4 TRONG

KIM NGHIM: AgSO4 l cht xc tc nhm lm tng tc phn ng trong qu trnh oxu ha cc cht hu c mch thng hoc cc nhn thm. HgSO4 cho vo dung dch K2Cr2O7 to phc bn HgCl42- v khi cho cht xc tc AgSO2 th Ag s kt ta vi cc ion halogen nn s nh hng n cc qu trnh nhn mu bng mt. Mt khc, chnh cc halogen ny cng b oxy ha 1 phn bi dichromate do n s nh hng n qu trnh phn tch. SULPHATE Hm lng cao c ngha g vi vic cp nc v nc thi? i vi nc cp: hm lng sunfat cao s nh hng sc khe con ngi. nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy bnh tiu chy. i vi nc thi: hm lng sunfat cao l do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt nhum, thuc da, luyn kim, sn xut giy. nc nhim phn cha hm lng sunfat cao. nh hng ca n sc khe con ngi

1.

 Sunfat thng c mt trong nc l do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c c cha sunfua hoc do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt nhum, thuc da, luyn kim, sn xut giy. Nc nhim phn thng cha hm lng sunfat cao. nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy bnh tiu chy. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh sunfat nh hn 250 mg/l.