- Cu hi loi 1 im:

Cu hi 1.1: Nhiu nh do u m c?
Tr li: M nh tr li theo 2 cch, ty theo cc bn la
chn:
Cch 1: Nhiu trong nhip nh
- Nhiu do cm bin b nng khi phi sng qu lu
- Nhiu vng ti gy ra do cu trc cm bin khi thi
chp khng
- Nhiu do cm bin thu tn hiu sai khi y nhy sng
ISO ln cao
Cch 2:Theo trong ti liu gio trnh
Nhiu do cc thit b quang hc, lng t, v i khi do
chnh bn thn i tng. Do c 2 loi nhiu c bn:
- Nhiu h thng: l nhiu do thit b hoc nh hng bi
ngun sng ngoi lai no -> d kh
- Nhiu ngu nhin: l cc vt bn khng c nguyn
nhn->kh kh, phi c gii php ph hp.
Cu 1.2: Ti sao nh thu nhn khng trnh khi bin
dng hnh hc?
Tr li: nh thu c sau qu trnh thu nhn nh thng
khng trnh khi bin dng bi cc thit b quang hc v in
t, i khi do chnh bn thn i tng.
Cu 1.3: Histogram l g?
Tr li: Histogram l biu tn sut, biu th hin cng
nh sng(cho bit sng ca bc nh). l th vi
trc honh l sng v trc tung l s lng im nh
sng tng ng.
Cu 1.4: Hy nu mt s phn mm x l nh m em bit
Tr li:
- Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended
- Paint.NET
- Photoscape
- Picasa
- Picnik
Cu 1.5: u vo ca h thng x l nh l g?
Tr li: nh phi c thu nhn qua cc thit b thu (nh
camera, my chp nh, t v tinh hoc nh chp c qut t
my qut nh). nh s c s ha v tip tc c x l.




- Cu hi loi 2 im
Cu hi 2.1: Nn chnh bin dng hnh hc l g? Ti sao
phi nn chnh bin dng hnh hc?
Tr li:
Trong thc t i tng khi c thu nhn bi cc thit b in t
v quang hc thng khng th hin c bn cht thc (nguyn
thy) ca mnh hay ni cch khc l b bin dng i. V d: nh
chp cun sch thng c mt u to u nh do cch t my
nh, nh chp b mt tri t t v tinh b mo do b mt cong ca
tri t v.v.. Nn chnh bin dng nhm hiu chnh cc khuyt
im ca i tng l khu tin x l quan trng trong x l nh
.Nh vy nn chnh bin dng ban u ch n thun mang mc
ch khc phc cc nhc im ca nh do thit b thu nhn gy ra
Cu hi 2.2: X l nh l g? Hy nu hai m hnh biu din
nh c bn?
Tr li:
X l nh s l mt lot thao tc v phn tch nh bng my
tnh nhm ci thin cht lng nh tt hn
Hai m hnh biu din nh c bn
- M hnh Raster

y l cch biu din nh thng dng nht hin nay, nh c biu
din di dng
ma trn cc im (im nh). Thng thu nhn qua cc thit b nh
camera, scanner. Tu
theo yu cu thc th m mi im nh c biu din qua 1 hay
nhiu bt
M hnh Raster thun li cho hin th v in n
Mt trong nhng hng nghin cu c bn trn m hnh biu din
ny l k thut
nn nh cc k thut nn nh li chia ra theo 2 khuynh hng l
nn bo ton v khng bo ton thng tin nn bo ton c kh nng
phc hi hon ton d liu ban u cn nu khng bo ton ch c
kh nng phc hi sai s cho php no . Theo cch tip cn
ny ngi ta ra nhiu quy cch khc nhau nh BMP, TIF,
GIF, PCX
- M hnh Vector

Biu din nh ngoi mc ch tit kim khng gian lu tr d dng
cho hin th v in
n cn m bo d dng trong la chn sao chp di chuyn tm
kim Theo nhng yu
cu ny k thut biu din Vector t ra u vit hn.
Trong m hnh vector ngi ta s dng hng gia cc vector ca
im nh ln cn
m ho v ti to hnh nh ban u nh vector c thu nhn
trc tip t cc thit b s ho nh Digital hoc c chuyn i t
nh Raster thng qua cc chng trnh s ho .Cng ngh phn
cng cung cp nhng thit b x l vi tc nhanh v cht lng
cho c u vo v ra nhng li ch h tr cho nh Raster. Do vy,
nhng nghin cu v biu din Vector u tp trung t chuyn i
t
nh Raster.

Cu 2.3: x l nh l j? Nu s tng qut ca mt h thng
x l nh.
Tr li:X l nh :l qu trnh thao tc nh u vo nhm cho ra
kt qu mong mun. Kt qu u ra ca x l nh c th l mt
nh tt hn hoc mt kt lun.

S tng qut ca mt h thng x l nh:

Cu 2.4: Cc php ton hnh thi hc c bn? Cc tnh cht
Tr li:







Cu 2.5: x l nh l j? vn no trong x l nh l quan
trng nht? ti sao?
Tr li:
Phn tch nh l khu quan trng trong x l nh tin ti hiu
nh. Trong phn tch nh vic trch chn c im l mt bc
quan trng. Cc c im ca i tng ty theo mc ch nhn
dng trong qu trnh x l nh v d nh: c im khng gian, c
im bin i, c im bin v ng bin.
Vic trch chn cc c im hiu qu gip cho vic nhn dng cc
i tng nh chnh xc vi tc tnh ton cao v dung lng
nh lu tr gim xung.
- Cu hi loi 3 im
Cu 3.1:
a. Histogram ? Cn bng Histogram?
b. Khi no nh sau khi cn bng t cn bng l
tng?
Tr li:
a. - Cu 1.3
- Histogram ( Cu 1.3) B sung: l mt th
vi trc honh l sng v trc tung l s lng
im nh sng tng ng. Chiu cao ca cc
ct en trn histogram cng th hin s lng
pixel mc sng . Nh vy, khi nhn vo
cao ca cc "nh ni" trn histogram, ta s bit
cch iu chnh sng ti cho ph hp.

- Cn bng Histogram: Cc vng ca Histogram
c chnh Cn i bng nhau trong mc
xm, k thut ny c gi l Cn bng
Histogram.
b. nh I c gi l cn bng l tng nu vi mi mc
xm g, g ta c
h(g) = h(g)
Ch : nh sau khi thc hin cn bng cha chc l
cn bng l tng.
Cu 3.2: (c tch ngng trng vi cu 4.3a)
a. Tch ngng ? Tch ngng t ng ?
b. Khi no nh khng tch c ngng ?
Tr li:
a.
- Tch ngng : Gi s ta c nh I ~ kch thc m
n, hai s Min, Max v ngng
Khi , k thut tch ngng c th hin
I [i, j] = I [i, j] > = ? Max: Min; (i,j)
- Tch ngng t ng : Ngng trong k thut
tch ngng thng c cho bi ngi s dng.
K thut tm tch ngng t ng nhm tm ra
ngng mt cch t ng da vo histogram
theo nguyn l trong vt l l vt th tch lm 2
phn nu tng lnh trong tng phn l ti
thiu.
Tm sao cho

Cu 3.3 :
a. Lc trung bnh ?
b. Khi no nh sau khi lc trung bnh kt qu khng
thay i ?
Tr li:
a. Lc trung bnh l k thut lc tuyn tnh hot
ng nh mt b lc thng thp.Mc ch: san
bng nh, lm mn nh, loi b cc thnh phn
nhiu mui, tiu. tng: mi im nh c
thay th bng tng trng s hay trung bnh trng
s ca cc im ln cn vi vi mt n.
Cho dy x1, x2, xn khi trung bnh ca dy
k hiu AV({xn}) ddc nh ngha:

- K thut lc trung bnh :Gi s ta c nh I, im
nh P, ca s W(P) v ngng . Khi k thut
lc trung bnh ph thuc khng gian bao gm cc
bc c bn sau:
+ Bc 1: Tm trung bnh
{I(q)| q W(P)} AV(P)
+ Bc 2: Gn gi tr



Cu 3.4:
a. Lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht?
b. Khi no nh sau khi lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn
nht c kt qu ging lc trung bnh?
Tr li:
a. Lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht:
Gi s ta c nh I, im nh P, ca s W(P), ngng v s k. Khi
, lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht bao gm cc bc sau:
- Bc 1: Tm K gi tr gn nht
{I(q)|qW(p)}{k~ gi tr gn I(P) nht}
- Bc 2: Tnh trung bnh
{k~ gi tr gn I(P) nht}AVk(P)
- Bc 3: Gn gi tr

b. Khi k ln hn kch thc ca s th nh sau khi lc
trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht c kt qu ging lc
trung bnh.
Cu 3.5:
a. Cc php ton hnh thi hc c bn? Cc tnh cht?
b. Khi no php gin n cho kt qu ging php co
trn cng mt nh?
Tr li:
a. Cc php ton hnh thi hc c bn:
Gi thit ta c i tng X v phn t cu trc ( mu) B trong
khng gian Euclide 2 chiu. K hiu Bx l dch chuyn ca B ti v
tr x.
- Php gin n: Php gin n ca X theo mu B l hp
ca tt c cc Bx vi x thuc X. Ta c:

- Php co: Php co ca X theo B l tp hp tt c cc
im x sao cho Bx nm trong X. Ta c:
X B = {x: Bx X}
- Php ton m: Php ton m ca X theo cu trc B l
tp hp cc im ca nh X sau khi co v gin n
lin tip theo B. Ta c:
OPEN(X,B) = (X B) B
- Php ton ng: Php ton ng ca X theo cu trc B
l tp hp cc im nh ca X sau khi gin n v co
lin tip theo B. Ta c:
CLOSE(X,B) = (X B) B
- Cc tnh cht:
o Tnh gia tng:
X B X B
B
X X
X B X B B

X B
X B' X
B B'
X B
X B X
o Tnh phn phi vi php :
X (B B') = (X B) (X
B')
X (B B') = (X B) (X
B')
o Tnh phn phi vi php :
(X Y) B = (X B) (Y
B)
o Tnh kt hp:
(X B) B' = X (B B')
(X B) B' = X (B B')
o X b chn bi cc cn OPEN v CLOSE:
(X B) B X (X B)
B
o Tnh bt bin:
((X B) B) B = X B
((X B) B) B = X B
b. Cu ny t ko bit tr li
- Cu hi loi 4 im
Cu 4.1.b. Cn bng Histogram cho nh sau vi new_level = 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1 2 3 4
5 3 2 1 2 3
6 5 3 2 1 2
Tr li:
Ta c :
TB =

=10
Tnh h(g) = ? ; t(g) = ?
1 xut hin 5 ln => h(g=1) = 5; t(g=1) = ()

() ()
2 xut hin 9 ln => h(g=2) = 9;
t(2)= () () () ()

3 xut hin 7 ln => h(g=3)=7;
t(3) = t(2)+h(3)=14+7=21
4 xut hin 3 ln => h(g=4) =3;
t(4)=t(3)+h(4)=21+3=24
5 xut hin 4 ln => h(g=5) = 4;
t(5)=t(4)+h(5) = 24+4=28
6 xut hin 2 ln => h(g=6) = 2 ;
t(6) = t(5) + h(6) = 28 + 2 =30
Tnh f(g) = ?
f(1)=max{0,round(

)}= 0
f(2) = max {0,round(

)}=0
f(3)=max {0,round(

)}=1
f(4)=max {0,round(

- 1)}=1
f(5)=max {0,round(

)}=2
f(6)= max {0,round (

)} =2
Ta c bng sau :

g h(g) t(g) f(g)
1 5 5 0
2 9 14 0
3 7 21 1
4 3 24 1
5 4 28 2
6 2 30 2

Vy :

0 0 1 1 2 2
0 0 0 1 1 2
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 1 0 0 0 1
2 2 1 0 0 0

Cu 4.2
a. Bin v k thut pht hin bin Laplace
b. p dng k thut pht hin bin Laplace cho nh
sau :
3 0 0 0 0 0
0 3 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 3 3 3
0 0 3 3 3 3
0 0 3 3 3 3
0 0 3 3 3 3

Tr li:
a. Bin v k thut pht hin bin Laplace:
- Bin:
- im Bin: Mt im nh c coi l im bin
nu c s thay i nhanh hoc t ngt v mc
xm (hoc mu). V d trong nh nh phn, im
en gi l im bin nu ln cn n c tmnht
mt im trng.
- ng bin (ng bao: boundary): tp hp cc
im bin lin tip to thnh mt ng bin hay
ng bao.
- ngha ca ng bin trong x l: ngha u
tin: ng bin l mt loi c trng cc b tiu
biu trong phn tch, nhn dng nh. Th hai,
ngi ta s dng bin lm phn cch cc vng
xm (mu) cch bit. Ngc li, ngi ta cng s
dng cc vng nh tm ng phn cch.
- Tm quan trng ca bin: thy r tm quan
trng ca bin, xt v d sau: khi ngi ha s
mun v mt danh nhn, ha s ch cn v vi
ng nt tc ha m khng cn v mt cch y
.
- K thut pht hin bin Laplace:
Khi mc xm thay i chm, min chuyn tip
tri rng, phng php cho hiu qu hn l
phng php s dng o hm bc hai Laplace.
Ton t Laplace c nh ngha nh sau:
Ta c:

Tng t:

Vy:

Dn ti:

b. Ta c :
( ) = ( ) ( )

(m=3,n=3)
= ( ) ( )

= I(x,y) * H(0,0) + I(x,y+1)*H(0,1) + I(x,y+2) * H(0,2) + I(x+1,y)
* H(1,0) + I(x+1,y+1) *H(1,1) + I(x+1,y+2)*H(1,2) +I(x+2,y)
*H(2,0) + I(x+2,y+1)*H(2,1) + I(x+2,y+2)*H(2,2)
Vy :
nh I nhn chp theo mu H1 l :
I

( ) ( ) () ( )
( ) () ( )
( ) () ( ) ( )
() ( ) )
=4 I(x+1,y+1) I(x,y+1) I(x+1,y) I(x+1,y+2)
I(x+2,y+1)
Kt qu xem bng excel
nh I nhn chp theo mu H2 l :
I

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Kt qu xem bng excel
nh I nhn chp theo mu H3 l :
I

4I(x+1,y+1)+I(x,y)+I(x,y+2)+I(x+2,y)+I(x+2,y+2)-
2[ I(x,y+1)-I(x+1,y)-I(x+1,y+2)-I(x+2,y+1) ]
Kt qu xem bng excel
Kt qu :

48 -24 -12 -12 * *
-24 24 12 12 * *
-12 15 0 0 * *
-12 12 0 0 * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *

Cu 4.4
a. Bin v k thut pht hin bin Sobel?
Tr li:
a. Bin: <xem cu 4.2>
- K thut pht hin bin Sobel:
Cho cc ma trn:






Bc 1: Tnh Sx*I, Sy*I
Bc 2: Tnh |Sx*I|+|Sy*I|
Bc 3: Phn ngng vi ngng u cho trc
Cu hi 4.6:
a) Bin v k thut pht hin bin Prewitt?
Tr li:
Bin
Bin l vn quan trng trong trch chn c im
nhm tin ti hiu nh.
Trong mi ng dng ngi ta a ra cc o khc
nhau v bin, mt trong cc o l o v s
thay i t ngt v cp xm.
V d: nh en trng, mt im c gi l im bin
nu n l im en c t nht mt im trng bn cnh.
Tp hp cc im bin to nn bin hay ng bao ca
i tng.
K thut pht hin bin Prewitt
L k thut pht hin bin trc tip.
K thut ny s dng 2 mt n nhp chp xp x o hm
theo 2 hng x v y l:


|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
x
H


|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
y
H

Cc bc tnh ton k thut Prewitt
+ Bc 1: Tnh I Hx v I Hy
+ Bc 2: Tnh I Hx + I Hy
Cu hi 4.7:
a) Lc trung v?
Tr li:

Trung v
Cho dy x1, x2,xn n iu nhng tng (gim). Khi
trung v ca dy k hiu l Med({xn}), c nh ngha:
+ Nu n l th x
(

+1
2
n

+ Nu n chn th x
(

2
n
hoc x
(

+1
2
n

Lc trung v
Gi s ta c nh I ngng u ca s W(P) v im nh
P
Khi k thut lc trung v ph thuc khng gian bao
gm cc bc c bn sau:
+ Bc 1: Tm trung v
{I(q)|qeW(P)} Med(P)
+ Bc 2: Gn gi tr

I(P)=

) (
) (
P Med
P I

Nguoclai
P Med P I u s ) ( ) (

Thu Huyn
Cu 4.9:
a. K thut b cm nh?
Tr li:
a. B cm l k thut nhm gim bt s mc xm ca nh bng
cch nhm li s mc xm gn nhau thnh 1 nhm.
- Nu ch c 2 nhm th chnh l k thut tch ngng.
Gi s ta c nh I ~ kch thc m n, hai s Min, Max v
ngng .
Khi , k thut tch ngng c th hin:
I [i, j] = I [i, j] > = ? Max: Min;
(i,j)
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
0 0 0
1 2 1
,
1 0 1
2 0 2
1 0 1
Sy Sx
- Thng thng c nhiu nhm vi kch thc khc nhau.
tng qut khi bin i ngi ta s ly cng 1 kch thc
bunch_size

I [i,j] = I [i,j]/ bunch - size * bunch_size (i,j)
Cu 4.10:
a. Php nhn chp (php cun) v mu.
Tr li:
Gi s ta c nh I kch thc M N, mu T c kch thc m n
khi , nh I cun theo mu T c xc nh bi cng thc.

- Trong qu trnh thc hin php nhn chp c mt s thao tc
ra ngoi nh, nh khng c xc nh ti nhng v tr dn
n nh thu c c kch thc nh hn.
- nh thc hin theo 2 cng thc trn ch sai khc nhau 1 php
dch chuyn n gin ta s hiu php nhn chp l theo
cng thc 1.

- Cu hi loi 5 im
Cu 5.1: a) Hy trnh by khi nim i tng nh v cho
v d
Tr li:
Hai im Ps, Pe E, E (tp cc vng im en) hoc (tp
cc vng im trng ) c gi l 8-lin thng (hoc 4-lin thng)
trong E nu tn ti tp cc im c gi l ng i (io,jo)...(in,jn)
sao cho (io,jo)= Ps, (in,jn)= Pe, (ir,jr) E v (ir,jr) l 8-lng ging
(hoc 4-lng ging tng ng) ca (ir-1,jr-1) vi r = 1,2,...,n. Ta
thy, quan h k-lin thng trong E (k=4,8) l mt quan h phn
x, i xng v bc cu. Bi vy l mt quan h tng ng.
Mi lp tng ng c gi l mt thnh phn k-lin thng ca
nh. Ta gi mi thnh phn k-lin thng ca nh l mt i tng
nh.
V d: Ta c:

Hai im P0 v P7 E, ta thy tn ti im (ir,jr) E v
(ir,jr) l 4-lng ging ca (ir-1,jr-1) vi r = 1,2,...,7. Vy hai im P0
v P7 c gi l 4 lin thng trong E hay l i tng nh.
b) Hy thay i cc khi nim cn thit c th hiu c i
tng nh c th ch 1 pixel. (ci ny t khng tm c nh
ngha 1 pixel v cng cha hiu r cu hi)

Cu 5.2
a. Hy trnh by khi nim chu tuyn ca i tng nh? Cc
loi chu tuyn?
b. Hy cho mt v d v i tng c chu tuyn va l chu
tuyn trong va l chu tuyn ngoi.
Tr li:
a. * Khi nim chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh:
Chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh l dy cc im ca
i tng nh P1,,Pn sao cho Pi v Pi+1 l cc 8-lng
ging ca nhau (i=1,,n-1) v P1 l 8-lng ging ca Pn
, Q i- khng thuc i tng nh v Q l 4-lng
ging ca Pi(hay ni cc khc i th Pi l bin 4). K
hiu <P1P2Pn>.


V d v chu tuyn ca i tng
nh
- Cc loi chu tuyn: c 3 loi chu tuyn
Chu tuyn i ngu: Hai chu tuyn
C=<P1P2Pn>v
C

=<Q1Q2Qm> c gi l i ngu ca
nhau nu v ch nu j i- sao cho: (i) Pi
v Qj l 4-lng ging ca nhau.
(ii) Cc im Pi l vng th Qj l
nn v ngc li.
Chu tuyn ngoi: Chu tuyn C c gi l
chu tuyn ngoi nu v ch nu: (i) Chu
tuyn i ngu C

l chu tuyn ca cc im
nn.
(ii) di ca C nh hn di ca C



Chu tuyn ngoi

Chu tuyn trong: Chu tuyn C c gi l
chu tuyn trong nu v ch nu: (i) Chu
tuyn i ngu C

l chu tuyn ca cc im
nn.
(ii) di ca C ln hn di ca C




Chu tuyn trong
b. V d v i tng c chu tuyn va l chu tuyn trong
va l chu tuyn ngoi.
Khng c mt chu tuyn ca mt i tng no m
va l chu tuyn trong va l chu tuyn ngoi.V ta c
nh l v tnh duy nht ca chu tuyn ngoi c pht
biu nh sau: Gi s E _ l mt i tng nh v CE l
chu tuyn ngoi ca E. Khi CE l duy nht
Cu hi 5.3 :
a) Hy trnh by thut ton d bin cho mt i tng
nh?
b) Hy l gii ti sao li phi s dng cp nn vng
trong thut ton?

Tr li:
a) Trnh by thut ton d bin cho mt i tng
nh.
V c bn thut ton d bin trong mt vng l nhm
tm ra chu tuyn ca vng . Bao gm cc bc sau:
B1 Xc nh cp nn-vng xut pht
B2 Xc nh cp nn vng tip theo
B3 La chn im bin vng
B4 Nu gp li cp xut pht th dng, nu khng
quay li bc 2

Xc nh cp nn vng xut pht:
- Cp nn vng l 8 lng ging ca nhau nn c
th biu din bi 1 im vng P v hng dir
th hin v tr lng ging ca im nn so vi
im vng.
- dir c th nhn 1 trong 8 gi tr 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7. Do vy, cp nn vng xut pht s c
xc nh bi duyt nh t trn xung di, tri
qua phi. im vng u tin faqwpj pht s l
im vng xut pht tng ng vi hng im
nn l 4.
Xc nh cp nn vng tip theo:
P, dir
Point Orient[]={(1,0), (1,-1), (0, -1), (-1,-1), (-1, 0), (-1,
1), (0, 1), (1, 1)}
Byte getNext (Point P, Byte dir)
{
Int count = 0
While (count < 8)
{
If (getpixel
(p.x+Orient[dir].x , P.y + Orient[dir].y)==BLACK)
Return dir;
Dir = (dir + 7) %8;
}count++;
Return ERR; // im c lp
// V tr mi
Pdir = GetNext (P, dir);
p.x+=Orient[pdir].x;
p.y+=Orient[pdir].y;
}
b) Phi s dng cp nn vng trong thut ton v:
Kt qu tc ng ca ton t d bin ln mt
im bin ri l im bin ri+1 (8-lng ging ca ri).
Thng thng cc ton t ny c xy dng nh mt
hm i s Boolean trn cc 8-lng ging ca ri . Mi
cc xy dng cc tong t u ph thuc vo nh
ngha quan h lin thng v im bin. Do s gy ra
kh khn cho vic kho st cc tnh cht ca ng
bin. Ngoi ra, v mi bc d bin u phi kim tra
tt c cc 8 lng ging ca mi im nn thut ton
thng km hiu qu. khc phc cc hn ch trn,
thay v s dng mt im bin ta s dng cp im bin
(mt thuc , mt thuc ), cc cp im ny to nn tp
nn - vng, k hiu l NV.
Cu 5.4
a. Hy nu bi ton rt gn s lng im biu din
b.Trnh by thut ton rt gn s lng im biu din
Douglas Peucker? V cho bit tiu chun gn ging c s
dng y l g?
Tr li:
a.Rt gn s lng im biu din l k thut thuc phn hu x
l. Kt qu ca phn d hay trch xng thu c 1 dy cc im
lin tip. Vn t ra l liu c th b bt cc im thu c
gim thiu khng gian lu tr v thun tin cho vic i sch hay
khng ?
Sau y l bi ton rt gn im biu din:
Cho ng cong gm n im trong mt phng (x1, y1), (x2, y2),,
(xn, yn). Hy b bt mt s im thuc ng cong sao cho ng
cong mi nhn c l (Xi1; Yi1), (Xi2;Yi2),, (Xim; Yim) gn
ging vi ng cong ban u.
b.
Thut ton rt gn s lng im biu din Douglas
Peucker:
tng c bn ca thut ton Douglas Peucker l xt
xem khong cch ln nht t ng cong ti on
thng ni hai u mt ng cong c ln hn ngng
khng. Nu iu ny ng th im xa nht c gi li
lm im chia ng cong v thut ton c thc hin
tng t vi hai ng cong va tm c. Trong
trng hp ngc li, kt qu ca thut ton n gin
ha l hai im u mt ca ng cong.
Thut ton Douglas Peucker:
- Bc 1: Chn ngng .
- Bc 2: Tm khong cch ln nht t ng cong
ti on thng ni hai u on ng cong h.
- Bc 3: Nu h th dng
- Bc 4: Nu h > th gi li im t cc i ny
v quay tr li bc 1
Nhn xt: Thut ton ny t ra thun li i vi cc
ng cong thu nhn c m gc l cc on thng,
ph hp vi vic n gin ha trong qu trnh Vector
ha cc bn v k thut, s thit k mch in,
Chng trnh:
// Hm tnh ng cao t nh n on thng ni hai
im u v cui
float Tinhduongcao (POINT dau, POINT cuoi, POINT
dinh){
float h;
//tinh duong cao
return h;
}

// Hm quy nhm nh du loi b cc im trong
ng cong
void DPSimple (POINT *pLINE, int dau, int cuoi,
BOOL *chiso, float )
{
int i, index = dau;
float h, hmax = 0;
for(i=dau+1;i<cuoi;i++){
h=Tinhduongcao(pLINE[dau],
pLINE[cuoi], pLINE[i]);
if(h>hmax){
hmax=h;
index=i;
}
}
if(hmax)
for(i=dau+1;i<cuoi;i++)
chiso[i] = FALSE;
else{
DPSimple(PLINE, dau, index,
chiso, );
DPSimple(PLINE, index, cuoi,
chiso,);
}
}

// Hm rt gn s lng im Douglas Peucker
int DouglasPeucker (POINT *pLINE, int n, float ){
int i,j;
BOOL chiso[MAX_PT];
for (i=0;i<m;i++) //Tt c cc im c gi
li
chiso[i]=TRUE;
DPSimple(pLINE, 0, n-1, chiso, );
for (i=j=0;i<0;i++)
if(chiso[i]==TRUE)
pLINE[j++] =
pLINE[i];
return j;
}
Tiu chun gn ging c s dng y:
Mt s o gn ging l:
- Chiu di (chiu rng) ca hnh ch nht nh nht
cha ng cong.
- Khong cch ln nht t ng cong n on
thng ni 2 u mt ca ng cong.
- T l chiu di v chiu rng ca hnh ch nht
nh nht cha ng cong
- S ln ng cong ct on thng ni 2 u mt.
Cu 5.5: a. Hy trnh by thut ton ng thng Hough
Tr li:
a.
- Xy dng mng ch s [a,b] v gn gi tr 0 ban u cho
tt c cc phn t ca mng.
- Vi mi (xi;yi) v a,b l ch s ca phn t mng tha
mn b=-axi+yi th tng gi tr ca phn t mng tng
ng ln 1.
- Tm phn t mng c gi tr ln nht nu gi tr ln
nht tm c so vi s phn t ln hn hoc bng
ngng cho trc th ta c th kt lun cc im nm
trn cng mt ng thng. V ng thng c phng
trnh y=ax+b trong a, b tng ng l ch s ca phn
t mng c gi tr ln nht tm c.
Khng c cu 4.1a(do trng vi cu 3.1 ), 4.3a(do trng
cu 3.2), 4.5a(do trng cu 3.3), 4.8a(do trng cu 3.5)