so snh ODA v FDI

Oda H tr pht trin chnh thc (hay ODA, vit tt ca cm t Official Development Assistance), l mt hnh thc u t nc ngoi. Gi l H tr bi v cc khon u t ny thng l cc khon cho vay khng li sut hoc li sut thp vi thi gian vay di. i khi cn gi l vin tr. Gi l Pht trin v mc tiu danh ngha ca cc khon u t ny l pht trin kinh t v nng cao phc li nc c u t. Gi l Chnh thc, v n thng l cho Nh nc vay. u im ca ODA * Li sut thp (di 3%, trung bnh t 1-2%/nm) * Thi gian cho vay cng nh thi gian n hn di (25-40 nm mi phi hon tr v thi gian n hn 8-10 nm) * Trong ngun vn ODA lun c mt phn vin tr khng hon li, thp nht l 25% ca tng s vn ODA. Bt li khi nhn ODA Cc nc giu khi vin tr ODA u gn vi nhng li ch v chin lc nh m rng th trng, m rng hp tc c li cho h, m bo mc tiu v an ninh - quc phng hoc theo ui mc tiu chnh tr... V vy, h u c chnh sch ring hng vo mt s lnh vc m h quan tm hay h c li th (nhng mc tiu u tin ny thay i cng vi tnh hnh pht trin kinh t - chnh tr - x hi trong nc, khu vc v trn th gii).V d: * V kinh t, nc tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn d b dn hng ro thu quan bo h cc ngnh cng nghip non tr v bng thu xut nhp khu hng ho ca nc ti tr. Nc tip nhn ODA cng c yu cu tng bc m ca th trng bo h cho nhng danh mc hng ho mi ca nc ti tr; yu cu c nhng u i i vi cc nh u t trc tip nc ngoi nh cho php h u t vo nhng lnh vc hn ch, c kh nng sinh li cao * Ngun vn ODA t cc nc giu cung cp cho cc nc ngho cng thng gn vi vic mua cc sn phm t cc nc ny m khng hon ton ph hp, thm ch l khng cn thit i vi cc nc ngho. V nh cc d n ODA trong lnh vc o to, lp d n v t vn k thut, phn tr cho cc chuyn gia nc ngoi thng chim n hn 90% (bn nc ti tr ODA thng yu cu tr lng cho cc chuyn gia, c vn d n ca h qu cao so vi chi ph thc t cn thu chuyn gia nh vy trn th trng lao ng th gii). * Ngun vn vin tr ODA cn c gn vi cc iu khon mu dch c bit nhp khu ti a cc sn phm ca h. C th l nc cp ODA buc nc tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn mt khon ODA l hng ho, dch v do h sn xut. * Nc tip nhn ODA tuy c ton quyn qun l s dng ODA nhng thng thng, cc danh mc d n ODA cng phi c s tho thun, ng ca nc vin tr, d khng trc tip iu hnh d n nhng h c th tham gia gin tip di hnh thc nh thu hoc h tr chuyn gia.

* Tc ng ca yu t t gi hi oi c th lm cho gi tr vn ODA phi hon li tng ln. Ngoi ra, tnh trng tht thot, lng ph; xy dng chin lc, quy hoch thu ht v s dng vn ODA vo cc lnh vc cha hp l; trnh qun l thp, thiu kinh nghim trong qu trnh tip nhn cng nh x l, iu hnh d n khin cho hiu qu v cht lng cc cng trnh u t bng ngun vn ny cn thp... c th y nc tip nhn ODA vo tnh trng n nn.

Fdi u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI = Foreign Direct Investment) l hnh thc u t di hn ca c nhn hay cng ty nc ny vo nc khc bng cch thit lp c s sn xut, kinh doanh. C nhn hay cng ty nc ngoi s nm quyn qun l c s sn xut kinh doanh ny. T chc Thng mi Th gii a ra nh ngha nh sau v FDI: u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI) xy ra khi mt nh u t t mt nc (nc ch u t) c c mt ti sn mt nc khc (nc thu ht u t) cng vi quyn qun l ti sn . Phng din qun l l th phn bit FDI vi cc cng c ti chnh khc. Trong phn ln trng hp, c nh u t ln ti sn m ngi qun l nc ngoi l cc c s kinh doanh. Trong nhng trng hp , nh u t thng hay oc gi l "cng ty m" v cc ti sn c gi l "cng ty con" hay "chi nhnh cng ty" u im: + FDI thc y tng trng kinh t, b sung ngun vn cho pht trin kinh t - x hi trong nc Tip thu cng ngh v b quyt qun l +tham gia mng li sn xut ton cu +tng lwng vic lm v o to nhn cng +Ngun thu ngn sch ln. - FDI khng li gnh n cho chnh ph nc tip nhn u t v chnh tr, kinh t nh h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) hoc cc hnh thc u t nc ngoi khc nh vay thng mi, pht hnh tri phiu ra nc ngoi... Do vy, FDI l hnh thc thu ht v s dng vn u t nc ngoi tng i t ri ro cho nc tip nhn u t. - Nh u t khng d dng rt vn ra khi nc s ti. u t trc tip nc ngoi c tc ng mnh n qu trnh chuyn dch c cu kinh t ca nc tip nhn theo nhiu phng din: chuyn dch c cu ngnh kinh t, c cu vng lnh th, c cu theo ngun vn, c cu vn u t *Nhc im: khi u t trc tip, ch u t khng nhng gp vn m cn ng ra qun l d n . Tuy nhin vic qun l ny i khi khng hiu qu do s khc bit gia cc quc gia.

nhng nhn t thc y u t trc tip ra nc ngoi Chnh lch v nng sut cn bin ca vn gia cc nc Helpman v Sibert, Richard S. Eckaus cho rng c s khc nhau v nng sut cn bin ca vn gia cc nc. Mt nc tha vn thng c nng sut cn bin thp hn. Cn mt nc thiu vn thng c nng sut cn bin cao hn. Tnh trng ny s dn n s di chuyn dng vn t ni d tha sang ni khan him nhm ti a ho li nhun.