(WWW - Vietmaths.com) Ung Dung Bat Dang Thuc Tim GTLN Va GTNN

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Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh
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PHN M U
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I. L DO CHN TI
C th ni trong chng trnh ton bc trung hc ph thng th phn kin

thc v bt ng thc l kh kh. Ni v bt ng thc th c rt nhiu bt ng
thc c cc nh Ton hc ni ting tm ra v chng minh. i vi phn kin thc
ny th c hai dng bi tp l chng minh bt ng thc v vn dng bt ng thc
gii cc bi ton c lin quan.
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L mt sinh vin ngnh ton ti khng ph nhn ci kh ca bt ng thc v

mun tm hiu thm v cc ng dng ca bt ng thc phc v cho vic ging
dy ton sau ny. Do ti chn ti Vn dng bt ng thc t m gi tr ln
nht, gi tr nh nht v gii phng trnh tm hiu thm. Khi vn dng bt ng
thc gii cc bi ton dng ny th c rt nhiu bt ng thc chng ta vn
dng. y ti ch gii hn trong ba bt ng thc l bt ng thc Csi,
Bunhiacopski v bt ng thc vect. Trong ti ny ti trnh by cch v n dng
ba bt ng thc trn tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht v gii phng trnh
rn luyn kh nng vn dng bt ng thc gii ton v qua c th tch ly
c kinh nghim trong gii ton ging dy sau n y.
II. MC CH NGHIN CU
Mc tiu chnh ca ti ny l tng hp cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht,

nh nht v gii phng trnh bng bt ng thc ch yu vn dng ba bt ng
thc ni trn. Qua y ti hi vng s a ra y cc dng vn ca cc bt ng
thc ni trn.
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III. I TNG NGHIN CU
i tng ca ti l ba bt ng thc Csi, Bunhiacopski v bt ng thc

vect cng vi cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht v cc phng trnh.
ti ny ch yu xoay quanh ba i t ng trn bn cnh ti cng gii thiu v
chng minh mt s bt ng thc thng d ng khc.
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IV. PHM VI NGHIN CU
Phm vi ca ti ny ch xoay ch yu vo ba bt ng thc nu trn

gii cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht v gii phng trnh.
VI. PHNG PHP NGHIN C U
Tm v tham kho ti liu, su tm phn tch v bi tp gii minh ha, tham

kho kin ca cn b hng dn
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PHN NI DUNG
Trang 3
Phn 1: S LC V BT NG THC
a b ac bc
ac bc a b
a bc ac b
ab
cd acebd f
e f
a b v m 0 ma mb
a b v m 0 ma mb
ab0
cd 0
ac bd
a b 0 a n b n n
a b
1.2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc
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Cho hai s thc a, b bt k, ta nh ngha:

a b ab 0
1.1. nh ngha bt ng thc
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1.3. Mt s bt ng thc c bn
1.3.1. Bt ng thc cha tr tuyt i

a b a b du = xy ra ab 0
a b ab
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a1 a2 ... an a1 a2 ... an
1.3.2. Bt ng thc Csi
Cho hai s dng a, b ta c:
a b 2 ab
Du = xy ra a b
Tng qut: cho n s khng m a1 , a2 ,..., a n n 2 , ta lun c:
a1 a2 ... a n
n n a1.a2 ...a n
n
Du = xy ra a1 a2 ... an
M rng: Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., a n n 2 v n s 1 , 2 ,...., n dng
c: 1 2 ... n 1 . Th:
a11 .a2 2 ...an n 1a1 2 a2 ... nan

Du = xy ra a1 a2 ... an
Trang 4
1.3.3. Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski:
Cho hai b s a, b v c, d ta c:
ac bd 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
a b
Du = xy ra
c d
Tng qut: Cho n s a1 , a2 ,..., an v b1 , b2 ,.., bn ty ta c:
Du = xy ra
a12 a22 ... a n2 b12 b22 ... bn2
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a1b1 a2b2 ... a nbn
a
a1 a2
... n
b1 b2
bn
a1a2 ...am b1b2 ...bm c1c 2 ...cm
M rng:
Cho m b s, mi b gm n s khng m: ai , b i ,...c i i 1, 2,..., m
Khi ta c:
a1m b1m ... c1m a2m b2m ... c2m ... a mm b mm ... c mm
Du = xy ra a1 : b1 : ... : c1 a2 : b2 : ... : c2 ... a n : b n : ... : c n

1.3.4. Bt ng thc Bernuolli
Cho a 1 v r N :
n
Nu n 1 th 1 a 1 na du = xy ra a 0 hoc n 1
Nu a n 1 th 1 a 1 na
1.3.5. Bt ng thc vect
ie
t
u.v u . v
uv u v
uv u v
u v w uv w uvw
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Trang 5
Phn 2: TM GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT
CA HM S HOC BIU THC
2.1 KIN THC CN NH
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2.1.1. nh ngha
Cho biu thc P( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ( hm s f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ), xc nh trn D

- Nu P( x1, x2 ,..., xn ) M (hoc f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) M ) ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) D v
( x1, x2 ,..., xn ) D sao cho: P( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) M th M gi l gi tr ln nht ca
P( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) (hoc f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ). K hiu l maxP hoc Pmax ( max f ( x1, x2 ,..., xn )
hoc f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )max ).
- Nu P( x1, x2 ,..., xn ) m ( hoc f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) m ) th m gi l gi tr nh
nht ca P( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ( hm s f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ). K hiu l minP hoc Pmin (min
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) hoc f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )min ).
2.1.2. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc (h m s) bng

phng php vn dng bt ng thc
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i vi vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc (hm s) th

c th k n cc phng php sau: phng php kh o st, phng php nh gi
thng thng v phng php s dng bt ng thc. Trong cc ph ng php nu
trn th phng php s dng cc bt ng thc c th coi l mt trong nhng
phng php thng dng v hiu qu nht tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca
biu thc v hm s. i vi phng php ny, ta s dng cc bt ng thc thng
dng nh: bt ng thc Csi, Bunhiacopski, Schwartz, Bernouli, bt ng thc
vect nh gi biu thc P (h oc hm s f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ), t suy ra gi tr
ln nht, gi tr nh nht cn t m.
Phng php ny, nh tn g i ca n, da trc tip v o nh ngha ca gi tr
ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc v hm s. Lc chung ca phng php ny
c th miu t nh sau:
- Trc ht chng minh mt bt ng thc c dng P ( x1, x2 ,..., x n ) D
vi bi ton tm gi tr nh nht (hoc P ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) D i vi bi ton tm
gi tr ln nht), y P l biu thc hoc hm s xc nh trn D.
- Sau ch ra mt phn t ( x01 , x02 ,..., x0 n ) D sao cho P( x01 , x02 ,..., x0 n ) .
Ty theo dng ca bi ton c th m ta chn mt bt ng thc thch hp p
dng vo vic tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht.
Do phm vi ca ti, y ch gii thiu phng php s dng ba bt ng
thc l: Csi, Bunhiacopski v phng php b t ng thc vect.
V d : Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s f ( x) x 2
2
( x 0)
x3
Gii:
3
1
1
1
1 1
5
1 1
Ta c: f ( x) x 2 x 2 x 2 3 3 5 5 x 2 6 5
( BT Csi)
3
3
3
x
x
27
3 x
Trang 6
1
3
Du = xy ra x 2
5
5
ti x 5 3
27
Vy Min f x =
1
x5 3 x 5 3
3
x
2.2. BI TP
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2.2.1. S dng bt ng thc Csi
Lu : bit c bi ton no s dng bt ng Csi ta cn ch n cc

thnh phn ca hm s hoc biu thc. Nu n c dng tch hoc l tng ca hai
phn khng m v c bit sau khi vn dng bt ng thc Csi th xut hin biu
thc ca gi thit ban u v a c v hng s th ta c th s dng bt ng
thc Csi nh gi tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht.
Bi 1: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:

c
a b
P 1 1 1
b c a
Gii:
a
a
2
b
b
b
b
1 2
c
c
c
c
2
a
a
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p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:
abc
c
a b
8
1 1 1 8
abc
b c a
Hay
P8
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Suy ra
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a b c 1
Vy Pmin 8
Bi 2: Cho ba s thc a, b, c 0 tha
1
1
1
2.
1 a 1 b 1 c
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc M abc
Ta c:
Gii:
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 a
1 b 1 c
1
1
1
1
b
c
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c
Trang 7
bc
b
c
2
1 b 1 c
1 b 1 c
1
2
1 a
bc
1 b 1 c
Tng t, ta c:
(1)
(2)
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ac
1
2
1 b
1 a 1 c
ab
1
2
1 c
1 a 1 b
T (1) , (2) v (3) nhn v vi v ta c:
(3)
1
abc
8
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c
M abc
1
8
Suy ra:
a 2b 2 c 2
2
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1
8
1 a 1 b 1 c
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
ie
t
1
1
1
1
a b c
1 a 1 b 1 c
2
(tha iu kin ban u)
1
1
Vy M max
ti a b c
2
8
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Cch khc:
T gi thit ta c:
1 b 1 c 1 a 1 c 1 a 1 b 2 1 a 1 b 1 c
2 a b c 3 ab bc ac 2 1 a 1 b 1 c
1 2abc ab bc ac
(1)
2abc ab bc ac 4 4 2a 3b 3c 3
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 1 4 4 2a3b3c3 1 8abc hay M abc

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 2abc ab bc ac a b c
Trang 8
1
2
1
8
Vy M max =
1
8
ti a b c
1
2
Bi ton tng qut:
1
n 1
i 1 1 ai
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Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc M a1.a2 ....an
Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an 0 tha mn :
Bi 3: Cho hm s f ( x) 4 1 x 2 4 1 x 4 1 x
1
n 1
Lp lun nh trn ta c M max 2 n ti a1 a2 ... a n
xc nh trn D x R : 1 x 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca f ( x) trn D.
Gii:
1 x2 4 1 x. 4 1 x
1 x 4 1 x .1
1 x 4 1 x .1
1 x 1 x
2
p dng bt thc Csi ta c:
ie
t
1 x 1
2
(1)
(2)
1 x 1
2
(3)
T (1), (2), (3) cng v theo v ta c:
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f ( x) 1 1 x 1 x
x D
(4)
Nhn thy (4) xy ra khi v ch khi (1), (2) v (3) ng thi xy ra khi v ch
khi x 0 .
Li p dng bt ng thc Csi, ta c:
1 1 x
2
(5)
1 x 1 x .1
1 1 x
2
(6)
1 x 1 x .1
T (5), (6) a n:
1 x 1 x 2 1 1 x 1 x 3
(7)
Du = (7) xy ra khi v ch khi (5) v (6) ng thi xy ra khi v ch

khi x 0 .
T (4) v (7) suy ra f ( x) 3
x D .
Trang 9
Ta li c f (0) 3, v 0 D . Do : max f ( x) = 3.
Bi 4: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s thc sau:
1
1
x 1 x
0 x 1
vi
f ( x)
Ta c: f ( x)
.c
o
Gii:
1
1
1 x
x
x 1 1 x
1

x 1 x
x
1 x 1 x 1 x x
x
1 x
x
2
x
1 x
1 x
x
1 x x
2 2
.
2 4
x
1 x
x 1 x
f ( x)
1 x
x
1
x
x
1 x
2
1
2
Vy min f ( x) 4 ti x
Bi 5: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .
ie
t
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P
a
b
c
bc ca ab
Gii:
x b c,
y c a,
ab c
z ab
x y z
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t:
yzx
,
2
zx y
,
2
x yz
2
T ta c:
yzx zx y x yz 1yz zx x y
3
2x
2y
2z
2 x
y
z
1 y

2 x
x z
y x
x z y
3
z y z
Trang 10
(*)
1
3
2 2 2 3
2
2
( Bt ng thc Csi)
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y x
x y
z x
Du = xy ra x y z
x z
z y
y z
T (*) ta c a b c
3
vi mi s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c .
2
Vy Pmin
Bi 6: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha: a b c 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca
Gii:
biu thc S abc a b b c c a
p dng BT Csi cho ba s dng, ta c:
a b c 33 abc 1 33 abc
(1)
a b b c c a 3 3 a b b c c a
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t
2 3 3 a b b c c a
(2)
T (1) v (2) nhn v vi v ta c:
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2 9 3 abc a b b c c a 9 3 S
8 93 S S
8
729
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a b c
Smax
8
729
Vy
1
3
Bi 7: Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s f ( x )
trn min D x R : 1 x .
2
Trang 11
x
1 x 2x 2
2
Gii:
Nhn thy D l min xc nh ca f ( x) .
Do :
f ( x) 1 x 2
f ( x) 1
x D
T suy ra:
x D
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x 1 1 x 2 x
f ( x)
2
2
1 1 x 2 x 2
1 x 2 x 2 1. 1 x 2 x 2
Mt khc du = xy ra th
1 1 x 2 x 2
2
x 0D
1 x 1
1
1 x
Ta li c: f (0) 1
Vy max f ( x) 1
ie
t
xD
2
2 1
Bi 8: Cho hm s f ( x) 1 x 2 1 .
x
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Tm gi tr nh nht ca f ( x ) vi x 0
Gii:
1 2
Ta c: f ( x ) 1 x 2 1
x
x
1
1 x x 1

2
1
f ( x ) 2 x .2
16
x
Du = xy ra x 1 > 0.
Vy min f ( x) 16 ti x 1
x 0
Bi 9: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:

Trang 12
1 1 1 a b c
A abc 1 a b c
a b c b c a
Gii:
c 1 1 1
a b c
a a b c
bc
b
2b ,
c
1 1 1
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
1
1
1
a b c
a b c
a
b
c
A ab c
Bi ton tng qut:
ie
t
a b c 1
(BT Csi)
Du = xy ra a b c 1
1
1
1
A 2 a. 2 b. 2 c. 6
a
b
c
Vy MinA = 6 ti
c
2c
a
T suy ra: A 2 a 2b 2c
ac
a
2a ,
b
ab
.c
o
a
b
A ab bc ac
b
c
Ta vit biu thc A li di dng sau:
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1 1
1
Cho P a1.a2 ...an 1 ...
an
a1 a2
an
a1
a2
...
a1 a2 ... an
a2 .a3 ...an a1.a3 ...an
a1.a2 ...an 1
vi ai 0
i 1, n
Th MinP = 2n ti a1 a2 ... an 1
1 ab 2 1 bc 2 1 ca 2
Bi 10: Cho biu thc sau: P a 3 b3 c 3
3
a3
b3
c
Tm gi tr nh nht ca P vi a 0, b 0, c 0 v abc 1
Gii:
a 3 a 3 b3 b3 c3 c3
Ta c: P 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
b c c a a b
Trang 13
a 4b 2 ab 5 b 4c 2 bc 5 a 5c a 2c 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 ab 2 bc 2 ca 2
c
a
a
b
b
c
(1)
a 3 a 3 b3 b3 c3 c3
a 3 a 3 b3 b3 c3 c3
6
6
. . . . . 6
b3 c3 c3 a 3 a 3 b3
b3 c3 c3 a 3 a 3 b3
(2)
a 4b 2 ab5 b 4c 2 bc5 a 5c a 2c 4
3 3 3 3 3 6abc 6
c3
c
a
a
b
b
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o
a 4b 2 ab 5 b 4c 2 bc 5 a 5c a 2c 4
a 4b 2 ab 5 b 4c 2 bc 5 a 5c a 2c 4
6
6
.
.
.
.
.
c3
c3
a3
a3
b3
b3
c3 c3 a 3 a 3 b3 b3
T (1), (2), (3) v (4) ta c:
P 3 6 6 3 18
Du = xy ra a b c 1
Vy Pmin = 18 ti a b c 1
(4)
ab 2 bc 2 ca 2 3 3 ab 2 .bc 2 .ca 2 3abc 3
(3)
n 2
Bi 11: Cho n s dng x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn
tha mn x1 x2 ... x n 1
ie
t
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc S x1a1 . x2a2 ... xnan ,

Trong : a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., a n l n s dng cho trc.
Gii:
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t a a1 a2 ... an ,
bi
ai
a
i 1, 2,.., n th bi 0
V b1 b2 ... bn 1 . p dng bt ng thc Csi m rng ta c:
x1

a1
b1
b2
bn
x x
b
b
b
. 2 ... n 1 x1 2 x2 ... n xn
a1
a2
an
a2 an
1
a
x1
x 2 .. x n
1
a
1 a1 a2 an
a1 .a2 ...an
aa
x
x x ... xn x1 x2
x
x
x
Du = xy ra 1 2 ... n 1 2

... n
a1 a2
an
a1 a2 ... a n a1 a2
an
x
a
1 x
x
1 2 ... n xi i i 1, 2,..., n
a a1 a2
an
a
1
Vy Smax a a1a1 .a2a2 ...anan
a
S x1a1 .x2a2 ...xnan
Trang 14
2.2.2. S dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

Lu : p dng c bt ng thc Bunhiacopski th hm s hoc biu
thc hoc cc biu thc gi thit phi c dng tch ca hai biu thc hoc tng ca
cc biu thc m chng l tch ca hai tha s. V sau khi p dng bt ng thc
Bunhiacopski th phi c phn a v biu thc gi thit ban u v a c v
hng s.
3
v a b c 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
4
P 4 a 3 4b 3 4 c 3 .
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski ta c:
1 1 1 4a 3 ab 3 ac 3
3 4 a b c 9
4a 3 1. 4b 3 1. 4c 3
1.
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Bi 1: Cho a, b, c
3 4.3 9 63
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P 4 a 3 4b 3 4 c 3 3 7
4a 3
4b 3
4c 3
1
1
1
Du = xy ra a b c 1
abc1
3
a , b, c
4
Vy MinP = 3 7 ti a b c 1 .
a b c
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Bi 2: Cho cc hng s dng a, b, c v cc s dng x, y , z thay i sao cho

a b c
1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A x y z .
x y z
Gii:
a
b
c
Ta c: a b c
x
y
z
x
y
z
a
a b c
b
c
x
y
z x y z
y
z
x
x y z
a b c
Du = xy ra
x y z
a
x
x
b
y
y
c
z a b c
x
y
z
z
Trang 15
(1)
a b c
1
x y z
(2)
b
c
T (1) v (2) suy ra: x a
a b c
a b
a b
.c
o
Vy maxA =
c
c
a b c
Mt khc:
Bi 3: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s f ( x, y , z ) x 4 y 4 z 4 ,
trn min D x, y, z : x, y, z 0 v xy yz zx 1
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski ta d c:

2
1. y 2 1.z 2 3 x 4 y 4 z 4
2
1.x
x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
V xy yz zx 1 nn:
xy yz zx
Li p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski ta c:
y2 z2 1
2
(1)
(2)
ie
t
T (1) v (2) ta c: 3 x 4 y 4 z 4 1
1
3
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi (1) v (2) ng thi xy ra
x2 y 2 z 2
x y z kt hp vi iu kin xy yz zx 1
y z x
3
Ta c: x y z
3
1
Vy Max f ( x, y, z )
( x , y , z )D
3
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f ( x, y , z )
Bi 4: Cho cc s dng a, b, c tha a 2 b 2 c 2 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu

a3
b3
c3
thc P
a 2b 3c b 2c 3a c 2a 3b
Gii:
Ta c:
Trang 16
a4
b4
c4
a 2 2ab 3ac b 2 2bc 3ba c 2 2ca 3cb
(1)
a 2 2ab 3ac , b 2 2bc 3ba , c 2 2ca 3cb v
a 2 2ab 3ac
b c
2
b2
b 2 2bc 3ba
c2
c 2 2ca 3cb
ta c:
.c
o
a2
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai d y s sau:
a4
b4
c4
2
2
2
.
a 2ab 3ac b 2bc 3ba c 2ca 3cb
2 2
. a 2 2ab 3ac b 2 2bc 3ba c 2 2ca 3cb
a 2 b 2 c 2 P a 2 b 2 c 2 5 ab bc ca
1
1 5 ab bc ca
(3)
M a 2 b 2 c 2 1 , t (2) suy ra
(2)
Mt khc theo bt ng thc C si ta c:
1
1
1
1 5 ab bc ca 1 5.1 6
w
.v
T (3) ta c: P
ie
t
a 2 b 2 2ab
b 2 c 2 2bc ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 1
c 2 a 2 2ca
Du = xy ra a b c
1
6
Vy MinP =
3
3
Bi 5: Cho hai s dng a, b tha 0 a 1,0 b 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu

a2
b2
1
a b
thc M
1 a 1 b a b
Gii:
Ta c:
Trang 17
a2
b2
1
1 a
1 b
2
1 a
1 b
ab
a2 1 a2 b2 1 b2
1
2
1 a
1 b
ab
1
1
1
2
1 a 1 b a b
1
1 a 1 b a b
a b
1
1
1
9
9
5
M 2
1 a 1 b a b 2
2
2
ab
ab
1
1
1 a
1 b
1 b
1 a
1
1
a
1
.c
o
1
1
1 a a b
1
Du = xy ra
a b
3
1 1
1 b a b
5
2
Bi ton tng qut:
a2
a2
a2
1
Cho P 1 2 ... n
vi 0 ai 1 i 1, n
1 a1 1 a2
1 a n a1 a2 ... a n
2n 1
Th minP
n
ie
t
Vy minM =
w
.v
Bi 6: Cho hm s thc f ( x) x 2007 2009 x 2 . Tm gi tr ln nht v nh

nht ca f ( x ) trn min xc nh ca n.
Gii:
Ta c min xc nh ca f ( x) : D 2009; 2009
Mt khc: f ( x) x 2007 2009 x 2 f ( x ) f ( x) l hm l

V f ( x) 0, x D 0; 2009
Do : max f ( x) max f ( x) v min f ( x) max f ( x)
xD
xD
xD
xD
Vi x D , ta c:
f ( x) x
2007. 2007 1. 2009 x 2
Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopski th :

Trang 18
2007. 2007 1. 2009 x 2 2008 2007 2009 x 2

2008 4016 x 2
.c
o
p dng bt ng thc Cosi ta c:

x 2 4016 x 2
f ( x) 2008.
2008.2008
2
2007
1 2009 x 2
Du = xy ra 2007
x
x 2 4016 x 2
xD
min f ( x) 2008 2008 ti x 2008

xD
xy yz zx 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
Gii:
x
y
z
x y yz zx
thc T
2008
Vy max f ( x) 2008 2008 ti x 2008
Bi 7: Cho x, y, z 0 tha mn
Suy ra: f ( x) x 2008 4016 x 2 2008. x 2 4016 x 2
ie
t

1 x y y z z x x y z y z x x y z
2
y
z
x y
yz
zx
x y z
yz
zx
x y
x2
y2
z2
x y y z z x 2T x y z
x y yz zx
1
1
T x y z
2
2
1
Du = xy ra x y z
3
1
1
Vy minT = ti x y z .
2
3
w
.v
Bi 8: Cho ba s dng a, b, c tha mn: a b c 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu

1
1
1
1
thc P 2

2
2
a b c
ab bc ca
Gii:
Trang 19

2
1
1
1
1
100
a 2 b2 c2
3 ab
3 bc
3 ca
2
2
2
ab
bc
ca
a b c
1
1
1
1
a 2 b 2 c 2 9ab 9bc 9ca

2
2
ab bc ca
a b c
.c
o
2
P a b c 7 ab bc ca P 1 7 ab bc ca
M ta li c:
1
2
a b c ab bc ca
3
Tht vy, t trn ta c:
2
a b c 3 ab bc ca
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca (suy ra t bt ng thc Cosi)
Do :
1
1
1
1
1
...
a1 a2 ... a n a1a2 a2 a3
a n 1a n a na1
w
.v
t P =
ie
t
10
2
7
100 P 1 a b c P
3
3
P 30
1
Du = xy ra a b c
3
1
Vy minP = 30 ti a b c
3
Bi ton tng qut:
Cho n s dng a1 , a2 ,..., an n 2 v a1 a2 ... an 1 .
Th min P
n n3 n 2 2
khi a1 a2 ... a n
1
n
2.3. S dng bt ng thc vect
Lu : s dng bt ng thc vect th biu thc gi thit hoc biu thc

cn tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht c dn g tng bnh phng ca cc s hng hoc
cn bc hai ca tng bnh phng hoc l tng ca cc tch ca cc tha s .
Bi 1: Cho hai s thc x, y tha mn 2 x 3 y 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca tng
S 3x 2 2 y 2
Gii:
Ta c S 3 x 2 2 y 2
3x 2 y
2
Trang 20
Trong mt phng ta Oxy chn

4 9
35
2 3
u
,

u
3 2
6
3 2
3 x, 2 y v 3 x 2 2 y 2
u.v 2 x 3 y 1 u .v
Du = xy ra
35
6
. 3x 2 2 y 2 3x 2 2 y 2
6
35
2
3
4 y 9x
3x 2 y
Kt hp vi iu kin ban u ta c: x
6
4
9
ti x , y
35
35
35
4
9
,y
35
35
Vy minS =
.c
o
Bi 2: Cho x y z 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P x 2 y 2 z 2
Gii:
Trong mt phng ta Oxy chn:

u x, y , z u x 2 y 2 z 2
v z , x, y v x 2 y 2 z 2
ie
t
Ta c: u.v u . v xz xy yz x 2 y 2 z 2
2x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xz 2 xy 2 yz
3x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xz 2 xy 2 yz
3x 2 y 2 z 2 x y z 1
w
.v
1
3
x y z
1
Du = xy ra x y z
z x y
3
1
1
Vy minP = khi x y z
3
3
2
2
Bi 3: Cho a b 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A a 1 b b 1 a
x2 y2 z 2
Gii:

u a, b u a 2 b 2 1
1 b,
1 a v a b 2
Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopski ta c: 1.a 1.b 2a 2 b 2 2

Trang 21
Do : v 2 2
A u.v a 1 b b 1 a u . v x y 2 2 2
a
b
1 b
1 a
Kt hp vi iu kin ban u a 2 b 2 1
2
Suy ra: a b
2
2
Vy A max 2 2 khi a b
2
Bi 4: Cho ba s dng x, y, z v x y z 1 .
x2
x2
y2
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau P
.c
o
Du = xy ra
Gii:
1
1
z2 2
2
y
z
Trong mt phng ta Oxy ta chn:

1
1
u x, u x 2 2
x
x
1
1
v y , v y 2 2
y
y
ie
t
1
1
w z, w z 2 2
z
x
1 1 1
u v w x y z ,
x y z
w
.v
p dng bt ng thc u v w u v w ta c:
1
x 2
x
2
1
1
y 2 z2 2
y
z
2
x y z 1 1 1
x y z
(1)
1 1 1
2
2
Nhn thy: x y z 81 x y z 80 x y z
x y z
1 1 1

x y z
(2)
p dng bt ng thc Cosi ta c:

2
1 1 1
1 1 1
81 x y z 2.9 x y z
x y z
x y z
1
2.9.33 xyz .33
2.81
xyz
T (2) v (3) ta c:
2
Trang 22
(3)
x y z 1 1 1 2.81 80 82
x y z
V do (1) nn:
1
1
1
P x 2 2 y 2 2 z 2 2 82
x
y
z
1
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x y z
3
1
Vy Pmin 82 khi x y z .
3
.c
o
Bi 5: Cho a b c 2 v ax by cz 6 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P 16a 2 ax 16b 2 by 16c 2 cz

2
Gii:
u 4a, ax u 16a 2 ax
Trong mt phng ta Oxy ta chn:

2
v 4b, by v 16b 2 by
w 4c, cz w 16c 2 cz
ie
t
u v w 4a b c , ax by cz 8,6 u v w 10
Ta c: u v w u v w
P 16a 2 ax 16b 2 by 16c 2 cz 10

Gi tr nh nht ca P: P min = 10
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi:
a. C hai trong ba vect bng vect 0
b. C mt trong ba vect bng vect 0
Gi s u 0 th w k v k 0
2
w
.v
c. Khng c vect no bng vect 0

a kb
ax kby
a ax
x y z 3
b by k 0
by mcz
a b c 2
b by m 0 k , m 0
a , b, c 0
c cz
a b c 2
ax by cz 0
Trang 23
Bi 6: Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha xy yz zx 4 . Tm gi tr b nht ca biu

thc F x 4 y 4 z 4
Gii:
.c
o
Trong khng gian Oxyz chn:

u x 2 , y 2 , z 2 u x 4 y 4 z 4
v 1,1,1 v 3
Ta c: u.v x 2 y 2 z 2
M: u.v u . v 3x 4 y 4 z 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
2
Mt khc ta c:
x 2 y 2 2 xy
y 2 z 2 2 yz
z 2 x 2 2 zx
2x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy yz zx x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz zx = 4
16
T ta c: 3x 4 y 4 z 4 4 2 16 x 4 y 4 z 4
3
2
Vy: minF = 16 khi x y z
13
ie
t
Bi 7: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

A a 2 4a 8 a 2 2ab b 2 4 b 2 6b 10
w
.v
Gii:
u a 2,2 u a 2 4a 8
v a b,2 v
a b 2 4
w b 3,1 w b 2 6b 10
u v w 5,5 u v w 5 2
Ta c: u v w u v w
a 2 4a 8 a 2 2ab b 2 4 b 2 6b 10 5 2
a 2
b 3 2
Du = xy ra
a 0, b 2
a 2 1
a b
Trang 24
Vy A min 5 2 ti a 0, b 2
Bi 8: Cho a R . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

M a 2 4a 13 a 2 2a 5
.c
o
Gii:
Ta c: M a 2 9 a 1 4
Trong mt phng t Oxy chn:
2
u a 2,3 u
a 12 4
v a 1,2 v
a 22 9
a 22 9 a 12 4
1
5
Vy: M min 34 khi a
1
5
34
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a
M: u v u v
u v 3,5 u v 34
biu thc B
ie
t
Bi 9: Cho ba s dng a, b, c tha: ab bc ca abc . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
b 2 2a 2
c 2 2b 2
a 2 2c 2
ab
bc
ca
w
.v
Gii:
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
a
b
b
c
c
a
1 2
1
2
u
u ,
2
2
a
b
a b
Ta c: B
1
v ,
b
1
w ,
c
2
1
2
v
2
c
b
c2
2
1
2
w
2
2
a
c
a
1 1 1
1 1 1
V u v w , 2
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
Mt khc: ab bc ca abc 1
a b c
Trang 25
Do : u v w 1, 2 u v w 3
M: u v w u v w
1
2
1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 3
2
a b
b c
c
a
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a b c 3
Vy B min 3 khi a b c 3
.c
o
2.4. BI TP NGH
Bi 1: Tm GTNN ca biu thc sau:

a3
b3
c3
M
1 b 1 c 1 a 1 c 1 a 1 b
Vi b 0, b 0, c 0 v abc 1
1
1
1
Bi 2: Tm GTLN ca hm s f ( x, y , z ) 2 2 2
x
y
z
trn min D x, y, z : x 0, y 0, z 0 v x y z 1
ie
t
Bai 3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A ab bc 2ca vi a, b, c l cc s thc

tha a 2 b 2 c 2 1
Bi 4: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P abc
Trong a, b, c l cc s thc tha a 2 2b 2 2a 2c 2 b 2c 2 3a 2b 2c 2 9
Bi 5: Cho x 2 y 2 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
w
.v
M 5 x 2 2 xy 5 y 2
Bi 6: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
x32
x12
x22
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 )
x2 x3 x4 x3 x4 x5 x4 x5 x1
x52
x42
x5 x3 x2 x1 x2 x3
Trn min D
x , x , x , x , x : x
1
2
1
x22 x32 x42 x52 1
Bi 7: Cho x, y R . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:
A 9x2 y 2 x2 9 y 2 4x2 y 2 x2 4 y 2
Bi 8: Cho bit x 2 y 2 z 2 27 . Hy tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca hm s

f ( x, y, z ) x y z xy yz zx
Bi 9: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P a100 10a10 10
x 2 xy y 2 3
Bi 10: Cho x, y , z tha mn h sau: 2
2
y yz z 16
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau: P xy yz zx
Trang 26
a , b, c 0
Bi 11: Cho
.
a b c 1
2
.c
o
F ab bc bc
Bi 13: Cho a, b 0,1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
1
1
1
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P a b c

a
b
c
Bi 12: Cho a b c 1 v a, b, c 0 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P 1 x 1 y 1 x 1 y
Bi 14: Cho ba1 s thc a, b, c bt k.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = b 1 c a b 1 c a
Hng dn: Trong mt phng Oxy chn
u b 1, c a , v b 1, a c
2
p dng bt ng thc vect: u v u v
w
.v
ie
t
Bi 15: Cho x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 v x + y + z = 1.

x
y
z
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc M =
x 1 y 1 z 1
Hng dn:
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai d y:
1
1
1
v 1 x , 1 y , 1 z
,
,
1 x 1 y 1 z
Trang 27
Phn 3: GII PHNG TRNH BNG PHNG PHP
S DNG BT NG THC
.c
o
Ni v phng trnh th c rt nhiu loi phng trnh nh phng rnh bc

hai, bc ba,phng trnh v t, phng trnh m, phng trnh logarit.Mi
phng trnh c th c nhiu phng php gii khc nhau mu mc hay khng mu
mc. Trong s cc phng php gii ca cc phng trnh th phng php s dng
bt ng thc c th coi l phng php c o v sng to i hi ngi gii ton
phi linh hot. S dng phng php ny ta c th s dng nhiu bt ng thc
khc nhau, c th vn dng ring l hoc kt hp nhiu bt ng thc. Sau y l
mt s bi ton gii phng trnh bng phng php vn dng bt ng thc m bt
ng thc c s dng ch yu l bt ng thc Csi, Bunhiacopski v bt ng
thc vect.
3.1. Vn dng bt ng thc Csi
ie
t
Lu : p dng c bt ng thc Csi gii th: mt trong hai v ca

phng trnh sau khi p dng bt ng thc Csi phi ln h n hoc bng (nh hn
hoc bng) v cn li, hoc sau khi p dng bt ng thc th c mt ng thc
c lng c nh hn (ln hn) hoc bng v cn li p dng c iu kin
xy ra ca bt ng thc Csi .
3
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh: x 2 2 x 8
8
Gii:
w
.v
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s khng m, ta c:

1
1
1
(1)
2 x8 2 2 x8 . 2 x8 x 4
8
8
8
1
1
1
(2)
2 x4. x4 x2
4
4
4
3
3
T (1) v (2) ta c: 2 x 8 x 4 x 4 x 2 2 x 8 x 2
8
8
8 1
2 x 8
2
Ta c du = xy ra, do
x
2
x 4 1
4
2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x
2
2
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh: x 3 5 x x 8 x 18
x4
Gii:
Trang 28
iu kin: 3 x 5
x 3 5 x x 3.1 5 x .1
x 3 1 5 x 1
2
2
2
2
Mt khc: x 2 8 x 18 x 2 8 x 16 2 x 4 2 2
x 3 5 x x 2 8 x 18 2 x 4 2 2
2
x 4 0 x 4
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x 4
2
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a. x 2 4 x 5 2 2 x 3
x 1
3
b.
1
x 1
3
.c
o
Do :
a. x 2 4 x 5 2 2 x 3
Gii:
3
2
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s khng m: 2 x 3 v 1, ta c:
2 x 3 1 2 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 5
ie
t
iu kin: 2 x 3 0 x
2x 4 x2 4x 5 x2 2x 1 0
x 1 0 x 1
Th li x 1 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x 1
x 1
3
(k: x 1 )
b.
1
x 1
3
p dng bt ng thc Csi , ta c:
x 1
x 1
3
3
(1)
2
.
2
x 1
3
x 1 3
w
.v
Du ng thc xy ra trong (1) khi v ch khi:
x 1
3
x2 2x 1 9 x2 2x 8 0
x 1
3
Th li x 2 v x 4 l nghim ca phng trnh
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x 2 v x 4
Trang 29
x 2
x 4
1 5
x 2
.c
o
Gii:
iu kin: x 0
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8x 2
8x 2
x
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh sau: 8 x 2
1 1 1 1 1
23 2 1
5
5
.
.
.
.
5
.
x . 2
4
8
4
x x x x
2
x
2
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
x 0
x 0
x 0
1
2 1 1 2 4 1 5 1 x
4
8 x
32 .x x
x 4 5
4 x
Th li: x 4 tha mn
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x 4
1
1
1
x
x
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh sau: x x
55 8 x 2 .
Gii:
w
.v
ie
t
x 0
x 1 0
x
iu kin:
x 1
1 1 0
x
x 0

1
1
1
1
x 1 x .1 x 1.
x
x
x
x
1
1 1
1
x 1 x 1 x
2
x 2
x
1
x x 1
Du = xy ra, ta c:
x2 1 x
x 1 1
x
2
x x 1 0
1 5
2
Kt hp vi iu kin ban u ta c: x
Trang 30
1 5
2
1 5
2
x2 4x 9 x2 4x 9 6
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh sau:

Gii:
x2 4x 9 x2 4x 9 2
9 4 x 2
x 2 4 x 9. x 2 4 x 9
x 4 2 x 2 81 2
.c
o
x 2 2 5 0
x 2 4x 9 0
iu kin: 2
xR
x 2 2 5 0
x 4x 9 0
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s d ng, ta c:
81 2.3 6
x 0
Du = xy ra, do : 2
x0
2 x 0
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: x 0
9 x2 3 x 3 x 3 2 3
Gii:
ie
t
9 x 2 0
iu kin: 3 x 0 3 x 3
3 x 0
w
.v
9 x2 3 x 3 x
3 x 3 x
1
3
3 x .3
1
3
3 x .3
3 x 3 x 1 3 x 3 1 3 x 3
.
3 2 3
2
2
2
3
3
3 x 3 x
2
Do vy: 9 x 3 x 3 x 3 2 3 3 x 3
x0
3 x 3
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l: x 0
25 x2 x 2 9 4 x
Gii:
iu kin: x 0
Trang 31
3
x
Ta c:
25 x2 x 2 9 4 x
3
x
4
2
3 25 x 2 x 9 4 x 2 3
3
3.3 25 x 4 2 x 2 9 5 x 2 5 x 2 2 x 2 9
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho ba s d ng: 5 x 2 ; 5 x 2 ; 2 x 2 9 c:
.c
o
(*)
5 x 2 5 x 2 2 x 2 9 3.3 25 x 4 2 x 2 9
Du = ng thc (*) xy ra khi v ch khi:
5 x 2 2 x 2 9 3x 2 9 x 2 3 x 3
Th li: x 3 l nghim ca phng trnh cho
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x 3
Bi 9: Gii phng trnh 2 7 x 3 11x 2 25 x 12 x 2 6 x 1
Gii:
Ta c: 2 7 x 3 11x 2 25 x 12 x 2 6 x 1
2 7 x 4 x 2 x 3 x 2 6 x 1
iu kin: 7 x 4 x 2 x 3 0
1 11
7 x 4 0 (v x x 3 x 0
2
4
4
x
7
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s khng m: 7 x 4; x 2 x 3 c:
ie
t
w
.v
7 x 4 x 2 x 3 2 7 x 4x 2 x 3
x 2 6 x 1 2 7 x 3 11x 2 25 x 12
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi: 7 x 4 x 2 x 3
x 2 8x 7 0
x 1
(tha iu kin)
x 7
Th li: x 1; x 7 l nghim
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x 1; x 7
3.2. Vn dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

Lu : p dng c bt ng thc Bunhiacopski t h phng trnh phi c
dng tch ca hai biu thc hoc tng ca cc biu thc m chng l tch ca hai
tha s. V sau khi p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski th phi c phn a v
Trang 32
biu thc gi thit ban u v a c v hng s. Sau vn dng iu kin bng

nhau ca bt ng thc Bunhiacopski a ra nghim ca phng trnh.
2 2
x x9
x 1
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
.c
o
Gii:
iu kin: x 0
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s:
x
1
c:
2 2 ; x 1 v
;
x 1
x 1
2
ie
t
2 2

1
x
x 1 x 2 2 . x 1 x 1. x 1
x
1
(1)
8 x 1.
x9
x 1 x 1
Du = trong (1) xy ra khi v ch khi:
1
2 2
2 2
1
x 1
2 2
1
x 1
x 1
x
x 1
x 1
x
x 1
x
x 1
8
1
1
8 x x 1 7 x 1 x (tha iu kin)
x 1 x
7
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim l x
7
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh: 13 x 2 3 x 6 x 2 2 x 7 5 x 2 12 x 33

2
w
.v
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho cc cp s sau:

2; 3 v x 2 3 x 6; x 2 2 x 7 ta c:
32 x 2 3 x 6 x 2 2 x 7
2
2x 2 3 x 6 3x 2 2 x 7 5 x 2 12 x 33
2
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi:
3x 2 3 x 6 2x 2 2 x 7
Trang 33
x2 5x 4 0
x 1
x 4
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x 1; x 4
.c
o
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh sau trn tp s N:

x 2 4 y 2 282 17x 4 y 4 14 y 2 49

x 2 4 y 2 282 1.x 2 4 y 2 7 2
Gii:
x 2 2 x 2 x 1 3x 2 4 x 1
ie
t
1 4 2 x 2 y 2 7 17x 4 y 4 14 y 2 49
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :
4 x 2 y 2 7 2 x y 2 x y 7
V x, y N nn 2 x y 0
2 x y 7
x 2
Ta c:
2 x y 1
y 3
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x, y 2;3
Gii:
w
.v
x2 2x 0
1
x
iu kin: 2 x 1 0
2
3 x 2 4 x 1 0
x . x 2 1. 2 x 1
x 2 12
x 2
x 1x 2 2 x 1 x 13x 1
2 x 12
3x 2 4 x 1
Du ng thc trong (1) xy ra khi v ch khi:

x . x 2 1. 2 x 1 2 x 2 x x 2 x 2 x 1 0
1 5
x
2
1 5
x
Trang 34
(1)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x
1 5
2
iu kin: 5 x 2 4 x 0 1 x 5
1 2 x 2 1.5 x 2 4 x
Gii:
.c
o
5 x2 4x 2x 3 5 4
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh
1 5
2
Kt hp iu kin ban u ta c nghim l x
1 4 1. x 2 4 x 4 5 x 2 4 x 1 3 5
(2)
5 x2 4x 2x 3 5 4
Du ng thc xy ra trong (2) 2 5 x 2 4 x x 2

x 2 0
6 5
2
x 2
5
5 x 20 x 16 0
ie
t
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh sau: 13 x 1 9 x 1 16 x

Gii:
w
.v
iu kin: x 1
13 x 1 9 x 1 13. 13 x 13 27 . 3 x 3
13 27 13 x 13 3x 3
4016 x 10 2 1016 x 10
10 16 x 10 16 x (Bt ng thc Csi)

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
27 . 13 x 13 13. 3 x 3
5
(tha iu kin)
x
4
10 16 x 10
5
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x
4
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh sau: 4 x 4 1 x x 1 x 2 4 8

Gii:
Trang 35
x 0
0 x 1
iu kin:
1 x 0
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski v Bunhiacopski m rng ta c:
1. x 1. 1 x 1 1 x 1 x 2
3x 2 1 x 2 x x x 2 1
1
2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x
.c
o
4 x 4 1 x x 1 x 2 4 8
Du = trong ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
x 1 x
1
x (tha iu kin)
4
4
2
x 1 x
Gii:
1.4 x 1.4 1 x 4 1 11 11 1 x 1 x 4 8
1
2 2
7 x
x 1
(*)
x 3
3
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski m rng ta c:
1. 3 x 2 1 1. x 2 x x x 2 1
3 x 2 1 0
iu kin: 2
1 13 x 2 1 x 2 x x 2 1
w
.v
ie
t
3 x 2 1 x 2 x x x 2 1 x 2 2 5 x 2 x
Du = xy ra khi v ch
x 1
3x 2 1 x 2 x
x 1

(1)
2 x 1
x2 1
2
3x 1
x 1
x
x 1
Do (*) nn 5 x 2 x 0
p dng bt thc Csi ta c:
1
7 x 2 x 4 1 5 x 2 x 2x 2 2
2 2
2 2
1
.2. 5 x 2 x .2x 2 2
2 2
1
7 x 2 x 4 5 x 2 x .2x 2 2
2 2
5 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 3 x 2 x 4 0
Trang 36
x 4
x 1
(2)
x 4
3
T (1) v (2) ta c nghim ca phng trnh l: x 1

Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x 1
.c
o
3.3. Vn dng bt ng thc vect
x 2 2 x 5 x 2 6 x 10 5
Lu : p dng c bt ng thc vect vo vic gii phng trnh i

hi phng trnh c cha cn bc hai ca hai tng b nh phng ta phn tch
thnh ln vect, hoc cha tng ca hai tch cho thy c s phn tch ca tch
v hng ca hai vect. T ta p dng cc bt ng thc vect bit c
lng v vn dng iu kin xy ra ca du = t m nghim ca phng trnh.
iu kin: x R
Gii:
Ta vit li phng trnh: x 1 4 x 3 1 5

Trong mt phng ta Oxy chn cc vect c ta sau:
u x 1,2 ; v x 3,1
2
(*)
w u v 2,1 w 5
x 12 4 x 32 1
ie
t
uv
Do (*) nn: u v u v , du = xy ra u k v vi k >0
w
.v
x 1
(iu kin: x 0 )
2
x3
x 1 2 x 6 x 5 (tha iu kin)
Nn:
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x 5
x 2 2 x 10
x 2 6 x 13
41
Gii:
iu kin: x R
Ta vit li phng trnh: x 1 9 3 x 4 41
u x 1,3 u
v 3 x,2 v
x 12 9
3 x 2 4
Trang 37
(*)
u v 4,5 u v 41
Kt hp vi (*) nn: u v u v u k v
x 1 3
7
2 x 2 9 3x x
3 x 2
5
7
5
.c
o
Do :
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:

3 x x 1 5 2 x 40 34 x 10 x 2 x 3
Gii:
5
iu kin: 1 x
2
3 x
(1) 3 x x 1 5 2 x
4 4 x
u 3 x,1 u
x 1, 5 2 x v 4 x
3 x 2 1
u.v 3 x x 1 5 2 x
3 x 2 1.
V (2) nn:
4 x 40 34 x 10 x 2 x 3
ie
t
u .v
u.v u . v u k v
(k>0)
5
3 x
1
(iu kin: x ; x 1 )
2
x 1
5 2x
3
2
2 x 17 x 49 x 46 0 x 2 (tha iu kin)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 2
w
.v
Do :
x 2 8 x 816 x 2 10 x 267 2003
Gii:
iu kin: x R
Trong mt phng ta Oxy chn
v 5 x,11 2 v x 10 x 267
u v 9,31 2 u v 81 2.31
u 4 x,20 2 u x 2 8 x 816
(1)
Theo bi ta c: u v u v
Trang 38
2003
(2)
4 x 20 2
44 11x 100 20 x
5 x 11 2
56
31x 56 x
31
56
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x
31
.c
o
Du = xy ra
x 2 4 x x 2 6 x 11
Gii:
iu kin: 2 x 4
x 2, 4 x v 2
u . v 2, u.v x 2 4 x
u 1,1 u 2
x 2 4 x 2 du = xy ra
x2
Nhn thy: x 2 6 x 11 x 3 2 2
x 3
Do du = xy ra
x3
x2 4 x
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x 3
1
4 x
ie
t
w
.v
1 2x 1 2x
1 2x
1 2x
1 2x
1 2x
Gii:
1
1
Diu kin: x
2
2
u 1,1 u 2
v
1 2x ,
1 2x v 2
u.v 1 2 x 1 2 x
u .v 2
M: u.v u . v 1 2 x 1 2 x 2
Nhn thy:
1 2x
1 2x
2
1 2x
1 2x
Trang 39
1 2x 1 2x
.
2 (BT Csi)
1 2x 1 2x
x 2 x 4 3 x 4 x 4 1
.c
o
1 2x 1 2x
Du = xy ra 1 2 x
1 2x 1 2x 1 2x x 0
1 2x
1 2x
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 0
Gii:
iu kin: x 4
Ta vit li phng trnh di dng sau:
x 4 1,0 u x 4 1
v 2 x 4 ,0 v 2 x 4
x 4 1 + 2 x 4 = 1 (*)
M: u v u v
u v 1,0 u v 1
4 x 1
0 R
2 4 x
ie
t
Theo (*) du = xy ra
1 x 4 1 2
1 2
x4
1
1 2
x4
1 2
x 4
w
.v
4 x 1 2 x 4
1 2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x 4

vi R
1
x 1 x 3 2 x 3 2 x 1
2
Gii:
iu kin: x 1
Trang 40
x 1, x 3 u x 1 x 3
v 1,1 v 2
u.v x 1 x 3
u . v 2 x 3 2 x 1
2
.c
o
Ta c: u.v u . v
x 1 x 3
1
1
x 3
x 3
2
2
x 1 x 6x 9
x 1 x 3
x 3
x 3
2
x 2
x 7 x 10 0
x 5
x5
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 5
3.4. BI TP NGH
2)
ie
t
Gii cc phng trnh sau:

3
1) 4 x 2 x
8
Du = xy ra
x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 1
3) x 4 4 2 x 4 4 2 x 4 4
5)
w
.v
4) x 2 2 x 4 3 x 3 4 x
x2 4x 9 x2 4x 9
x3
6
2
6) x 3 3 x 2 8 x 40 84 4 x 4
7) x 1 2 x 3 50 3 x 12
x2 2x 2 x2 2x 2 2 2
8)
9) x x 1 3x 2 x 2 1
10) x 2 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 10 29
Trang 41
KT LUN
Cc dng ton lin quan n bt ng thc thng khng d nn cc dng
ton ny thng ch s dng tuyn chn cc hc sinh gii. Ban u, n ch bit

di dng chng minh cc bt ng thc tr n c s cc bt ng thc thng dng,
.c
o
nhng sau cc dng ton ra i trn c s cc bt ng thc thng dng

bit nh: tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht, gii ph ng trnh, h phng trnh,
bt phng trnh v h bt phng trnh.
Trong ti ny ti ch nghin cu hai dng ton l tm gi tr ln nht, gi
tr nh nht v gii phng trnh da trn ba bt ng thc l: Csi, Bunhiacopski
v bt ng thc vect. Qua qu trnh thc hin ti rt ra c cc iu sau:

- p dng c cc bt ng thc gii ton i hi k nng nhn xt ca
ngi gii phi nhy bn, v k nng bin i tng ng cc biu thc phi linh
hot a v ng dng ca bt ng thc cn p dng.

- Mc d cc dng ton v bt ng thc rt kh, kh nht l a v ng dng bt
ng thc cn vn dng nhng khi ta bit s dng thnh tho cc bt ng thc v
ie
t
tun th cc nguyn tc bin i ng thc nhn xt nhy bn a v dng ca

bt ng thc cn ng dng th bi ton s tr nn khng kh.
Qua ti ti hc c rt nhiu kinh nghim trong gii ton bt ng
w
.v
thc v thy c mi lin h ca cc bt ng thc vi nhau.
Trang 42
TI LIU THAM KHO

1) Phan Huy Khi, Chuyn bi dng hc sinh gii Ton THCS: Gi tr ln
nht v nh nht ca hm s, NXB Gio Dc, nm 2008.
2) T sch Ton hc & tui tr, Cc b i thi Olympic Ton THPT (1990
.c
o
2000).
3) V Giang Giai, Chuyn Bt ng Thc, NXB HQG H Ni, nm 2002.

4) Nguyn Th Hng, Bt ng thc v bt phng trnh i s, NXB HQG
T.P H Ch Minh, nm 2003.
5) H Vn Chng, Tuyn tp 700 bi ton bt ng thc luyn thi v o cc
trng H C bi dng hc sinh gii PTTH, NXB Tr, nm 1993.
6) Nguyn c Tun, Nguyn Anh Ho ng, Trn Vn Hnh, Nguyn o n V,

Gii phng trnh bt phng trnh h phng trnh h bt phng
trnh bng bt ng thc, NXB HQG T.P H Ch Minh, nm 2006.
7) Trn nh Th, Dng hnh hc gii tch gii phng trnh bt phng
trnh h phng trnh bt ng thc....,NXB HQG H Ni, nm 2008.
ie
t
8) Trn Vn K, Chn lc 39 4 bi ton bt ng thc gi tr ln nht gi tr
w
.v
nh nht, NXB T.P H Ch Minh, nm 2002.
Trang 43
PH LC
.c
o
Cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht trong cc thi i hc gn

y.
1. (Khi A nm 2006)
Cho hai s thc x 0, y 0 thay i v tho mn iu kin:
x y xy x 2 y 2 xy . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A 13 13
x
y
2. (Khi B nm 2006)
Cho x, y l cc s thc thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
A x 1 y 2 x 1 y 2 y 2
3. (Khi A nm 2007)
Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin: xyz 1 . Tm
x2 y z
y 2 z x
z 2 x y
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
y y 2z z z z 2x x x x 2 y y
4. (Khi B nm 2007)
Cho x, y , z l cc s thc dng thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2
w
.v
ie
t
x 1
y 1 z 1
P x y z
2 zx 2 xy
2 yz
5. (Khi B nm 2008)
Cho hai s thc x, y thay i tho mn h thc x 2 y 2 1 . Tm gi tr ln
2x 2 6 xy
nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P
1 2 xy 2 y 2
6. (Khi D nm 2008)
Cho x, y l hai s thc khng m thay i. T m gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh
x y 1 xy
nht ca biu thc P
1 x 2 1 y 2
Trang 44
MC LC
w
.v
ie
t
.c
o
PHN M U ................................................................................................................... 1
I. L DO CHN TI ............................................................................................. 2
II. MC CH NGHIN CU...................................................................................... 2
III. I TNG NGHIN CU ..................................................................................... 2
IV. PHM VI NGHIN CU .......................................................................................... 2
VI.
PHNG PHP NGHIN C U ......................................................................... 2
PHN NI DUNG ................................................................................................................ 3
Phn 1: S LC V BT NG THC ..................................................................... 4
1.1.
nh ngha bt ng thc ................................................................................... 4
1.2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc ....................................................................... 4
1.3. Mt s bt ng thc c bn................................................................................... 4
Phn 2: TM GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT ...................................... 6
CA HM S HOC BIU THC ................................................................................ 6
2.1 KIN THC CN NH ......................................................................................... 6
2.1.1. nh ngha........................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc (h m s) bng phng
php vn dng bt ng thc ..................................................................................... 6
2.2. BI TP ................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1. S dng bt ng thc Csi ............................................................................. 7
2.2.2. S dng bt ng thc Bunhi acopski ............................................................ 15
2.3. S dng bt ng thc vect ................................................................................. 20
2.4. BI TP NGH.............................................................................................. 26
Phn 3: GII PHNG TRNH BNG PHNG PHP ........................................... 28
S DNG BT NG THC ...................................................................................... 28
3.1. Vn dng bt ng thc Csi ................................................................................ 28
3.2. Vn dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski .................................................................32
3.3. Vn dng bt ng thc vect .............................................................................. 37
3.4. BI TP NGH.............................................................................................. 41
KT LUN...................................................................................................................... 42
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................... 43
PH LC ........................................................................................................................ 44
MC LC ....................................................................................................................... 45
Trang 45

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a

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

C th ni trong chng trnh ton bc trung hc ph thng th phn kin

L mt sinh vin ngnh ton ti khng ph nhn ci kh ca bt ng thc v

Mc tiu chnh ca ti ny l tng hp cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht,

III. I TNG NGHIN CU

i tng ca ti l ba bt ng thc Csi, Bunhiacopski v bt ng thc

IV. PHM VI NGHIN CU

Phm vi ca ti ny ch xoay ch yu vo ba bt ng thc nu trn

Tm v tham kho ti liu, su tm phn tch v bi tp gii minh ha, tham

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

1.2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc

Cho hai s thc a, b bt k, ta nh ngha:

1.1. nh ngha bt ng thc

1.3.1. Bt ng thc cha tr tuyt i

a11 .a2 2 ...an n 1a1 2 a2 ... nan

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

1.3.3. Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

a12 a22 ... a n2 b12 b22 ... bn2

a1b1 a2b2 ... a nbn

a1a2 ...am b1b2 ...bm c1c 2 ...cm

Du = xy ra a1 : b1 : ... : c1 a2 : b2 : ... : c2 ... a n : b n : ... : c n

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

Phn 2: TM GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT

CA HM S HOC BIU THC

2.1 KIN THC CN NH

Cho biu thc P( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ( hm s f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ), xc nh trn D

2.1.2. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc (h m s) bng

i vi vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc (hm s) th

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

2.2.1. S dng bt ng thc Csi

Lu : bit c bi ton no s dng bt ng Csi ta cn ch n cc

Bi 1: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:

Bi 2: Cho ba s thc a, b, c 0 tha

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc M abc

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:

T (1) , (2) v (3) nhn v vi v ta c:

(tha iu kin ban u)

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:

T (1) v (2) ta c: 1 4 4 2a3b3c3 1 8abc hay M abc

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

Bi ton tng qut:

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc M a1.a2 ....an

Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an 0 tha mn :

Lp lun nh trn ta c M max 2 n ti a1 a2 ... a n

xc nh trn D x R : 1 x 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca f ( x) trn D.

p dng bt thc Csi ta c:

T (1), (2), (3) cng v theo v ta c:

Li p dng bt ng thc Csi, ta c:

Du = (7) xy ra khi v ch khi (5) v (6) ng thi xy ra khi v ch

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

Bi 4: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s thc sau:

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:

Bi 5: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P

Vn dng bt ng thc tm GTLN - GTNN v gii phng trnh

Bi 6: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha: a b c 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca

biu thc S abc a b b c c a

p dng BT Csi cho ba s dng, ta c: