n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Chng 1

Gii thiu chung

1.1.Mc ch v nhim v thit k:
1.1.1. Mc ch:

Bn t l 1/2000 c thnh lp xy dng bt k mt li trc a no

c chnh xc lm c s cho vic o v bn a hnh ca nh nc v
phc v cho cng tc trc a cng trnh cng nh cc ngnh c lin quan nh trc
a bn , trc a bin, trc a m...Cng nh vic thnh lp mt h thng bn
thng nht t ton din n cc b, cc bn t l ln vi y cc thng tin v
t nhin, x hi, dn c. Vi h thng to thng nht vi mng li khng ch
cao v mt bng nh nc phc v cho vic b tr phn vng kinh t ...
1.1.2.Nhim v thit k:

Trc ht phi tin hnh thit lp bn thit k k thut (qui trnh v cc ch

tiu k thut ca bn thit k k thut phi tun theo qui phm o c bn do cc
o c v bn nh nc qui nh).Bn thit k k thut s l ti liu ch o
trong sut qu trnh cng tc xy dng li sau ny v cc mt: Tin , k thut,
kinh t. N l c s kim tra, nghim thu ton b khi lng cng tc khi hon
thnh.
1.2.Cng dng, ngha ca bn t l 1/2000 :
Bn 1:2000 dng :
- Thit k chi tit mt bng cho tng vng trong khu o, lp bn v b tr o
ni cc ng thit k vi mc trc a c bn, cc to nh v cng
trnh.
- lp bn khai thc cho cc x nghip khai thc khong sn .
- thm d v tnh tr lng cc m kim loi, khng kim loi, v cc m l
thin.
- lp bn , bn thit k khi qut chung cho cc cng, cc x nghip xy
dng v cc cng trnh thu .
- lp bn thit k k thut cho cc n c bn xy dng cc trm nhit
in, cng trnh thu in, h thng k, phn phi nc.
- Lp bn v thi cng h thng ti nc bng cc thit b ngm, cc nh my
cng trnh cng cng, xy dng cc tuyn knh o t 100400m.
- thit k cc tuyn ng st, t trong vng lp bn v thi cng trong
vng ng bng, i thp .
- lp bn v thi cng cc h thng ng dn cc trm bm bn ph, cu qua
sng ln, ni giao nhau ca cc nt giao thng ln.
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

1.3.Khi qut chung v khu o v :

Khu o v th trn Nghn.
- V t: 18022'30 - 21030
- Kinh : 105045- 1060 4530
Khu o v nm trn mt din tch rng, a hnh ng bng, thong v c
nhiu con i qua thun li cho vic thit k li o v.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Chng 2

Nhng vn chung v li khng

ch a hnh.
2.1. Phn loi li khng ch a hnh.
Li c s trc a l mt h thng cc im c nh du mc c bit,
sau dng cc s liu o c tnh ton ra to , cao ca chng theo mt h
thng to v cao thng nht. Li c s trc a bao gm li c s mt bng
v li cao. Li c s trc a trn lnh th Vit Nam c phn lm 3 loi:
- Li c s trc a Nh nc: chia thnh 4 hng I, II, III, IV; l c s
khng ch o v cc loi bn a hnh ton quc, phc v yu cu ca
cng trnh v nghin cu khoa hc
- Li c s trc a a phng (li khng ch a hnh khu vc): l nhng
mng li chm dy vo li Nh nc cc cp hoc pht trin c lp
trn ton khu vc nhm phc v cc yu cu o v bn a hnh t l
ln v cc cng tc kho st, thit k, thi cng cc cng trnh thnh ph,
khu cng nghip, giao thng
- Li c s trc a chnh xc thp( li khng ch o v): l tp hp cc
im chm dy vo li c s Nh nc hoc a phng phc v trc
tip cho cng tc o v bn a hnh.
Li cao Nh nc cng chia lm 4 hng: I, II, III, IV. Ngi ta ng
phng php o cao hnh hc xc nh cao cc im trong li. Cc tuyn o
hng cao thng to thnh cc vng khp kn hoc tuyn o ph hp ni vo im
hng cao.
Li c s cao a phng gm nhng im chm dy vo li nh nc
di dng li c lp. Li c s cao a phng cng c xy dng ch yu
bng phng php o cao hnh hc.
2.2. Mt im khng ch a hnh.
L s lng im khng ch c trn mt n v din tch (km2), ph thuc vo
cc yu t sau :
- Phng php o v bn .
- T l bn a hnh cn v.
- c im a hnh, a vt khu o.
- Phng php thnh lp li khng ch.
Tu thuc phng php o v v c im a hnh khu vc o, m bo
din tch khng ch ca 1 im s lng im khng ch c trn 1 din tch cn o
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

v ph thuc vo t l bn cn thnh lp, vi khong cch gia cc im khng

ch:
S=d 3

(2-1)

d: khong cch xa nht t my n mia

Nu im chi tit th din tch khng ch thc t ca 1 im c tnh theo
cng thc:
p=

3 2
S
2

(2-2)

Vy vi din tch c khu o v l F th ta c tng s im khng ch cc cp

l:
N=

F F
+ 15%
p p

(2-3)

2.3. chnh xc cn thit ca cc cp khng ch mt bng:

p ng nhu cu ca x hi ngi ta thnh lp bn a hnh vi nhng t l
khc nhau trong khi kho st s b phm vi rng trong giai on u ngi ta s
dng bn a hnh nh : 1 100000 , 1 500000 ..
Khi kho st khoanh vng thc t giai on hai thng dng bn a hnh
t l 1 10000, 1 5000. giai on III thit k k thut v chuyn thit k trc
a thng dng bn t l 1 1000 , 1 500 ..
Li khng ch c bn ca nh nc phi p ng c nhu cu mt im,
chnh xc o v bn v t l bn ng thi p ng c vic o v t l
ln hn. Ngi ta xy dng li khng ch a hnh theo phng php chm dy
tun t nhiu cp pht trin li theo phng php ny s n gin c qu trnh
tnh ton hiu chnh kt qu o ng thi cho php nhanh chng cung cp s
im khng ch cn thit. S cp khng ch ph thuc vo din tch o v v c
im a hnh a vt khu o. C gng xy dng cng t cng tt gim bt s lu
tch sai s t cp cao n cp khng ch cui cng.
2.3.1. chnh xc ca cp khng ch cui cng:

- Li khng ch a hnh b tr nhiu cp nhng phi lun m bo sai s ca

im khng ch cp cui cng khng vt qu gii hn sai s cho php
.Hn sai cho php ny da trn c s chnh xc cn thit ca bn n
l mt ch tiu c bn va mang tnh kinh t v k thut .
- Nu chnh xc ca cc im khng ch quy nh qu thp vic xy dng
s d dng nhng c th khng p ng chnh xc cn thit ca bn
cn lp .Ngc li nu chnh xc cao qu s gy kh khn tn km
trong o c .Ta xt hai c s ch yu quyt nh chn chnh xc
cn thit cp khng ch cui cng .
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Khi nim chnh xc c th t c khi biu din 1 im c to ln bn

bng phng php th.
Trn bn gc vic k li vung v chuyn im ln bn v khng trnh
c nhng sai s, cc sai s ny dn n im nh du trn bn khng trng
vi im thc a ca n chnh xc ca vic chuyn im trn hnh v c c
trng bi sai s trung phng v tr im cn chuyn, sai s chuyn ln bn v
khng th nh hn 0,18mm trn bn
Thng thng ngi ta cho rng chnh xc li o c khng ch a hnh
ch t mc tng ng vi chnh xc biu din v tr ca im ln bn .Tc
l sai s trung phng xc nh v tr im khng ch cp cui cng l MC =0,18mm
theo t l bn cn v. Nu gi M l mu s t l th :
MC =0,18 .M

(2-4)

Nh vy vic biu din bng phng php th ln bn ch t chnh

xc hn ch, khng nn yu cu chnh xc qu cao v i hi n nhiu thi
gian, cng sc, tin ca.
2.3.2. chnh xc cn thit ca bn :

Do yu cu chnh xc bn nn sai s trung phng v tr mt bng im

a vt c nh so vi im khng trc a gn nht khng ln qu 0,5mm. Trn bn
i vi a vt r nt , vng rng ni hoc i vi nhng vng khng r lm th
sai s khng ln qu 0,7mm. Sai s im a vt do hai nguyn nhn ch yu gy
ra: sai s v tr im khng ch o v so vi im khng ch cao hn.
- Sai s o v chnh im a vt o sai s v tr im l: Mv
Mv =M2C+ M2o

(2-5)

Trong khi c lng cc sai s nu nh hung ca sai s M c n M v 10%

nh hung ca Mo th thc t c th b qua Mc
Nu ta t M o = k . Mc M2v =M2c(1+k2)
iu kin b qua sai s M c th hin qua cng thc :
1,1. M2v = M v

1+ k2
k2

(2-6)

k =2,2
Sai s trm o < 2.2 ln sai s o v a vt. Thay mv v k vo cng thc

tnh mc s xc nh sai s trung phng v tr im trm o

Nu :
+ Mc = 0,16 mm Mv = 0,4
+ Mv = 0,5mm Mc = 0,2
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

+Mv = 0,7 mm Mc = 0,28

mc = 0,18M.

Sai s trung phng ly trn bn l hp l. Khi thit k li khng ch bao

gi cng phi tnh n sai s ny. VD: giai on u cn bn 1/ 2000 thit
k tng th th giai on thit k chi tit ch dng 1/1000; 1/500. V vy khi thit k
li khng ch trc a mt phm vi no cn tho mn yu cu chnh xc
o v bn t l ln nht.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Chng 3

Thit k li khng ch mt bng

3.1.Gii thiu chung v li tam gic.
xc nh v tr mt bng ca cc im trn mt t ngi ta b tr mt h
thng li tam gic tao thnh mt mng li. t my vo cc nh tam gic o c
ba gc trong tng tam gic, o chnh xc chiu di ca mt cnh (cnh gc) v sau
khi chnh l kt qa o ta s tm c chiu di cc cnh cn li trong li. Nu cho
trc hoc o phng v ca cnh khi u ta c th tnh chuyn phng v ti cc
cnh khc cui cng tnh ra to tt c cc im tam gic theo mt h to no
li tam gic xy dng theo phng php ny gi l li tam gic o gc.
- Vi s pht tin KHKT hin nay vic o cnh ca tam gic c tin hnh
bng my o sai in t tng i thun li v c chnh xc cao. Sau
khi b tr h thng li ta o ton b chiu di cc cnh trong mt li tam
gic, vi cc s liu gc v phng v v to ta tnh ra c to cc
im v li tam gic ny gi l li tam gic o cnh.
- Li tam gic o gc o cnh u c nhng nhc im ring. pht huy
u im ca hai loi li ni trn v nng cao chnh xc ca kt qu
cui cng ngi ta xy dng li tam gic o gc cnh kt hp tr o trong
li c th l tt c cc gc, cc cnh.
3.1.1. Li tam gic nh nc

- Chia lm 4 hng : I, II, III, IV. Li hng mt c cnh di nht o vi

chnh xc cao nht, ngoi o gc v o cnh khi u trong li tam gic
hng mt cn o to v phng v thin vn cng nh cc yu t trng
lc ti nhiu im v vy cn gi l li thin vn trc a. Mng li ny
cung cp nhng s liu c bn nghin ca hnh dng kch thc tri t,
l c s pht trin mt h thng to thng nht trn ton lnh th v
xy dng li tam gic hng thp hn.
- Li tam gic hng II pht trin chm dy t li hng I.
- Li tam gic hng III , IV c pht trin chm dy t li tam gic hng I,
II nhm phc v nhng yu cu o v bn a hnh.
- Phng php chm dy vo li hng cao: K ba ng phn gic ct nhau
ti mt im th khu vc xung quanh l khu vc chm im tt nht.
- Cc ch tiu k thut c trng mi li tam gic cp hng nh nc nh
sau :

Bng 3 1
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Cc yu t c trng
Chiu di cnh
Sai s trung phng tng i
cnh
khi u
Sai s trung phng tng i
cnh yu nht
Gi tr gc nh nht
Gi tr gc nh nht
Sai s trung phng o gc
Sai s trung phng cc yu t
thin vn
v
kinh
Phng v

Hng li tam gic nh nc

I
II
III
IV
20 - 25
7 - 20
5-8
2-6
1:400000 1:300000 1:200000 1:12000
0
1:300000

1:200000

1:120000

1:70000

400
3
0,7

300
4
1

300
6
1,5

300
8
2,5

0,3
0,45
0,5

0,3
0,45
0,5

3.1.2. Li tam gic gii tch .

Li tam gic gii tch c chia ra lm hai cp l gii tch 1 v gii tch 2
c xy dng nhm chm dy li nh nc lm mt lm c s pht trin
li khng ch o v bn t l 1:5000 -1/500.
Trong khu vc c li khng ch nh nc th li gii tch hng 1 s l li
chm dy tng im ,tng chui tam gic ,li gii tch 2 c pht trin c s li
gii tch 1, trn khu o khng c im khng ch nh nc th li tam gic c
th xy dng c lp vi h thng to gi nh.
Bng 3 - 2.
Cc yu t c trng
Chiu di cnh
Gi tr gc nh nht :
- Trong li dy c
- Chui tam gic
- Chn im
S tam gic ti a gia hai cnh gc
Sai s khp tam gic
Sai s trung phng o gc
Sai s trung phng cnh khi u
Sai s trung phng tng i cnh yu
nht

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

Li tam gic gii tch

Cp 1
Cp 2
(1 5 ) km
(1 3 ) km
200
300
300
10
20
5
1:70000
1:20000

200
300
200
10
40
10
1:20000
1:10000

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Tu theo din tch hnh dng a hnh khu o cng nh mt v s phn b

cc im khng ch hng cao m c th la chn hnh dng ca li tam gic gii
tch thch hp.

D qut

Chm
im

T gic tr
c
a

a gic trung tm

Hnh 3 1. Mt s dng li gii tch hay dng.

3.2. c tnh mt im khng ch mt bng cho khu o v.
3.2.1. S lng im hng IV (N):

S = 4 km
N=

p=

3 2
3 2
S =
4 = 13,86 (km2)
2
2

F F
60
60
+ .15% =
+
.15% = 5 (im)
p p
13,86 13,86

3.2.2. S lng im gii tch cp 1w

S = 3km p =
N=

3 3
3 2
S =
3 = 7,79 (km2)
2
2

F F
60
60
+ .15% =
+
.15% = 9 (im)
p p
7,79 7,79

Trong khu o thit k 5 im hng IV vy s im gii tch cp 1 cn thit

l:
9 - 5 = 4 im .
3.2.3. S lng im gii tch cp 2:

S = 2 (km) p =

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

3 2
3 2
S =
2 = 3,46 (km2)
2
2

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

N =

F F
60
60
+ .15% =
+
.15% = 20 (im)
p p
3,46 3,46

Trong khu vc o v thit k 4 im gii tch cp 1 v 5 im hng IV, vy

ta ch cn thit k 20 - ( 4+5 ) = 11 im gii tch cp 2.
Vy nu ta pht trin li khng ch tun t nh trn th c phng n xy
dng cc cp khng ch c th nh sau:
3.3.Thit k li tam gic hng IV.
3.3.1. Thit k s li tam gic hng IV trn bn .

Cng tc thit k li bao gm cc ni dung c bn sau :

+ Phn tch mc ch, yu cu, nhim v xy dng li tam gic;
+ Phn tch c im tnh hnh khu o, xc nh kh nng ng dng cc ti
liu trc a c trong khu o vo vic xy dng li mi;
+ Thit k s b li tam gic trn bn ;
+ Kho st quyt nh v tr cc im tam gic thc a;
+ D kin tnh chiu cao tiu ngm cn xy dng cc im tam gic;
+ c tnh chnh xc cc yu t c trng ca li tam gic;
+ Chn phng php o ngm m bo chnh xc theo yu cu;
+ D kin khi lng cng vic b tr nhn lc thit b my mc o c;
+ Nghin ca cc bin php ch o thi cng;
+ D tnh chi ph xy dng li.
- Vic nghin ca nhim v mc ch xy dng li rt cn thit l c s
xc nh cc yu cu k thut c th cng nh quy m xy dng li.
- Trc khi thit k phi thu thp y cc ti liu trc a v bn c
trn khu vc o, cn c cc loi bn t l ln nht v t trc dng
thit k s b li. Ti liu trc a gm s v to cc im
khng ch hng cao. Nu s lng im khng ch hng cao nhiu th thit
k li hng chm dy, nu khng th thit k li c lp. S phn
b cc im hng cao s gip cho la chn phng n chm dy thch hp.
- m bo tnh kh thi ca phng n thit k cn nghin ca k a hnh,
a vt, kh hu, dn c, tnh hnh giao thng ca khu o cng nh kh
nng cung cp nguyn vt liu ti ch cho vic xy dng tiu mc. Sau khi
nghin ca cc vn chung va nu trn ta s thc hin hai ni dung c
bn ca phng php thit k gm:
3.3.1.1. Thit k li tam gic trn bn .

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

- Li thit k trn khu vc rng thng s dng bn a hnh t l

1/100000 v 1/50000 cn cc li tam gic gii tch s thit k trn bn
1/25000v 1/10000.
- Trc ht cn vch r danh gii khu o nh du v tr cc im cc cnh
cp cao c trong khu o ln bn . Xut pht t cnh khi u ta chn
im tam gic cho tng cp. Vic la chn s li cn tho mn mt
trong nhng iu kin sau:
+ Chiu di cnh tam gic ph hp vi quy phm tng ng.
+ Cc gc tam gic tt nht l gn 600 nh nht theo quy phm.
+ Nu c s cnh cp cao t nht phi d tnh v tr cc cnh khi u o trc
tip.
+ im tam gic nn t nhng ni cao d dng thng hng bt vic
xy dng ct tiu cao.
+ V tr cc im tam phi thun li cho qu trnh chm dy cp thp v bao
qut khu vc xung quanh thun li cho vic o v a hnh.
+ Cc im khng ch mi phi di u trn khu o.
- Thng thng s d kin mt vi dng li sau la chn phng n xy
dng c li v mt k thut.Sau khi quyt nh phng n xy dng ta v
bn s nh du v tr cc im o, cc hng o t tn cc im v
ghi ln bn v.
3.3.1.2. Kho st chn im tam gic ngoi thc a.

y l cng vic cui cng hon thnh s thit k li, nhim v chnh
ca cng tc ny l em s thit k ra thc a i chiu xem xt v tr cc
im tam gic thit k trn bn quyt nh chn v tr chnh thc. Cn c tnh
hnh thc t pht hin cc bt hp l ca s chn nu khng t yu cu cn
ch vn sau:
+ Cc im tam gic cn t v tr thun li cho vic chn mc dng tiu,
nn t phi vng chc n nh cch xa ng giao thng v h thng
in.
+ t im nh cao gim bt chiu cao ct tiu ,chiu cao khi ngm
vt chng ngi vt 0,5 - 1 m.
+ Khng nn t cc im gn khu vc sng ln v cc tiu ngm dc theo
sn dc ca thung lng sng s chu nh hng ca tia chit quang.
+ khu thnh ph, khu cng nghip c th chn cc im tam gic trn cc
nc nh hoc cc cng trnh cao. Tia ngm khng i gn cc ng khi
trnh nh hng trit quang cc b. Nu chn im trn cng trnh cao

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

cn phi chn thm im chn mc tam gic di t v thit k

phng n o ni chuyn ta xung im di t.
Sau khi hon thnh cng tc kho st thc a cn v li s chnh thc li
tam gic ln bn v gii trnh nguyn nhn nhng thay i so vi d kin ban
u.
3.3.2. o cnh gc trong li tam gic.
3.3.2.1.Thit k li ng y:

1. Thit k li ng y trn bn .

D
B

M
N

E
A
C
Hnh 3 2
2. Thit k o di cnh y bng thc Inva.
- Cng tc chun b trc khi o:
+ Trc ht xc nh tuyn o, o th ton b chiu di, d kin phn on
hp l v c bin php khc phc dc a hnh cho ph hp.
+Chn mc phn on: Chia ng y thnh 2 hoc 3 on, mi on phn
ra thnh cc tit, mi tit khong 1 km, trong mi tit li chia ra cc on
thc c chiu di xp x chiu di cc on thc dy. Mc phi c
chn chc chn. Trn mc phi khc vch nh tm, cc im chia tit
phi ng cc g to.
+ Pht quang tuyn o b rng tuyn t 4 n 6 m.
+ t cc gi thc, khong cch gia hai gi phi nh hn chiu di ca
thc t 2 n 3m.
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

- Xc nh chnh cao gia cc u gi : Dng my thu chun thng

thng, mia 1,5m; vic o thng tin hnh o i trc khi o chiu di v
o v sau khi o chiu di.
- o chiu di:
+ Trc khi o 30 pht phi cng thc ra cho nhit ca thc thch hp
vi nhit bn ngoi.
+ Kim tra bn ca dy treo qu t.
+ Ngi c thc nhn thc v iu chnh thc cho thc 3 cnh va tip
xc vi vch chun khc trn gi , ch cho thc n nh v khi nhn
c hiu lnh th mi c s.
+ Khong cch gia hai gi l: li = lt + ( b-a )

(3-1)

lt - chiu di ca thc nhit t0

a - s c thc pha sau
b - s c thc pha trc
+ Mi u thc phi c s 3 ln, mi ln thay i s c 2-3 cm . Cc hiu
s (b-a) cho 3 ln c khng chnh nhau qu 0,3mm.
+ Mi on thc dng 2 thc dy o. Khi o xong mt on th ngi v
dng c pha sau chuyn ln pha trc ca on o tip cn thc dy th
tnh tin theo hng o.
+ o ng y n thng dng 2 cp thc dy o, c 10-15 pht th
c thc mt ln. Ghi r thi gian bt u o v khi kt thc.
+ C xong mi tit v mi phn phi tnh ra chiu di ca tit hay phn.
- Tnh chiu di cnh y:

D = n.l 0 + n.l 0 + (b a ) + l n + (t m t 0 ) + (t m2 t 02 ) .n + a + DH + DG

(3-2)

Trong :
n: S on thc chn 24m ca tng phn;
l0: chiu di danh ngha;
l0: s hiu chnh chiu di thc;
, : h s dn n ca thc;
DH =

( H m + hm ) '
.D0
RA

(3-3)

Hm: cao trung bnh ca cnh y so vi mc nc bin;

SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

hm: cao mt thu chun so vi mt elipxoit thc dng ti vng o cnh

y.
D0: chiu di nm ngang ly trn n 0,1m;
RA: bn knh cong ca giao tuyn gia mt elipxoit v mt phng cha cnh
y.
Y2
2
DG = D0 m 2 + Y 2
2 Rm 24 Rm

(3-4)

Ym: honh trung bnh ca hai im u ng y;

Y: gia s honh ca hai im u ng y;
Rm: bn knh cong trung bnh;
D0: chiu di cnh y trn mt ellipxoit thc dng.
3. c tnh chnh xc ca li ng y

M
N

A
Hnh 3 - 3 : li ng y
Cnh y : MN
Cnh khi u: AB
1
Plog B

1
(30 + I + II + III + IV )
( a + a ' ) 2

(3-5)

Trong :
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

(3-6)

(3-7)

I = 2,2 ( 2 g h ) + ( 2 g ' h ) ;
II =

1
(2 g + h ) + (2 g ' + h ) ;
2

III = h . h ' ;
IV =

(3-8)

5
( g g ' ) 2 + ( h h ' ) 2 + ( g g ' )( h h ' ) ;
4

g = . ; g ' = ' . ' ; h = . ; h ' = ' . ' ;

(3-9)
(3-10)

Gi tr cc gc o:

190

17,50

380

360

700

'

730

Suy ra :
= 10 6.

0,434295
cot g = 10 6.
cot g19 0 = 6,115
''
206265

= 10 6.

0,434295
cot g ' = 10 6.
cot g17,5 0 = 6,678
''
206265

= 10 6.

0,434295
cot g = 10 6.
cot g 38 0 = 2,695
''
206265

' = 10 6.

0,434295
cot g ' = 10 6.
cot g 36 0 = 2,898
''
206265

= 10 6.

0,434295
cot g = 10 6.
cot g 70 0 = 0,766
''
206265

' = 10 6.

0,434295
cot g ' = 10 6.
cot g 73 0 = 0,644
''
206265

g = 2,695 x6,115 = 16,480

g ' = 2,898 6,678 = 19,353
= 0,766 6,115 = 4,684
h ' = 0,644 6,678 = 4,301
I = 2,2. ( 2 16,480 4,684) + (2 19,353 4,684)] = 137,056

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

1
[( 2 16,480 + 4,684) + (2 19,353 + 4,684)] = 40,517
2

II =

III = 4,684 4,301 = 20,146

IV =

5
[(16,480 19,353) 2 + ( 4,684 4,301) 2 + (16,480 19,353) (4,684 4,301)] = 9,126
4

p dng cng thc (3-5) ta c :

1
Plog B

1
(30 + 137,056 + 40,517 + 20,146 + 9,126) = 1,264
(7,342 + 5,784) 2

mlg B = m' '

1
Plog B

= 2,5' ' 1,264 = 2,811 .

Sai s trung phng cnh y l:

mlg B
mB
2,811
1
1
=
=
=
<
6
6
B
154498 120000
10
0,434295 10

Tho mn iu kin ca li ng y.
3.3.2.2.Thit k o cnh gc trong li tam gic bng my ton c din t.

Dng my ton c in t s lm gim khi lng cng tc ng k, rt

thun li do c chnh xc cao v t ng ho, c cu gn nh. chnh xc cnh
khi u c c trng bi sai s trung phng tng i chiu di cnh ng vi
cc cp hng li khng ch. chnh xc o di bng in t ph thuc vo c
im cu to my v chu nh hng rt ln ca mi trng o. Bng thc nghim
ngi ta thnh lp cng thc tnh sai s trung phng chiu di cnh o cho cc
loi my:
mS = a + b.10-6.S

(3-11)

a,b: l cc hng s ca my cho trc

S: Chiu di cnh o (km).
Cnh khi u ca li tam gic Nh nc hng IV t 2 - 6km, ta c th chn
cnh khi u 2-4 km. Cn c vo chiu di cnh o v chnh xc cn thit
la chn loi my o thch hp.
My o di v cc dng c phi c kim nh chnh xc ca my trc
khi o. Cc cnh khi u phi c o i v o v. Mi lot o i hoc o v phi
c s 3 ln v chnh gia cc s c khng qu 2.b.10-6.S.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

o nhit khng kh v p sut kh quyn hai u cnh o tnh s ci

chnh nh hng iu kin mi trng. Nhit c o chnh xc n 10C, p sut
o chnh xc n 1mbar.
o chiu cao my v chiu cao gng chnh xc n mm. chnh cao hai
u cnh gc c xc inh bng o thu chun hoc o cao lng gic. Cui cng
tnh chuyn chiu di cnh nghing thnh chiu di cnh nm ngang.
3.3.3. c tnh chnh xc ca li tam gic hng IV.
3.3.3.1. c tnh sai s trung phng tng i cnh yu nht:

D
B
C1

B2
D1
C3

E1

C2
A1

D2

B1

C
Hnh 3 4: Li hng IV
Bng 3-3.
Gc

Gi tr

Cnh

di (m)

A1

640

AB

4500

B1

600

BC

4625

C1

56

CA

4350

B2

61

CD

4575

C2

59

BD

4475

D1

600

DE

4375

C3

CE

4375

59

D2

58,5

E1

62,50

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Cnh khi u l cnh AB v DE do cnh yu nht l cnh BD.

Sai s trung phng logarit thp phn cnh BD l:
mlg2 S =

2 "2 3
m . Ri
3
1

(3-12)

Trong
Ri = Ai2 + Bi2 + Ai . Bi

(3-13)

tin tnh ton ta lp bng sau:

Bng 3 - 4.
Gc tnh
chuyn
B1
A1
B2
C2
D2
E1
C2
D1
m

2
lg S

Gi tr( )

600
640
610
590
58,50
62,50
590
600

1,216
1,027
1,167
1,265
1,290
1,096
1,265
1,216

mlg2 S 1 mlg2 S 2
m

2
lg S 1

+m

2
lg S 2

mlg2 Si

34,25
3,782
4,438
37,07
4,279
4,617

34,25 37,07
= 17,082
34,25 + 37,07

mlg S = 4,219
Sai s trung phng cnh BD l:
mlg S
mS
4,219
1
1
=
=
=
<
(tha mn chnh xc yu cu
6
6
S
102938 70000
10
0,434295 10

ca li hng IV)
3.3.3.2. c tnh sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht.

c tnh sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht ta p dng cng

thc sau :
2
m2 n = m2 0 + n.m''2
3

(3-14)

B qua sai s gc phng v cnh gc ta c:

m2 n =

2
n.m''2
3

(3-15)

Vi n =2, m= 2,5
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

2
3

2
3

2
'' 2
2
m = n.m = 2 2,5 = 8,333
3

''
sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht: m = 2,041
3

3.3.3.3. c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht.

c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht ta p dng cng thc

sau :
m .S
M = m + ''
2

(3-16)

2
S

Trong :
- S l cnh BD (cnh yu nht ca li tam gic) c chiu di 4,5 km.
- mS l sai s trung phng chiu di cnh:
mS =

mlg S

.10

S=

4,219
4,5 = 4,37 10 5
6
0,434295 10

- m l sai s trung phng tng i gc phng v.

2

m .S
2,041 4,5
M = m + '' = (4,37 10 5 ) 2 +
= 5,38 10 5 km = 5,38cm
2 206265
2
2
S

Vi M = 5,38 cm nn tha mn iu kin M < 8cm.

3.4. Thit k li tam gic gii tch 1.
3.4.1.Thit k s li tam gic gii tch 1 trn bn .

D
B

16

18
3
4 10

15

21

22

17

II

14

11

III
20

24

25
6

23
26

12 13

30
19
27

28

29

IV

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Hnh 3 - 5: Li gii tch 1

Bng 3 - 5. Gi tr cc gc tam gic gii tch 1:
Tn Gc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Gi tr ( 0 )
300
1200
300
270
1250
270
30,50
1140
340
37

Tn Gc
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Gi tr ( 0 )
1090
340
240
1240
320
300
1260
23,50
280
61,50

Tn gc
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Gi tr ( 0 )
310
280
1220
290
340
1150
300
300
1210
300

Gc nh nht bng : 240

Gc ln nht bng : 1250
3.4.2.c tnh chnh xc ca li tam gic gii tch 1.
3.4.2.1. c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht.

c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht ta tch li tam gic gii

tch 1 ra thnh cc hnh .
1)

c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im I, II, III.

Ta tch cc im I, II, III trong li gii tch 1 ra tnh sai s trung phng
v tr theo mng li chm mt im.
2)
3)
B

Sc

a
II
Sa

Sc

Sb

Sa

III
c

Sc

Sa

Sb
Sb

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Hnh 3-6 : hnh im I, II, III.

Sai s trung phng v tr cc im I, II, III c tnh theo cng thc:
2

M1 =

m"2 a 2 .b 2 + a 2 .c 2 + b 2 .c 2 + a 2 .S a2 + b 2 .S b2 + c 2 .S c2
.
Q
"2

(3-17)

Sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh a c tnh theo cng thc:

m2 = m"2 .

3b 2 . sin 2 + 3c 2 . sin 2 + 2.b.c. sin . sin

Q

(3-18)

Trong :

Q = 8. a 2 . sin 2 + b 2 sin 2 + c 2 sin 2 + a.b. sin . sin + a.c. sin . sin + b.c. sin . sin

(3-19)

T cc cng thc trn ta lp bng tnh sai s trung phng v tr nh sau:

Bng 3-6: Bng c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht.

im
I
II
III

a
(km)

b
(km)

Sc
(km)

2,575 2,625 2,625 4,650 4,35

4,5

126

114

120

243,532

2,8

2,25

c
(km)

Sa
(km)

Sb
(km)

2,95

4,6

4,65

4,5

124

109

126

249,328

2,725 2,675 2,45

4,4

4,375 4,6

122

116

121

247,916

4)

c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im IV.

5)

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

M
(cm)
3,65
3,77
3,606

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

III

E
C

IV

6)

Hnh 3-7 : hnh im IV.

c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im IV ta tnh chuyn t cnh CE
(cnh ca li hng IV) n cnh C IV ri chuyn v cnh III IV.
Sai s trung phng v tr cc im IV c xc nh nh sau:
M IV = m

2
D IV

m .S
+ C ''IV
2

(3-20)

Trong :
mC IV l sai s trung phng chiu di cnh C-IV.

SC-IV = 2,5 km
Ta lp bng tnh chuyn sau.
Bng 3-7
Gc tnh
chuyn
C IV E
IV C III
IV E I
C I IV

Gi tr ()

1210
310
590
640

-1,315
3,796
1,26
0,98

MlgS2

mlgS

219,691

14,822

10,339
3,78

Ta c:
mC IV = mS =

mlg S

.10

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

S D IV =

14,822
2,5 = 8,532.10-5
6
0.434295 10
- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Vy sai s trung phng v tr im IV l:b

M = (8,532.10 5 ) 2 + (
7)

5,77 2,5
2 206265

) 2 =0,0986 (m)=9,86cm

Kt lun.

Ta thy sai s trung phng v tr cc im yu nht ca li gii tch 1 u

tha mn iu kin M < 10 cm.
3.4.2.2.Sai s trung phng cc cnh yu nht.

Sa

II

II

Sa

Sc

Sc

Sc

Sa

Sb

III

III

c
a

Sb

Sb

C
IV

Hnh 3- 8: hnh tch cc cnh yu trong li gii tch 1.

D dng nhn thy cc cnh I-IV, I-II, II-III l cc cnh yu nht trong li
gii tch 1.
p dng cng ca mng li chm dy hai im ta c sai s trung phng
chiu di cnh S ni 2 im yu nht c tnh theo cng thc:
mS =

M I2 + M II2
2

(3-21)

Sai s trung phng tng i cnh xc nh theo cng thc

mS
S

T ta lp thnh bng sau:

Bng 3-7
Cnh

mS (cm)

S (km)

mS
S

I-II

3,71

2,825

1
141365

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

II-III

3,688

2,5

III-IV

7,423

2,625

1
152347
1
41287

Ta thy sai s trung phng cc cnh yu nht ca li gii tch 1 u tha

mn iu kin

mS
1
=<
S
20000

3.4.2.3. c tnh sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht.

2
m2I II = m2II III = m2I IV = m20 + .n.m' '2
3

(3-22)

vi : n l s tam gic tnh chuyn (n = 2)

m l sai s gc phng v cnh u, b qua.
m = 5
0

2
m

I II

I II

2
2
= m 2 II III = m2 I IV = .n.m' ' 2 = .2.5 2 = 33,33
3
3
= m II III = m I IV = 5,77' '

3.5. Thit k li tam gic gii tch 2.

3.5.1.Thit k li tam gic gii tch 2 trn bn .

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

4
3

II
6

11
1

III

A
C

10

Hnh 3-9. Li gii tch 2.

3.5.2.c tnh chnh xc ca li tam gic gii tch 2.

Tch li gii tch 2 thnh cc li nh, c tnh chnh xc cho tng li

nh sau:
3.5.2.1. c tnh sai s trung phng cnh yu nht.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

B
A
1

I
Hnh 3- 10: hnh li th nht tch t li gii tch 2.
y l li d qut c hai cnh gc AI v BI l hai cnh hng cao. Do cnh
yu nht trong li ny l cnh 12. Ta tnh chuyn t hai cnh gc vo cnh 12 qua
hai tam gic nh trong hnh. Phng php tnh nh c tnh sai s trung phng
tng i trong li hng IV.
Chiu di cnh 12 l S1-2 = 2,050 km.
Ta lp thnh bng sau :

Bng 3-8:

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Gc
tnh
chuyn
A
11
I1
21
B
22
I1
12

Gi tr
()

840
690
470
680
680
620
470
680

0,221
0,808
1,963
0,851
0,851
1,119
1,963
0,851

mlg2 Si

mlg2 S

mlgS

mS
S

0,880
475,2
6,248
10

267,458

16,354

2,929
611,812
6,248

2.- Lui th 2
4

D
B
1

II
Hnh 3-11 : hnh li th hai tch t li gii tch 2.
y l li d qut c hai cnh gc B II v D II l hai cnh hng cao. Do
cnh yu nht trong li ny la cnh 34. Ta tnh chuyn t hai cnh gc vo cnh 34
qua hai tam gic nh trong hnh. Phng php tnh nh c tnh sai s trung
phng tng i trong li hng IV.
Chiu di cnh 34 l S3-4 = 2,175 km.
Ta lp thnh bng sau :
Bng 3-9:

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

1
26555

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Gc
tnh
chuyn
B
31
III1
41
D
42
III1
32

Gi
tr
()
660
680
480
670
940
540
480
670

0,937
0,85
1,895
0,893
-0.147
1,529
1,895
0,893

mlg2 Si

mlg2 S

mS
S

mlgS

2,396
565,068
6,08
10

278,098 16,676

2,134

1
26043

547,6
6,08

3- .Li th ba
6

E
D
1

III
Hnh 3- 12: hnh li th ba tch t li gii tch 2.
y l li d qut c hai cnh gc E III v D III l hai cnh hng cao. Do
cnh yu nht trong li ny la cnh 56 Ta tnh chuyn t hai cnh gc vo cnh 56
qua hai tam gic nh trong hnh. Phng php tnh nh c tnh sai s trung
phng tng i trong li hng IV.
Chiu di cnh 56 l S5-6 = 2,050 km.
Ta lp thnh bng sau :
Bng 3-10:
Gc
tnh
chuyn

Gi
tr
()

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

mlg2 Si

mlg2 S

mlgS

mS
S
- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

570
580
430
700
820
680
430
840

D
51
III1
61
E
62
III1
52

1,367
1,316
2,257
0,766
0,296
0,851
2,257
0,221

5,399
853,933
7,410
10

1
25352

293,440 17,130

1,064
447,067
5,642

4 -.Li th t

10

A
C
1

I
Hnh 3- 13: hnh li th t tch t li gii tch 2.
y l li d qut c hai cnh gc I C v I A l hai cnh hng cao. Do
cnh yu nht trong li ny la cnh 9-10 Ta tnh chuyn t hai cnh gc vo cnh
9-10 qua hai tam gic nh trong hnh. Phng php tnh nh c tnh sai s
trung phng tng i trong li hng IV.
Chiu di cnh 9-10 l S9-10 = 2,050km.
Ta lp thnh bng sau :
Bng 3-11:
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Gc
tnh
chuyn
C
91
I1
101
A
102
I1
92

Gi
tr
()
700
690
560
770
680
630
560
800

0,766
0,808
1,420
0,486
0,851
1,073
1,420
0,371

mlg2 Si

mlg2 S

mS
S

mlgS

1,858
320,067
2,943
10

170,457 13,056

2,789

1
33264

364,667
2,681

5. Li th nm:

11

C
Hnh 3- 14: hnh li th nm tch t li gii tch 2.
li ny c hai cnh hng cao l B-I v C-I dovy cnh yu nht l cnh I-11.
Tin hnh truyn t hai cnh hng cao v cnh yu nht I-11
di cnh I-11 = 1,875 km
Bng 3 - 12
Gc tnh
chuyn
B
111
112
C

Gi tr( )

63
72
77
44

1,073
0,684
0,486
2,180

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

mlg2 Si

2,353

156,866

6,048

403,2
- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

mlg2 S =

mlg2 S 1 mlg2 S 2
m

2
lg S 1

+m

2
lg S 2

156,866 403,2
= 112,930 mlg S = 10,627
156,866 + 403,2

Sai s trung phng cnh I-11 l:

mlg S
mS
10,627
1
1
=
=
=
<
(tha mn chnh xc yu cu ca
6
6
S
40867 10000
10
0,434295 10

li gii tch 2)
6. Li th 6

II

C
Hnh 3- 15: hnh li th su tch t li gii tch 2.
li ny c hai cnh hng cao l D-II v C-II dovy cnh yu nht l cnh II-8 .
Tin hnh truyn t hai cnh hng cao v cnh yu nht II-8
di cnh II-8 = 1,875 km
Ta lp thnh bng sau:
Bng 3 - 13
Gc tnh
Gi tr( )
R
mlg2 Si
chuyn
D
63
1,073
5,122
341,3
81
54
1,534
82
100
-0,371
C
40
2,513
5,51
367,3
m

2
lg S

mlg2 S 1 mlg2 S 2
m

2
lg S 1

+m

2
lg S 2

341,3 367,3
= 176,91 mlg S = 13,312
341,3 + 367,3

Sai s trung phng cnh II-8 l:

SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

mlg S
mS
13,312
1
1
=
=
=
<
(tha mn chnh xc yu cu ca
6
6
S
32624 10000
10
0,434295 10

li gii tch 2)
7. Li th by.

III

C
Hnh 3- 16: hnh li th by tch t li gii tch 2.
li ny c hai cnh hng cao l E-III v C-III dovy cnh yu nht l cnh
III-7 . Tin hnh truyn t hai cnh hng cao v cnh yu nht III-7
di cnh III-7 = 2,025 km
Ta lp thnh bng sau:
Bng 3 - 14
Gc tnh
Gi tr( )
R
mlg2 Si
chuyn
C
51
1,705
9,224
72
51
1,705
614,933
E
81
0,333
71
65
0,982
1,402
93,466
mlg2 S =

mlg2 S 1 mlg2 S 2
m

2
lg S 1

+m

2
lg S 2

614,933 93,466
= 81,134
614,933 + 93,466

mlg S = 9,007
Sai s trung phng cnh III-7 l:

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

mlg S
mS
9,007
1
1
=
=
=
<
(tha mn chnh xc yu cu ca
6
6
S
48215 10000
10
0,434295 10

li gii tch 2)
3.5.2.2. c tnh sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht:

Sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
2
m2n = m2 0 + .n.m "2
3

(3-25)

Trong :
n l s tam gic tnh chuyn
m2o l sai s gc phng v cnh khi u nhng c th b qua.
m2n l sai s gc phng v cnh tnh chuyn

m l sai s o gc trong li .
Vi li tam gic gii tch cp 2 th m = 10
-i vi cc cnh yu 1-2; 3-4; 5-6; 7-8 th s tam gic tnh truyn l 2 (n=2).
Vy sai s trung phng gc phng v l:
2
m2n = .2.100 = 133,33
3

Suy ra:

mn = 11,55"

- i vi cc cnh yu I-9; I-10 v cnh II-11 th s tam gic tnh truyn l 1

(n=1).
Vy sai s trung phng gc phng v l:
m2n =

2
.1.100 = 66,67
3

Suy ra:

mn = 8,16"

3.5.2.3. c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht:

im nm trn cnh yu nht s l im yu nht, ta c tnh sai s trung

phng v tr im cho cc im yu.
Sai s trung phng v tr im c tnh theo cng thc sau:
m S

m P = m +

2 ''

2
S

(3-26)

Trong : mS l sai s trung phng cnh yu nht

SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

mS = S

mlg s

(3-27)

10 6

m l sai s trung phng gc phng v cnh yu nht

S: chiu di cnh yu nht.
Kt qu tnh nh sau:
Bng 3-14 : Bng c tnh sai s trung phng v tr im.
Bng 3-15
im

mlg S

S (m)

m S . 10 5

M (cm)

1 v 2

16,354

2050

7,72

11,55

11,18

3 v 4

16,676

2175

8,35

11,55

11,96

5 v 6

9 v 10
III - 7

17,130
13,056
13,691

2050
2350
2025

8,08
7,065
6,38

11,55
11,55
8,16

11,42
11,65
10,22

II - 8

13,312

1900

5,742

8,16

9,36

I-11

10,627

1875

4,588

8,16

8,7

Sai s trung phng v tr cc im yu nht tho mn iu kin 12cm

3.6.Tiu v mc tam gic.

3.6.1. Mc tam gic.
3.6.1.1. Mc tam gic hng IV.

Ti cc im tam gic Nh nc v tam gic gii tch cn chn mc xc

nh v tr im chnh xc v gi gn cc im c lu di. Kiu mc c la
chn ny tu thuc vo cp li tam gic Nh nc v iu kin a cht, a hnh
ni chn mc nh mc trong khu vc xy dng, khu vc cha xy dng, khu vc
c nn cng
im tam gic Nh nc hng cao s xy mc to, chc chn hn v thng
dng loi mc hai tng phng nu tng trn b ph th vn cn du mc tng
di, cn mc tam gic gii tch thng lm mt tng du mc.
Cc mc tam gic thng lm bng b tng, trn nh mc c gn du s trng
men hoc kim loi, trn mt du c khc ch thp th hin v tr tm mc. Ti vng
a cht khng n nh phi chn mc b tng c kch thc ln v su, vng ni
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

c th dng ngay khi thay cho khi b tng v c l vo khi ri dng xi

mng gn du mc vo. bo v mc tam gic ngi ta y ln mt mc mt np
bng b tng ri lp t p , chn cc lm du d tm, xung quanh mc phi
o rnh thot nc.

Mc

Hnh 3-17. Mc tam gic hng IV Nh nc

3.6.1.2. Mc tam gic li gii tch 1.

20cm

15cm

Dus

Mc b
tng

20cm

Rnh
n c
30cm

30cm

Hnh 3-18. Mc tam gic gii tch cp 1

3.6.1.3. Mc tam gic gii tch 2.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

20 cm

10 cm

Du s

Mc b
tng

20cm

R nh
n c

30 cm

20 cm

Hnh 3-19 : Mc tam gic gii tch 2

3.6.2. Tiu ngm.

nng chiu cao tia ngm vt cc vt chng ngi vt, ti cc im tam

gic Nh nc v tam gic gii tch ngi ta dng cc ct tiu cao. Dng tiu ngm
ph thuc ch yu vo chiu cao cn thit v kh nng c c nguyn vt liu. C
cc loi ct tiu c bn nh tiu n gin, tiu chp, tiu hai chp ...

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 3-20. Cc loi tiu ngm

Khi im tam gic qu thp, cn nng cao c gi t my c th dng loi
tiu hai chp, nh gi ngoi t b ngm, nh gi trong t my o gc hoc o
di, gi trong v gi ngoi hon ton tch ri nhau. Ngi ta lt mt sn g thp hn
b t my khong 1,2m ngi o hot ng khi o ngm, sn g thng gn
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

vi gi ngoi hon ton c lp vi gi trong ngi o di chuyn khng lm cho

my rung ng (a).
Nu a hnh cho php ta c th t my ln gi ba chn o th cc im
ny ch cn dng cc ct tiu n gin nng cao b ngm (b). n gin hn na
th ta dng cc so tiu dng trc tip ln im tam gic (c).
Cc loi ct tiu c nh c th lm bng g hoc bng thp, ngoi ra cn s
dng ct tiu thp v sn ngm di ng, khi cn o c th mang n lp dng cc
im tam gic, sau khi o xong c th g mang i ni khc.
B ngm l mt chi tit quan trng ca tiu o, n thng c dng hnh tr
gn trn nh ct tiu. Kch thc ca hnh tr ph thuc ch yu vo chiu di
ca cnh tam gic, cnh cng di th b ngm cng phi ln. o ngm chnh xc
ngi ta hay dng loi b ngm vi sai c thn hnh tr khng phi l khi lin m
do nhiu thanh g ghp li. Khi lp ghp b ngm phi tht i xng v sn b
ngm thnh hai phn, phn trn mu nht cn phn di mu trng.
Khi dng tiu phi m bo tm b ngm v tm gi my khng lch khi tm
mc qu 3cm. Cc ct ca gi ngoi khng c che khut cc hng ngm ti cc
im tam gic xung quanh.
3.6.3. c tnh chiu cao ct tiu.
3.6.3.1. C s l thuyt.

Trc tin ta xc nh phn nh hng cong tri t v khc x nh sng

n vic xc nh chiu cao ct tiu:
f =

1 K 2
.S (m)
2R

(3-28)

R - bn knh tri t (6373km);

K - h s chit quang trung bnh (0,14);
S - chiu di cnh (km).
Ta lp cng thc tnh chiu cao ct tiu cho trng hp chung nht l gia hai
im tam gic A v B cn dng tiu c vt chng ngi C nh hnh 5-7. im A, B
v C c cao tuyt i l HA, HB, HC v vt chng ngi C c chiu cao l hC.
Tia ngm phi cao hn vt chng ngi mt khong l a, chiu cao ct tiu A v
B l TA v TB. t A1 v B1 u nhn thy C1 ta c th tnh chiu cao tiu theo
cng thc:
T A = H C + hC + a + f A h AC H A
TB = H C + hC + a + f B h BC H B

(3-29)

hAC v hBC - chnh cao AC v BC.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

z2

B1

hC

TA

C1

TB

z1

A1

HB

HA

S1

HC

S2

Hnh 3-21. S c tnh chiu cao ct tiu

Gi s gc thin nh ca tia ngm ti C1 l z1 v z2, lc cng thc trn c
th vit li nh sau:

( H A + T A ) ( H C + hC + a ) = S 1 . cot gz1 + f A
( H B + TB ) ( H C + hC + a ) = S 2 . cot gz 2 + f B

(3-30)

V A1, B1 v C1 cng nm trn mt ng thng nn hai gc thin nh z 1 v z2

b nhau dn n cotgz1 = -cotgz2. T cng thc trn suy ra:
T A + H A H C hC a f A
S
= 1
T B + H B H C hC a f B
S2

(3-31)

Vi mt hng ngm c th th tt c cc thnh phn trong cng thc trn u

xc nh t TA v TB l yu t cn tm. Ta t:
M = H A H C hC a f A
N = H B H C hC a f B

(3-32)

Ta c:
TA + M
S
= 1
TB + N
S2

(3-33)

Suy ra quan h:
TA =

S1
S
.T B 1 .N M
S2
S2

(3-34)

Theo cng thc trn khi cho trc gi tr ca TB ta s tm ra mt gi tr TA

tng ng hng ngm A1B1 lun i qua C1. Ti A v B u phi o ngm v
nhiu hng nn ta phi la chn TA, TB sao cho tho mn iu kin ngm thng v
mi hng v tng chiu cao ct tiu l nh nht. Trong trng hp thc t ta vn
dng theo t l sau:
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

H 1 S 1
S1
=
suy ra: H 1 = H 2
H 2 S 2
S2

(3-35)

H1, H2 l tr s tng hay gim v chiu cao ct tiu ti A v B.

H1
C1
H2
H1

H2

S1

S2

Hnh 3-22. Tr s tng gim chiu cao ct tiu.

Ta thy ngay rng nu tng chiu cao ct tiu ti A ln mt on H1 th c
th gim chiu cao ct tiu ti B xung mt on l H2. Vic tng hay gim i bao
nhiu cn ph thuc vo khong cch S1, S2. Kinh nghim thc t cho thy nn c
tnh chiu cao ct tiu theo cng thc (5-10). Vn quan trng nht d tnh
chiu cao ct tiu l xc nh chun cc yu t trong cng thc tnh M v N. Mun
vy ta phi da vo bn a hnh xc nh cao cc im tam gic, phi iu
tra xc nh v tr cao cc chng ngi vt cao nht nm dc theo cc tia
ngm.
Ngoi ra chiu cao ct tiu cn c th tnh theo phng php gii. Phng
php ny cng cn kim tra phng php gii tch: Dng giy k ly v chn t l
khong cch thch hp (thng chn t l chiu di l 1:100.000, t l chiu cao
1:1000). Trc tin ta k ng nm ngang, trn ng ny ta xc nh im C1,
coi C1 l nh vt chng ngi. Cn c vo khong cch t vt chng ngi ti A v
ti B ta xc nh c A1, B1 trn th. Ti A1, B1 ta dng hai ng thng gc
vi A1B1C1. Da theo cc ng thng ng ny ta dng cc on thng h1, V1 bn
di A1 v h2, V2 bn di B1. T xc nh c v tr A v B.
Nh vy ta c chiu cao ct tiu tnh ton ti A v B:
H A = h1 + V1
H B = h2 + V 2

(3-36)

Ly C1 lm tm t thc k quay xung quanh C1 ta s chn c chiu cao

ct tiu c li nht.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

S1

A1

S2

C1

B1

h1

V1

h2

V2

Hnh 3-23. Phng php xc nh chiu cao ct tiu theo gii

Thit k chiu cao ct tiu trn ton li tam gic l mt cng vic gn ng
dn. Nu nng chiu cao ct tiu ti mt im th c th s gim c chiu cao ct
tiu nhiu im xung quanh. Ta nn chn phng n c tng chiu cao ct tiu
ca ton li l nh nht song cng ch khi nu c mt vi ct tiu qu cao th i
khi cng khng c li v xy dng ct tiu cao s rt tn km.
3.6.3.2. Ni dung tnh ton c tnh chiu cao ct tiu.

T bn ta c nhn xt sau :
Cc im A v B nm trn sn cha, cc im C v E nm trn sn kho. V
vy gi nh chiu cao tuyt i ca n l +2,2 m.
im E nm trn c chiu cao tuyt i l +3,0 m.
Gi nh chiu cao tuyt i chng ngi vt l 1,5m, chiu cao chng ngi
vt l 4m, khong cch a = 0,5 m.
Gi s t ct tiu ti A c chiu cao l 5m p dng cng thc trn ta tnh
c chiu cao ct tiu ti cc im nh sau:
Bng 3-15 : Bng c tnh chiu cao ct tiu t im A
TA(m)
5

S1(m)
2200

S2(m)
2333

TB(m)
4,03

TB(m)
4,03

S1(m)
2100

S2(m)
2200

TC(m)
4,96

TC(m)
4,96

S1(m)
2300

S2(m)
2200

TD(m)
4,05

TD(m)
4,05

S1(m)
2300

S2(m)
2250

TE(m)
4,45

Vy tng chiu cao ct tiu l 22,49 m

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Gi s t ct tiu ti E c chiu cao l 5m p dng cng thc trn ta tnh

c chiu cao ct tiu ti cc im nh sau:
Bng 3-15 : Bng c tnh chiu cao ct tiu t im E
TE(m)
5

S1(m)
2200

S2(m)
2196

TD(m)
2

TD(m)
2

S1(m)
2400

S2(m)
2447

TC(m)
5,03

TC(m)
5,03

S1(m)
2400

S2(m)
2483

TB(m)
1,92

TB(m)
1,92

S1(m)
2200

S2(m)
2333

TA(m)
5,17

Vy tng chiu cao ct tiu l 9,12 m

T cc kt qu tnh ton trn ta thy tng chiu cao ct tiu khi t ti E nh
hn tng chiu cao ct tiu khi t ti A. Nh vy ta chn phng n t ct tiu ti
E vi chiu cao cc ct tiu t ti cc im nh trong bng tnh trn.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Chng 4

Thit k li khng ch cao.

4.1. Gii thiu v li khng ch cao.
4.1.1 Khi nim v li khng ch cao:

Li khng ch cao l mt h thng cc im nh du bng cc mc vng

chc trn mt t, tin hnh o c v tnh ra cao cc im so vi mt thy
chun a o (gc). Mi nc thng chn mt dim gc cao v dng phng
php o thy chun lp mt mng li cao thng nht trong phm vi lnh th
ca mnh. Mng li cao c nhiu cp, mi cp c chnh xc khc nhau.
4.1.2. im gc cao:

Trn b bin ngi ta xy dng mt "Trm nghim triu" quan st s thay

i ca mc nc bin theo thi gian. Ln cn khu vc trm nghim triu xy dng
mt h thng mc cao kin c, cc mc chnh gn xung n tng cng. Da
vo kt qu nghim triu trong nhiu nm, ngi ta tnh ra mc nc bin trung
bnh ti vng bin quan st v ly lm chun 0 tnh ra cao im gc. Nc
ta dng kt qu quan st mc nc bin trung bnh ti trm nghim triu Hn Du
xc nh cao im gc Sn, Hi Phng. cao im gc Sn dng
lm s liu khi tnh cho ton b li khng ch cao c nc.
4.1.3. Li khng ch cao Nh nc:

Li khng ch cao nh nc l mng li thy chun thng nht ton

quc. Li cao nh nc c chnh xc cao p ng mi nhu cu xy dng,
pht trin kinh t v cng c quc phng. Li thy chun nh nc chia ra lm 4
hng I, II, III v IV.
Li thy chun hng I v II l c s cao ch yu to thnh mt h cao
ch yu trong c nc. Ngoi mc ch khng ch li cao hng thp, li thy
chun hng I, II cn phc v cho mc ch nghin cu khoa hc. Trn tuyn thy
chun hng I cch 100Km chn mt mc thy chun loi A, cch 50 km chn 1
mc thy chun loi B. Li thy chun hng II b tr thnh cc vng khp kn
hoc ni gia hai im hng I, vng thy chun hng II khng di qu 500km; Trn
tuyn hng II cch 50 80km chn mt mc loi B, cch 5 7km chn mt mc
thy chun thng.
Li thy chun hng III v IV b tr thnh cc tuyn ni gia cc im hng
cao hoc thnh mng li c nhiu nt. Tuyn thy chun hng III ni 2 im hng
cao khng qu 200km ni 2 im nt khng di qu 50km. Trn tuyn 3 5km
chn mt mc thy chun thng.

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Tuyn hng I
Tuyn hng II
Tuyn hng III
Tuyn hng IV
Hnh 4-. S li khng ch cao Nh nc
nh gi chnh xc kt qu o li thy chun hng I v II, ngi ta
thng cn c vo sai s trung phng ngu nhin v sai s trung phng h
thng trn 1 km ng o:
- Hng I:

= 0.5mm

= 0.05mm

- Hng II:

= 1.0mm

= 0.15mm

Vi thy chun hng II, III v IV c th dng sai s khp nh gc

chnh xc kt qu o chng khng c vt qu gii hn sau:
- Hng II:
fh gh = 4 L

mm

- Hng III:
fh gh = 10 L

mm

- Hng IV:
fh gh = 20 L

mm

L - chiu di tuyn tnh bng km;

fhgh - tnh bng mm.
4.1.4. Li khng ch cao cp thp:

Li thy chun nh nc bao trm c nc, song vng a hnh kh khn

thng mt im rt tha khng p ng c nhu cu khng ch o bn a
hnh v th ngi ta dng thy chun k thut tng dy im khng ch cao.
Khi o v bn t l ln, khong cao u ng ng mc 0,5 1m phi
dng thy chun k thut o cao ca tt c cc im tam gic gii tch v ng
chuyn cp I, II. Cch b tr thy chun k thut cng tng t b tr li thy
chun hng III v IV, ch yu l da vo cc im hng cao trong khi o v. Nu
bn c khong cao u 0,5m th thy chun k thut ni hai im hng cao
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

khng qu 8 km, ni 2 im nt khng di qu 4km. Nu khong cao u ln ln th

chiu di tuyn cng c php tng ln.
nh gi chnh xc kt qu o thy chun k thut ta dng sai s khp
tuyn o, chng phi nh hn sai s gii hn:
fh gh = 50 L

mm

(4-0)

Khi o bn vng cha c li khng ch cao Nh nc ta c th lp

mt li c lp. o phm vi rng s lp li cao hng III hoc IV, o phm vi
hp c th lp li thy chun k thut. cao khi tnh cho li c lp c th gi
nh hoc o ni vi cao Nh nc.
4.2.Thit k s li thu chun hng IV trn bn .
Mun xy dng mt mng li khng ch cao cho mt khu no , trc
ht phi chun b ti liu, hiu r tnh hnh khu o. Sau lp cc phng n o
c tin hnh so snh chn ly phng n c li nht v k thut v kinh t. em
bn thit k ra thc a kho st chn im v tin hnh chn mc.
Ni dung thit k li thy chun hng IV thng theo trnh t nh sau:
- Chun b ti liu
- Thit k k thut
- Kho st thc a
- Chn mc
Cc ti liu phc v cho thit k gm c:
- Bn a hnh v s liu v thy chun hng cao c khu o, c th
dng bn t l 1:100.000 v 1: 25.000 thit k li thy chun.
- V li thy chun hng cao ca Nh nc cn bit cao, s ghi ch
im v tnh trng thc t ca mc cn s dng c khng v.v...
Cn c vo nhim v thit k v chn vo ti liu thu thp c ta d kin
ng o v v tr chn cc mc thy chun. Cng vic ch yu l d kin ng
o v v tr chn cc mc thu chun.
Vi khu vc rng ta thit k li thy chun nhiu cp. Cc tuyn thy chun
nn ni vo cc im hng cao hn to thnh cc vng khp kn, chiu di cc tuyn
o phi m bo yu cu k thut vi tng cp theo qui nh.
khu o cha c im thy chun hng cao ca Nh nc th thit k li
c lp. Nu cn cao tuyt i th phi t chc o ni, dng ct mc tuyn o
c lp dn cao t mc Nh nc v im khi tnh ca tuyn thy chun cn
xy dng.
Tuyn o nn chn theo cc ng giao thng bng phng v ngn nht, trnh
i qua vng dn c ng c v vng t yu.
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Tu theo t l bn cn v m d kin v tr chn cc mc thy chun

m bo mt cn thit. Khi o v bn 1/5.000 c 10 - 15 km2 cn c mt mc
thu chun hng IV tr ln, bn t l 1/2.000 th 5 - 7 km 2 cn c mt mc thu
chun, khu vc quan trng chn mc dy hn khu vc khc.
Sau khi xc nh c h s thy chun ta tin hnh c tnh chnh xc ca
li. Thng thng ngi ta nh gi chnh xc cao im yu nht ca li.
Trng hp chnh xc ca li thit k thp hn hoc thay i qui trnh o
kt qu o t chnh xc cao hn.
Vic kho st thc a l giai on cui cng hon thin thit k li thu
chun. em h s thit k ra thc a xem cc v tr t mc v tuyn o c t yu
cu hay khng. Cc mc cn t nn vng chc n nh v d bo qun lu di,
tin li cho ngi s dng. Sau khi quyt nh v tr mc cn ng cc v lm du
tm thi.
Tu tnh hnh a cht, v tr chn mc ta chn loi mc thy chun thch hp
cho tng cp li cn xy dng.
+ vng t bnh thng mc thu chun lm bng b tng ct thp, trn
nh mc c gn du mc bng ng hoc thp c chm cu lm chun cao.
+ C th dng mc trn tng bng thp hoc trong trng hp cc cng trnh
c nh th dng xi mng gn du mc vo.
4.2.1. S li khng ch cao.

Khi o v bn t l 1:2000 th c 5-7 km2chn 1 mc thy chun ,vy vi

din tch khu o 60 km2 ta chn 9 mc khng ch o cao.
Li thy chun hng IV ni cc im khng ch hng IV v cc im gii
tch 1 trn bn .

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

D
B
IV

II
III

E
A
C
Hnh: 4-2. S li thy chun hng IV
4.2.2. Cc ch tiu k thut v kt qu t c.
4.2.2.1. Cc ch tiu k thut.

1. Khi nim v o cao.

Ty theo nguyn l v dng c o khc nhau m chia lm 6 phng php o:
o cao hnh hc
o cao lng gic
o cao thy tnh
o cao in t
o cao p k
o cao GPS
Trong cc phng php o cao trn th phng php o cao hnh hc l chnh
xc nht.
xc nh cao cc im trong li ta s dng phng php o cao hnh
hc.
o cao hnh hc c cc sau l o cao t gia, o cao pha trc v o cao qua
sng.
8)

o cao t gia.

t my thy bnh gia hai im A, B ( khng nht thit nm trn ng

ni AB ).

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

im A l im bit cao, HA l im sau, im B l im cn xc nh

cao gi l im trc.

hAB

HA

HB

Mt thy chun gc

Hnh 4-3 :
Mun xc nh cao im B trc ht xc nh hiu cao hAB.
Cn c vo trc ngm nm ngang c c s mia sau l a, mia trc l b.
Hiu cao ( + ) hay ( - ) ty thuc vo mia trc.
hAB = a - b

(4-2)

HB = HA + hAB

(4-3)

Nu gia hai im A v B ch cn t 1 ln l xc nh c hiu cao

gi l o cao n gin.
Nu A v B qu xa nhau phi t my nhiu ln mi o c hiu cao gi
l o cao phc tp.
h2
h1

a2

b2

b1

a1

an

hn

bn

1
...n

Hnh 4-4:
h1 = a1 b1
h2 = a2 b2

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

hn = an bn
n

=> hAB =

i =1

9)

h = a - b
i =1

i =1

(4-4)

o cao pha trc.

t my ti im A, bit cao HA o cao im B pha trc.

hAB

HA

HB

Hnh 4-5 :
Ti A o chiu cao my l i ( t tm mc n trc ngang ca my )
hAB = i b

(4-5)

hAB = HA- HB

(4-6)

10)

o cao qua sng.

Trong nhng trng hp ny mun chuyn cao qua chng ngi phi
li dng cu nu sng c cu bc qua, bi ni hay g ni gia sng b sng ni
chuyn cao phai quang ng khng dc ng, nn t phi chc chn, hai b cao
ngang nhau.
Thi gian o tt nht l vo nhng ngy khng sng m, nhit thay i
khng ln lm
V tr t mia phi ng cc hay chn mc chc chn. Khi sng rng 300 m
phi dng cc g di 50 cm ng xung t cn cao khong 10 20 cm, xung
quanh dn sch c, trn u cc phi ng inh to c m hnh bn cu. Nu sng
rng t 300 700 m th dng cc ln hn v nu sng rng hn na th ni t mia
phi l mc b tng. Mia phi gn ng thy trn v phi c chn chng mia. Tia
ngm phi cao hn mt nc 2m tr ln.
o thy chun vt sng thng xy ra hin tng khong cch t my ti
mia khng u nhau, khong vt sng kh di. Kt qu o chu nh hng ca
nhiu sai s nh sai s gc i, sai s chit quang gim nh hng ca cc sai
s ny ta phi nghin cu s b tr my, mia
SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

Nu sng rng di 150 m th c th o theo phng php thng thng, my

thy chun t sao cho khong cch mia sau bng khong cch mia trc. o xong
li chuyn sang bn kia tip tc o bnh thng.
Nu sng rng trn 150 m phi s dng phng php o cao c bit
chuyn cao qua sng l phng php kp nh hnh 4-6.
I1

I2

Hnh 4-6 : S phng php o kp.

Hai im A, B l v tr ng cc dng mia. Hai im I1, I2 l v tr t my
thy bnh. Cc khong cch AI1 phi gn bng BI1.
Trnh t o ngm : T v tr I1 cn c vo 3 ch ngang c lun c hai mt mia
mt lc, trc ht c mia dng A sau c mia dng B. c xong trm
my ny th nhanh chng chuyn sang trm my b bn kia, t my vo v tr I2 v
khng thay i tiu c ca ng ngm, quay my ngm mia A sau ngn vo mia
B c s theo 3 ch. Nh vy l hon thnh mt vng, vng o sau cng lp li
chnh t nh vy nhng nn o vo bui khc ca ngy o.
Nu gia sng c bi ni hay g ni th nn li dng bi ni , g ni t
my nh hnh 4-7.
R3

I3

R4

I1

I2

R2

R1

Hnh 4-7 : Phng php o kp s dng bi ni.

SV: Ng Vit Hong
49H

- Lp BA-

 n thit k mn hc: Trc a cao cp

2. Phng php o cao qua cc im trn li.

- T im A n im IV dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im IV n im B dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im B n im D dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im D n im E dng phng php o cao qua sng v o cao t
gia.
- T im E n im C dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im C n im A dng phng php o cao t gia v o cao qua
sng.
- T im E n im III dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im III n im II dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im II n im I dng phng php o cao t gia.
- T im I n im A dng phng php o cao t gia.
4.2.2.2. Kt qu t c.

Sau khi chn im li thy chun trn bn ta tin hnh o chnh cao gia
cc im theo vng khp kn ,t 1 im bit cao, ta xc nh cao cc im
cn li thng qua vic o chnh cao gia cc im.
4.3. Mc khng ch cao.

V cc mc thu chun t trn cc im hng IV v gii tch 1 nn s dng

lun mc ca li hng IV v li gii tch 1.Di y l mc tham kho.

Hnh 4-8. Mc khng ch cao hng IV

SV: Ng Vit Hong

49H

- Lp BA-