TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).

2010

NGHIN CU V KH KHN CA HC SINH TRUNG HC PH THNG KHI HC C HIU THEO NG HNG GIAO TIP VI SCH TING ANH 12: THC TRNG V GII PHP
AN INVESTIGATION INTO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING READING COMMUNICATIVELY WITH TIENG ANH 12: REALITIES AND SOLUTIONS Lu Qu Khng
Trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Nng
TM TT bc hc ph thng, c hiu ting Anh c xem l mt k nng quan trng lm c s cho nhiu k nng ting Anh khc nh ni, nghe v vit. V th, vic hc c hiu theo ng hng giao tip ca hc sinh cn c quan tm. Bi vit ny tm hiu nhng kh khn hc sinh trung hc ph thng (THPT) Qung Tr gp trong qu trnh hc c hiu theo ng hng giao tip vi sch gio khoa Ting Anh 12. Trn c s tm hiu nhng nguyn nhn v phn tch nhng kh khn ch quan v khch quan ca hc sinh, bi vit ngh mt s gii php nhm ci thin vic dy v hc ting Anh ni chung v hc k nng c hiu ting Anh ni ring trng THPT hin nay, c bit l tnh Qung Tr. ABSTRACT In general education, reading English is considered to be an important skill laying the foundation for other skills such as speaking, listening, and writing. By the same token, students' learning reading communicatively should be taken into consideration. This research aims at investigating into the difficulties faced by Quang Tri high school students in learning reading communicatively with Tieng Anh 12. The informants taking part in the research consist of 20 high school teachers who are teaching English with Ting Anh 12 and 200 high school students currently learning Tieng Anh 12. The data are collected through questionnaires (one for teachers and one for students), interviews and class observation. On the basis of discovering the causes and analyzing the subjective and objective problems encountered by the learners, the researcher puts forward some solutions to improving English teaching and learning in general and English reading skill in particular at Vietnamese high schools, especially those in Quang Tri Province.

Hong Xun Qu
Trng THPT Gio Linh, Qung Tr

1. t vn Cng vi xu hng ton cu ha, Chnh ph Vit Nam v ang thc hin chnh sch m ca nhm hi nhp vi cng ng th gii trn nhiu lnh vc nh kinh t, chnh tr, thng mi, gio dc, v.v... Nhng thay i ny t nh trng Vit Nam trc nhiu thch thc trong vic trang b k nng ngoi ng cho ngi hc p ng nhng yu cu cp thit ca th trng lao ng trong thi k mi. Thc t x hi i hi i ng gio vin dy ngoi ng Vit Nam phi i mi phng php ging dy, p dng vic dy ngn ng theo ng hng giao tip nhm tng cng nng lc giao
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tip cho ngi hc. Trong tin trnh chung ny, nhng nm qua B Gio dc v o to ch o bin son nhiu b sch gio khoa theo ng hng giao tip dnh cho bc hc ph thng ch trng vo vic rn 4 k nng nghe, ni, c v vit cho hc sinh. Trong , c hiu l mt k nng c nhn mnh n trc tin lm nn tng cho vic pht trin cc k nng khc nh Widdowson (trch trong Nguyen Van Dinh [9:8]) ni: c hiu khng cn l mt hot ng thun ty nhm lm sng t thng tin ca on vn nhng ngy nay c hiu c xem nh l mt hot ng giao tip. V th, vic hc c ting Anh theo ng hng giao tip l rt cn thit i vi hc sinh. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh hc c ting Anh vi sch gio khoa Ting Anh 12, hc sinh khng trnh khi nhng kh khn khi thc hnh giao tip. Do vy, trong bi vit ny tc gi mun kho st v tm ra cc kh khn m hc sinh ph thng gp phi trong qu trnh hc c theo ng hng giao tip vi sch Ting Anh 12 v khuyn ngh mt s gii php nhm gip vic dy v hc c ting Anh hiu qu hn. 2. Lch s vn nghin cu D rng vic hc c ting Anh theo ng hng giao tip ca hc sinh bc trung hc ph thng (THPT) c vai tr rt quan trng nhm gp phn pht trin nng lc giao tip cho ngi hc, cho n nay cc cng trnh nghin cu v vn ny cng cha nhiu. Ci Ngc Duy Anh [2] tm hiu v thc trng dy v hc c hiu theo hng giao tip ti mt s trng THPT Hu. Phm Th H [11] nghin cu v nhng kh khn ca vic s dng cc hot ng giao tip trong gi hc c trng THPT tnh Qung Bnh. Nguyen Van Dinh [9] kho st thc trng hc c hiu ti trng THPT chuyn ca tnh Kon Tum v xut vic thit k cc hot ng b tr cho vic hc c theo ng hng giao tip. Ngoi ra, vn cng ch c cp n mt cch chung chung trong mt s lun vn tt nghip i hc ti Khoa ting Anh trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Nng. C th thy rng hc c theo ng hng giao tip vi sch Ting Anh 12 vn l mt vn thu ht s quan tm ca i ng gio vin ting Anh THPT trong c nc hin nay. 3. Phng php nghin cu v thu thp d liu Hai phng php c bn c s dng trong nghin cu ny l phng php nh lng (quantitative method) v phng php nh tnh (qualitative method). Vic thu thp d liu c thc hin qua phiu iu tra (questionnaire), phng vn (interview) v d gi thc t (classroom observation) ti cc trng THPT Qung Tr. Trong , phiu iu tra l cng c chnh c thit k kt hp c cu hi ng ln cu hi m (close and open questions) m bo tnh hiu qu ca d liu c thu thp. Phiu iu tra dnh cho gio vin gm 10 cu hi bng ting Anh v c gi n 20 gio vin ang trc tip ging dy sch Ting Anh 12 ti cc trng THPT Qung Tr. Phiu iu tra dnh cho hc sinh c 8 cu hi bng ting Vit v c gi cho 200 hc sinh ang hc Ting Anh 12. Ngoi ra, hiu r hn v thc trng ca vn v chng thc cho d liu thu thp t phiu iu tra, ngi nghin cu tin hnh d gi thc t v phng vn 5 gio vin v 10 hc sinh c chn ngu nhin.
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4. Mt s khi nim c s 4.1. c hiu TheoWilliams (trch trong McDonough and Shaw [8:102]), c hiu l qu trnh (a) tm kim nhng thng tin tng qut t mt vn bn; (b) tm kim nhng thng tin c th t mt vn bn; hay (c) c tm kim s l th. Nunan [10:68] li cho rng c hiu l mt qu trnh m ngi c kt hp thng tin t mt vn bn vi kin thc nn ca mnh hiu c vn . Nh vy, c th ni rng c hiu l qu trnh ngi c dng kin thc nn ca mnh gii m nhng thng tin t mt vn bn nhm hiu c vn c trong vn bn . 4.2. ng hng giao tip (Communicative Approach) ng hng giao tip cn c tn gi khc l dy ngn ng theo hng giao tip (Communicative Language Teaching). Harmer [5:41] cho rng ng hng giao tip l cch thc dy hc t nng vo cc hot ng giao tip v xem ngn ng nh l mt phng tin giao tip, trng tm l rn luyn cho ngi hc kh nng s dng ngn ng trong giao tip. T in Bch khoa [3] cng c quan nim tng t: Vic dy ngn ng theo ng hng giao tip c xem nh l mt ng hng dy ngoi ng hoc ngn ng th hai nhn mnh n vic xem tng tc va l phng tin va l mc tiu cui cng ca vic hc mt ngn ng. 5. S lc v cc bi c hiu v bi tp c hiu trong sch Ting Anh 12 Nhn chung, cun sch Ting Anh 12 hin hnh [6] c bin son theo ng hng giao tip da trn vic gii quyt cc nhim v hc tp ca ngi hc (Task-Based Approach). Cu trc ca sch Ting Anh 12 gm 16 bi hc v 6 n tp (Test yourself). Mi bi hc c khong 20% thi lng dnh cho k nng c hiu. Phn ln cc bi c (reading passage) c di khong hn 300 t. Ch im trong cc bi c kh a dng nh gia nh, vn ha, x hi, gio dc, kinh t, chnh tr, th thao... Khi c hi kin v kh ca cc bi c, th 20% gio vin cho l cc bi c tng i kh i vi hc sinh ph thng. Hn na, 80% gio vin cho rng cc bi c kh i vi hc sinh ca h. Chng hn cc bi c ch v kinh t, chnh tr nh bi 7 (Economic Reforms), bi 9 (Deserts), bi 14 (International Organisations), bi 16 (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations)... Cng theo cc gio vin trn, s d nhng bi c c cho l kh l do di ca n v nhiu t ng, thut ng cn xa l vi ngi hc. Cc bi tp c hiu (reading tasks) trong Ting Anh 12 c thit k vi nhiu dng khc nhau nh: tr li cu hi, trc nghim khch quan, on ngha ca t theo ng cnh, cung cp ngha ting Vit tng ng, in t, xc nh cu ng-sai, ni t v ngha hoc nh ngha, tm tt chnh, tho lun... Tuy nhin, so vi thi gian 45 pht ca mt tit hc th cc bi tp c hiu hi nhiu. V th nn c 30% gio vin cho rng h khng th dy ht cc bi tp c hiu trong 45 pht. Mt s cu hi phn sau khi c (After you read) yu cu rt cao so vi vn kin thc v kh nng ca phn
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ln hc sinh ph thng. Do vy, 80% gio vin c hi kin u cho rng mt s bi tp c hiu cn c iu chnh, lng ghp cc hot ng giao tip to c hi cho hc sinh tng tc trong gi hc c. 6. Thc trng v vic hc c hiu theo ng hng giao tip vi sch Ting Anh 12 v nhng kh khn ca ngi hc trong qu trnh hc Da trn kt qu iu tra 200 hc sinh THPT v trn c s nh gi ca tc gi bi vit qua vic d gi v phng vn mt s hc sinh, c th thy thc trng ca vic hc c hiu theo ng hng giao tip vi sch Ting Anh 12 nh sau: 48,5% s hc sinh ang hc Ting Anh 12 hc ting Anh c 7 nm; v 51,5% trn 7 nm. Tuy nhin, a s cc em u tha nhn l gp phi rt nhiu kh khn trong vic hc c hiu theo ng hng giao tip vi sch Ting Anh 12. Trc tin, do mt s bi c trong sch Ting Anh 12 hi di v nhiu t ng kh nn cn tr vic nm bt thng tin trong bi ca hc sinh. Theo thng k, 69% hc sinh ng l cc bi c kh. iu ng lo hn l c 16% hc sinh tham gia kho st cho rng cc bi c qu kh n cc em khng hiu c. iu ny gy tr ngi rt ln i vi cc em trong vic dng ngn ng ch giao tip. C l kin thc ngn ng t cc lp di ca hc sinh cng rt hn ch nn dn n tnh trng ny. Ngoi s phc tp ca mt s bi c th cc bi tp ca phn c hiu cng kh i vi hc sinh. C th, s liu thng k cho thy 60% hc sinh tha nhn nhiu bi tp c hiu l kh v 15,5% hc sinh khng nh l qu kh. Nhiu hc sinh ni rng h khng hiu cu hi ca mt s bi tp c do ro cn ca t mi. i khi cc em mun giao tip, tng tc hay trao i thng tin vi cc bn trong lp nhng li khng th pht m c mt s t kh nn thi lun tng s dng ting Anh. iu ny cho thy n lc cc gio vin ting Anh cn phi quan tm nhiu n vic iu chnh cc bi tp c cho ph hp nhm gim bt tnh phc tp. Ngoi ra, cc bi tp t mang tnh giao tip hoc cha ph hp cho giao tip cng gy kh khn cho vic giao tip bng ting Anh ca hc sinh trong gi hc c. 61% ngi hc cho rng cc bi tp c hiu khng c tnh giao tip lm. Trong khi 21% ngi hc cho rng mt s bi tp ca sch khng ph hp. Chng hn nh hot ng cung cp t ting Vit tng ng. Mt s bi tp cha ph hp vi s thch v nng lc ngn ng ca nhiu hc sinh. V nhng l do m hc sinh vn gp nhiu kh khn trong vic giao tip hay tng tc. Do vy, nhng bi tp ny cng cn c iu chnh gip hc sinh khi phi gp rc ri nh Richards [12:2] vit: "Rt nhiu sch gio khoa i khi khng p ng c s thch v nhu cu ca hc sinh nn cn c iu chnh." Mt vn na l cc hot ng c hiu hi nhiu nn nhiu hc sinh thiu thi gian lm. Trong s hc sinh c kho st th 51,5% tha nhn rng h thnh thong hon thnh cc bi tp c theo ng thi gian n nh ca gio vin. 35% hc sinh cho bit l khng lm kp gi theo yu cu ca gio vin. Trm trng hn, 12% hc
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sinh cho rng cc em khng bao gi lm xong cc bi tp c trong khong thi gian gio vin cho php. iu ny cho thy rng chnh v hc sinh thiu thi gian gii quyt cc hot ng c hiu nn c hi giao tip, tng tc trong gi hc ca h cng b hn ch rt nhiu. Qua d gi v phng vn, tc gi nhn thy rng vic thiu kin thc ca ngi hc v tnh trng lp ng v a trnh cng l nhng nguyn nhn gy kh khn cho vic hc c theo hng giao tip. Rt nhiu hc sinh (65%) thiu kin thc nn v nng lc ngn ng nn khng th hiu tt bi c c th din t tng ring ca mnh. D nhin, nu ngi hc thiu kin thc nn v vn t vng th s cng kh khn hn i vi vic hiu ni dung ca bi c hay hon thnh cc hot ng c hiu. iu ny s dn n s cn tr ln trong vic trao i thng tin vi nhng ngi khc trong cc hot ng theo cp, theo nhm. Do vy, nhiu hc sinh khng nhng gp kh khn trong vic hc c m cn b gim hng th giao tip trong gi c. Theo kt qu iu tra v mc ni ting Anh trong gi c th c n 52,5% hc sinh tha nhn rng t l phn trm ni ting Anh ca h trong gi c l di 20%. Vn lp ng v a trnh cng lm mt thc t Vit Nam. Thng thng, mi lp hc gm t 45 n 55 hc sinh. Lp ng khin cho gio vin gp kh khn trong qu trnh iu khin v c bit l t chc cc hot ng dy hc theo ng hng giao tip. Trong lc thit b h tr vic hc vn cn hn ch. Nhiu hc sinh khng th c c hi trao i bng ting Anh vi cc bn hoc ng vai giao tip (role-play). 7. Cc gii php khc phc T nhng kh khn nu trn, nhng ngi nghin cu xin xut mt s khuyn ngh sau: Trc ht, phi lm cho hc sinh thc c vai tr ca mnh trong vic hc ting Anh trong lp theo ng hng giao tip nh Freeman [4:131] nhn nh: Ngi hc cng l ngi giao tip. H tch cc thng lng v ngha nhm lm cho chnh bn thn hiu c vn thm ch d kin thc ngn ng ch ca h cha hon thin. Cn rn luyn cho hc sinh thi quen t ch trong vic hc cng nh vic chun b bi v t vng trc khi n lp. Ngoi ra, ngi hc phi luyn c qua vic xem sch bo v cc ti liu nhm chun b cho mnh mt lng kin thc nn tht tt v thi quen c hiu. T nhng kh khn hc sinh gp khi hc c hiu vi sch Ting Anh 12, gio vin cn iu chnh cc bi tp c v thm ch l c cc bi c nhm lm cho cc bi tp c ph hp hn vi kh nng v s thch ca ngi hc v theo Lamie [7:4]: D mt sch c hay n mc no i na th n s khng bao gi hon ho i vi mi hon cnh dy v hc. Xt v mt s mt th n lun lun cn phi iu chnh, sa i hoc b sung... McDonough v Shaw [8: 88-97] cng cho rng: gio vin c th s dng mt s k thut nh b sung, ct bt, thay th, sa i, n gin ha hoc thay i trt t cc bi tp nhm to ra s ph hp gia qu trnh ging dy ca ngi thy vi kh nng v cch hc ca hc sinh. Vic ny c th mang li kt qu tt nu cc
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gio vin cng dy cun sch gio khoa ny phi hp vi nhau tm ra cc gii php iu chnh ti u. Chng hn, nn iu chnh phn no ca sch v phng n iu chnh l g? Phn no cn ct bt, thay th, thm, hoc n gin ha... C th khng nh rng nu c s iu chnh bi tp tt i vi sch Ting Anh 12 th s gip hc sinh vt qua c nhiu kh khn trong vic hc c. i vi vn lp ng hc sinh v nng lc khng ng u, gio vin nn t chc nhiu hot ng nhm ch khng nn tnh trng lm c nhn hoc lm cp mt cch n iu. Hn na, gio vin nn phn vai, giao bi tp... cho ph hp vi nng lc ca hc sinh trnh s phi hp khng khp gia hc sinh gii v yu. Nhm tng cng s giao tip trong gi hc c, gio vin nn thit k nhiu hot ng giao tip b tr cho bi dy ca mnh nh lng ghp cc tr chi c tnh cht giao tip. T , gio vin mi to c nhng tnh hung thc trong lp hc v gip ngi hc rn luyn vic s dng ting Anh mt cch thit thc. i vi cc bi c di v kh, gio vin nn iu chnh bng vic c ghp ni (Jigsaw reading) to tnh tng tc trong giao tip. Mt khc, hc sinh yu s khng b chm trong cc t ng v cc bi c kh. Vn cui cng v cng khng km phn quan trng l mi lp hc cn c trang b cc thit b sn dng h tr gio vin v hc sinh trong qu trnh dy v hc. 8. Kt lun c hiu c xem l mt k nng rt quan trng, tch hp c nhiu k nng khc ng thi t nn tng cho ngi hc pht trin cc k nng nghe, ni v vit. hc sinh thnh cng trong vic hc c hiu theo ng hng giao tip vi sch Ting Anh 12 i hi nhng n lc rt ln ca ngi hc ln nhng hng dn thch hp v s iu chnh tt v sch gio khoa ca ngi thy. cng l nhng ni dung chnh ca bi vit ny vi mong mun gp phn ci thin tnh hnh dy v hc k nng c ting Anh cho hc sinh THPT hin nay c bit l hc sinh THPT tnh Qung Tr. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Brown, H.D. (2007), Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Pearson Education, Inc. [2] Cai Ngoc Duy Anh (1990), The Communicative Teaching of Reading at High Schools, Hue Teachers' College. [3] Free Encyclopedia (2009), Communicative Language Teaching, Retrieved on June 18th, 2010, from http://www.en.wikipedia.org [4] Freeman, L.D. (1986), Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching, Oxford University Press.
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[5] Harmer, J. (1991), The Practice of English Language Teaching, Longman. [6] Hoang Van Van et al. (2007), Tieng Anh12, Nxb Giao duc. [7] Lamie, J.M. (1999), Making the Textbook More Communicative, Retrieved on May 25th, 2010, from http://www. iteslj.org/Articles/Lamie-Textbooks.html [8] McDonough, J. & Shaw, C. (1993), Materials and Methods in ELT: A Teacher's Guide, Blackwell. [9] Nguyen Van Dinh (2009), Designing and Using Supplementary Reading Activities for English classes at Kon Tum Gifted School, MA Thesis, Hue University. [10] Nunan, D. (2003), Practical English Language Teaching, Mc Graw Hill. [11] Pham Thi Ha (2004), An Investigation into How High School Teachers of English Design Communicative Activities for Their Reading, Classes in Quang Binh Province, MA Thesis, Hue University. [12] Richards, J.C. (2001), The Role of Textbooks in a Language Program, Retrieved on September 18th, 2009, from http:// www.professorjackrichards.com

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