TNG CC MI TRNG CC KIM SOT NHIM

---------------------

NHIM V
iu tra, kho st, xy dng cc b tiu ch khoanh vng nhim v xut d n xy dng bn nhim trn phm vi ton quc
XY DNG B TIU CH KHOANH VNG KIM SOT NHIM MI TRNG T

H ni, thng 12 nm 2010

i

MC LC
1. M U .............................................................................. ............................... 1 2. C S KHOA HC CA VIC XY DNG B TIU CH KHOANH VNG NHIM MI TRNG XUNG QUANH ................................................ 3 3. PHNG PHP KHOANH VNG NHIM I VI MI TRNG T .............................................................................. ....................................... 7 4. XY DNG B CH TIU NHIM MI TRNG T KHOANH VNG KIM SOT NHIM .............................................................................. 10 4.1 La chn cc cht nhim mi trng t in hnh, c trng xc nh b ch tiu nhim .............................................................................. .......................... 10 4.2 Ch s cht lng mi trng t ..................................................................... 13 4.3 La chn cc thng s cht lng mi trng t............................................ 14 4.4 Xy dng b ch tiu khoanh vng kim sot nhim t ca nc ta .......... 15 5. KT LUN .............................................................................. ......................... 17

TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. .......... 18

1 1. M U Kim sot nhim mi trng l mt nhim v ht sc quan trng trong cng tc qun l mi trng quc gia, cng nh qun l mi trng mi a phng, nhm mc ch theo di kp thi tnh hnh nhim mi trng, xc nh ng nguyn nhn gy ra nhim mi trng v xut kp thi cc gii php ngn nga nhim, gim thiu nhim v ci thin cht lng mi trng bo v sc khe cng ng, bo v cc h sinh thi v m bo pht trin bn vng. Tm quan trng ca kim sot nhim trong cng tc qun l mi trng c xc nh trong Lut bo v mi trng (nm 2005), trong Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020, c bit l trong Quyt nh s 328/2005/Q - TTg, ngy 12 thng 12 nm 2005, ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt k hoch quc gia kim sot nhim mi trng n nm 2010. Kim sot nhim bao gm: kim sot cc ngun thi gy ra nhim mi trng (ngun thi kh nhim, ngun thi nc nhim, ngun thi cht thi rn, ngun thi ting n, ngun thi bc x), kim sot nhim mi trng xuyn bin gii, kim sot nhim mi trng cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip, kim sot nhim mi trng xung quanh cc khu vc th, cc khu cng nghip, khu kinh t, cc lng ngh... v kim sot nhim (cht lng) mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc mt, nc ngm v mi

trng nc bin ven b. Vic khoanh vng nhim phc v cho cng tc kim sot nhim trong Nhim v iu tra, kho st, xy dng cc b tiu ch khoanh vng nhim v xut d n xy dng bn nhim trn phm vi ton quc l khoanh vng nhim (hay cht lng) mi trng xung quanh m con ngi v cc h sinh thi trc tip sinh c trong cc iu kin ca mi trng ny, l mi trng khng kh xung quanh (khng bao gm mi trng ting n v mi trng bc x), mi trng nc mt xung quanh, mi trng nc bin ven b v mi trng t. Tnh trng nhim/hay cht lng mi trng xung quanh thng bin thin theo khng gian (theo quy hoch pht trin kinh t x hi, i theo l 2 phn b cc ngun thi gy ra nhim mi trng) v bin thin theo thi gian. cc nc trn th gii ngi ta thng khoanh vng nhim/cht lng mi trng xung quanh vo mt thi gian xc nh, khong 5 nm hay 10 nm mt ln, th d nh vo cc nm 1990, 2000, 2005. i vi hin trng quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi v thi gian khoanh vng nhim xc nh th s bin thin tnh trng nhim mi trng xung quanh ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin t nhin. Nh l i vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh th s bin thin, mc nhim mi trng ch yu ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu (hng gi v tc gi), ma, nng .v.v..); i vi

nhim mi trng cc dng sng th ch yu ph thuc vo lu lng dng chy, tc v hng dng chy, nhit nc.v.v.). i vi nhim mi trng nc bin ven b th ch yu ph thuc vo cc dng hi lu v tnh trng thy triu; i vi nhim mi trng t th ch yu ph thuc tnh thm thu, khuych tn nhim mi trng t v iu kin a cht thy vn. V vy, cc nc trn th gii, ngi ta thng s dng 2 phng php tip cn khoanh vng nhim/cht lng mi trng xung quanh nh sau: - Phng php tnh ton theo m hnh khuych tn nhim mi trng bng h thng thng tin a l (GIS). Phng php tip cn ny i hi phi c y cc thng s v cc ngun thi gy ra nhim mi trng (v tr khng gian, lu lng thi, cht thi, phng thc thi v cc tnh cht vt l ca ngun thi) v phi c y cc thng s v iu kin kh hu, thy vn, hi vn, a hnh, a cht thy vn... ca khu vc nghin cu. Phng php tip cn tnh ton phn b nhim theo m hnh c th v c cc ng ng mc nhim tng i chnh xc, tc l c th khoanh chia vng nghin cu thnh cc khu vc c mc nhim mi trng khc nhau. Tuy vy, phng php tnh ton m hnh khuych tn nhim khng phi l phng php vn nng. Th d i vi nhim mi trng khng kh ch m bo chnh xc tin cy i vi cc ngun nhim cng nghip v ngun nhim giao thng. Cn nhim mi trng khng kh do cc ngun

khc gy ra, nh l ngun nhim khng kh t cc hot ng xy dng v sinh hot dch v un nu ca nhn dn..., ni chung khng th hoc rt kh 3 khn xc nh bng phng php tnh ton theo m hnh khuych tn nhim. - Phng php tng hp, phn tch, thng k s liu quan trc mi trng thc t. Phng php ny i hi phi c h thng cc trm quan trc mi trng xung quanh hon thin, phn b cc im o bao trm c khu vc nghin cu, phn b cc im o cng dy cng t c chnh xc ca khoanh vng nhim. Thi gian quan trc phi ph hp kt qu quan trc phn nh ng thc trng nhim mi trng. Vic khoanh vng nhim trn c s phn tch, thng k cc s liu quan trc mi trng thng ch c gi tr gn ng, nhng l phng php c bn, c tnh kh thi, thng c s dng ph bin cc nc trn th gii. Trong nhiu trng hp thiu s liu quan trc mi trng thc t th ngi ta kt hp thm vi phng php tnh ton theo m hnh khuych tn nhim khoanh vng nhim/hay cht lng mi trng xung quanh. 2. C S KHOA HC CA VIC XY DNG B TIU CH KHOANH VNG NHIM MI TRNG XUNG QUANH Thc cht ca vic khoanh vng nhim/hay cht lng mi trng xung quanh l vic phn chia mt vng khng gian a l ca cc tnh/thnh hay ton quc gia thnh cc khu vc c mc nhim mi trng thc t khc nhau bng b ch tiu nh gi mc nhim ca mi trng c xc nh.

 hu ht cc nc trn th gii u ban hnh cc tiu chun/quy chun cht lng mi trng quc gia, nh l cht lng mi trng khng kh, cht lng mi trng nc mt, cht lng mi trng nc bin ven b... Trong cc tiu chun/quy chun cht lng mi trng u quy nh gii hn nng cc cht nhim trong mi trng ti a cho php, tng xng vi iu kin khi m con ngi sinh c, tip xc vi mi trng thng xuyn, lu di, cng khng gy ra tn hi n sc khe v iu kin sinh tn, khng gy ra bt c mt triu chng bnh tt no. Mi trng b nhim l mi trng hm cha mt hay nhiu cht nhim c nng vt qu gii hn ti a cho php c quy nh trong tiu chun/quy chun mi trng. Mc nhim cao hay thp c xc nh theo t l gia nng cht nhim thc t v tr s nng cho php. 4 Tiu ch khoanh vng nhim mi trng chnh l cc ch tiu c th (nh lng) nh gi mc nhim mi trng khc nhau, cc vng nhim khc nhau, c phn chia bng ng danh gii c mc nhim mi trng khc nhau. nh gi mc ca nhim mi trng hay phn loi cht lng mi trng cc nc trn th gii, ngi ta thng s dng Ch s cht lng mi trng (Evironment Quality Index - EQI), nh l i vi mi trng khng kh l AQI (Air Quality Index), i vi mi trng nc mt l WQI (Water Quality Index), i vi mi trng nc bin ven b l SWQI (Sea water Quality Index), i vi mi trng t l SoQI (Soil

Quality Index) [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Ch s cht lng mi trng (EQI) vo cc nm khong 1990 v trc ngi ta thng dng l cc ch s cht lng mi trng i vi tng thng s nhim (cht nhim) ring bit, vo nhng nm sau 1990 ngi ta thng dng cc ch s cht lng mi trng chung hay tng qut, tng hp i vi nhiu cht nhim c trng ca mi mi trng xc nh, nh l EQI tng hp i vi mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc mt hay mi trng nc bin ven b. Cng thc xc nh b ch s nh gi mc nhim mi trng theo tng cht nhim cc nc (Nga, Anh, M, Php, Canada...) hay nc ta [10, 11] thng dng i vi cht nhim i trong mi trng c dng nh sau:
, ,

1
i io

ij

C EQI nC =
(1) Trong : Ci, j : nng cht nhim i thc t trong mi trng ti im j; j : l ch s nh s cc im quan trc mi trng, j = 1, 2, ... n, ca khu vc nghin cu; Ci,o: l nng ti a cho php i vi cht nhim i theo tiu chun/quy chun mi trng quc gia; EQIi : l ch s cht lng mi trng, chnh l ch tiu nh gi mc nhim i vi cht nhim i trong mi trng, nu la chn s lng cc cht nhim in hnh, c trng ca mi trng l i = 1, 2, 3 ....m, th ta

5 s c 1 b ch tiu nh gi mc nhim mi trng l EQI1, EQI2,..... EQIm, chnh l s ln nng cht nhim trung bnh quan trc thc t ca khu vc nghin cu vt tr s quy chun cho php i vi cht . Cc phn loi mc nhim theo tng cht nhim ny c nhiu nhc im, theo ti liu [11] phn tch cc nhc im ca ch s ny l: (1) Kh phn loi cht lng mi trng cho mt mc ch s dng no . Th d i vi mi trng nc mt: QCVN 08:2008 quy nh cht lng nc sng ct A (loi A1 - t tiu chun cp nc cho sinh hot) v ct B (loi B1 - khng t tiu chun cp nc cho sinh hot) i vi cc thng s oxy ha tan (DO), tng cht rn l lng (SS) v tng coliform (TC) tng ng nh sau: DO 6mg/l v 4 mg/l; TSS = 20mg/l v 50mg/l, TC = 2500MPN/100ml v 7500MPN/100ml. Tuy nhin trong thc t, con sng ny t yu cu loi A1 v TSS v TC, cn con sng khc t yu cu loi A1 v TSS, nhng khng t c loi A1 v DO v TC, hoc cng c th t loi A1 v DO v TSS, nhng TC khng t c loi A1 v B1... Nh vy, sng ny (hoc sng khc) t cht lng i vi ngun loi no? iu ny khng th tr li nu da theo kt qu phn tch ch s cht lng mi trng i vi tng thng s. (2) Mt khc, i vi mt mc ch s dng, mi thng s c tm quan trng khc nhau, chng hn: c v TC rt quan trng cho mc ch tip xc trc tip (tm, bi li), nhng li khng quan trng cho mc ch cp nc cho nng nghip; Nhit , mn, NH4

khng quan trng lm vi nc bi tm nhng rt quan trng vi nc nui thy sn... R rng, trong nhng trng hp trn, rt kh kt lun cht lng nc ca mt con sng (hay on sng) t loi A1, A2, B1 hay B2 v cht lng nc t yu cu cho mc ch ny, nhng li khng t yu cu cho mc ch khc. Nhng iu dn n rt kh phn vng v phn loi cht lng nc sng, kh quyt nh v kh nng khai thc sng (hoc on sng) cho mt hoc mt s mc ch s dng no ... (3) Khi nh gi cht lng nc qua nhiu thng s ring bit, s khng th ni n din bin cht lng nc tng qut ca mt con sng (hay on sng) v do vy, kh so snh cht lng nc thi gian ny vi thi gian khc (theo thng, ma), cht lng nc hin ti so vi tng lai... Nh 6 vy s kh khn cho cng tc gim st din bin cht lng nc, kh nh gi hiu qu u t bo v ngun nc v kim sot nhim nc... (4) Khi nh gi qua cc ch s cht lng nc ring bit, ch c cc nh khoa hc hoc nh chuyn mn qun l nc mi hiu c, nh vy kh thng tin v cht lng nc cho cng ng v cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc nh lnh o ra cc quyt nh ph hp v bo v v khai thc ngun nc... khc phc nhng kh khn trn, cn phi c mt hoc mt h thng ch s cho php lng ha c cht lng tng hp ca mi trng (tc l biu din ch s cht lng mi trng theo mt thang im thng nht), c
+

kh nng m t tng hp ca nng nhiu thnh phn ha - l - sinh trong mi trng v tm quan trng ca mi thng s cht nhim i vi mt mc ch s dng no . Mt trong nhng ch s l Ch s cht lng mi trng tng hp c k hiu l EQI0. EQI0 l mt ch s c tnh ton t nhiu thng s nhim mi trng ring bit theo mt phng php xc nh (hay theo mt cng thc ton hc xc nh). M hnh EQI c xut v p dng u tin M vo nhng nm 1965 - 1970 v ang c p dng rng ri nhiu bang [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Hin nay nhiu m hnh EQI c trin khai nghin cu p dng nhiu quc gia: n , Canada, Chil, Anh, Wales, i Loan, c, Malaixia, EQI c xem l mt cng c hu hiu i vi cc nh qun l mi trng trong gim st, kim tra, qun l cht lng mi trng, nh gi hiu qu ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch... Vi EQI, d p dng tin hc qun l cht lng mi trng v bn ha khoanh vng nhim mi trng (chng hn, mu ha cc vng nhim theo cc thang im xc nh). i vi mi loi mi trng (mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc mt, mi trng nc bin ven b, mi trng t v.v...) ngi ta thng chn la ra mt s cht nhim in hnh i c trng, c ngha quan trng nht ca mi trng , tnh ton nh gi mc nhim (ch s cht lng) ca mt mi trng no , khng c nc no tnh ton vi tt c cc thng s nhim trong bng thng s tiu chun/quy chun cht lng mi

trng. Trong trng hp cc tc dng sinh hc ca cc cht nhim i trong mt mi trng tng t hay xp x nh nhau th ngi ta c th xc nh mt 7 ch s cht lng mi trng tng hp nh gi mc nhim ca mi trng nh sau: EQIo = ,
1 1 1 ,

m ij i iijio

C EQI m=m=n=C =

, (2)

Trong : i = 1, 2, 3 ...m - l ch s k hiu cc cht nhim c chn la xem xt nh gi mc nhim ca mi trng; j = 1, 2, 3... n - l ch s k hiu cc im quan trc i vi cht lng nhim i trong mt mi trng c xc nh; EQI0 - l ch tiu nh gi mc nhim tng qut ca mi trng, s ln chng vt tr s tiu chun/quy chun mi trng cho php. Trong trng hp cc tc dng sinh hc ca cc cht nhim i trong mt mi trng khc nhau nhiu th ngi ta c th xc nh mt ch tiu tng qut c tnh n trng s i vi tng cht nhim nh gi mc nhim tng qut ca mt mi trng c xc nh nh sau: EQI0 = ,
1

1 1 1 ,
n ij iii iij

x kEQI x k k k n = Ci o =

, (3) Trong : ki l trng s tnh n tc dng sinh hc khc nhau ca cht nhim i trong mi trng, thng thng ki i vi mi trng khng kh thng c gi tr 1.0, 1.5 v 2.0. 3. PHNG PHP KHOANH VNG NHIM I VI MI TRNG T Khng ging nh mi trng nc c khu tr theo cc thy vc, theo cc dng sng, m ph, h ao, .v.v..., i vi nhim mi trng t th ch yu ph thuc tnh thm, thu khuych tn nhim mi trng t v iu kin a cht thy vn. Canada, nh gi ch s cht lng t s dng 03 nhn t tnh ton l (1) phm vi ca cc cht gy nhim, (2) tn s ca cc cht gy nhim v (3) bin giao ng ca cc cht gy nhim. Ch s cht lng t a ra cch nh gi nh lng cho cc im nhim vi mt gi tr t 0 8 n 100. Gi tr c chia thnh 5 lp nhim khc nhau da vo sc khe cng ng v h sinh thi. 5 lp nhim khc nhau l vng t nhim rt thp (90-100), vng t nhim thp (70-90), vng t nhim mc trung bnh (50-70), vng t nhim cao (30-50) v vng t nhim rt cao (0-30) [10]. V vy vic khoanh vng nhim kim sot nhim mi trng t

trong ton b lnh th quc gia c th cn c vo cc ch tiu nhim tng qut ca khu vc tin hnh khoanh vng khu vc thnh 5 loi nh sau: - Vng t t cht lng tt; - Vng t khng b nhim; - Vng t b nhim; - Vng t b nhim nng; - Vng t b nhim rt nng. Vic khoanh vng nhim t c th phn theo tnh thm thu, khuych tn ca tng loi t sau: - t c nguy c nhim do tng hp cc tc ng; - t chu nhim do hot ng chn lp cht thi th; - t chu nhim do ngun nc thi ca cc nh my ha cht cng nghip; - t c nguy c nhim do phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt; - t c nguy c thoi ha do xi mn v ra tri; - t mn ven bin, t ln bin v t nh hng ca nc mn; - t bc mu c ph nhiu thp, nh hng ca thm canh; - t ct ven bin; - t ph sa sng; - t c hot ng nng lm kt hp; - t phn. 9 mi khu vc nhim mi trng t vic ly mu chnh c xc nh v 4 im ly mu ph b tr xung quanh im chnh trn cng mt tha rung hoc mt khu vc c coi l ng nht. - Mu chnh: Ly theo phu din tng t ( 0-30 cm v 30-60 cm). - Cc mu ph: Ly 1 tng t mt, su ly mu 0-30cm. Ty theo mc ch nghin cu, chiu su ly mu theo phu din c th dao ng t 0-150 cm. S lng tng ly mu ph thuc vo s phn tng c th trong sut phu din, c th ly n 4-5 tng trong mt phu din. - i vi vng t bc mu, ly mu tng mt su 0-15cm v 1540 cm tng 2;

- i vi vng t b nhim phn, nhim mn, nhim kim loi nng phi ly mu sut chiu su phu din nh gi. xc nh cc kim loi nng c hi trong t da trn QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut Quc gia v gii hn ca kim loi nng trong t. Tng hp hot ng ly mu v phn tch kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As) cho cc i tng t: - t c nguy c nhim do tng hp cc tc ng (loi A); - t chu nhim do hot ng chn lp cht thi th (loi B); - t chu nhim do ngun nc thi ca cc nh my ha cht cng nghip (loi C); - t c nguy c nhim do phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt (loi D). t ti mt s im thm canh cao, t c nguy c nhim do cc nguyn nhn tng hp (sinh hot, cng nghip v th) c chia thnh 5 mc nhim nh sau: Khu vc c cht lng tt, khng b nhim, b nhim, b nhim nng v b nhim rt nng. Vng t i do xi mn, ra tri ko theo cc cation kim, kim th b ra tri nn t ngy cng chua ha c chia thnh 4 mc nhim nh sau: vng t khng b nhim, vng t b nhim, vng t b nhim nng v vng t b nhim rt nng. Vng t c nguy c nh hng ca phn bn, ha cht bo v thc vt v khu cng nghip c chia thnh 5 mc nhim nh sau: Khu vc c 10 cht lng tt, khng b nhim, b nhim, b nhim nng v b nhim rt nng. t mn, t phn v t chu nh hng ca cng nghip v t thm canh rau qu cng cao c chia thnh 5 mc nhim nh sau: Khu vc c cht lng tt, khng b nhim, b nhim, b nhim nng v b

nhim rt nng. Vic khoanh vng nhim c th hin trn bn GIS ring i vi cc loi t, th hin mc nhim khng kh bng cc gam mu khc nhau: - Khu vc c cht lng t tt - mu xanh nc bin; - Khu vc khng b nhim - mu xanh da tri; - Khu vc b nhim - mu vng; - Khu vc b nhim nng - mu ; - Khu vc b nhim rt nng - mu ta. ng thi km theo cc bng s liu c bn v khu vc . 4. XY DNG B CH TIU NHIM MI TRNG T KHOANH VNG KIM SOT NHIM 4.1 La chn cc cht nhim mi trng t in hnh, c trng xc nh b ch tiu nhim Cht lng/ nhim mi trng t mi a phng hay ton quc gia bin i ch yu ph thuc vo cc ngun thi kh t cc hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi, ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu, ph thuc vo tnh thm thu, khuych tn nhim mi trng t v iu kin a cht thy vn. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng t ch yu l: - Cc cht thi sinh hot bao gm nc thi v hot ng x l cht thi sinh hot; - Cht thi cng nghip bao gm nc thi v cht thi cng nghip; - S dng phn bn, ha cht bo v thc vt; - Khai thc khong sn; 11 - Tc nhn ha hc: Bao gm phn bn N, P (d lng phn bn trong t), thuc tr su (clo hu c, DDT, linden, aldrin, photpho hu c ), cht thi cng nghip v sinh hot (kim loi nng, kim, axit); - Tc nhn sinh hc: Trc khun l, thng hn, cc loi k sinh trng (giun, sn); - Tc nhn vt l: Nhit (nh hng n tc phn hy cht thi ca

sinh vt), ln cht ca t, cht phng x (Uran, Thori, Sr90, I131, Cs137). Cht lng/ nhim t c c trng bng nng cc cht nhim trong mi trng t. - Theo QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca kim loi nng trong t quy nh gii hn hm lng tng s ca mt s kim loi nng trong mt s loi t (t nng nghip, t lm nghip, t dn sinh, t thng mi, t cng nghip, tng t mt) cho php 5 kim loi nng: Asen (As), Cadimi (Cd), ng (Cu), Ch (Pb) v Km (Zn). - QCVN 15: 2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v d lng ha cht bo v thc vt trong t quy nh 39 ha cht bo v thc vt trong tng t mt. Ho cht BVTV a s l cc cht hu c tng hp cha cc ngun gc phospho, clo, cacbamat v pyrothroid; ngi ta phn bit chng theo mc ch s dng nh sau: - Thuc st trng (insecticides); - Thuc dit nm (fongicides); - Thuc dit c (herbicides); - Thuc dit chut ( dit gm nhm = roenticdes); - Thuc dit tuyn trng (nematocides). Do i tng t c la chn quan trc a dng nn thng s phn tch v tn sut ly mu cng khc nhau. Tn sut ly mu v thng s quan trc cho tng i tng t nh sau: - Vng t c nguy c nhim tng hp (cht thi cng nghip, thnh ph, h lu cc dng chy trong thnh ph): + pH, Tng s mui tan (TSMT), NO 3 , NH+4 , cc Cation trao i, cc kim loi (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As): 1 nm/ ln + OC, N, P, K tng s , CEC, thnh phn c gii, phenol: 3 nm/ln 12 + Cc cht hu c c th, VSV tng s phn tch theo ch nh

- Vng t dc c nguy c thoi ha do xi mn, ra tri + Tng lng t tri, hm lng dinh dng (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) trong t tri (theo trn ma) + OC, N, P, K tng s, CEC, thnh phn c gii: 3 nm/ln - Vng t mn do qu trnh mn ha + pH, EC, TSMT, Cl , SO 4 , Na + , SAR, P 2O5 d tiu, K2O d tiu: 1 nm/1 ln + OC, N, P, K tng s, CEC, thnh phn c gii: 3 nm/1 ln - Vng t bc mu c ph nhiu t nhin thp + pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, P 2 O5 d tiu, K2O d tiu: 1 nm/ln + OC, N, P, K tng s, CEC, thnh phn c gii: 3 nm/ln - t b nh hng ca qu trnh sa mc ha + Sc cha m ti a, m cy ho, pH, P 2O5 v K2O d tiu, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na + : 1 nm/1 ln + OC, N, P, K, tng s, CEC, thnh phn c gii: 3 nm/1 ln - t phn ha + pH, TSMT, Cl , SO 4 , BS, SAR, ESP: 1 nm/ln + OC, N, P, K tng s, S tng s, CEC, thnh phn c gii: 3 nm/ln - Vng t do u t thm canh trong nng nghip + pH, TSMT, P 2 O5 v K2O d tiu, Ca2+, Mg2+, kim loi nng, d lng thuc bo v thc vt: 1 nm/ln + OC, N, P, K tng s, CEC, thnh phn c gii: 3 nm/ln. Tiu chun cht lng t nc ta cng nh tt c cc nc trn th gii, ch yu c xc lp trn c s nghin cu nh hng ca nhim nh hng ca nhim t i vi nh hng xu ti sn xut nng nghip, v cht lng nng sn, m cn thng qua lng thc, rau qu nh hng gin tip ti sc khe con ngi v ng vt. V vy b ch tiu khoanh vng nhim t l thng nht v dng chung cho quc gia. 13 Vic chn la cc cht nhim in hnh c trng trong vic xy dng b ch tiu nhim khoanh vng nhim mi trng t thc t ph

thuc vo 2 iu kin sau: - La chn cc thng s c trng in hnh nht trong s cc thng s c bn m tiu chun/quy chun mi trng xc nh; - Kt qu quan trc mi trng thc t c th cung cp s liu cc thng s c bn no. Cn c vo tnh hnh quan trc mi trng t cc a phng v ton quc nc ta. 4.2 Ch s cht lng mi trng t Hin nay, nc ta ph bin nht ch quan trc c cc thng s pH, mt s kim loi nng (As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn), Ca2+, Mg2+, N, P2O5, K2O, TSMT, mn. c tnh vt l, ha hc v sinh hc ca cc thng s c bn ca nhim trong t nh sau: a) pH trong t Do cha cc mui c gc acid hay baze m t c dng chua (pH < 7) hoc kim (pH > 7), tuy nhin nh s c mt phong ph ca mui cacbonat, gi tr pH trong t thng kh n nh v dng trung tnh.. pH c nh hng n s phn b ca cc loi sinh vt sng trong t. Dung dch t cha nhiu mui dinh dng quan trng lm nn tng thc vt to ra nng sut v p ng c nhu cu sng i vi cc loi ng vt t. b) Kim loi nng (As hoc Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd): . - Asen (As) Asen l kim loi nng rt c hi, n gy c khi vo c th qua con ng n ung, h hp v tip xc qua da. Tuy nhin, nhim c c th xy ra nhiu hn khi n thc n, sn xut nng nghip b nhim asen. Nguyn nhn ca nhim asen trong t l do: - Qu trnh s dng thuc tr su, phn bn c cha asen trong nng nghip v qu trnh bo qun g. - Qu trnh ho tan cc cht khong cha asen trong t nhin v lng ng asen trong kh quyn.

14 - Qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, cc cht s dng trong sinh hot cng gy nhim asen ln. - As (III) th hin tnh c khi n tn cng vo nhm hot ng lm cn tr hot ng ca enzim. AsO4 3- c tnh cht tng t nh PO4 3- gy c ch enzim, ngn cn qu trnh to ra ATP - l cht sn ra nng lng. As (III) lm ng t cc protein do tn cng vo lin kt sunfua. Asen c trong nc ung gy ung th da, tng ri ro cc bnh tim mch, phi... c) Ca+, Mg+: Thng mt i trong t ra tri xi mn vng, hm lng cht b ra tri tng ng trong cn xi. d) N: Hm lng b ra tri trong cn xi ) P2O5 : Cht ny c trong ln, thng mt i trong qu trnh xi mn t gy nh hng n vic sinh trng ca cy trng. e) Tng s mui tan (TSMT): Do nh hng trc tip ca nc bin v nc bin xm nhp vo ng rung theo sng ngi khi thy triu dng cao, hoc ma bo lm v bin. Do nh hng ca mch nc ngm: Trn lc a do kh hu kh hanh kh mc nc nng nn mui c di chuyn tp trung ln mt t thnh mt lp v mui trng xa lm t nhim mn. Do tc ng c hi ca cc ion phn ly:Cl , SO, HCO3, Na, Mg2 V th trong t cha nhiu mui tan. g) mn: t b cht, thm nc km. Khi kh: t co li, nt n, rn chc. Khi t: t do, dnh lm cho vng r cy hot ng km, t kh lm. 4.3 La chn cc thng s cht lng mi trng t Nh phn 4.1 a ra tiu ch la chn cc ch th cht lng t da

theo 2 iu kin l Quy chun k thut mi trng quc gia v thng s quan trc. i din cho cc thng s kim loi nng khng nn dng qu nhiu thng s, lm mt cn bng nh gi. Chng ti kin ngh s chn lc mt trong nhng thng s sau:Asen (As) hay km (Zn) hoc ch (Pb). Bi v hin nay cha tm thy thng s Cadimi (Cd) trong t v thng s Cu th kt qu quan trc cho thy hm lng Cu trong t thp hn mc cho php quy nh trong Quy chun k thut mi trng quc gia (QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT). T , cc phn tch trn chng ti la chn cc thng s khoanh vng nhim mi trng t nh sau: pH, As hoc Pb, Zn, Ca2+, Mg2+, N, P2O5, K2O, TSMT, mn. 15 4.4 Xy dng b ch tiu khoanh vng kim sot nhim t ca nc ta Nh mc 2 trnh by c s khoa hc ca vic xy dng b ch tiu khoanh vng nhim, cc cng thc c bn xc nh ch tiu nhim l cc cng thc (1), (2) v (3), ha nhp vi quc t ta k hiu i lng nh gi mc nhim/hay cht lng mi trng t l ch s cht lng t (Soil Quality Index) vit tt l SoQI v ly SoQI quy c l 100 nh l Canada. a) Trnh t tin hnh ch s cht lng mi trng t nh sau: Trc ht l xc nh ch tiu nhim q i vi tng cht nhim, tc l i vi nng tng cht nhim pH, As hoc Pb, Zn, Ca2+, Mg2+, N, P2O5, K2O, TSMT, mn, tnh trung bnh cho s lng im quan trc.
SoQI (pH) =

( )

( )
1 0

1 100

x C pH C pH n
n i i

(4a) SoQI (As) =

( ) ( )
1 0

100 1

x C As C As n
n i i

(4b) SoQI (Ca2+) =

( ) ( )
1 2 0 2

100 1

x C Ca C Ca n
n i i + +

(4c) SoQI (Mg2+) =

( ) ( )
1 2 0 2

100 1

x C Mg

C Mg n
n i i + +

(4d) SoQI (N) =

( ) ( )
1 0

100 1

x CN CN n
n i i

(4e) SoQI (P2O5) =

( ) ( )
1 0 2 5

100 1

x CPO CPO n
2 5 n i i

(4g) SoQI (K2O) =

( ) ( )
1 0 2

100 1

x CKO CKO n
2 n i i

(4h)

16
SoQI (TSMT) =

( ) ( )
1 0

1 100

x C TSMT C TSMT n
n i i

(4k) SoQI ( mn) = ( )

( )
1 Dm
1 0

100

x C Dm C n
n i

(4l)
i =

Trong : Ci - l nng cht nhim trung bnh nm hoc trung bnh ngy c trng quan trc c ti a im quan trc i trong phm vi nghin cu; i = 1,2,3...n C0 - l tr s nng cht nhim cho php, tng ng vi gi tr ti a cho php theo QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT v QCVN 15: 2008/BTNMT. - Xc nh ch tiu nhim tng qut ca mi trng t theo cch tnh trung bnh khng c hoc c trng s, chng ti kin ngh l xc nh ch tiu nhim t theo phng php tnh trung bnh trn tng cc thng s. Do cng thc xc nh ch tiu tng qut nh gi mc nhim ca mt khu vc nghin cu nh sau y: Nu tnh ton trung bnh vi iu kin khng c trng s th:
SoQIo=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

 + + + + + + + ++ + SoQI N SoQI P O SoQI K O SoQI TSMT SOQI Dm SoQI pH SoQI As SoQI Ca SoQI Mg
2 5 2

( 22 9 100 (5) b) Cc mc khoanh vng nhim

Tng t nh cch phn khong (phn mc) cht lng /hay nhim khng kh ca EPA (M), Canada v nhiu thnh ph khc trn th gii, chng ti kin ngh khoanh vng nhim mi trng t nc ta theo 5 mc hay 5 vng: c cht lng tt, khng b nhim, b nhim, b nhim nng v nhim rt nng, tng ng vi 5 khong ch tiu nhim tng qut nh sau: - Mi trng t c cht lng tt SoQIo 50; (6a) - Mi trng t khng b nhim khi 50 < SoQIo 100; (6b) - Mi trng b nhim, khi 100 < SoQIo 200; (6c) - Mi trng b nhim nng, khi 200 < SoQIo 300; (6d) - Mi trng b nhim rt nng, khi SoQIo > 300; (6e) 17 5. KT LUN B tiu ch khoanh vng nhim mi trng t s c s nh gi cht lng t ca tng vng v mc nhim mi trng t 5 mc : Mi trng t c cht lng tt, Mi trng t khng b nhim, Mi trng b nhim, Mi trng b nhim nng, Mi trng b nhim nng. B tiu ch khoanh vng nhim t khng nhng gip cho cc nh qun l a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng m cn ch ra cho cc doanh nghip,

cc khu cng nghip, ngnh nng nghip v hin trng nhim mi trng t ca tng vng min trn c nc. 18

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Vin cng ngh mi trng. Bo co cht lng mi trng t Vit Nam (hin trng v xu th), 2010. 2. Trm quan trc v phn tch mi trng t min Nam, Vin Mi trng Nng nghip. Bo co kt qu quan trc v phn tch mi trng t min nam, 2009. 3. CVN 03: 2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca kim loi nng trong t 4. QCVN 15: 2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v d lng ha cht bo v thc vt trong t 5. Cude C.G. Oregon WQI: A tool for Evaluating Water Quality Management Effectiveness. Journal of the AWRA, Feb.2001. 6. King Country. Water Quality Index for Stream and River, 2007. 7. Grosvenor K. Water Quality Index, 2007. 8. US EPA. Guideline for reporting of daily Air Quality - Air Quality Index (AQI). EPA - 454/R-99-010, July 1999. 9. Development of a Soil quality index for the Chalmers Silty Clay Loam from the Midwest USA 10.Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environment and Human Health, 2007.