CHNG TRNH EPANET TNH TON MNG LI CP NC Nguyn Mnh Tun Trng i hc Thu li

TM TT EPANET l chng trnh tnh ton mng li cp nc, c kh nng m phng thu lc v cht lng nc c xt n yu t thi gian. Mng li cp nc c EPANET m phng bao gm cc on ng, cc nt, cc my bm, cc van, cc b cha v i nc. EPANET tnh c lu lng trn mi on ng, p sut ti cc nt, chiu cao nc tng b cha, i nc, nng ca cc cht trn mng trong sut thi gian m phng nhiu thi on. Chy trn nn Windows, EPANET to c mt mi trng ho hp cho vic vo d liu ca mng, chy m hnh m phng qu trnh thu lc v cht lng nc, quan st kt qu theo nhiu kiu khc nhau. EPANET c pht trin bi B phn Cp nc v ngun nc thuc Vin Nghin cu qun l cc ri ro quc gia ca C quan Bo v mi trng Hoa K. Bi bo ny gii thiu tng qut v EPANET v mt s im cn lu khi s dng chng trnh ny.

I. GII THIU V CHNG TRNH EPANET 1. Vn tnh ton thu lc mng li cp nc Trong thc t, mng li cp nc thng c 2 dng: mng phn nhnh v mng vng. Trong cng tc thit k mng li cp nc th vic quan trng nht l xc nh c ng knh kinh t nht v tn tht p lc ti u cho tt c cc on ng trong mng. lm c iu th cn phi tnh ton thu lc cho mng li. Trong vic tnh ton thu lc mng li cp nc, cn phi xc nh lu lng chy qua cc on ng, ng thi cng phi xc nh cc tn tht thu lc trn tng on ng. Thng thng mng li cp nc bao gm rt nhiu on ng c chiu di v ng knh khc nhau v cc thit b trn mng to nn mt h thng rt phc tp v mt thu lc c bit l loi mng vng v s n qu nhiu v cc phng trnh tnh tn tht thy rt phc tp, khng gii trc tip c, phi tnh th dn theo cc phng php khc nhau (nh phng php ca Lobachev hay ca Andriyasev). Trc y vic tnh ton thu lc cho mng li cp nc thng c gii bng th cng nn rt tn km thi gian v cng sc. Ngy nay nh c cng c my tnh nn vic gii bi ton c thc hin nhanh chng nh cc chng trnh tnh ton sn c nh chng trnh LOOP v gn y c thm chng trnh EPANET. Chng trnh EPANET c pht trin bi B phn Cp nc v ngun nc thuc Vin Nghin cu qun l cc ri ro quc gia ca C quan Bo v mi trng Hoa K. 2. Gii thiu chung v chng trnh EPANET EPANET m phng qu trnh thu lc v cht lng nc c xt n yu t thi gian. Mt mng li cp nc c EPANET m phng bao gm: cc on ng (Pipes), cc nt (Junctions), cc my bm, cc van, cc b cha v cc i nc,...

EPANET xem xt lu lng nc trn mi on ng, p sut ti cc nt, cao mc nc tng b cha v i nc v nng ca cc cht trn mng li sut thi gian m phng gm nhiu thi on. Ngoi ra, thi gian lu nc v biu ngun nc cng c m phng trong chng trnh. Chy trn nn Windows, EPANET to c mt mi trng ho hp cho vic nhp d liu ca mng, chy m hnh thu lc v m phng cht lng nc, quan st kt qu theo nhiu kiu khc nhau. l: th hin s mng li theo mu v s, cc bng s liu, cc biu quan h theo thi gian v cc hnh v. 3. Kh nng m phng thu lc ca EPANET M hnh m phng thu lc mt cc chnh xc l iu kin tin quyt cho s m phng cht lng nc mt cch hiu qu. EPANET cha cc cng c phn tch thu lc rt mnh, c cc kh nng sau: C th phn tch c mng cp nc khng gii hn v quy m. Tnh ton tn tht ma st thu lc theo c 3 cng thc: Hazen-Williams, hoc Darcy -Weisbach, hoc Chezy -Manning. Tnh c c cc tn tht cc b cc on cong, on ng ni,.... M hnh ho my bm vi s vng quay c nh hoc thay i. Tnh c nng lng bm v gi thnh bm nc. M phng cc loi van khc nhau nh van ngt (Shutoff), van hm (Check), van iu chnh p sut (Pressure regulating), v van kim sot lu lng (Flow control). Cho php m phng b cha nc c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau (ng knh c th thay i theo chiu cao). Tnh n s bin i nhu cu nc ti cc nt, c th mi nt c mt biu dng nc ring. M hnh ho lu lng dng chy ph thuc p sut t cc nt theo kiu vi phun (Sprinkler heads). C th cho h thng lm vic khi mc nc trong cc b ng vi cc trng hp: khng bin i (Simple tank), thay i theo thi gian (Timer controls), hoc iu khin theo quy tc phc tp (Complex rule-based controls).

4. Kh nng m phng cht lng nc ca EPANET Ngoi vic m hnh ho thu lc, EPANET cho php to m hnh cht lng nc vi cc kh nng sau: M hnh ho s chuyn ng ca vt cht khng phn ng trong mng. M hnh ho chuyn ng v s bin i ca cc cht c phn ng trong mng, nh s gia tng (v d nh cht ty) hoc s suy gim (nh d lng Clo) theo thi gian. M hnh ho thi gian lu nc trong khp mng. Theo di c phn trm lu lng nc t mt nt cho trc ti cc nt khc 2

theo thi gian. M hnh ho phn ng c trong dng chy chnh (Bulk flow) ln trn thnh ng (Pipe wall). S dng ng hc bc 'n' m hnh ho phn ng ca dng chy chnh. S dng ng hc bc '0' hoc bc nht m phng phn ng ca thnh ng. K n s cn tr s vn chuyn nc khi m hnh ho thnh ng. Cho php cc phn ng gia tng hoc suy gim n mt nng gii hn. S dng cc h s mc phn ng chung, tuy nhin cng c th thay i ring cho tng on ng. Cho php h s phn ng ca thnh ng lin h c vi nhm ca ng. Cho php mt hm lng hoc mt khi lng vt cht bin i theo thi gian a vo mt v tr bt k trong mng. M hnh ho cc b cha nh l b phn ng vi cc kiu trn khc nhau.

Vi cc c im nh vy, EPANET c th xem xt c cc vn v cht lng nc nh: S pha trn nc t cc ngun khc nhau; Thi gian lu nc trong h thng; S tng cc sn phm ty trng; S lan truyn cc cht gy nhim. C th ni EPANET hn hn chng trnh LOOP v c cc im u vit sau: M phng c hu ht cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng cp nc: cc on ng, nt, my bm, van, b cha v i nc. Trong khi LOOP ch m phng c cc on ng v cc nt. Mi phn t trong h thng c m phng vi rt nhiu thuc tnh (v d, m phng ng vi cc thuc tnh: chiu di l, ng knh d, nhm, h s phn ng ca dng chy Rb, h s phn ng ca thnh ng Rw; m phng my bm vi cc thuc tnh: ng c tnh H~Q, ng c tnh ~Q, s vng quay n, biu thay i s vng quay n~t, biu gi nng lng bm g~t; m phng i nc vi cc thuc tnh: cao y Zmin, su nh nht Hmin, su ln nht Hmax, ng knh D, dung tch nh nht Vmin, ng quan h V~H, kiu trn, h s phn ng R;...). V vy EPANET cho php can thip su vo cng vic thit k mng li, khi chy xong chng trnh, c th thu c cc thng s thit k c bn ca cc thnh phn trong h thng cp nc. M phng c c cht lng nc trong h thng. M phng qu trnh thu lc v cht lng nc theo thi gian. Chy trn nn Windows, giao din ngi v my rt thn thin, d s dng. Giao din ch yu l ho, rt thun tin v nhanh chng cho vic lp s 3

II. SO SNH EPANET VI CHNG TRNH LOOP

mng li, nhp d liu to cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng. Cc i tng (cc on ng, cc nt,...) c nh s mt cch t ng hoc cng c th nh s li theo ch ca ngi s dng. Kt qu c hin th mt cch trc quan di nhiu dng (file s liu, th, bng, hnh v, th...) v c sp xp rt h thng. Khi cn iu chnh thuc tnh ca cc phn t trong mng c mt phng n thit k hp l th vic thay i c thc hin rt nhanh chng v trc quan.

III. TRNH T CC BC S DNG EPANET Vic p dng chng trnh EPANET m phng mt h thng cp nc c thc hin theo cc bc c bn di y: 1) V s biu din mng cp nc (Adding Objects). 2) Bin tp cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng ca mng (Editing Objects). 3) M t h thng lm vic nh th no: cc ng quan h (Curves), cc biu theo thi gian (Time Patterns), cc lnh iu khin (Controls). 4) Chn cc cha nng phn tch (Setting Analysis Options) t cc thuc tnh cho cc i tng v cc mt: thu lc, cht lng, phn ng, thi gian, nng lng,... 5) Chy chng trnh phn tch thu lc hoc cht lng nc (Running an Analysis). 6) Xem kt qu (Viewing Results). IV. MT S CH KHI S DNG CHNG TRNH EPANET Ngoi nhng iu c hng dn trong phn mm, chng ti xin nu ra mt s im cn ch c rt ra qua vic s dng chng trnh nh sau: 1. V h n v EPANET s dng hai h n v: H Anh M (US Customary units) v h mt tiu chun (SI Metric units). V vy trc khi biu din mng cp nc cn a cc kch thc v n v v mt tiu chun. 2. i vi ng (Pipe) a) Chn h s nhm (Roughness Coefficients) trong EPANET Ty theo cng thc tnh tn tht dc ng c s dng, h s nhm i vi ng mi c ly theo bng di y:
Hazen-Williams C (khng th nguyn) 130 - 140 120 -140 120 Darcy-Weisbach e (millifeet) 0,85 1,0 - 10 0,5 Manning's n (khng th nguyn) 0,012 - 0,015 0,012 - 0,017 0,015 - 0,017

Vt liu lm ng Gang B tng St trng km

Cht do Thp Gm trng men

140 - 150 140 - 150 110

0,005 0,15

0,011 - 0,015 0,015 - 0,017 0, 013 - 0,015

Ghi ch: 1 foot = 0, 3048 m; 1 inch = 25,4 mm nhanh chng thng chng trnh th ban u nn s b gi thit ng knh d ca cc ng thin v gi tr ln ri iu chnh thu nh dn. b) Tn tht cc b (Minor Loss Coefficients) H s tn tht cc b c tra t cc bng thu lc, cng c th ly theo ngh ca EPANET nh di y: Van cu, m hon ton: Van nghing, m hon ton: Van cnh gt, m hon ton: Van tm, m hon ton: Un cong, bn knh nh: Un cong, bn knh trung bnh: Un cong, bn knh trung ln: Un cong cong 450: Ch r (u thng bt): T tiu chun, dng chy trn nhnh thng: T tiu chun, dng chy trn nhnh r: Ch vo, cnh vung: Ch ra: 3. i vi nt (Junction) Cao im tnh ton ti cc nt (Elevation) ch nh hng n gi tr p sut ti im m khng nh hng bi ton thu lc. Tuy nhin nu ti nt no c cao qu cao th c th p sut s cho kt qu m v cn phi xc nh li cao ny ph hp cho ring nt v cn i cho ton mng. Trnh trng hp v c t c cao ti mt nt cc b no m phi tng p sut cho ton mng th s khng kinh t. 4. i vi i (Tank) - Cao trnh y (Elevation) nn chn cao hn so vi cc nt. - Chn th tch i (D, H) thin ln chng trnh sm chy thng ri sau hiu chnh gim dn. - Nu nc khng ln i phi tng bm (tu theo li m tng Q hay tng H). - Nu nc vo i sau khng ra na hoc ch ra c mt phn th gim bt lu lng my bm Qbm. - i c lin quan n cht lng nc, kiu trn. 5 10,0 5,0 2,5 0,2 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,4 2,2 0,6 1,8 0,5 1,0

- Khi i khng phi hnh tr th cn a vo ng c tnh v quan h V~H. - i lng tr c th quy v hnh tr tng ng (cng din tch y) tin cho tnh ton. 5. i vi bm (Pump) - Vic xy dng cc th ng c tnh bm (Pump Curves) c th cn 1, 3 hay nhiu im, cng nhiu im th ng c tnh cng chnh xc. - ng c tnh hiu sut nn ly nhiu im. - Khi thay i s vng quay biu s vng quay (Time Pattern), khng ch khng vt qu 20% so vi vng quay chun an ton cho my bm. - Nu cn to ra ch bm theo s my chy trong cc gi khc nhau, khi c my no ngh th ly nhn t (Multiplier) biu s vng quay (Time Pattern) ca bm bng '0', lc coi nh bm khng chy. - Chn lu lng thit k ca bm: nn chn Qbm xp x bng tng cc lu lng yu cu (Demmand) ti cc nt. Nu Qbm nh hn gi tr ny th chng trnh s bo li vi p sut m ti cc nt. - u tin chng trnh sm chy thng c th chn Qbm thin ln, sau hiu chnh gim dn. - Phi hp chn lu lng v ct nc bm vi la chn dung tch i (nu trong mng c i). Khi Qbm tng th th W i s nh). - Cho php n gi nng lng c th thay i theo gi trong ngy. Khi a vo biu gi theo t l gi so vi gi chun (Price Pattern). 6. Chc nng xem kt qu (Report) EPANET c nhiu chc nng xem kt qu rt thun tin. Ngoi vic xem kt qu qua file d liu v hnh v trn mn hnh, cn c mt s chc nng c bit xem kt qu vi thao tc bm cc nt: - Nt Query: Xem kt qua theo iu kin no (Sort). - Nt Graph: Xem kt qu bng th. - Nt Table: Xem kt qu bng bng; c th lc bt mt s ct hoc c th ch cn xem nhng hng c gi tr theo iu kin (Sort). - Nt Report /Energy: Xem in nng tiu th v tin in. 7. Cch nhp s mng li cp nc t bn v CAD Vic v mt s mng li cp nc trc tip trn mn hnh my tnh thng tn cng sc v s rt km chnh xc, nht l khi s phc tp c nhiu on ng. EPANET cn cung cp mt tin ch rt mnh l kh nng nhp s h thng t file nh. Sau y s trnh by cch v s mng li cho EPANET t bn v CAD theo trnh t sau: Bc 1. To file nh - C bn v s mng li di dng CAD.

- Bt chng trnh chuyn i hnh v CAD sang Picture (c th dng BWM hoc mt chng trnh khc). - Bt chng trnh x l nh (Paint, Microsoft Photo Editor, Photoshop...). - Copy bn v CAD vo clipboard. - Dn sang Paint. - Lu (Save) di dng file bitmap (*.bmp). Bc 2. Nhp file nh lm nn v s mng li cho EPANET - Vo chc nng View /Backdrop/Load. - Hin ra ca s Open a Backdrop Map. - Ch ng dn ti th mc cha file nh cn tm v m file (Open). - Nn nh s hin ra - V theo hnh di nn to s mng li bng EPANET. Ch rng, sau khi v xong nu khng cn nn (nhn qu ri) th c th tm thi tt i bng cch n chut phi v click vo biu tng Backdrop /n-ff. V. KT LUN Chng trnh EPANET c s dng m phng mng li cp nc. Chng trnh c nhiu tnh nng mnh, y v thun tin. Chng trnh c cung cp min ph v c th ti v c trn mng Internet. Ngoi chng trnh chnh ra, cn c ti liu hng dn km theo rt thun li cho ngi s dng. Trn y l mt s vn c rt ra trong qu trnh ban u khai thc, s dng chng trnh EPANET. Khng i su vo cc thao tc, cc lnh c th v chi tit ca chng trnh, bi bo ny ch gii thiu mt s nt ch yu vi mc ch qung b chng trnh v trao i mt s kinh nghim khi s dng chng trnh. Cc vn c th v chi tit lin quan n vic khai thc, s dng chng trnh nn c tham kho t m trong ti liu hng dn chi tit km theo.
SUMMARY EPANET performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network consists of pipes, nodes, pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps. Running under Windows, EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network input data, running hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. EPANET was developed by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division of the .S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory.