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IN BIN PH TRN KHNG I.

1.

Nguyn nhn
Nguyn nhn trc tip:
Ngy 12.10.1972, ng ch L c Th v c vn H.Kissinger thng nht c bn d tho Hip nh Paris gm 9 chng vi nhng ni dung c bn l cc bn tham chin ngng bn ti ch, qun i M v ng minh rt v nc, tin hnh trao tr t binh trong vng 60 ngy v khng nh Vit Nam l mt quc gia ang trong tnh trng b chia ct tm thi. Theo , chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha (VNCH) ca Tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu c tn ti trong mt gii php ha bnh. Ngy 8.10, hai bn thng nht l s k tt Hip nh ngy 22.10. T Washington D.C, Tng thng Nixon tuyn b thm khng nh rng: "Hip nh hin nay c coi nh hon chnh. C th tin rng chng ti s k hip nh vo ngy 31.10". M v Vit Nam cn thng nht k hoch c vn Kissinger s n H Ni hon tt nhng th tc cui cng cho vic k kt Hip nh Paris trong tun tip theo. Tuy nhin, Tng thng VNCH Nguyn Vn Thiu kch lit phn i bn d tho trn ca hip nh. Ngy 23.10, Thiu tuyn b rng bn d tho trn l s "bn ng" quyn li VNCH ca M nhm a c t binh M v nc v yu cu qun i Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha phi rt v min Bc, thit lp vng phi qun s lm bin gii gia hai min. Thiu cn tuyn b trn i pht thanh rng: "Bc Vit Nam l Bc Vit Nam, Nam Vit Nam l Nam Vit Nam. Mi ngi phi chp nhn thc t l tn ti hai nc Vit Nam, khng bn no c xm lc bn no". Ngy 25.10, nhn thy kh nng M s khng k hip nh nh tha thun, Chnh ph ta cho cng b cng khai ni dung tm tt ca d tho m hai bn tha thun vi mc ch yu cu M gi cam kt, khng v s phn i ca Thiu m i ngc li nhng iu hai bn thng nht. Ngy 26.10, sau khi ta cng b d tho hip nh, Kissinger t chc mt cuc hp bo ti Washington DC tuyn b rng: "Th nht, chng ta khng nh vi H Ni rng chng ta s gi nguyn nhng iu khon ca bn hip nh ban u, ng thi b ng kh nng ngh thay i ca Si Gn. Th hai, chng ta mun chuyn n Si Gn thng ip rng chng ta quyt nh s thc hin ng l trnh k kt hip nh". Trong bui hp bo lch s ny, Kissinger cn tuyn b mt cu ni ting: "Ha bnh nm trong tm tay". Chnh tuyn b ny ca Kisinger gp phn a n nhim k tng thng ln 2 cho Tng thng R.Nixon trc ng c vin ngang nga ca ng Dn ch G.Mc Govern trong cuc bu c Tng thng M thng 11.1972. Ngy 3.12, ngay khi on ta ln ng n Paris tip tc vng m phn, nhn dn th H Ni c lnh s tn. Ta c nhng d bo chnh xc v thi ca M trong nhng ngy m phn sp ti v kh nng ca mt cuc khng kch c lit kh c th trnh khi ti y. Trc , trong thng 11.1972, B Chnh tr cng ra ngh quyt khng nh rng Nixon s tng cng cc hot ng qun s sau khi ti c c tng thng v khi Nixon khng cn chu nhng rng buc v chnh tr nh trong thi k vn ng bu c trc y. Ngy 7.11.1972, ngay sau khi Tng thng R.Nixon c c ln 2, Hip nh Paris vn khng c k kt nh tuyn b ngy 26.10 ca Kissinger. Cng chng M cm thy b la ngay sau khi cuc bu c tng thng va kt thc, Thng vin M tnh n d nh ct gim ngn sch chin tranh trong phin hp thng 1.1973 sau khi t binh M c trao tr. Trong khi , t Paris Kissinger in v cho Nixon

vi 2 phng n gii quyt b tc hin nay: Phng n th nht, M c th a ra nhng yu cu ti thiu vi H Ni, nhng yu cu ny c th t hn so vi i hi ca Thiu. Do vy, M c th mo him ct t quan h vi Thiu nu H Ni chp nhn. Phng n th hai, tm cch kch ng H Ni b cuc m phn bng cch a ra nhng yu cu m h khng bao gi chu chp nhn, tip s nh bom cho n khi H Ni buc phi trao tr t binh i ly vic rt qun i M khi Nam Vit Nam. Ngy 13.12, m phn gia ta v M b ngng li khi hai bn khng tha thun c vn khu phi qun s v vn k k kt cc vn bn php l ca hip nh. V thc cht, phi on M tham gia m phn bit r mi mi rng ta s khng chp nhn nhng yu sch ngang ngc ca VNCH nhng vn a ra. y chnh l mt ci c tt nht M li cho pha ta thiu thin ch, gy ra v trong qu trnh m phn hip nh M a B.52 nm bom H Ni. Ngy 14.12, Tng thng Nixon triu hi Kissinger v nc v Kissinger ni vi vin i s VNCH tham gia cuc m phn trc khi ln my bay v M rng: "Ti sp lm mt bi kch". Sau khi nghe bo co trc tip ca Kissinger, Nixon ra "ti hu th" yu cu ta trong 72 gi phi quay tr li m phn, k kt Hip nh Paris theo nhng iu khon mi ca M, nu khng, M s nm bom hy dit min Bc. Kch bn do Kissinger dng ln c Tng thng Nixon trin khai. Ngay sau khi gi thng ip ny cho ta, Nixon ch th cho c hi qun Thomas Moorer, trng ban tc chin: "Ti khng mun b mt tai ting no v chuyn ta nh trt mc tiu ny hay mc tiu n. y l c hi ng s dng sc mnh qun s mt cch hiu qu ginh thng li. Nu tht bi, ti s xem xt trch nhim ca ng". Ngi M quyt nh mang bom B.52 t ln bn m phn Hip nh Paris.

Ngay t nm 1966, khi B52 ra nh o M Gi, B Chnh tr v Qun y Trung ng ch th cho Qun chng Phng khng-Khng qun nghin cu cch nh B52. Cui nm 1967, Ch tch H Ch Minh nhc nh: Sm mun ri quc M cng s a B52 ra nh H Ni. Phi d kin mi tnh hung cng sm cng tt c thi gian m suy ngh, chun b. M nht nh thua nhng n ch chu thua sau khi thua trn bu tri H Ni. B Tng tham mu ch o bin son ti liu cch nh B52 hun luyn cho cc n v phng khng, khng qun; tin hnh iu chnh lc lng, b sung v kh trang b, iu cc n v phng khng ch lc v cc a bn trng im; xy dng th trn phng khng 3 th qun; chn chnh cng tc bo m phc v chin u... Cc n v tn la, ra-a, phng khng u ch ng trin khai nghin cu cch nh B52 ti ch, ng thi a mt s n v vo Khu 4 trc chin c rt kinh nghim. B Tng tham mu iu hn mt trung on tn la vo Khu 4, thm ch trong chin dch Qung Tr a ti 4 trung on vo tham chin cng vi cc lc lng phng khng ti ch nhm tm ra cch nh B52 hiu qu nht. u thng 9-1972, ba thng trc khi cuc tp kch chin lc bng khng qun ca M vo th H Ni v Hi Phng din ra, ta hon thnh vic xy dng k hoch chin dch nh B52. Nhng ni dung quan trng nh: cng tc chun b; iu chnh b tr lc lng; ngh thut tc chin chin dch phng khng... v c bn c xc nh. Chnh v vy m khi cuc tp kch chin lc ca khng qun ch din ra, ta khng b bt ng v chin lc, chin dch cng nh c v chin thut.
V l do qun s, chnh tr th cuc nm bom ny l rt khng cn thit v c hi v khi Hoa K quyt tm rt khi chin tranh. Hoa K bit r rng khng th no bt Bc Vit Nam nhng b mt

vn ct li m h nh nhau gn 20 nm ch bng mt cuc nm bom d c lit n u. N ch lm d lun M v th gii bt bnh vi chnh ph Hoa K. y thc cht ch l cch th hin trch nhim ngha v cui cng i vi ng minhVit Nam Cng ha: khi d tho hip nh c k tt vi Bc Vit Nam, chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ho phn i kch lit v khng chp nhn, Hoa K quyt nh dng nc thang qun s mnh tay nht ny chng t h c gng ht mc cho quyn li ca ng minh.

2.

Nguyn nhn su xa: Sau tht bi ca Qun lc Vit Nam Cng Ha trong chin dch Lam Sn 179, qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam ti min Nam lin tc m cc cuc tn cng vo cc cn c v v tr chin lc ca Vit Nam Cng Ha qua chin dch Xun h 1972, lm tht bi k hoch Vit Nam ha chin tranh ca M. quc M buc phi tho thun s k Hip nh Pa - ri vo thng 10 - 1972 chm dt chin tranh, lp li ho bnh Vit Nam. Nhng gn n ngy k, Tng thng M Nch- xn lt lng, ra lnh s dng my bay ti tn nht lc by gi ("pho i bay" B52 ) nm bom hng hu dit H Ni v cc thnh ph ln min Bc nc ta nhm gi th din ca mt siu cng qun s v rt lui trong danh d. Hoa K tin hnh chin dch nh bom ln cui ny vi nh a min Bc v thi k , gim bt s tn cng min Nam. Ngy 1.5.1972, sau khi nghe tin th x Qung Tr tht th, Tng thng Nixon c cuc hi m gp vi Kissinger v tng A.Haig bn v nhng bin php qun s p tr H Ni nhm cu nguy cho qun i VNCH ang tho chy min Trung. Trong cuc hp ny c ba gii php c a ra, gm vic nm bom, phong ta min Bc, ph v cc iu hoc s dng v kh ht nhn. Cui cng, Nixon v Kissinger thng nht vi k hoch s m rng nm bom min Bc v trc mt l ph hy ton b Hi Phng. Thm ch, Nixon cn tuyn b: "Sau cuc bu c, ti s c nhng hnh ng d di. Ti s nm bom v phong ta chng". n ngy 9.5.1972, Tng thng Nixon ra lnh trin khai chin dch Linebacker (sau ny c gi l Linebachker I) leo thang, nm bom ph hoi min Bc. Mc tiu chnh trong cc trn oanh tc ca chin dch ny l nhm ph hoi h thng hu cn v gy sc p tm l vi min Bc.
Trong nhng ngy cui cng trc khi a B.52 mang bom tn ph H Ni, Tng thng Nixon yu cu i s M ti Si Gn Ellsworth Bunker v C vn an ninh H.Kissinger lin tc chuyn nhng thng ip yu cu Tng thng VNCH Nguyn Vn Thiu phi chp nhn nhng iu khon ca d tho Hip nh thng 10.1972. Nhng ng thi ny ca Nixon nhm cho th gii thy rng Nh Trng rt c thin ch vi Hip nh, thm ch phi p Si Gn k kt Hip nh v nu c "chuyn g" sau ny th l do li ca pha Si Gn v H Ni. Trn thc t, chin dch Linebacker c chun b trong nhiu thng trc .

(Chin dch Linebacker II l chin dch qun s cui cng ca Hoa K chng li Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha trong Chin tranh Vit Nam t 18/12 n 30/12 nm 1972 sau khi Hi ngh Paris b tc v v. Chin dch ny l s ni tip ca chin dch nm bom Linebacker din ra t thng 5 n thng 10 nm 1972, ngoi tr im khc bit ln l ln ny trng tm s l cc cuc tn cng dn dp bng my bay nm bom chin lc B-52 thay v cc my bay nm

bom chin thut v mc ch l dng sc mnh v bin php khng hn ch nh thng vo cc trung tm u no ca Vit nam Dn ch Cng ho. Ti chin dch ny Hoa K s dng lc lng khng qun chin lc vi B-52 lm nng ct nm bom ri thm hu dit xung H Ni, Hi Phng, Thi Nguyn v cc mc tiu khc lin tc trong 12 ngy m. y l nhng cuc nm bom d di nht trong Chin tranh Vit Nam v l mt trong nhng cuc tp kch c cng cao nht trong lch s cc cuc chin tranh. Trong 12 ngy, M th hn 36.000 tn bom, vt qu khi lng bom nm trong ton b thi k t 1969 n 1971 My bay B52: L loi my bay hin i nht thi y c th bay cao 16 km nn pho cao x khng bn c, mang khong 100 - 200 qu bom (gp 40 ln cc loi my bay khc) Pho i bay B52 l loi my bay nm bom chin lc ca khng qun M, c a vo s dng t nm 1952, B52 c th s dng trong 4 dng chin tranh nh: chin tranh ht nhn chin lc, ht nhn chin trng, chin tranh thng thng v chin tranh cc b. y l loi my bay u vit, hot ng trong mi iu kin thi tit, bay v nm bom thng ng t cao mt thng khng th nhn thy c (9.000m - 15.000m), c th mang c 30 tn bom (B52D), c bo v ti a bng nhiu tp my bay chin thut F4, F111 trong mi chuyn oanh tc.

I.

Din bin:
- Ngy 17/12 Tng thng Nixon chnh thc ra lnh m cuc tin cng bng khng qun vo H Ni v Hi Phng. Chin dch mang tn Linebacker- 2. - Ngy 18/12 T 19h20 n 20h18, nhiu tp my bay B-52 (mi tp 3 chic) lin tip di bom xung khu vc sn bay Ni Bi, ng Anh, Yn Vin, Gia Lm... Cuc chin u c lit ca lc lng phng khng ba th qun bo v H Ni bt u, m u chin dch 12 ngy m "H Ni in Bin Ph trn khng". 20h18, tiu on 59 trung on tn la phng khng 261 do tiu on trng Nguyn Thng ch huy phng hai qu n, h mt my bay B-52 (ri xung cnh ng thuc Ph L v ng Xun, gia tnh Vnh Ph v H Ni, cch trn a gn 10 km). y l chic my bay B-52 G u tin b bn ri ti ch trn bu tri H Ni. m cng ngy, M huy ng 90 ln B-52 nm ba t bom xung Th H Ni. Xen k cc t ny c 8 ln F 111 v 127 ln my bay cng kch bn ph cc khu vc ni, ngoi thnh. Trong m u tin M nm khong 6.600 qu bom xung 135 a im thuc Th H Ni. 85 khu vc dn c b trng bom lm cht 300 ngi.

- Ngy v m 19/12 4h30, ch nm bom t th 3 vo cc khu vc i pht thanh Ting ni Vit Nam (M Tr), x Nhn Chnh, nh my Cao su Sao Vng... Cc trn a tn la, pho phng khng vi cc n v dn qun t v Th bn hng nghn vin n cc loi tiu dit mt my bay F4. Cng thi gian ny, Tiu on 77 Trung on Tn la 257 bn ri ti ch mt my bay B52 D. m 18 rng ngy 19/12, i tng V Nguyn Gip, B trng B Quc Phng, Tng T lnh Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam, n mt s n v phng khng - khng qun v khu vc ng Anh, Yn Vin ni va b B-52 nm bom, ng vin thm hi b i v nhn dn Th . - Ngy 20/12 T 19h n sng 21/12, ch huy ng 78 ln B-52 nm bom H Ni v hn 100 ln my bay cng kch cc loi vo nh ph ni, ngoi thnh H Ni. T 20h5 n 20h7, trong hai pht t c ly 22 km vi hai qu n, tiu on 93, trung on tn la 261 bn chy mt my bay B-52 ri ti ch khu vc ga Yn Vin, cch H Ni hn 10 km. 20h34, tiu on 77, trung on tn la 257 bn ri chic B-52 th 2 ngoi thnh. T 20h29 n 20h38, ba tiu on tn la (78, 79, 94) tp trung ho lc bn ri ti ch chic B-52 th 3. m 20 rng ngy 21/12, b i tn la phng khng bo v H Ni bn 35 qu n, "h gc" 7 chic B-52, trong 5 chic ri ti ch. i tng Tng T lnh V Nguyn Gip trc tip gi in thoi xung cc s on biu dng b i Phng khng H Ni nh tt, xng ng vi lng tin cy ca ng, ca nhn dn. - Ngy 21/12 Chin s ti H Ni v Hi Phng din ra c lit. Ban ngy, 180 ln my bay chin thut ca khng qun v hi qun M nh ph cc mc tiu trng yu: ga Hng C v S Cng an (H Ni), nh my in yn Ph, B Giao thng, cu Ph L v 6 t nh vo khu vc th x Thanh Ho. T 21h37 n rng sng 22/12, ch huy ng 24 ln my bay B-52 v 36 ln my bay chin thut h tng vo nh sn bay v bnh vin Bch Mai, Gip Bt, Vn in... Ngoi ra, 30 ln F4, F105 vo nh ph cc khu vc Bc Giang, ga Kp, sn bay Yn Bi, cng Hi Phng, Ct Bi v An Lo (Kin An, Hi Phng). Hm , qun v dn ta bn ri 11 my bay, trong bn ri ti ch ba B-52, hai F4, hai A7, mt F111, mt A6, mt RA50, mt F105...

- Ngy 22/12 2h38, b i raa pht hin chnh xc cc tp B-52 v my bay chin thut M hng Ty Nam. Ln ny ch s dng 24 chic B-52 v 36 my bay chin thut vo nh ph sn bay, bnh vin Bch Mai, ga Gip Bt, Gia Lm, Vn in... v cc trn a tn la, 18 ln F 111 hot ng xen k cao thp nhm bt ng nh ph vo cc mc tiu trinh st. 3h42, cc kp chin u ca tiu on 57 b i phng khng H Ni ng lot n sng bn ri ti ch mt B-52 ch Bn, M c, H Ty. Cng thi im ny, tiu on 71 bn ri ti ch mt my bay B-52 Thanh Min, Hi Hng (Hi Dng ngy nay). 3h46, tiu on tn la 93 li bn ri mt chic B-52 khu vc Qunh Ci, Thi Bnh. Trong ngy, qun v dn ta bn ri 5 my bay, trong bn ri ti ch ba chic B-52, mt chic F4. Ngy 21, 22/12, ti trn a Vn n (H Ni), cc chin s t v nh my Lin C H Ni bng 19 vin n 14,5 ly ngay lot n u bn ri mt my bay F 111 "cnh cp cnh xo" ca M. - Ngy 23/12 Ban ngy, 54 ln my bay chin thut ca khng qun M nh ph cc khu vc ngoi thnh H Ni. Mai Dch, Trm Tri, Hoi c ( H Ty ). Ban m, 33 chic B-52 nh ng M ( Lng Sn ) v khu vc Bc Giang; 30 chic my bay F4 v F105, 11 my bay F111 nh vo Yn Vin, Gip Bt, a Phc v cc sn bay Ni Bi, Yn Bi. Hng bin, c 7 my bay chin thut ca Hi qun M vo nh Ung B, Ph Rng, S Du v sn bay Kin An ( Hi Phng ). Ta bn bn my bay trong c hai B-52, mt F4, mt A7. - Ngy 24/12 Ban ngy, ch huy ng 44 ln my bay chin thut nh ph khu vc Thi Nguyn (Cao Ngn v dc ng s 1), Sen H, Vit Yn (H Bc). Ban m, t 19h50, ch dng 33 ln B-52 nh ph c lit ga Kp, Bc Giang, phi hp vi 39 ln my bay chin thut ym h nh ph cc sn bay Yn Bi, ga Kp v khu vc Vnh Tuy (H Ni). Qun v dn min Bc bn ri 5 chic my bay, trong c mt B-52, hai F4, hai A7. Ly c ngh l Noel, 24h ngy 24/12, ch tm ngng cuc tp kch cng c lc lng. - Ngy 25/12

Qun i M ngng nm bom min Bc. - Ngy 26/12 13h, ch s dng 56 ln chic my bay cng kch cc loi vo nm bom d di cc khu vc trn a tn la v trm bin th ng Anh. Tiu on tn la 72, trung on 285 bn ri mt my bay F4. T 22h5, ch s dng 105 ln B-52 v 110 ln my bay chin thut h tng nh t, lin tc vo nhiu mc tiu trn c ba khu vc: H Ni, Hi Phng v Thi Nguyn (M tp trung 66 ln B-52 vo nh ph H Ni, 21 ln B-52 nh Thi Nguyn v 18 ln B-52 nh Hi Phng). T 22h40, B-52 t n nm bom ri thm d di vo tt c cc mc tiu ni, ngoi thnh H Ni. Khu ph Khm Thin v Khu Hai B Trng b tn ph nng n. T cc trn a khu vc ngoi thnh, ba tiu on tn la (57, 76, 88) tp trung bn ri mt my bay B-52. Sau t pht cc tiu on (57, 58, 79, 85, 87, 94) lp tc bn ri ti ch hai my bay B-52, mt chic ri xung x nh Cng (Thanh Tr). Vi kinh nghim dy dn, cc tiu on tn la Phng khng (59, 93, 78, 79) phn tch chnh xc, mc tiu B-52 trong di nhiu, bn ri thm hai B-52. Cng thi gian ny ti Hi Phng, tiu on tn la 81 bn ri mt B-52, i i 74 pho 100 mm, trung on 252 cng bn ri mt B-52. Trn chin u m 26/12 din ra hn mt gi, lc lng phng khng ba th qun ca H Ni, Hi Phng, Thi Nguyn nh mt trn ln, bn ri 8 my bay B-52 v 10 my bay chin thut khc. y l trn nh then cht quyt nh bn ri nhiu my bay chin lc B- 52 nht trong 9 ngy qua. - Ngy 27/12 Sng 27/12, 100 ln my bay chin thut ca ch chia lm ba t nh ph d di vo cc khu vc ni, ngoi thnh H Ni nh nh my dt 8/3, ga v kho Vn in, cu ung, Gia Lm, i pht thanh M Tr, cc trn a tn la, raa... i i 61 tiu on 20 bn ri mt my bay F4. Cng ngy 27, khng qun ta ct cnh hai ln bn ri hai chic F4 ca M. T 19h n 22h, 36 lt B-52, c 66 lt my bay chin thut ym h, tp trung nh ph cc khu vc: ng Anh, Yn Vin, Bch Mai, Khuyn Lng, a Phc, Dc Ni, C Loa. Xen k gia cc t hot ng ca B-52 l 17 ln F 111 tip tc thay nhau nh ph. 22h20, B T lnh Khng qun cho phi cng Phm Tun li my bay MIG- 21 ct cnh bt ng t sn bay Yn Bi c S ch huy v raa dn ng trc tip bo m, vt qua hng ro bo v ca my bay F4 tin v hng i hnh B-52. n bu tri khu vc Mc Chu - Sn La, anh tip cn c mc tiu, cng kch bng hai qu tn la. Mt chm la bc chy trm ln chic B-52 u tin b khng qun ta bn ri trong chin dch 12 ngy m "in Bin Ph trn khng".

23h, bng 32 qu n, cc n v tn la phng khng bn tan bn my bay B-52, trong c hai chic ri ti ch. 23h02, hai tiu on tn la (71, 72) bn tiu dit tp my bay B-52 t hng Ty lao vo nh ph H Ni. Bng hai qu n theo phng php bm chnh xc vo gia nn di nhiu m, chic B-52 cha kp ct bom b trng n bc chy ri xung lng Ngc H, ng Hong Hoa Thm (H Ni). y l chic B-52 duy nht cha kp ct bom b bn ri. Tiu on 59 v tiu on 77 cng bn ri hai my bay B-52 ngay sau . Trong ngy v m , qun dn min Bc bn ri 14 my bay, trong c 5 B-52, 5 chic F4, hai A7, mt A6, mt my bay ln thng HH- 53 n cu gic li. - Ngy 28/12 T 10h n 17h, 131 ln my bay chin thut cc loi nh vo trn a ca b i phng khng - khng qun. Khng qun ta ct cnh, bn ri mt my bay RA- 5C. Cng ngy, B Tng Tham mu thng bo: Tng thng M Nixon chp thun ni li cc phin hp Hi ngh Paris. 21h41, phi cng V Xun Thiu c lnh ca S ch huy Khng qun, li chic MIG-21 ct cnh t sn bay Cm Thu, do S ch huy sn bay Th Xun v raa dn ng vng ra pha sau i hnh B-52 ui ch n vng tri Sn La. Pht hin c B- 52 bm st c ly gn, V Xun Thiu xin cng kch, quyt tiu dit ch. Sau khi bn chy my bay ch, phi cng V Xun Thiu cng anh dng hy sinh. Trn nh ngy v m 28/12, qun v dn ta bn ri ba my bay M, trong c hai B52, mt RA- 5C. - Ngy 29/12 23h16, 60 ln B-52 ln lt nh vo: 30 chic B-52 nh khu gang thp Thi Nguyn v khu Tri Cau, 18 B-52 nh khu vc ng M (Lng Sn), 12 B-52 nh Kim Anh (Vnh Ph). Ngoi ra, 70 ln my bay chin thut ca khng qun v hi qun M nh xen k cc sn bay Th Xun, Yn Bi, Ho Lc, Kp v khu vc Kim Anh (Vnh Ph), , ng Anh (H Ni), ngoi vi Thnh ph Hi Phng v Qung Ninh. Ta bn ri hai my bay, trong Tiu on tn la 79 bo v H Ni bn ri mt B-52, mt F4. y l trn nh kt thc chin dch 12 ngy m "in Bin Ph trn khng" bo v Th H Ni cui thng Chp nm 1972. - Ngy 30/12 7h, Nixon ra lnh ngng nm bom t v tuyn 20 tr ra v hp li Hi ngh Pari v Vit Nam.

Cuc tp kch chin lc quy m ln bng my bay B- 52 ca M vo H Ni, Hi Phng ko di 12 ngy, m b tht bi hon ton. Trong 12 ngy m "in Bin Ph trn khng" qun v dn ta bn ri 81 my bay cc loi, trong c 34 my bay B-52, 5 my bay F 111 v 42 my bay chin thut khc.

Tng kt:
Trong chin dch c tng cng 741 lt B-52 vo nm bom Bc Vit Nam trong c 12 lt b hy, trong thi gian vn c 212 lt B-52 i nm bom min Nam Vit Nam. H tr cho cc my bay nm bom l 3920 lt my bay nm bom chin thut ca khng qun v hi qun. Tng cng c 15.000 tn bom c th xung nhng ni c M coi l 18 mc tiu cng nghip v 14 mc tiu qun s (trong c 8 a im c tn la SAM) Cuc tp kch ca khng qun M din ra lin tc trong ngy vi trng tm l cc cuc nm bom ca B-52 vo ban m. Mt lc lng ln my bay B-52, mi chic mang ti a 66 qu bom 750-pound (340 kg) hoc 108 qu bom 500-pound (227 kg) thc hin cc cuc tn cng hy dit hng m ti H Ni v Hi Phng. Cn ban ngy cc bay chin thut thay nhau lin tc nh ph c lit cc sn bay ca khng qun tim kch Bc Vit Nam, cc trn a tn la v cc trm radar phng khng. trnh n h thng phng khng min Bc, Hoa K dng mt bin php cc oan, dng B-52 bay cao ln ri thm bom hu dit khng chnh xc vo mt lot cc khu vc dn c ca cc thnh ph ln nh vo ch ca dn chng v gy ra thng vong ln cho dn c. Thit hi v c s h tng ti Bc Vit Nam l rt nng n. H Ni, Hi Phng b tn ph, cc nh xng, nh my in, v cc khu dn c tr thnh ng gch vn. H Ni, ring ti ph Khm Thin bom tri thm ph sp c dy ph, st hi 287 dn thng, lm b thng 290 ngi, 178 a tr tr thnh m ci, trong c 112 m ci c cha ln m. Bnh vin Bch Mai, c s y t ln nht min Bc Vit nam b ph hu hon ton cng vi cc bnh nhn v bc s, y t bn trong. S dn thng b thit mng trong chin dch l 2200 ngi, trong con s ti H Ni c thng k l 1318 ngi. Chin dch ny ph hoi nng n nhiu c s vt cht, kinh t, giao thng, cng nghip v qun s min Bc Vit Nam nhng khng lm thay i c lp trng ca lnh o Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. V mt qun s, Hoa K nh gi thp lc lng phng khng ca i phng. Khng lc Hoa K qu tin tng vo cc bin php k thut gy nhiu in t bt mt radar v tn la phng khng ca i phng. p li, cc lc lng tn la phng khng ca Bc Vit Nam gii quyt vn bng nhng bin php chin thut sng to v hp l, h bn cc my bay B-52 theo xc sut v thnh cng vt xa mc trng i. Cng trong chin dch ny, ln u pho i bay B-52 bt kh chin bi b h bi mt my bay tim kch MIG-21, do Phm Tun iu khin. Trong ton chin dch, Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam phng 334 n tn la

SA-2, bng 60% d tr s n tt ca H Ni, Hi Phng. Cng vi l 2.036 vin n pho 100mm, 15.669 vin n 57mm, 19.454 vin n 37mm, 1.147 vin n 14.5mm, chim 66% lng d tr ca H Ni v Hi Phng. Thit hi ca khng qun M theo pha M cng b l 10 chic B-52 b bn ri trn lnh th Bc Vit Nam, 4 chic khc ri ti Lo hoc Thi Lan, 1 chic ri ngay ti cn c qun s. 26 phi cng B-52 c cu thot, 33 ngi khc b cht hoc mt tch, 33 b bt lm t binh chin tranh. ng thi khng qun chin thut M mt 12 my bay, 10 phi cng chin thut b cht, 8 b bt, v 11 c cu thot. Trong s 27 my bay c B-52 v chin thut b bn ri, 17 trng hp do trng tn la SA-2, 3 trng hp do b my bay MIG tn cng vo ban ngy, 3 do pho phng khng, v 3 trng hp khng r nguyn nhn. Theo s liu ca Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha, tng cng trong 12 ngy m c 81 my bay b bn ri, trong c 34 chic B-52 (c 16 chic ri ti ch), 5 chic F-111 (c 2 chic ri ti ch). Pha M ch cng nhn cc trng hp b bn ri c nhn chng, vt chng r rng. Nu tnh t l nhng my bay trng n c bay ra bin ri b ri (hu ht my bay B-52 b bn ti Hi Phng u c thot ra bin nhy d c Hi qun M cu) hoc ri ti Lo, Thi Lan th s liu ca pha Vit Nam l ng tin cy v c c s hn, n ph hp vi thng k ca hng thng tn AP. (Sch bo Vit Nam gi chin dch Linebacker II ny l trn in Bin Ph trn khng, nh mt cch nu bt thng li ca lc lng phng khng Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha trong chin dch) Trong cun hi k nhan "Nhng nm thng Nh Trng, Henry Kissinger, nguyn c vn an ninh quc gia di thi Tng thng M Nixon, vit: "Nhng li buc ti hnh vi phi o l v la di c bao vy ly ti trong c thi gian di. Tnh t man r l mt t c nhiu ngi tng ti nht".

II.

Nguyn nhn thng li, ngha lch s


1. Nguyn nhn thng li a. Nguyn nhn khch quan S ch quan ca khng qun v chnh ph M S on kt gia cc nc XHCN Ln sng d lun phn i cc nc phng Ty v M b. Nguyn nhn ch quan

Xy dng QND ton din, pht huy mnh m, cao nhn t con ngi Phn on ng m mu ca ch, h quyt tm kp thi v chnh xc, trin khai cng tc chun b mt cch ng b, ginh c th ch ng ngay t u v duy tr n trong sut qu trnh chin dch din ra. Qun v dn ta nghin cu pht hin ra im mnh, yu ca ch 2. ngha lch s Khi ra lnh cho my bay B52 bay vo H Ni, Nch-xn hon ton tin tng vo s thnh cng ca chin dch nm bom. ng ta khp khi mng thm v trn y hi vng. H thng Phng khng ca Bc Vit chc chn s b nhiu in t ca Khng qun M lm t lit. Sau c "sc o t" ca nhng t bom "ri thm, qu lm l ba hoc bn ngy, H Ni phi sp . Trong th thng phong, phi on Kt-xinh-gi s bt phi on Bc Vit phi ci u. Mt s phi cng t binh M s c tr v vi gia nh trc m Ging sinh. Cng vi vic con tu Ap-l 17 (Apollo 17) ch ba nh du hnh v tr M t mt trng quay tr v Tri t, chin thng ca cuc hnh binh Lai-n-bch-c II s a Nch-xn ln v th tt cng ca nh vinh quang. Nch-xn s l v tng thng ng knh ch tr l k nim 200 nm thnh lp Hp chng quc Hoa K v ha thn tr thnh mt v nhn trc mt ton nhn loi. Sung sng nh m c trong bng, Nch-xn yn tm cng v ln ng i ngh mt Ki-biscy-n bang Ph-lo-ri-a (Florida). Ti , ng ta xoa tay ch tin thng trn. Bng nhin, tin nh st nh ngang tai, ngay trong m 18 thng 12, ng ta nhn c bo co: "1 chic, 2 chic, ri 3 chic B52 khng tr v cn c". Cn hong ht ca Nch-xn c dn dp v ko di mi trong nhng ngy m tip theo. Ha ra h thng phng khng Bc Vit khng b v hiu ha. B52 M c b SAM2 ca Bc Vit lin tip bn ri. My ngy qua, ng khng h nhn c bt c mt tn hiu no gi l yu mm t pha H Ni c. Qua ri m Ging sinh m ng t bit bao k vng s l mt m tng bng khp nc M. Tin con tu A-p-l 17 cng 3 nh du hnh v tr an ton tr v tri t, thnh tu k diu ca loi ngi, b chm i trong chin thng ca nhn dn Vit Nam. Cui cng trong tm trng bi quan n cng cc, Nch-xn phi ra lnh chm dt nm bom vo lc 24 gi, m 29 thng 12. K run s khng phi l ngi Vit Nam, k b bp khng phi l H Ni. K tr li bn m phn trong t th chin bi khng phi l phi on Bc Vit m chnh l phi on M. Tht bi trong cuc nm bom man r, khng cn con bi no khc p ta (s dng bom nguyn t th M khng dm), khng cn cch no na chi b nhng ngh ca Vit Nam, cui cng trong cuc ti hp Pa-ri, pha M phi h ging, chp nhn mi yu cu c bn ca phi on ta. Cn i vi chng ta, chin thng "in Bin Ph trn khng" c mt ngha v cng trng i: B Chnh tr Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam nh gi: "Thng li to ln ca tuc tin cng chin lc nm 1972 ca ta lm thay i cc din chin trng min Nam, cng vi

vic p tan cuc tp kch ng khng chin lc bng B52 ca M min Bc, ta t mc tiu ginh thng li quyt nh (zxc Sch "Tng kt cuc khng chin chng M cu nc. Thng li v bi hc", Nxb Chnh tr quc gia - H Ni, 1996.). ng ch Tng B th L Dun ca ngi: "in Bin Ph trn khng" l "chin cng mang tm vc thi i, l mt trong nhng nh cao chin cng trong cuc ng u lch s gia nhn dn Vit Nam anh hng v tn quc u s Hoa K". i tng Tng T lnh V Nguyn Gip nhn xt: "y l thng li to ln nht, chin cng xut sc nht ca cuc chin tranh nhn dn trn min Bc x hi ch ngha nh thng cuc chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M... Qun dn H Ni, qun dn min Bc anh hng p tan cuc tp kch chin lc ca Khng qun M, lp nn mt "in Bin ph trn khng" oanh lit, gp phn quan trng vo thng li ca Hip nh Pa-ri . V r rng nh Bc H tng d on: " Vit Nam, M nht nh thua, nhng n ch chu thua sau khi thua trn bu tri H Ni". Chin thng "in Bin ph trn khng" buc M phi chp nhn thm cuc thua trn bn m phn Pa-ri sau 1 thng 25 ngy. S kin "M ct" cn "Qun ch lc Bc Vit vn li min Nam do Hip nh Pa-ri quy nh, to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin hon ton l-gch ca hai nm sau , dn ti kt qu tt yu "ngy nho" vo ma xun nm 1975. Nhn dn ta kt thc thng li cuc khng chin chng M cu nc v hon thnh v vang s nghip gii phng dn tc ko di 30 nm. Trong cun sch "Khng cn nhng Vit Nam na" cu Tng thng M Nch-xn vit: "Trong lch s nhn loi cha h c mt quc gia no chim u th hn hn v v kh nh Hoa K so vi Bc Vit Nam. Hoa K, mt cng quc ht nhn, c 180 triu dn, vi GDP (zxc GDP (Gross Domestic Product): tng sn phm quc ni) hn 500 t la v mt qun i ng hn 1 triu ngi, chng li mt nc nh b 16 triu dn, GDP khng n 2 t la, vi mt i qun ch c khong 25 vn ngi... nh cao ca cuc leo thang chin tranh Vit Nam l t chng ta a B52 nm bom H Ni, Hi Phng vo dp l N-en nm 1972. Nhng chng ta tht bi v buc phi k Hip nh Pa-ri... Tht bi Vit Nam l thm ha ln i vi nc M. T nay khng cn ai mun c nhng Vit Nam na" "in Bin Ph trn khng" l nim t ho ca mi chng ta. N mang li cho nhn dn ta nim kiu hnh v mt dn tc anh hng. Chin cng oanh lit "in Bin Ph trn khng" gp phn chng minh ng li chnh tr, hc thuyt qun s ng n ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam v lnh t H Ch Minh kit xut, chng minh ti mu lc ca B Chnh tr Trung ng ng, b Thng soi ti cao ca t nc. l s kt hp hi ha gia cch mng v khoa hc, gia dm nh v bit nh, gia ch kin nh, bn lnh vng vng vi nng lc ch huy, lnh o ti gii ca cn b cc cp, gia kh

phch anh hng v ti tr tuyt vi ca ngi chin s trn trn a.

"in Bin Ph trn khng ni ln sc mnh v ch ca chin tranh nhn dn, ca cch nh sng to Vit Nam, th hin sc sng mnh lit ca bn sc vn ha Vit Nam, ca truyn thng u tranh bt khut ca dn tc ta hng ngn nm kt li. "in Bin Ph trn khng", trn quyt chin chin lc v i i vo lch s dn tc nh nhng Bch ng, Chi Lng, ng a, in Bin Ph, Tt Mu Thn v chin dch H Ch Minh bt dit. N li cho i sau nhng bi hc v gi v ch t cng v tinh thn sng to khng ngng ginh chin thng. Chin thng ny gp phn to ra th v lc mi cho s nghip gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc ca nhn dn ta, chng ta thc hin trn vn li dy ca Bc H knh yu: nh cho M ct, nh cho Ngu nho Chin thng in Bin ph trn khng th hin ng li chnh tr, ng li qun s ng n ca ng ta, ca chn l Khng c g qu hn c lp t do v ch XHCN u vit ca nhn dn ta. l chin thng ca sc mnh chnh tr, tinh thn ca ton dn tc, l ch quyt nh, dm nh v quyt tm nh thng gic M xm lc bng tt c s mu tr, dng cm v tinh thn ch ng sng to, khc phc kh khn. l chin thng ca s k tha v pht huy truyn thng qun s Vit Nam, ca ng li chin tranh nhn dn v ngh thut t chc s dng lc lng trong th trn Phng khng nhn dn, trong t chc hip ng chin u to thnh sc mnh tng hp c trn khng v mt t chin thng k th. Chin thng in Bin ph trn khng cn c ngha quan trng i vi phong tro u tranh v ho bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v CNXH ca nhn dn th gii; l n nh lch s, m ng cho s sp ca ch ngha thc dn mi Vit Nam; gp phn lm tng thm sc mnh v th tin cng ca phong tro cch mng th gii vo ch ngha quc; em li lng tin cho hng trm triu ngi trn tri t u tranh v ha bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. Chin thng in Bin ph trn khng mi mi tr thnh du son chi li trong truyn thng chng ngoi xm ca dn tc ta. Chin thng tr thnh truyn thng v vang v mm tin vng chc trong qu trnh xy dng, chin u v trng thnh ca b i Phng khng - Khng qun. Chin thng cho chng ta mt bi hc kinh nghim v s tuyt i tin tng vo s lnh o ca ng v Bc H knh yu; bi hc v tin hnh cuc chin tranh ton dn, ton din; bi hc v xy dng v pht huy ch quyt chin, quyt thng ca ton ng, ton dn, ton qun ta, ca sc mnh on kt ton dn tc; bi hc v pht huy sc sng to, tinh thn c lp t ch, t lc t cng, to nn sc mnh tng hp chin thng k th; l bi hc ca s qu cm, khao kht c lp t do, x thn chin u cho l tng cao p c lp dn tc v ch ngha x hi.

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