Do An Tot NghiepTKNM

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GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch
LI M U
Ngnh chn nui gia sc, gia cm nc ta c t rt lu i. y l mt ngnh
kinh t c hnh thc pht trin rt a dng v hin nay ang c xu hng pht trin theo
hng cng nghip ho.
Trong xu hng pht trin nh hin nay th nhu cu, th hiu ca con ngi cng
c nng cao. Vn u t khoa hc cng ngh, pht trin kinh t, nng cao cht
lng sn phm, hng ho l rt quan trng, trong ngnh chn nui l khng ngoi l.
Pht trin ngnh chn nui l p dng cc bin php k thut nng cao cht
lng con ging, nng cao cht lng sn phm tht, nng cao sn lng chn nui
nhm p ng mt lng ln nhu cu v s dng tht trn th trng. Vn ny i
hi ngnh cng ngh ch bin thc n chn nui gia sc, gia cm cn phi c nhng
dy chuyn cng ngh hin i to ra c nhng thc n c cht lng tt, cn i
v nhu cu dinh dng v gim c chi ph trong chn nui, cung cp ngun thc
n cho ngnh chn nui.
Hin nay ngnh cng ngh thc phm pht trin mnh v cc sn phm ph ca
ngnh ny gp phn khng nh vo s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh ch bin thc n
chn nui. Bn cnh ngnh trng trt cng kh pht trin cung cp cho ngnh ch
bin mt lng ln nguyn liu ch bin thc n cho chn nui m bo gi tr dinh
dng v a dng sn phm thc n.
Cng vi s khuyn khch ca nh nc, ngnh chn nui v trng trt trong
tng lai s pht trin mnh vi quy m ln theo hng hin i. Trong s pht trin
th vai tr ca ngnh cng ngh ch bin thc n chn nui gia sc, gia cm l rt
quan trng, y l mt ngnh khng th thiu, tn ti song song, h tr cho s pht
trin ca ngnh chn nui ni ring v gp phn pht trin kinh t t nc ni chung.
Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.
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Trong thi gian va qua ngnh chn nui c nhiu bin ng, ch bin thc n
chn nui gp khng t kh khn nhng n vn pht trin, y l mt iu ng mng.
Vi nhng kt qu m ngnh ch bin thc n chn nui mang li tc gi chn
ti: Thit k nh ch bin thc n chn nui gia sc, gia cm vi nng sut 50 tn
sn phm/ngy. Vi mc ch s dng dy chuyn cng ngh hin i to ra lng
thc n chn nui cht lng cao s p ng c nhu cu thc n chn nui, to cng
vic lm cho ngi lao ng, nng cao nng sut, hiu qu trong chn nui.
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CHNG 1
LP LUN KINH T - K THUT

1.1. S cn thit phi u t
Vit Nam l nc nng nghip, phn ln dn c tp trung nng thn, tham gia
kinh t vn, ao, chung l ch yu. Trong ngnh chn nui em li li nhun kinh
t cao, v c th pht trin trn mi a hnh. ngnh chn nui pht trin mnh th
chng ta cn u t xy dng cc nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm phc
v y v tt hn cho ngi chn nui, t a ngnh cng nghip ch bin cc
sn phm chn nui pht trin mnh.
Qua tm hiu v tr a l, kh hu, h thng giao thng vn ti v cc iu kin
khc, ti quyt nh xy dng nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm ti th trn
nng trng L Ninh, huyn L Thu, tnh Qung Bnh.
1.2. c im thin nhin

- a im xy dng nh my: Nh my xy dng cch trung tm th trn 5km v
pha bc. Nh my c xy dng trn vng t cao, bng phng, rng, khng b l lt.
Pha ty l ni v cch nh my 1km v pha ng l ng mn H Ch Minh, gn
nh my c trm xng du ln ca huyn, giao thng thun li.
- V kh hu: Qung Bnh c kh hu tng i n nh, nhit trung bnh 25 260C, m trung bnh 84,5 - 85% v c
hng gi ch o l .
1.3. Ngun nguyn liu

Ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho nh my ly t ngun nguyn liu ca cc a
phng trong tnh, cc tnh ln cn nh: Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Qung Tr, Nng,
Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Ty Nguynv ngun nhp khu.
1.4. H thng giao thng vn ti
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V tr xy dng gn ng mn thun li cho vic vn chuyn, xut nhp nguyn

liu, sn phm trong nh my vi bn ngoi.
1.5. Ngun cung cp in

S dng ngun in t hiu in th 220V/380V, ngun in ly t li in quc
gia, ngoi ra nh my c sn xut lin tc nh my cn lp thm my pht in
d phng.
1.6. Ngun cung cp nc

S dng ngun nc t ging bm ca nh my, c b lc x l nc trc khi
a vo s dng.
1.7. Thot nc v x l nc
Ngun nc thi ca nh my ch yu l nc thi sinh hot nn khng cn thit
phi c h thng x l nc thi ring trong nh my.
1.8. Hp tc ho
Gn nh my c cc xng ch bin lng thc, cc tri chn nui, nh vy c th
tn dng cc ch phm, ph liu ca cc xng, tiu th sn phm nhanh
1.9. Ngun nhn lc

i ng cng nhn ch yu u tin trong tnh v cc tnh ln cn
i ng cn b c tuyn dng, o to t cc trng hc
1.10. Ngun cung cp nhin liu

Nh my s dng du DO c ly t cc trm xng du trong th trn
T nhng phn tch trn, ti quyt nh xy dng nh my ch bin thc n gia
sc, gia cm vi nng sut 50 tn sn phm/ngy ti th trn nng trng L Ninh,
huyn L Thu, tnh Qung Bnh. Vi nng sut ny th ngoi vic p ng nhu cu
thc n chn nui trong tnh cn p ng nhu cu thc n chn nui cho mt s tnh
ln cn.
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CHNG 2
TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU

Mc ch ca ch bin thc n hn hp nhm cn bng y cc cht dinh
dng trong khu phn n ph hp nhu cu sinh trng, pht trin v sinh sn ca
gia sc, gia cm.
cn i thnh phn thc n trong thc n hn hp nh: cht x, cht bt
ng, cht m, cht khong, vitaminthng thng ngi ta s dng cc loi
nguyn liu sau.
2.1. Thc n th xanh

L loi thc n chim t l cao trong khu phn n t do ca gia sc, s dng ch
yu trng thi ti xanh. Thc n xanh c th chia lm 2 nhm chnh gm cy c t
nhin v gieo trng.
c im dinh dng:
- Thc n xanh cha nhiu nc, nhiu cht x, t l nc trung bnh 8090%, t l
x trung bnh giai on non l 23%, trng thnh 68% tu loi nguyn liu. Do thc
n xanh cha nhiu nc, nhiu x nn c khi lng ln gia sc khng n c nhiu.
- Thc n xanh d tiu ho, c tnh ngon ming cao, t l tiu ho i vi loi
nhai li l 7580%, i vi ln 6070%, l loi thc n d trng, nng sut cao.
- Thc n xanh giu vitamin: nhiu nht l caroten, vitamin B c bit l vitamin
B2 v vitamin E, vitamin D thp nht.
- Hm lng lipit c trong thc n xanh di 4% tnh theo vt cht kh, ch yu
l cc axit bo cha no. Khong trong thc n xanh thay i tu theo tnh cht t ai,
ch phn bn.
Nhng im cn ch khi s dng:
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- Cn thu hoch ng thi v m bo gi tr dinh dng cao. Nu thu hoch

sm t x, nhiu nc, hm lng vt cht kh thp.
- phng mt s cht c sn trong thc n: l sn, cy cao lng, c xu
ng c c t HCN, ngoi ra trong thc n xanh cn cha NO3 di dng KNO3,
nu hm lng NO3 qu cao s gy cho con vt ng c v cht.
2.2. Thc n tinh bt giu nng lng

2.2.1. Sn c
Sn c ti l loi thc n c hm lng nc kh cao 75-92%, protein thp 3-5%.
y l loi thc n giu tinh bt, ngho khong, Ca, P thp, giu K, ngho vitamin,
hm lng x cao.
Sn c hai loi: Sn ng c hm lng c t trn 0,02% v sn ngt c hm
lng c t di 0,01%. Sn c ti khng bo qun c lu tt nht sau khi thu
hoch thi lt, phi kh.
Sn s dng trong chn nui nhiu dng: cho n sn ti, sn kh, b sn, bt l sn.
Sn c l ngun thc n giu nng lng (i vi ln t 3000-3100 Kcal/kg). Gia
sc khng thch n sn bt nhng li thch n sn vin. Trong ch bin thc n hn hp
sn c s dng dng kh, nghin mn.
2.2.2. Ht ng cc
Ht ng cc gm: ht la, ng, i mch, k Sn phm ph ca ht ng cc gm
cm, tm, tm bi, tru
Ht ng cc c thnh phn ch yu l tinh bt. Protein khong 8-12%, nhiu nht
l la m 22%. Hm lng lipit t 2-5%, nhiu nht l ng v la mch. Hm
lng x th t 7-14%, nhiu nht l cc loi ht c v nh la mch v thc, t nht
bt m v ng t 1,8-3%.
Ht ng cc ngho khong c bit l Ca
Ht ng cc rt ngho vitamin A, D, B2 (tr ng vng rt giu caroten), giu E, B1
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Ht ng cc l loi thc n tinh ch yu cho b, ngh, ln v gia cm, ht ng cc

v sn phm ph ca n chim 90% ngun nng lng cung cp trong khu phn.
Ng
Ng gm c 3 loi: ng vng, ng trng, ng .
Ng vng cha sc t cryptoxanthin l tin cht ca vitamin A sc t ny c lin
quan ti mu sc ca m, tht khi v bo gia sc, mu ca lng trng ca gia cm.
Trong s cc ht cc dng lm thc n gia sc, tr cao lng th ng c nng
lng cao nht, nhng hm lng protein li thp hn cc ht cc khc. Ng giu tinh
bt, ngon ming, t l tiu ho cao.
Ng cha 65% tinh bt, lng x thp, nng lng cao 3200-3400 kcal/kg. Protein
th t 8-13%, lipit t 3-6% ch yu l cc acid bo cha no. Protein trong ng ngho
cc axit amin lyzin, methionin v tryptophan. Khim khuyt Ca v mt s khong cht,
vitamin do cn phi s dng phi hp ng chung vi thc n khc nhm m bo
dinh dng ng vt nui, cn i protein, khong v vitamin.
Hin nay ngi ta dng ng sn xut bt v glucoza cho ngi. Nhiu sn sn
phm ca ng rt thch hp cho ng vt nh l v thn cy ng c th dng cho
b,tru n rt tt, quan trng hn l mm ng, cm ng v gluten. Khi 3 loi ny hn
hp li to thnh sn phm c tn l bt ng-gluten, cha xp x 24% protein th, 3-5%
x th. Hn hp ny thch hp cho tt c cc loi gia sc gia cm, c bit l b sa
tuy vy cng cn b sung thm acid amin cng nghip y thnh phn acid amin
trong khu phn thc n.
T l tiu ho ca ng cao t 85-90%.
Ng l loi ng cc c cha ng v m cao nn ng d b nhim nm mc khi
m trn 15% lm gim cht lng ca ng,thm ch cn cha c t aflatoxin. V
vy khi bo qun cn ch phi kh, ngui, bo qun trong cao ro vi m ng
ti thiu l 13%.
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Cm go
Cm go l ph phm quan trng ca thc la, l ngun thc n giu vitamin nhm
B: B1, B6, biotin v rt hp dn i vi vt nui. Thng dng ch bin thc n tng
hp. Nng lng trao i ca cm go 2.650 Kcal/kg, hm lng protein 12,5%, hm
lng du 13,5%. Du cm ch yu l cc acid bo khng no, cc acid ny d b xy
ho lm cho du b i, lm gim cht lng ca cm v cm tr nn ng kht. Do vy
nu p ht du th cm tr nn d bo qun hn, nhng ph thuc vo cc phng php
p khc nhau m lng du cn trong cm t hay nhiu.
Cm go bao gm mt s thnh phn chnh nh v cm, ht phi go, tru v mt
t tm. Gi tr dinh dng ca cm thay i tu thuc vo hm lng tru trong cm.
Nhiu tru s lm tng hm lng cht x th v silic, gim nng nng lng ca
thc n, gim t l tiu ho.
Cm m
Cm m l ph phm ca cng nghip ch bin bt m. Cm m l loi thc n tt
nui ln. So vi cm go th cm m c hm lng protein cao hn, t du hn, nng
lng trao i bng 2420 Kcal/kg. Cm m thng c hai loi, loi mu vng nu nht
hon ton l v cm; loi mu trng ng, ngoi v cm cn ln c tinh bt.
Tm
Tron qu trnh xay xt go thu hi c 3% tm. V mt dinh dng tm tng
ng go. V mt nng lng v protein tm tng ng ng.
2.3. Thc n b sung protein

2.3.1. Thc n b sung protein ngun gc thc vt
Gm ht u tng, u xanh, u mo, u triu, lc, vng. v cc kh du.
y l loi thc n giu protein, protein t 30-40%. Cht lng protein cao hn v
cn i hn so vi ht ng cc. Tuy cht lng protein ca ht h u khng bng
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protein ng vt nhng c mt s ht u gi tr sinh vt hc protein ca chng gn

bng vi c, trng sa.
Tuy nhin ht h u ni chung cha hon ton cn i v axit amin, trong axit
glutamic, cystin v methionin thng thiu.
u tng
u tng l mt trong nhng loi h u c s dng ph bin i vi gia sc,
gia cm. Trong u tng c 50% protein th, 16-21% lipit, protein u tng cha
y cc axit amin cn thit nh cystin, lyzin nhng methionin l axit amin hn ch
th nht trong u tng. u tng giu Ca, P hn so vi ht ng cc nhng ngho
vitamin nhm B nn khi s dng cn b sung thm vitamin nhm B, bt tht, bt c.
Ngoi ra cn mt s loi ht h u khc cng rt giu protein nh ht ci du, ht
hng dng cha 38% protein th, ht vng cha 46% protein th, rt giu arginin v
lxin.
Kh du lc
Kh du l sn phm ca cc ht c du sau khi p ly du, phn cn li lm
thc n b sung cho gia sc, gia cm. Cc sn phm ny bao gm kh du lc, kh du
u tng, kh du lanh, kh du bng, kh du da, kh du hng dng.
Trong kh du lc c 30-38% protein th, axit amin khng cn i, thiu lyzin,
cystin, methionin. Ngoi ra kh du lc rt t vitamin B12 do vy khi dng protein kh
du lc i vi ln v gia cm cn b sung cc loi thc n giu vitamin B12.
Kh du lc trn th trng c loi c v, c loi lc nhn. Tu theo cng ngh ch
bin, c loi kh du lc p th cng, kh du lc p my, kh du lc chit ly.
Kh du lc v c t l protein thp, t l x cao 23%, nn khng dng nui gia
cm, ln.
Kh du lc nhn chit ly c t l protein 49-57%, t l x 4-5,7%, du 0,6- 3%.
nng cao hiu qu ca khu phn, nn s dng kh du lc kt hp vi bt c,
kh u tng hoc b sung axit amin cng nghip.
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Kh du u nnh
Kh du u nnh cha 1% bo, l mt trong nhng ngun protein hu hiu nht
cho ng vt. Protein ca n cha y cc axit amin khng thay th nhng hm
lng cystin v methionin cn thp. B du u nnh cha mt s c t, cht kch
thch hoc c ch sinh trng, bnh du u nnh ngho vitamin nhm B nhng l
ngun cung cp Ca, P kh hn ht ng cc.
2.3.2. Thc n b sung protein ngun gc ng vt
Bao gm cc sn phm ph c thu nhn t cc ngnh sn xut v ch bin tht
c, l m gia sc gia cm, ch bin sa, tm, cua, mc, cCc loi thc n ny c
gi tr dinh dng kh cao, hm lng protein khong trn di 50%, c y cc
axit amin khng thay th, l loi thc n cn i nht vi gia sc, gia cm.
Loi thc n ny kh bo qun v vn chuyn, khi bo qun thng gy ra mi i
kht kh chu v mt s axit amin b phn hu. Do vy cn phi sy kh mt iu
kin nht nh, m sau khi sy phi nh gim n mc thp nht kh nng phn
hu thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n.
Bt c
L loi thc n b sung hon ho cho gia sc, gia cm, l loi thc n giu protein.
Loi bt c tt cha 50-60% protein, t l axit amin cn i c nhiu axit amin cha
lu hunh, bt c giu Ca, P t l tng i cn i, giu vitamin B1, B12 ngoi ra cn
vitamin A v D.
Bt tm
Bt tm lm thc n gia sc l ph phm ca cc c s sn xut tm ng lnh,
ch bin t u tm, v tm, v mt s tm vn. Bt tm hm lng protein khng
cao, thng mc 30%. Nhc im ca bt tm l thnh phn kittin trong nit cao,
cht kittin khng tiu ho c. Bt tm giu Ca, P, nguyn t vi lng nn dng nui
g trng rt tt.
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Sa bt gy
Sa bt gy ch bin t sa kh b dng nui b v sn xut thc n cho ln
con ang theo m hoc ln con ang cai sa. Sa bt gy c hm lng protein 32%,
c y cc axit amin khng thay th ph hp vi yu cu ca gia sc non, n l
thnh phn thit yu trong thc n ln con.
Bt mu
Bt mu l thc n gia sc c hm lng protein rt cao 85%, hm lng lizin 7,48%. Bt mu sy phun l loi c cht lng cao nht. Bt mu l thnh phn khng th
thiu c trong thc n ca ln con ang theo m.
Bt tht xng
Bt tht xng c ch bin t xc gia sc khng lm thc phm, t cc ph
phm ch bin tht nh ph tng, nhau thai, xng, mu. Nguyn liu ch bin bt tht
xng rt a dng nn hm lng dinh dng bt tht xng cng bin ng ln. Bt
tht xng tt c hm lng protein 50%. Hm lng tryptophan v methionin trong
bt tht xng thp. Tuy nhin n l ngun cung cp Ca, P, l tng. S dng bt tht
xng cn ch n iu kin bo qun, bt tht xng rt d thi, mc, nhim vi
khun c hi.
2.4. Cc sn phm ph ca cc ngnh ch bin

2.4.1. Sn phm ph ca ngnh nu ru bia
Gm b ru, b biau l nhng loi thc n nhiu nc (90% l nc) do vy
kh bo qun v vn chuyn.
Hm lng dinh dng trong 1kg b ru c 0,26 n v thc n, 46g protein tiu ho.
Trong 1kg b bia kh c 0,8-0,9 n v thc n, 80-90g protein tiu ho.
y l loi thc n ngho protein v nng lng. Cc loi thc n ny c th sy
kh s dng cho ln v gia cm.
Mc s dng cho ln v gia cm 5-10% khi lng khu phn.
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2.4.2. Sn phm ph ca ngnh lm ng, tinh bt

Gm b khoai, b sn, r mt ng, b ma, ng cn
R mt ng dng cho loi nhai li c th s dng bng nhiu cch: trn ur vi
mt r ng cng vi cc loi thc n th nh c kh, rm, b ma, thn cy ng, cao
lng em xanh cng vi b khoai, b sn, cm cho loi nhai li. C th em r mt
ln men vi sinh vt tng gi tr dinh dng hoc dng r mt hn hp cng vi cc
cht khong, cht ph gia sn xut thc n cho tru, b.
Trong sn xut thc n cho ln, g, r mt c s dng vi lng nh tng
tnh kt dnh vin thc n.
2.5. Thc n b sung

Thc n b sung l mt cht hu c hay mt cht khong dng t nhin hay tng
hp, khng ging vi thc n khc ch khng ng thi cung cp nng lng,
protein v cht khong c a vo khu phn n ca ng vt vi liu lng hp l
(ur) hoc vi liu lng rt thp (khng sinh, vitamin)
C nhng loi thc n b sung:
- B sung m nh ur, axit amin tng hp.
- B sung khong, khong a lng hoc vi lng.
- B sung vitamin.
- Cc cht ph gia.
Thc n b sung c tc dng tng kh nng li dng thc n, kch thch sinh
trng, tng kh nng sinh sn v phng bnh.
Tuy nhin s dng thc n b sung cng c nhng mt tri ca n. Khng sinh,
thuc chng cu trng, hoocmon a vo khu phn thiu s kim sot ca th y
gy nhng tc hi nht nh.
2.5.1. Thc n b sung m
Nm men
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Hin nay ngnh chn nui s dng 2 dng men: men gia sc kh v men .
Nm men gia sc kh: L sinh khi kh ca cc chng nm men bia, cc chng
nm men gia sc thun tu nh Torula utilis, Torula lipolitica, Candida utilis,
Saccharomyces serevisiae. Cc chng nm men ny c sn xut cc nh my
chuyn mn hay c tch t dm chn v b ru ca qu trnh sn xut ru, bia.
Nm men gia sc ni chung thnh phn dinh dng rt cao v hon chnh, l loi
thc n b sung m v vitamin rt tt cho gia sc v gia cm.
Liu lng s dng nm men kh trong khu phn thc n 3-5% nu tng t l
th gi thnh thc n hn hp tng.
Men : Ngnh chn nui s dng 2 dng men : men ti, men kh ch yu
nui ln, nui b, mt t dng nui gia cm.
Khi s dng nm men, nht l men cho gia sc n s mang li nhiu hiu qu:
- Thc n c khu v tt nn con vt n c nhiu.
- Tng t l tiu ho ca thc n, hn ch c cc loi k sinh ng rut.
- Lm tng trng thm 5-10% v gim tiu tn thc n l 10-15%.
- Ci thin c mt phn cht lng ca thc n, nht l cc loi thc n bt
ng ngho protein v vitamin.
Axit amin cng nghip
Trong xy dng khu phn thc n cho gia sc d dy n, hm lng v t l cc
axit amin khng thay th c c bit ch . Thiu axit amin hiu qu s dng thc
n thp. Mt s thc n chnh ca ln thiu mt s axit amin khng thay th. V th khi
lp khu phn thc n cho gia sc, gia cm cn b sung thm cc axit amin cng
nghip vo khu phn cho nh mc.
Trong s 10 axit amin khng thay th, hin nay cng nghip sn xut c 4
loi: Lizin, methionin, tryptophan v threonin.
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2.5.2. Thc n b sung khong

i vi vt nui cht khong cng quan trng nh protein. Chnh v th thiu
khong con vt s b ri lon trao i cht, sinh trng, sinh sn b ngng tr, sc sn
xut st km. Do cn b sung khong vo thc n hn hp m bo nhu cu v
khong ca vt nui.
Ngun cc cht khong lm thc n gia sc l cc loi thc n cung cp cc
nguyn t vi lng v a lng.
Cc loi ho cht cung cp cc nguyn t vi lng c s dng ph bin trong
sn xut thc n gia sc l:
- Coban: CoCO3.CoSO4.7H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O
- ng: CuSO4.5H2O
- St: FeSO4
- Km: ZnSO4.6H2O, ZnCO3
- Mangan: MnO2, MnSO4.4H2O
- Iot: KI
Ngun b sung canxi
Canxi cacbonat c 37% Ca; Bt - c 30% Ca; Bt v s c - 32% Ca.
Ngun b sung photpho.
icanxiphotphat: gia sc hp th tt, hm lng Ca 22%, P 18%.
Mncaxiphotphat: gia sc hp th tt, hm lng Ca16%, hm lung P 21%.
Photphat kh flo: ch bin t phn ln, gia sc hp th tt, hm lng Ca 32%,
hm lng P 18%.
Ngun b sung natri v clo
b sung Na v Cl vo khu phn n cho gia sc, ngi ta s dng mui n. B sung
mui n vo thc n gia sc, gia cm n ngon ming. Cc loi mui thng dng l mui
trong c kh hoc mui ht cung cp NaCl, mt t Iot. Trong khu phn thc n cn b sung
lng mui thch hp, nu tng qu nhiu s gy ng c, tiu chy hoc ph thng.
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2.5.3. Thc n b sung vitamin

Trong ht cc, cc loi thc n b sung protein u c sinh t nhng hu nh b
hao ht ht trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun. Do ngi ta s dng premix
vitamin b sung vo thc n. Premix vitamin l hn hp cc loi vtamin cng nghip
vi cht m.
Cn c vo nh mc vitamin cho tng loi vt nui, tng la tui, cc hng sn
xut thc n sn xut cc loi premix tng ng. Khi s dng cn c trn nhn hiu
bao b b sung vo khu phn cho ng.
2.5.4. Cc cht b sung khc
Khng sinh
Khng sinh c tc dng kch thch sinh trng. Ln n thc n c b sung khng
sinh tng trng hn i chng 15-20%, g 7-15%, b 4 5%. Khng sinh cn lm g
mi nhiu trng hn 9-10% v tng t l n ca trng.
Khng sinh gip cho con vt kho mnh, hn ch ci cc, hn ch bnh tiu chy
v ri lon tiu ho.
Khng sinh lm tng hiu qu s dng thc n. Nu thc n c thm khng sinh th
c tng 100 kg th trng tit kim c 15-20kg thc n.
Nhng khng sinh c s dng trong chn nui:
Aureomycine
Spiramycine
Tetramycine
Oleandomycine
Penicilline
Neomycine
Bacitracine
Framycetine
Erythromycine
Biomycine
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Cc cht chng oxy ho

- BHA (Butyl hydroxy anisol): Bn vng iu kin thng, c tc dng chng
oxy ho du v m.
Liu dng: 20g cho 100kg thc n hn hp c du m.
- Ethoxiquin: Cht chng oxy ho ca loi thc n bt c hay bt thc n xanh khc.
Liu dng: 125-150mg cho 1kg thc n.
Cc cht tng hp
- Apocaroten c este ho: C32H44O2
- Cathaxantin: C40H52O2
Hai cht ny dng cho gia cm lm cho da v trng c mu hp dn.
Liu dng ti a: 80mg cho 1kg thc n.
Cht chng c t nm
Cc cht ny lm gim hiu lc ca cht c do nm mc sinh ra nh cht
Mycofix Plus do hng Bayer sn xut.
Cc cht b sung lm tng mu, mi v v thc n
Cht to mu: Caroten trong c 3 l, cht sc t tng hp.
Cht to mi: B sung cc hng liu vo thc n hn hp kch thch tnh thm
n ca gia sc, gia cm.
Cht to v: Ch yu l mui, hm lng 1%, b sung du m s lm tng v ngon.
Cc cht kch thch tng trng
Nh thyroxin c chit xut t tuyn gip ca tru b, cu khi b sung vo khu
phn lm tng trng nhanh.
Ch phm estrogen chit xut t bung trng ca gia sc hoc tng hp, khi b
sung vo lm tng kh nng sinh sn hoc gim t l m.
2.6. Vai tr ca cc cht c trong thc n

Thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n hn hp gm: m (protit), bt, ng (gluxit),
cht bo (lipit), khong, vitamin v nc. Hm lng ny khc nhau mi loi thc n.
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2.6.1. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht m (protein)

Cht m l cht chnh cu to nn c th, cu to nn t bo, cu to nn kch
thch t (hoocmon), khng th v vitamin. C thnh phn ho hc chnh l C, H, O, N
ngoi ra cn c thm S, P. Trong c th protein cng l cht dinh dng sinh nng
lng. Da vo thnh phn ho hc m chia lm 2 loi c bn:
- m n gin: Nh albumin, globulinc cu to n gin, gia sc hp th
d dng
- m phc tp: C cu to phc tp, gia sc kh hp th trc tip m phi c
cc men tiu ho phn ho thnh m n gin hp th.
Nu thiu m thi gian di th qu trnh trao i cht b ri lon, c th pht
trin khng bnh thng, khng duy tr c ni ging, gim sc sn xut m khng c
cht no thay th c.
Nu tha m c th khng tch tr m thi ra ngoi di dng ure hoc uric. m
qu d trong thi gian di c quan bi tit s b vim, nh hng tui th v s hot
ng ca vt nui.
2.6.2. Vai tr v gi tr ca gluxit
Gluxit l thnh phn ch yu ca thc vt, ng vt cha cht ng t hn ch cha
gan di dng glycogen. Ngun cung cp gluxit ch yu l cc loi ng cc, c, qu
Gluxit l ngun cung cp nng lng cho hot ng ca c th. i vi ln v bo
gluxit s tch lu gan, ph tng, da di dng glycogen hoc m.
Gluxit chia thnh 2 loi:
- Gluxit n gin: glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose.
- Gluxit phc tp: Tinh bt, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin.
Tinh bt: l mt glucan c mt trong nhiu loi cy trng. C th coi tinh bt nh
l ngun carbonhydrate d tr ca thc vt. N tch lu ch yu ht (70%) nh thc,
ng, k, m, mch qu nh to, chui r v c nh khoai lang, khoai s, sn
(30%). C th ln trng thnh tiu th c tinh bt hon ton.
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Xenluloza: L cht x bao bc thc vt, ln kh tiu ho nhng khu phn n hng
ngy phi c mt lng nht nh.
2.6.3. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht bo
Trong c th cht bo l ngun nng lng d tr, l thnh phn cu to nn cc
m c th v tham gia vo cc phn ng trao i cht trung gian khc.
Lipit l ngun cung cp nng lng ln nht cho c th, nng lng do lipit cung
cp thng gp 2-2,5 ln so vi cc cht dinh dng khc. Khu phn thiu lipit nh
hng ti trao i carbonhydrate v lm tng nhu cu vitamin nhm B. Lipit cn l
dung mi ho tan cc vitamin quan trng nh A, D, E, K. Do vy khu phn thiu lipit
ko di lm con vt mc bnh thiu cc vitamin trn.
Lipit l loi thc n c nhiu trong cc loi ht c du nh u phng, m, da
kh, ht bng, ht thu du, ht iu v ht hng dngCn ng vt lipit c
trong gan, sa, m
2.6.4. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht khong
i vi vt nui cht khong cng quan trng nh protein. Ngoi chc nng cu
to m c th, cht khong cn tham gia vo nhiu qu trnh chuyn ho ca m c
th. Thiu khong con vt s b ri lon trao i cht, sinh trng, sinh sn b ngng
tr, sc sn xut st km.
Cht khong c chia lm 2 loi:
- Khong a lng
- Khong vi lng
Vai tr ca cht khong:
- Tham gia vo cc thnh phn dch th ca: mu, huyt tng.
- n nh p sut thm thu ca t bo v mu.
- Cu to: xng, lng, da
Nguyn t a lng.
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Canxi: Trong c th Ca chim 1,3-1,8%, P chim 0,8-1% khi lng c th.

Ca l cht khong quan trng nht trong c th con vt. L thnh phn quan trng
nht ca b xng v rng.
Vai tr ca Ca
- Canxi gip xng tng trng do cng gip c th tng trng.
- Ion Ca2+ cn cho phn ng ng huyt v ng sa.
- Ca c tc dng hot ho nhiu enzyme nh lipaza, succinic, hydrogenase
- Ca tham d trc tip vo qu trnh c s v dn truyn lung thn kinh.
- Ca lm gim thm tnh ca mng t bo.
- Tc dng ho l ca Ca trong vic iu ho p sut thm thu v cn bng axit
-baz khng my quan trng v hin din trong cc th dch vi t l rt thp so vi
cc ion khc c tc dng iu ho 2 phn ng nh Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-.
Vitamin D c tc dng lm tng hp th ca Ca v huy ng Ca vo mu a
n cc t chc trong c th, cung cp lng Ca cn thit.
Phot pho: P l cht khong c nhiu chc nng hn bt k cu t khong no khc.
P ngoi nhim v to xng cn c nhiu nhim v quan trng khc nh cc lin kt
cao nng lng ca ATP,
T l Ca:P thch hp nht cho gia sc l 1:1 hoc 2:1. i vi gia cm trng th
t l ln hn rt nhiu.
Vai tr ca kali, natri v clo:
Thc n thiu NaCl, con vt km n, con vt non chm ln, gia sc nui con t sa.
Nu thiu nghim trng th thn nhit gim, tim p khng bnh thng v c th cht.
Natri c nhiu trong mu 5-6% di dng NaCl. Na c nhiu trong huyt tng
nhng khng c trong t bo mu. Nhim v chnh l duy tr p sut thm thu gia t
bo v mu.
Kali c nhiu trong hng cu dng KHCO3 c nhim v chuyn ch CO2 t cc
t bo v phi. Cht Kali tham gia s hot ng ca c c trong huyt tng dng
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ion K+, duy tr p sut thm thu ca mu. Thiu Kali ln km n, chm ln, tim, gan,
thn hot ng khng bnh thng v c tai bin v c. Khi ln n nhiu Kali c th
gy tiu chy.
Nguyn t vi lng
St (Fe): St c rt t trong c th ( 0,004%) 50 kg th trng ch c 2g st. S
chuyn ho ca st trong c th rt mnh nh mu lun c i mi.
Vai tr ca st:
- Tham gia cu to nn hemoglobin ca hng cu trong mu vn chuyn oxy v
kh cacbonic.
- Triu chng in hnh ca s thiu st l s thiu mu, bnh ny ph bin gia
sc non.
ng (Cu): ng khng c trong thnh phn ca hemoglobin nhng n ng vai
tr xc tc qu trnh hnh thnh hemoglobin, v vy c th thiu ng cng s b bnh
thiu mu.
Thiu Cu gy ra nhng biu hin sau: thiu mu, ri lon xng, bin mu lng,
gim sinh trng, rng lng, iu ha hot ng c hc km,
ng cn c lin quan n s hnh thnh myelin ca h thng thn kinh (myelin l
thnh phn cht trng ca no v tu sng).
Coban (Co): Coban c trong thnh phn ca vitamin B12 (4%). Vitamin B12 tham
gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho (-CH3) v kch thch qu trnh to mu ca c th.
Vitamin B12 l yu t cn thit ca ng vt. Mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh
tng hp Vitamin B12. V vy ngun b sung vitamin B12 v Coban ch yu cho vt
nui l cc loi ch phm B12 thu c ca qu trnh nui cy vi sinh vt thch hp.
Km (Zn): Km c trong thnh phn ca enzim cacbonic anhydraza nn c s lin
quan n h hp ca t bo.
Thiu km s b bnh: Lng kh, sng, da x s, chm ln v b bnh rng lng.
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Km c trong tt c thc n ng vt v thc vt: S bin, gan, mm la, men v

rau x lch. Sa rt t km.
Mangan (Mn): Trong c th Mn tham gia hot ho enzym photphataza c lin
quan n trao i Ca v P v vy nu thiu Mn s mc bnh v xng v teo sn dng
phi. Trong rau c c nhiu Mn, c ng v thc n xanh cha y Mn, cn thc
n ng vt ngc li km Mn hn. Cm go v la m rt giu Mn.
Iot (I2): Iot c trong thnh phn ca hoocmon thyroxin tham gia vo qu trnh iu
tit vt cht v nng lng ca c th.Nu thiu iot qu trnh trao i nng lng chm
li, con vt chm ln, nu thiu iot ko di, gia sc b bnh bu c (nhc nng tuyn
gip trng).
2.6.5. Vai tr ca nc
Nc khng phi l cht cung cp nng lng nhng n ng vai tr rt quan
trng i vi ng vt.
Nu c th mt i 1/10 lng nc th con vt kh sng, nu mt 2/10 lng nc
th con vt cht, trong khi nu c th mt i 1/3 lng protein v ton b lng m
th con vt vn cn sng c.
Trong i sng ng vt nc ng vai tr nh sau:
- Nc gip cho vic tiu ha v hp th thc n.
- Nc tham gia vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng v bi xut cc cht cn b ra
ngoi.
- Nc tham gia vo cc phn ng sinh ha ca c th. Hu ht cc phn ng sinh
ha ca c th u xy ra trong mi trng nc.
- Nc to nn hnh th ca ng vt. C trong thnh phn cu trc ca t bo, to
nn cc m nng (xng), m m (c, m), m che ch (biu b). Nc cn l cht
m chng s va chm c hc, l cht bi trn gia cc khp xng.
- Nc iu tit thn nhit cho c th.
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2.6.6. Vai tr v gi tr ca vitamin

Vitamin l nhm thit yu c pht hin sau cng. Vitamin cn gi l sinh t,
mt yu t dinh dng khng th thiu c ca mi sinh vt. C th ln cn cc loi
vitamin pht trin c th, sinh sn v phng bnh.
Vitamin vo c th ln qua ngun thc n.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A c trong ng vng, cm, cc loi rau ti, du c. Vitamin A c vai
tr trong vic tip nhn nh sng ca mt v thnh lp, bo v cc t bo biu m.
Thiu vitamin A ln con ci, chm ln, mt sng ph, i xiu vo, chn sau cng,
a chy v cht dn.
Vitamin D
ng ho thc n khong Ca, P. Thiu vitamin D ln con sng khp, xng mm,
ln qu l u gi 2 chn trc, rn la, mt sng ph. Cn ni th bui sm (1 ting),
ung thm du c.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E c trong kh du, cm, ng, thc mm, quan trng i vi ln sinh sn.
Ln ni thiu vitamin E xut hin bo tha cht, thiu sa nui con. i vi c tinh
km, phi khng u thai.
g thiu vitamin E dn n suy thoi sinh sn, thoi ho bp tht, thoi ho no,
protein ca mu b ph hu.
Vitamin B
C trong cm go, bt c, bt tng, b bia ch yu l B1, B2. Vitamin B1
ng ho thc n bt ng, B2 ng ho thc n protein. Thiu B1, B2 ln con chn
sau yu, ln ni c bo thai cht, sinh con yu.
2.7. Nguyn tc v phng php xy dng khu phn n

2.7.1. Khi nim
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Khu phn n l lng thc n c th nhm tho mn tiu chun n hng ngy ca
gia sc, gia cm. Nu biu th cc loi thnh phn thc n theo t l phn trm trong
khu phn th gi l thc n.
2.7.2. Nhng nguyn tc xy dng khu phn
Xy dng theo 2 nguyn tc:
- Nguyn tc khoa hc
- Nguyn tc kinh t
Nguyn tc khoa hc
- Cn c vo tiu chun n c quy nh phi hp khu phn.
- Nm vng nhu cu dinh dng ca gia sc, gia cm, ngun thc n d tr, phm
cht v gi tr thc n, iu kin chm sc v c tnh tng con vt nui, tng loi vt
nui.
- Phi ph hp vi ton b yu cu chn nui, r tin, cht lng tt.
- Trong thi gian vt nui s dng khu phn n cn thng xuyn theo di nh
hng ca khu phn n tnh hnh sc kho v sc sn xut ca n x l, b sung
kp thi.
- Phi cn c vo c tnh sinh l ca vt nui, c th l c im tiu ho ca mi
loi gia sc, gia cm.
- Khi phi hp khu phn phi m bo c s cn bng cc cht dinh dng.
- Khu phn phi ngon v khng c cc cht c hi.
- Khi phi hp khu phn phi ch n sinh l v chc nng cc c quan sng
ca vt nui v c bit l sc cha ca d dy.
Nguyn tc kinh t
- Phi ht sc tn dng ngun thc n sn c a phng v t chc sn xut, d
tr thc n ngay ti c s chn nui.
- Phi hp nhiu loi thc n v s dng thc n hn hp c sn xut cng
nghip dn dn c gii ho v k hoch ho ngnh chn nui.
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- Khu phn phi r tin vi ngun cung cp vng chc, lu di.

2.7.3. Phng php xy dng khu phn
Mun xy dng khu phn thng thng phi tri qua cc bc sau y:
Bc 1: Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng, tiu chun cho gia sc, gia cm. Nhu cu
dinh dng theo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN), NRC (M), ARC (Anh)ph hp vi
cc vng kh hu v sinh thi khc nhau, ph hp vi cc ging gia sc, gia cm, giai
on sinh trng v pht trin
Bc 2: Chn la cc loi thc n lp khu phn n, km theo thnh phn ho
hc, gi tr dinh dng v gi thnh cc loi thc n.
Bc 3: Tin hnh lp khu phn n.
Cc phng php thng dng hin nay lp khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm l:
+ Phng php hnh vung Pearson
+ Phng php lp phng trnh i s
+ Phng php lp khu phn thc n trn my tnh
Bc 4: Kim tra v hiu chnh khu phn n theo tiu chun n.
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CHNG 3
CHN V THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

CNG NGH SN XUT
3.1. Chn dy chuyn cng ngh
Thc n cng nghip l thc n m khi gia sc gia cm n vo y cc cht
dinh dng khng cn phi b sung thm mt thc n no khc.
Cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp cho gia sc hay gia cm c s dng trn
th gii v nc ta ni chung v quy trnh v k thut sn xut l tng t nhau.
nc ta a s cc nh my u chn phng php phi trn, cho nn cc thit b my
mc s dng trong cng ngh thng ging nhau v mt cu to v nguyn tc hot
ng. Tuy nhin thit b v dy chuyn ca tng hng sn xut khc nhau, c nhng
c im ring, c tnh k thut cng khc nhau.
Trong n thit k ny, ti chn dy chuyn cng ngh c nhng c tnh nh sau.
3.1.1. c im cng ngh
Dy chuyn cng ngh la chn xp theo chiu ng nhm li dng tnh t chy
ca nguyn liu.
Dy chuyn cng ngh l t hp ca nhiu dy chuyn khc nhau, bao gm:
+ Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu th.
+ Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu mn.
+ Dy chuyn nh lng v phi trn.
+ Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin.
+ Dy chuyn cn v ng bao thnh phm.
Tt c cc cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut v thit b c iu khin t h
thng my tnh trung tm.
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3.1.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh

Nguyn liu kh
Nguyn liu mn
Tch kim loi
Tch kim loi
Lm sch
Lm sch
Xyl cha
Xyl cha
My nghin
Xyl cha
Cn
Xyl cha
Vi lng
My phi trn
Xyl cha
p vin
R mt, m
Bt thnh phm
Xyl cha
My lm ngui
My b vin
Sng phn loi
Vin thnh phm
ng bao
Bo qun
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3.2. Thuyt minh s cng ngh

Nguyn liu thu mua t bn ngoi c t ti ch v nh my, qua cn t ng
t pha cng, lc ny trn my tnh s hin th khi lng ca ton b ti trng ca
xe v nguyn liu, sau nguyn liu c a vo kho cha em i x l cn xe
khi i ra s qua cn t ng mt ln na cn ti trng ca xe t ta bit c khi
lng ca nguyn liu va nhp vo nh my.
3.2.1. Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu
3.2.1.1.Tch kim loi v lm sch tp cht
Mc ch: Tch kim loi nhm loi b cc mu kim loi ln trong nguyn liu.
Sng tp cht nhm tch cc tp cht nh: cc tp cht ln, rm r, sn, cc tp
cht c hnh dng si... thu c nguyn liu c cng tnh cht, to iu kin thun
li cho qu trnh tip theo.
Thit b: s dng nam chm tch kim loi, my sng c lp qut gi.
3.2.1.2. Nghin nguyn liu
Mc ch: i vi nguyn liu th, kch thc ln nn cn ph v nguyn liu,
lm cho nguyn liu t kch thc theo yu cu, tng kh nng trn u gia cc cu
t lm cho cht dinh dng c phn b ng u nhm tng h s tiu ho cho thc
n. Nguyn liu c nghin mn s thun li cho qu trnh p vin, lm cho vin thc
n c b mt nhn bng, cc cu t thnh phn d lin kt vi nhau.
Thit b: dng my nghin ba.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca my nghin:
Khi cho nguyn liu vo my nghin, khi ng c quay lm cho ba nghin quay
theo to ra lc nghin, lm cc ht nguyn liu v ra nh s va p gia nguyn liu
vi cc ba nghin v gia nguyn liu vi nhau to ra cc ht mn t kch thc theo
yu cu. Khi cc ht c kch thc t yu cu s lt qua li nghin cn ht cha t
yu cu s c nghin cho n khi c kch thc t yu cu v lt qua li sng.
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Qu trnh nghin ng vai tr quan trng trong cng on sn xut v n nh

hng ln n cht lng sn phm v kh nng hp th sn phm ca vt nui.
Sau khi nghin xong, nguyn liu nh gu ti vn chuyn qua b phn tch kim
loi ln 2 vo Xyl.
3.2.2. Dy chuyn nh lng v phi trn
Mc ch:
- nh lng: nhm mc ch xc nh mc , liu lng cc thnh phn thc n,
cho tng loi hn hp thc n theo t l quy nh i vi tng loi vt nui, cng bo
m chnh xc cng tt. c bit i vi nhng thnh phn thc n b sung chim t l
nh (nht l nhng nguyn t vi lng) i hi chnh xc cao, nh mc phi
thp nu qu mc quy nh c th tc hi n c th vt nui.
- Phi trn: nhm khuy trn cc thnh phn thc n c nh mc thnh mt
hn hp ng u, m bo cho vt nui n t l cc thnh phn trong hn hp.
Thc n tng hp c trn u, b sung cht lng, mi v cho nhau gia cc thnh
phn to iu kin cho sc vt n nhiu v , tng h s tiu ho nh tng c sn
lng chn nui, gim mc tiu th thc n cho mi kg tht tng trng.
Qu trnh trn c b sung r ng vi cc thnh phn vi lng nh premix v
mui n. R ng cho vo nhm tng s kt dnh, tng bn cho vin, tng gi tr
dinh dng v kch thch gia sc, gia cm n ngon ming. Nn cho bt vo khong 2/3
th tch my ri mi b sung r ng, trnh trng hp r ng tip xc trc tip vi
my lm gim hiu sut trn v gim bn ca my. Do vy cn phi v sinh my
thng xuyn.
Thit b: dng my trn nm ngang c b phn trn quay, thng cha c nh. My
trn lm vic gin on, trn theo m.
3.2.3. Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 29 -
My to vin thc n chn nui c nhim v nh hnh cc hn hp thc n sau khi

trn thnh dng vin.
Mc ch to vin: l lm cht cc hn hp tng khi lng ring v khi lng
th tch, lm gim kh nng ht m v oxy ho trong khng kh, gi cht lng dinh
dng. Nh hn hp thc n bo qun c lu, gn hn, vn chuyn d dng hn,
gim c chi ph vn chuyn v bo qun.
C hai phng php to vin:
- Phng php to vin t: Trc khi em p vin th nguyn liu c lm m
bng nc nng.
- Phng php to vin kh: Dng hi nc c nhit cao phun vo nguyn liu.
y ta dng phng php to vin kh nhm:
- Gim chi ph nng lng cho qu trnh p v sy.
- Cc vin c to c th gi tt cc cht dinh dng, sinh t, khng sinh.
- Cng ngh n gin nhng vn m bo nng sut cao.
S dng thit b l my p vin: Nguyn liu sau khi o trn s gia m bng hi
nng to mt m thch hp, sau nguyn liu c a vo b phn to ht, ht
ra khi khoang p c m khong 17 - 18% v nhit khong 60-80oC. Sau ht
c a i lm ngui thit b lm ngui, ht sau khi ra khi thit b lm ngui c
nhit bng hoc hn km nhit khng kh khong 20C v c m khng qu
14%, tip theo ht c a qua my b vin ct thnh nhng vin c kch thc
theo yu cu, thng th c ng knh 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 17, 19 mm.
Sn phm sau khi b vin xong c a qua sng phn loi, cc ht c kch
thc yu cu s c a i ng bao cn cc bt mn, ht b vn c a v my
p vin li nhn gim hao ht cho qu trnh sn xut.
3.2.4. Dy chuyn cn v ng bao sn phm
Sn phm ca nh my c hai dng:
- Dng bt
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 30 -
- Dng vin
- Hn hp sau o trn nu a i ng bao ngay ta s c sn phm dng bt, nu
a qua cng on to vin ta s c sn phm dng vin. Sn phm c ng bao 25
kg/bao nh cn v ng bao t ng.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 31 -
CHNG 4
TNH CN BNG VT CHT

4.1. Tnh thc n
Nh my sn xut hai loi sn phm:
- Sn phm dng bt m c cho thc n nui ln.
- Sn phm dng vin cho thc n nui ln, g.
4.1.1.Khu phn thc n cho ln
Trong xy dng khu phn thc n m c cho ln gm cc loi: thc n cho ln
t 1020 kg th trng, 250 kg th trng, t 50 kg tr ln.
Thc n dng vin gm: thc n cho ln t 1020 kg th trng, 2050 kg th
trng, t 50 kg tr ln, thc n cho ln ni cha, ni .
Bng 4.1. Bng tiu chun thc n hn hp cho cc loi ln (TCVN 1574 -1994). [9, tr 289]
Loi ln
Ch tiu
Ln 10-
Ln 20-
Ln 50kg
Ln ni
Ln ni
20kg
50kg
tr ln
cha
3200
3000
3000
2800
3000
Hm lng protein th (%)
19
17
14
14
16
Hm lng canxi (%)
0,8
0,7
0,5
0,6
0,7
Hm lng photpho (%)
0,6
0,5
0,35
0,4
0,5
Hm lng lizin (%)
1,1
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,8
Hm lng methionin (%)
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,35
0,4
Nng lng trao i

(Kcal/kg)
Phi hp khu phn thc n vi cc loi nguyn liu: ng vng, kh u tng,

cm m, bt c, bt , mui n (NaCl), Premix khong vitamin, r ng.
Thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng ca cc loi nguyn liu nh sau:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 32 -
Bng 4.2. Thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng mt s thc n cho ln, g. [9, tr 128 - 180]
Ng
Sn
Kh u
tng p
Bt c
55%
protin
Cm
m
3210
3203
2898,2
2625
2536
3248
3138
3560
3280
2536
Met
0,17
0,57
1,35
0,249
Lizin
0,27
0,165
2,1
3,7
0,55
Phtpho
0,3
0,15
0,51
2,88
0,89
Canxi
0,22
0,23
0,35
5,09
0,13
X th
2,7
2,95
6,12
0,89
9,85
Lipit
4,4
1,68
6,03
10,25
4,3
8,9
2,87
45,34
53,55
14,7
87,3
87,4
92,57
90,26
87,6
4200
2400
7800
11000
4500 1000
Tn nl
Nng
lng
trao i
(Kcalo/
kg)
Thnh
phn
ho hc
(%)
Nng
lng
trao i
(cho g)
Nng
lng
trao i
(cho ln)
Protein
th
Vt cht
kh
Gi thnh
Bt
Lizin
Met
95
95
32
40600
142600
Sau khi gii bng solver ta c thc n cho cc loi ln nh sau:

Bng 4.3.Thc n cho cc loi ln (Tnh cho 1kg thc n kh dng vin).
Loi thc n
Tn nguyn liu
Ln t
Ln t
Ln t 61
Ni
10-30
31-60
tr ln
cha
(CT1)
(CT2)
(CT3)
(CT4)
Ni
(CT5)
Nguyn
Ng
13,430
13,830
13,475
27,642
22,144
liu th
Sn
25,000
30,000
35,000
24,129
35,000
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
Kh u
tng
Tng
Bt c
- 33 -
26,279
25,633
19,102
15,365
20,701
64,709
69,464
67,577
67,136
77,845
3,318
0,302
1,091
0,000
3,711
Nguyn
55% PRO
liu mn
Cm m
28,156
26,186
27,827
29,348
15,224
Bt
1,797
1,948
1,495
1,419
1,028
33,271
28,437
30,413
30,766
19,963
Premit
0,500
0,500
0,500
0,500
0,500
lizin
0,044
0,125
0,116
0,000
0,027
met
0,276
0,275
0,194
0,097
0,165
mui
%
%
0,200
0,200
0,200
0,500
0,500
1,020
1,099
1,010
1,097
1,192
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Tng
Thnh
phn vi
lng
Tng
Thnh
phn lng
R mt
Tng
100,000 100,000
i vi thc n m c thc n gm cc loi nguyn liu: kh u tng, cm

m, bt c, bt , mui n (NaCl), Premix khong vitamin.
Bng 4.4. Thc n cho cc loi ln. (Tnh cho 1kg thc n kh m c).
Tn nguyn liu
Nguyn liu th
Kh u tng
Tng
Nguyn liu
Bt c 55%
mn
Protein
n
v
%
%
%
Loi thc n
Ln t
10-30
(CT6)
82,681
82,681
7,635
Ln t
31-60
(CT7)
86,477
86,477
Ln t 61
tr ln
(CT8)
84,834
84,834
3,197
3,949
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 34 -
Bt
Tng
Premit
Lizin
Met
mui
Thnh phn vi
lng
Tng
Tng
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
6,008
13,643
1,549
0,171
0,872
1,084
3,676
100,000
5,882
9,079
1,598
0,352
0,895
1,598
4,444
100,000
6,003
9,953
1,975
0,434
0,829
1,975
5,213
100,000
Thc n m c khi s dng phi trn thm thc n c sn a phng theo

hng dn.
4.1.2. Xy dng thc n cho g
Thc n cho g gm cc loi: G ging sinh sn hng tht 0-3 tun tui, g tht
thng phm, g trng.
Bng 4.5. Tiu chun thc n hn hp cho g (TCVN 2265, 1994). [9, tr 340]
Ch tiu
n v
Nng lng trao i

Protein th
Canxi
Phtpho
Mui
Lizin
Methinin
Kcal
%
%
%
%
%
%
G con t 0-3
tun tui
3000
24
0,9-1
0,4
<0,5
0,9-1
0,6
Loi g
G sinh
trng
3000
21
0,9-1
0,4
<0,5
0,9-1
0,6
G trng
3100
17
3,5-4
0,4
<0,5
0,7
0,35-0.4
Phi hp khu phn thc n vi cc loi nguyn liu: ng vng, kh u tng,

cm m, bt c, bt , mui n (NaCl), Premix khong vitamin, r ng.
Sau khi gii bng solver ta c thc n cho g nh sau.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 35 -
Bng 4.6. Thc n cho g (Tnh cho 1kg thc n kh dng vin)
Tn nguyn liu
Ng
Nguyn liu th
Sn
Kh u tng
Tng
Bt c 55%
Protein
Nguyn liu
Cm m
mn
Bt
Tng
Premit
Lizin
Thnh phn vi
lng
Met
mui
Tng
Thnh phn
R mt
lng
Tng
%
%
%
%
G con 0-3
tun tui
(CT9)
50,860
0,000
40,325
91,185
Loi g
G tht
thng phm
(CT10)
32,687
25,898
34,721
93,305
G
trng
(CT11)
68,010
0,000
18,970
86,980
0,000
2,998
3,440
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
4,693
2,136
6,829
0,500
0,000
0,286
0,200
0,986
0,000
1,675
4,672
0,500
0,000
0,322
0,200
1,022
0,000
0,000
11,473
0,000
0,000
0,347
0,200
0,547
1,000
1,000
1,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
n
v
4.2. Tnh nguyn liu

4.2.1. S liu ban u
4.2.1.1. Nng sut nh my
Nng sut ca nh my l 50 tn sn phm/ngy.
Mt ngy nh my lm vic 2 ca, mi ca lm 8 gi. Vy nng sut ca nh my
tnh theo gi l 3,125 tn sn phm/gi.
4.2.1.2. Hao ht qua cc cng on (%)
i vi nguyn liu dng th:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 36 -
- Tch kim loi: 0,05

- Sng tp cht: 1,00
- Nghin ba: 0,50
i vi kim loi dng mn:
- Tch kim loi: 0,05
- Sng tp cht: 0,50
i vi bt bn thnh phm i phi trn:
- Cn nh lng: 0,1
- o trn: 0,1
i vi bt thnh phm i ng bao:
- Cn v ng bao bt: 0,10
i vi bn thnh phm cng on to vin v x l vin:
-Tnh hao ht cng on to vin:
Cng on to vin do c b sung hi nc gi s m nguyn liu tng t 13%
ln n 18%.
Gi:
m, w l khi lng v m ca nguyn liu trc khi to vin

M, W l khi lng v m ca nguyn liu sau khi to vin
mo l khi lng cht kh
T l hao ht khi lng c tnh theo cng thc:

X (%) =
mM
M
100 = (1- )100
m
m
M:
m0 = m(100-w) = M (100-W)
Suy ra:
M
100 w
=
100 W
m
Do :
100 w
mM
= 1m
100 W
Thay s ta c t l hao ht ca giai on to vin:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
X (%) =
- 37 -
13 18
100 = -6,10 (%).
100 18
Du (-) ch khi lng nguyn liu sau to vin tng ln 6,1%.

- Tnh hao ht cng on lm ngui vin:
Gi s giai on lm ngui vin m nguyn liu gim t 18% xung cn 14%.
Tng t nh cch tnh giai on to vin, ta c t l hao ht trong giai on ny
X=
18 14
100 (%) = 4,65%
100 14
- Hao ht cho cng on b vin: 0.10

- Hao ht do sng vin: 0,10
Hao ht sn phm vin:
- Cn v ng bao vin: 0,10
Tiu hao trn tng cng on c tnh so vi lng nguyn liu m cng on
a vo.
4.2.2. Cn bng vt cht
* Tnh cho cng thc ln tht 10-20 kg th trng (thc n dng vin):
p dng cng thc:
T=
Trong :
S 100n
(4.1)
(100 X 1 )(100 X 2 )...(100 X n )
[8, tr 22]
T: Lng nguyn liu trc khi phi trn

S: Lng sn phm to thnh
n: S cng on
X1, X2,Xn: Lng hao ht qua tng cng on so vi nguyn liu ban u (%)
Tnh cho cng on to vin v ng bao vin
Nng sut 3,125 tn sn phm/gi.
Cc cng on xy ra: To vin, lm ngui vin, b vn vin, sng vin, cn v
ng bao vin.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 38 -
Theo cng thc (4.1), lng bt em i to vin l:

3,125 100 4
= 3,0952 (t/h)
(100 0,1)(100 0,1)(100 4,65)(100 + 6,1)
Vy:
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on to vin l:
3,0952 (6,1)
= -0,1888 (t/h).
100
Gi tr m ngha l: Sau khi to vin khi lng nguyn liu tng ln 0,1888 t/h.
- Lng sn phm qua lm ngui vin l: 3,0952 (-0,1888 ) = 3,284 (t/h).
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on lm ngui vin l:
3,284 4,65
= 0,1527 (t/h)
100
- Lng sn phm qua cng on b vin l: 3,284 0,1527 = 3,1313 (t/h)

- T l hao ht ca cng on b vin l: 0%
- Lng sn phm qua cng on sng vin l: 3,1313 (t/h)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on sng vin l:
3,1313 0,1
= 0,0031 (t/h)
100
- Lng sn phm qua cn v ng bao l: 3,1313 0,0031 = 3,1281 (t/h)

- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on cn v ng bao l:
3,1281 0,1
= 0,0031 (t/h)
100
- Lng thnh phm sau cn v ng bao: 3,1281 0,0031 =3,125 (t/h).

Tnh cho cng on o trn bt nghin.
Theo cng thc (4.1), tng nguyn liu trc khi o trn c tnh bng:
3,0952 100
= 3,0983 (t/h)
100 0,1
- Hao ht do cng on o trn l: =
3,0983 0,1
= 0,0031(t/h)
100
Da vo t l % cc nguyn liu trong thc n ta tnh c khi lng ca tng

cu t trong thc n a vo o trn.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 39 -
Nhu cu nguyn liu permit l:

Nhu cu nguyn liu lizin l:
0,5 3,0983
= 0,0155 (t/h)
100
0,044 3,0983
= 0,0014 (t/h)
100
Nhu cu nguyn liu methionin l:

Nhu cu nguyn liu mui l:
Nhu cu bt c l:
26,279 3,0983
= 0,8142(t/h)
100
25 3,0983
= 0,7746(t/h)
100
3,318 3,0983
= 0,1028(t/h)
100
Nhu cu cm m l:
Nhu cu bt l:
1 3,0983
= 0,031 (t/h)
100
13,43 3,0983
= 0,4161(t/h)
100
Nhu cu bt kh u tng l:
Nhu cu bt sn l:
0,276 3,0983
= 0,0086 (t/h)
100
0,2 3,0983
= 0,0062 (t/h)
100
Nhu cu nguym liu r ng l:

Nhu cu bt ng l:
28,156 3,0983
= 0,8724(t/h)
100
1,797 3,0983
= 0,0557(t/h)
100
Tnh cho cng on thu nhn v x l nguyn liu mn.

+ i vi dy chuyn x l cm m.
Theo cng thc (4.1), khi lng cm m a vo sn xut c tnh bng:
0,8724 100 3
= 0,87805 (t/h)
(100 0,05) (100 0,5) (100 0,1)
Vy:
- Lng nguyn liu qua tch kim loi l: = 0,87805(t/h)
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 40 -
- Hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi l:
0,05 0,87805
= 0,00044 (t/h)
100
- Lng nguyn liu qua sng tp cht l: 0,87805 0,00044 = 0,87761(t/h)

- Hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht l:
0,87761 0,5
= 0,0044(t/h)
100
- Lng nguyn liu qua cn nh lng l: 0,87761 0,0044 = 0,87322 (t/h)

- Hao ht qua cn nh lng l:
0,87326 0,1
= 0,00087(t/h)
100
+ Tnh tng t cho dy chuyn x l bt c v bt ta c kt qu sau:

Bng 4.7. Bng tng kt dy chuyn x l nguyn liu mn
Cng on
Bt c (t/h)
Bt (t/h)
Nguyn liu ban u
0,1035
0,0560
Lng vo
0,1035
0,0560
Hao ht
0,0001
0,0000
Lng vo
0,1034
0,0560
Hao ht
0,0005
0,0003
Lng vo
0,1029
0,0557
Hao ht
0,0001
0,0001
Tch kim loi

Sng tp cht
Cn nh lng
Tnh cho cng on thu nhn v x l nguyn liu th:

+ i vi dy chuyn x l ng.
Theo cng thc (4.1), lng ng a vo sn xut c tnh bng:
0,4161 100 4
= 0,423 (t/h)
(100 0,05)(100 1)(100 0,5)(100 0,1)
Vy:
- Lng nguyn liu qua tch kim loi l: = 0,423 (t/h)
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 41 -
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi l: =
0,423 0,05
= 0,00021
100
(t/h)
- Lng nguyn liu a qua sng tp cht l: = 0,423 0,00021 = 0,4228(t/h)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht l: =
0,4228 1
= 0,00423(t/h)
100
- Lng nguyn liu qua nghin ba l: = 0,4228 0,00423= 0,41857(t/h)

- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on nghin ba l:
0,5 0,41857
= 0,00209 (t/h)
100
- Lng nguyn liu qua cn nh lng l: = 0,41857 0,00209 = 0,4165 (t/h)

- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on cn l: =
0,1 0,4165
= 0,00042 (t/h)
100
+ Tnh tng t cho dy chuyn x l sn v kh du ta c kt qu sau:

Bng 4.8. Bng tng kt dy chuyn x l nguyn liu th
Cng on
Sn (t/h)
Kh u tng (t/h)
Nguyn liu ban u
0,7875
0,8278
Lng vo
0,7875
0,8278
Hao ht
0,0004
0,0004
Lng vo
0,7871
0,8274
Hao ht
0,0079
0,0083
Lng vo
0,7792
0,8191
Hao ht
0,0039
0,0041
Lng vo
0,7753
0,8150
Hao ht
0,0008
0,0008
Tch kim loi

Sng tp cht
Nghin ba
Cn nh lng
i vi sn phm dng bt m c
Sn phm dng bt khng qua to vin do lng bt sau khi o trn chnh
bng lng bt a qua cn v ng bao.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 42 -
*Tnh tng t cho cc cng thc cn li, ta c kt qu nh sau:

Bng 4.9.Bng tng kt cng on x l bn thnh phm sau o trn
Cng on
To vin
Lm ngui vin
B vn vin
Sng vin
Cn v ng bao sn
phm
o trn bt sn xut
sn phm vin
o trn bt sn xut
sn phm dng bt
Lng bt i
vo (tn/gi)
3,0952
3,2840
3,1313
3,1313
Lng hao ht
(tn/gi)
-0,1888
0,1527
0,0000
0,0031
Lng thnh phm

i ra (tn/gi)
3,2840
3,1313
3,1313
3,1281
3,1281
0,0031
3,1250
3,0983
0,0031
3,0952
3,1313
0,0031
3,1281
Bng 4.10. Bng tng kt cc cng on x l nguyn liu ng (t/h)
2,1423
2,1423
2,1412
0,0214
0,0011
1,0296
1,0296
1,0291
0,0103
0,0005
1,6021
1,6021
0,0008
1,6013
0,6972
0,0070
CT11
0,0160
0,6975
0,6975
0,8703
0,0087
0,0003
0,8707
0,8707
0,4243
0,0042
0,0004
0,4245
0,4245
0,4354
Hao ht
0,0044
0,0002
0,4357
0,4357
0,4230
0,4228
Sng tp
cht
Lng
vo
0,0042
Hao ht
CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT9 CT10
0,0002
Tch kim
loi
Lng
vo
0,4230
Nguyn liu ban u
CT 1
0,0002
Cng on
SVTH: L Th Hng
0,5972
0,0060
0,5975
0,5975
1,0937
CT
10
0,0003
1,0937
1,2702
CT
9
0,0005
1,2702
2,6723
2,7240
CT
8
0,0006
2,6723
2,7240
2,6045
CT
7
0,0013
0,0014
2,6045
0,6521
CT
6
1,0932
2,7227
0,0272
0,0013
0,6521
0,4840
CT
5
0,0109
2,6032
0,0260
0,0003
0,4840
0,6017
CT
4
1,2696
0,6518
0,0065
0,0002
0,6017
CT
3
0,0127
0,4838
0,0048
0,0003
CT
2
2,6709
0,6014
Hao ht
0,0060
Hao ht
CT
1
2,1092
1,0137
0,0010
0,0021
1,5774
0,6868
0,8573
0,0016
0,0007
0,0009
0,4179
0,4289
0,0004
0,0004
0,4165
0,0004
Hao ht
0,8075
Lng
vo
0,8075
0,0106
0,0051
0,0079
0,0035
0,0043
0,0021
0,0022
0,0021
Hao ht
0,0004
2,1198
1,0188
1,5853
0,6902
0,8616
0,4200
0,4311
0,4186
Lng
vo
- 43 -
0,0267
0,8070
Sng
tp cht
Lng
vo
0,0081
Tch
kim loi
Lng
vo
0,8278
Nguyn liu ban

u
0,8278
Cng on
0,0004
Cn nh
lng
0,8274
Nghin
ba
0,0083
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.11. Bng tng kt cng on x l kh u tng (t/h)

CT
11
SVTH: L Th Hng
0,5913
0,0030
0,5883
0,0006
1,0822
1,0768
0,0011
0,0054
1,2569
0,0063
1,2506
0,0013
2,6442
2,6310
0,0026
0,0132
2,6954
0,0135
2,6820
2,5642
0,0026
0,0027
2,5771
0,6452
0,6420
0,0006
0,0032
0,4789
0,4765
0,0005
0,0024
0,5954
0,5924
0,0030
0,7990
0,0040
0,0006
Hao ht
0,7950
0,8150
Cn
nh
lng
Lng
vo
0,0008
Hao ht
0,0008
0,8191
Lng
vo
0,0041
Nghin
ba
- 44 -
0,0129
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.12. Bng tng kt cng on x l nguyn liu sn (t/h)

Cng on
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
CT5
CT10
Nguyn liu ban u
0,7875
0,9450
1,1025
0,7601
1,1025
0,8158
Tch kim
loi
Lng vo
0,7875
0,9450
1,1025
0,7601
1,1025
0,8158
Hao ht
0,0004
0,0005
0,0006
0,0004
0,0006
0,0004
Sng tp
cht
Lng vo
0,7871
0,9445
1,1019
0,7597
1,1019
0,8154
Hao ht
0,0079
0,0094
0,0110
0,0076
0,0110
0,0082
Nghin
ba
Lng vo
0,7792
0,9351
1,0909
0,7521
1,0909
0,8072
Hao ht
0,0039
0,0047
0,0055
0,0038
0,0055
0,0040
Cn nh
lng
Lng vo
0,7753
0,9304
1,0855
0,7483
1,0855
0,8032
Hao ht
0,0008
0,0009
0,0011
0,0007
0,0011
0,0008
0,1073
CT10 CT11
0,0935
CT8
0,1232
0,0094
0,0997
Nguyn liu ban

u
CT3 CT5 CT6 CT7

0,2381
CT2
0,1157
CT1
0,0340
Cng on
0,1035
Bng 4.13. Bng tng kt cng on x l nguyn liu bt c (t/h)
SVTH: L Th Hng
0,0001 0,1067 0,0005 0,1072 0,0001 0,1073
0,0001 0,0930 0,0005 0,0934 0,0000 0,0935
0,0001 0,1225 0,0006 0,1231 0,0001 0,1232
Hao ht
0,0001 0,0991 0,0005 0,0996 0,0000 0,0997
Cn
nh
lng
Lng
vo
0,0012 0,2380 0,0001 0,2381
Hao ht
0,0002 0,2368
Sng
tp cht
Lng
vo
0,0001 0,1151 0,0006 0,1157 0,0001 0,1157
Hao ht
0,0000 0,0338 0,0002 0,0340 0,0000 0,0340
Tch
kim
loi
- 45 -
0,0000 0,0094 0,0000 0,0094 0,0000 0,0094
Lng
vo
0,0001 0,1029 0,0005 0,1034 0,0001 0,1035
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.14. Bng tng kt cng on x l nguyn liu cm m (t/h).

Cng on
Nguyn liu ban u
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
CT5
CT9
0,87805 0,81662 0,86778 0,91521 0,47476 0,14634
Tch kim
loi
Lng vo
0,87805 0,81662 0,86778 0,91521 0,47476 0,14634
Hao ht
0,00044 0,00041 0,00043 0,00046 0,00024 0,00007
Sng tp
cht
Lng vo
0,87761 0,81621 0,86734 0,91476 0,47453 0,14626
Cn nh
lng
Lng vo
0,87322 0,81213 0,86301 0,91018 0,47215 0,14553
Hao ht
0,00087 0,00081 0,00086 0,00091 0,00047 0,00015
Hao ht
0,0044
0,0041
0,0043
0,0046
0,0024
0,0007
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 46 -
Bng 4.15. Bng tng kt cng on x l nguyn liu bt , (t/h)
0,2491
0,0002
0,0013
0,2504
0,0001
0,2505
0,2505
CT
11
0,0519
0,0003
0,0522
0,0000
0,0522
0,0522
CT
10
0,0001
0,0666
0,0666
0,0000
0,0666
0,0663
0,0001
0,0003
0,1872
0,1872
0,0001
0,1871
0,0009
CT
9
0,1862
0,1824
0,0002
CT
8
0,0002
0,1863
0,0009
0,1833
0,0001
0,1834
0,1834
CT
7
0,0002
0,0009
0,1873
0,0001
0,1874
0,1874
CT
6
0,0319
0,0002
0,0320
0,0000
0,0320
0,0320
CT
5
0,0000
0,0442
0,0442
0,0000
0,0442
0,0440
0,0000
0,0002
0,0466
0,0466
0,0000
0,0466
0,0002
0,0608
0,0608
0,0000
0,0607
0,0003
0,0560
0,0560
0,0000
CT
4
0,0464
Hao ht
CT
3
0,0000
Lng
vo
0,0604
Hao ht
0,0001
Cn
nh
lng
Lng
vo
0,0560
Sng
tp
cht
Hao ht
0,0003
Tch
kim
loi
Lng
vo
CT
2
0,0557
Nguyn liu ban

u
CT
1
0,0001
Cng on
Bng 4.16. Hm lng cc thnh phn vi lng

Loi thc n
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
CT5
CT6
CT7
CT8
CT9
CT10
CT11
Premix
(%)
0,0155
0,0155
0,0155
0,0155
0,0155
0,0480
0,0495
0,0612
0,0155
0,0155
0,0000
Lizin
(%)
0,0014
0,0039
0,0036
0,0000
0,0008
0,0053
0,0109
0,0135
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000
Methionin
(%)
0,0086
0,0085
0,0060
0,0030
0,0051
0,0270
0,0277
0,0257
0,0089
0,0100
0,0108
Mui
(%)
0,0062
0,0062
0,0062
0,0155
0,0155
0,0336
0,0495
0,0612
0,0062
0,0062
0,0062
R ng
(%)
0,0310
0,0310
0,0310
0,0310
0,0310
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000
0,0310
0,0310
0,0310
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 47 -
CHNG 5
TNH THIT B
5.1. Cc xyl cha
Nguyn liu, bn thnh phm c cha trong xil tin cho vic s dng.
Chn cc xyl cha thn tr, y hnh nn ct, c gc nghing 45o, v chiu cao ca
ng thot liu l 0,1m.
Xyl gm cc loi:
+ Xyl cha nguyn liu th.
+ Xyl cha nguyn liu mn, bt nghin.
+ Xyl cha bn thnh phm trc o trn, trc to vin, Xyl cha thnh
phm.
Th tch ca xyl c tnh theo cng thc: V=
Q T
m3
n
( )
Trong :
Q: Nng sut ca dy chuyn
h2
T: thi gian d tr
H
3
: Khi lng ring ca nguyn liu (kg/m )
: H s cha ca xyl, chn = 0,9

n: S lng Xyl (ci)
h1
h
450
d
5.1.1. Xyl cha nguyn liu sau khi sng

5.1.1.1. Xyl cha ng ht
Nng sut dy chuyn (tnh theo nguyn liu ban u v theo nng sut ln nht).
2,1198 (tn/gi) =2119,8 (kg/gi).
Chn thi gian d tr l: T = 30 pht = 1/2 gi.
Khi lng ring ca ng: 1000 (kg/m3).
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 48 -
s lng xyl: 1 ci.

Th tch cn cha ca xyl: V =
Q T
2119,8 0,5
=
= 1,178(m3)
n
1000 0,9
Chn ng knh xyl D = 1m; ng knh ca thot d = 0,3m.

+ Chiu cao phn y nn: h1 =
1
(D d)tg45o = 0,35 m.
2
+ Th tch phn nn:

Vn =
1
h1 (D2 + d2 + D d) = 0,127m3.
12
+ Th tch phn thn tr: VTr = V VN = 1,05m3.

+ Chiu cao ca phn thn tr l: H 1 =
Vtr 4
= 1,34 (m)
D2
+ Chn chiu cao ca ng thot liu l: h = 0,1 m

Chiu cao ca c xyl l:
H = h2 + h1 +h = 1,34+ 0,35 + 0,1 = 1,79(m)
Vy chn xyl cha nguyn liu ng ht trc khi em i nghin c cc thng s sau:
Th tch: V = 1,178 m3
D = 1m; d=0,3m; h2 = 1,34m; h1=0,35m; h= 0,1m; H= 1,79m.
S lng : 01 ci.
5.1.1.2. Xyl cha kh u tng, sn, cc nguyn liu min
Nguyn liu sau khi qua sng phn loi, tch tp cht c cha trong cc xyl
cha khc nhau ch thc hin cng on tip theo.
Tnh tng t nh tnh xyl cha ng ht ta c kt qu sau:
Bng 5.1. Bng tng kt xyl cha nguyn liu sau sng
Tn nl
Nng sut ln
nht
n
v
tnh
Kg/
h
Ng
vng
Kh
u
tng
Sn
2119,8
2695,4
1101,9
Bt c Cm m
236,8
910,2
Bt
(bt s)
249,1
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
ng knh
phn tr (D)
ng knh y
nn (d)
Gc nghing
H s cha y
( )
Khi lng
ring ( )
Thi gian lu
(T)
Chiu cao ng
tho liu (h)
S lng Xyln
Th tch Xyl
cha (V)
Th tch hnh
chp ct (VN)
Th tch phn
thn tr (VTr)
Chiu cao hnh
chp ct (h1)
Chiu cao phn
thn tr (h2)
Chiu cao ton
Xyl (H)
- 49 -
1,0
1,4
1,0
1,2
1,6
1,2
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
45
45
45
45
45
45
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
kg/
m3
1000
450
750
600
300
650
0,5
0,5
0,5
4,0
4,0
4,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Ci
m3
1,178
3,328
0,816
1,754
6,742
1,703
m3
0,127
0,36
0,13
0,23
0,53
0,23
m3
1,05
2,97
0,69
1,53
6,21
1,48
0,35
0,55
0,35
0,50
0,70
0,50
1,34
1,93
0,88
1,35
3,09
1,31
1,79
2,58
1,33
1,95
3,89
1,91
5.1.2. Xyl cha bt nghin, bt trc o trn, trc khi to vin, thnh phm
Sau khi nghin, mi loi bt nghin c cha trong mi xyl cha khc nhau.
Tnh ton Xyl cha cho mi loi nguyn liu ny tng t nh i vi Xyl cha
ng ht trc khi nghin. Sau khi tnh ton ta c kt qu sau:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 50 -
Bng 5.2. Bng tng kt Xyl cha cc loi nguyn liu
Nng sut ln
nht
ng knh
phn tr (D)
ng knh y
nn (d)
Gc nghing
H s cha y
( )
Khi lng
ring ( )
Thi gian lu
(T)
Chiu cao ng
tho liu (h)
S lng xyl
Th tch xyl
cha (V)
Th tch hnh
chp ct (VN)
Th tch phn
thn tr (VTr)
Chiu cao hnh
chp ct (h1)
Chiu cao phn
thn tr (h2)
Chiu cao ton
Xyl (H)
n
Bt kh
Bt ng
v
u
vng
tnh
tng
Bt
Bt
Bt trc (vin)
Bt sn
trc
to vin thnh
o trn
phm
Kg/
h
2109,2
2682,0
1085,5
3050,3
3095,2
3128,1
2,0
2,0
1,6
1,0
1,4
1,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
45
45
45
45
45
45
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
kg/
m3
1000
450
750
450
450
450
4,0
4,0
4,0
0,17
0,5
0,5
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Ci
m3
9,374
8,830
6,433
1,255
3,821
1,931
m3
1,046
1,05
0,53
0,13
0,36
0,23
m3
8,33
7,78
5,90
1,13
3,46
1,71
0,90
0,90
0,70
0,40
0,60
0,50
2,65
2,48
2,93
1,43
2,25
1,51
3,65
3,48
3,73
1,93
2,95
2,11
5.2. My vn chuyn
5.2.1. Gu ti
Nh my s dng gu ti vn chuyn nguyn liu, bn thnh phm ln cao.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 51 -
Chn gu ti c cc thg s k thut sau.

- ng knh ca tang dn: 360mm
- Kch thc ca gu (chiu rng x li): 180 x 140
- Bc gu: 250 mm
- rng dy ai: 200 mm
Cng sut ca gu ti c tnh theo cng thc:
N=
Vi:
Q.H
.k , KW
367.
[2, tr 115]
H: chiu cao thng ng ca gu ti.

Q: Nng sut ca gu ti (tn/gi).
: Hiu sut truyn ng, =0,65.
k: H s an ton, k=1,2
Bng 5.3. Bng tng kt tnh gu ti
Gu ti vn chuyn nguyn liu
Q (t/h)
H (m)
N (kW)
Ng ht ln sng
Nguyn liu sn ln sng
Kh u tng ln sng
Bt ng sau nghin
Bt kh u tng sau nghin
Bt sn sau nghin
Bt ln sng
Bt c ln sng
Cm m ln sng
Bt sau sng
Bt c sau sng
Cm sau sng
Bt sau cn nh lng
Bt sau o trn
Vin thc n sau lm ngui
2,1423
1,1025
2,7240
2,1092
2,6820
1,0855
0,2505
0,2381
0,9152
0,2491
0,2368
0,9102
3,1313
3,1281
3,1313
13,4
13,4
13,4
12,4
11,4
13,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
9,1
9,1
11,3
10,8
14,6
12,4
0,14
0,07
0,18
0,13
0,15
0,07
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,01
0,01
0,05
0,17
0,23
0,20
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 52 -
5.2.2. Vt ti
Cng sut ng c c tnh theo cng thc:
N=
Q.L
(C v cos + sin ).k v , KW
367.
[2, tr 117]
Vi:
L: chiu di lm vic ca vt ti (m)
Cv: H s cn chuyn ng ca vt ti v ng bao i vi ti, Cv= 1,2.
kv: H s ph thuc vo gc nghing ca vt ti, kv = 1,2.
Bng 5.4. Bng tng kt tnh vt ti
Nguyn liu vn chuyn
Q (t/h)
L (m)
N (kW)
Bt kh u tng vo xyl cha
2,6820
7,600
0,12
Cm m vo xyl cha
0,9102
4,300
0,02
Bt ng nh lng
2,1092
5,000
0,06
Bt kh u tng nh lng (Xyl 1)
2,6820
4,400
0,07
2,6820
2,900
0,05
2,6820
1,100
0,02
Bt sn nh lng
1,0855
1,600
0,01
Bt c nh lng
0,2368
6,900
0,01
Bt nh lng
0,2419
5,000
0,01
Cm m nh lng (Xyl 1)
0,9102
1,700
0,01
Cm m nh lng (Xyl 2)
0,9102
4,200
0,02
Bt sau cn nh lng
3,1313
4,600
0,09
Bt sau o trn
3,1281
2,000
0,04
5.3. Cc thit b chnh

5.3.1.My sng
5.3.1.1.My sng tp cht i vi nguyn liu th
Nng sut tnh ton:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 53 -
Sng ng ht: 2,1421 (t/h).

Sng kh u tng 2,7227 (t/h).
Sng sn: 1,1025 (t/h).
Chn my sng nhn hiu STC-40.
[10, tr 30]
c tnh k thut:
- Nng sut (T/h): 6 7.
- Cng sut ng c in (Kw): Qat 1,7
Sng 1
- Kch thc my (Di x Rng x Cao): 1500x1100x3760mm.
S lng: 3 my, trong my sng kh u tng khng lp qut gi.
5.3.1.2. My sng tp cht i vi nguyn liu mn
Nng sut tnh ton:
Sng cm m: 0,91521(t/h).
Sng bt c: 0,238 (t/h).
Sng bt : 0,2504 (t/h).
Chn my sng nhn hiu CM
c tnh k thut
- Nng sut (T/h): 0,5-2
-Gc nghing ca sng: 403
-Tn s dao ng ca sng trong 1 pht:220
- Kch thc ca cc sng (mm): Di: 1475
Rng: 710
- Cng sut ng c in (Kw): 1,5
- Kch thc c bn (Di x Rng x Cao): 2250x900x1100mm.
Chn s lng: 03 my.
5.3.2.My nghin
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 54 -
Nng sut tnh ton:

Nghin ng: 2,1198 (t/h).
Nghin kh u tng: 2,6954 (t/h).
Nghin sn:1,0909 (t/h).
Chn my nghin ba nhn hiu N 3T.
[14]
C cc thng s k thut sau:

Nng sut :1-3 (t/h).
Cng sut ng c: 30 (kW).
Kch thc (di x rng x cao): 1790x1690x1640 (mm).
S lng: 3 my.
My c trang b gn km vi h thng thng gi gm thit b lc ti v qut
nhm lm tng nng sut my nghin, gim nhim mi trng.
5.3.3. Cn nh lng
Chn cn ca hng Buhler, Thu S. C cc thng s k thut:
Kch thc (Di x Rng x Cao): 4000x1750x1900 (mm).
Nng sut: 2,5 (tn/m)
S lng : 1 my
5.3.4. My trn
Nng sut tnh ton l: 3,1313 (tn/gi).
S dng my trn nm ngang hai trc hiu qu cao ca hng Jiangsu, Trung Quc
vi cc thng s sau.
[1]
Model: SLHSJ1.
Thng s k thut chnh.
- Khi lng (kg/ m): 500
- Thi gian trn (giy): 60-90
- Cng sut: 11 Kw.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 55 -
- Kch thc: 1400x1300x1350mm.

Chn 1 my trn.
5.3.5. My p vin
Theo tnh ton nng sut ca my to vin l: 3,0952 (tn/gi).
Chn my p vin ca hng Jiangsu, Trung Quc
[1]
Model:SZNJ.35
Thng s k thut chnh.
- Cng sut: 2-5 tn/gi
- Khun trn: OD x ID x W: 368x 305 x 100 mm
m: 2; 2.5; 3; 3.5; 4; 4.5; 5 mm
- Tc khun: 278 vng/pht
- Vt np liu: Kch thc: 140 x 1390 mm
Tc : 0-120 vng/pht
- B phn nu: Kch thc: 400 x 2000 mm
Tc : 363 vng/pht
- Hi: 250-300 kg/gi
- p sut hi: 0,2-0,4 Mpa
- Cng sut: Mt chnh: 37 kW
Mt thit b nu: 2,2 kW
Mt ngn np nguyn liu: 0,55 kW
S lng: 01 my.
5.3.6. My lm ngui
Nng sut tnh ton: 3,284 (tn/gi).
Chn my lm mt ca hng Jiangsu, Trung Quc vi cc thng s sau.
[1]
Model: SKRN 2.5

Thng s k thut chnh.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 56 -
- Nng sut:2-5 tn/gi.

- Thi gian lm mt: hn 10 pht.
- Nhit nguyn liu sau khi c lm mt: 25 + 3-50C
- Cng sut: 1,1kW
- Lng kh cn np vo: 9000m3/gi.
- p sut khng kh: 200mm H2O.
- Kch thc: 1400x1400x1700 (mm).
S lng: 01 my.
5.3.7. My sng vin
Nng sut tnh ton: 3,1313 (tn/gi).
Chn my sng ca hng Jiangsu, Trung Quc vi cc thng s sau.
[1]
Model: KSJH 100.

Thng s k thut chnh.
- Kch thc li lc: di: phn trn 2100 mm
phn di 2100 mm
rng 1000 mm
- dy ca li: 2
- Kch thc l li: phn trn 3 mm
phn di 12 mm
- dc: 40
- Bn knh quay: 30 mm
- Tc trc lch tm: 256 vng/pht
- Kch thc (Di x Rng x Cao): 3300x1420x930 (mm).
- Cng sut: 2,2 kW
- Nng sut: 8-10 tn/gi.
S lng: 1 my.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 57 -
5.3.8. My b vin.
Nng sut tnh ton 3,1313 (tn/gi).
Chn my b vin ca hng Jiangsu, Trung Quc vi cc thng s sau:
[1]
Model: SSLG 15x100.

Cc thng s chnh.
- Nng sut: 3-6 tn/gi.
- Cng sut ng c: 5,5 Kw.
- Kch thc (Di x Rng x Cao): 1400x400x1060 (mm).
S lng: 1 my.
5.3.9. Cn ng bao sn phm
Theo tnh ton, nng sut my ng bao l: 3,1281 (tn/gi).
Chn my ng bao nhn hiu MWBW ca hng Buhler, Thu S.
Cc thng s k thut:
- Kch thc my (D i x R ng x Cao): 1050x850x2450 (mm).
- Nng sut: 10 (tn/gi)
- Cng sut ng c: 3,12 kw
S lng: 2 my
Bng 5.4. Bng tng kt cc thit b chnh trong nh my
S
Tn thit b
lng
(t/h)
Chiu di
Chiu rng
Chiu cao
6 -7
1500
1100
3760
0,5 - 2
2250
900
1100
13
1790
1690
1640
(ci)
My sng phn loi
nguyn liu th
My sng phn loi
nguyn liu mn
My nghin
Kch thc (mm)
Nng sut
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 58 -
Cn nh lng
2,5tn/m
4000
1750
1900
My trn
500kg/m
1400
1300
1350
My to vin
25
My lm ngui
25
1400
1400
1700
My sng
8 - 10
3300
1420
930
My b vin
36
1400
400
1060
Cn ng bao sn phm
10
1050
850
2450
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 59 -
CHNG 6
TNH T CHC V XY DNG

6.1. Tnh t chc
6.1.1. S t chc nh my
GIM C
P. Gim c
k thut
Phng
k thut
Phng
c in
P. Gim c
kinh doanh
Phng
KCS
Phng
t chc
Phng
k hoch
Phng
ti v
Phng
marketinh
6.1.2. Ch lm vic
Nh my lm vic ngy hai ca, mi ca 8 gi.
+ Ca 1:Bt u t 6h n 14h.
+ Ca 2: Bt u t 14h n 22h.
Th 7, ch nht v cc ngy l nh my ngh bao gm:
Tt dng lch:
ngh 1 ngy.
Tt m lch :
ngh 5 ngy.
Ngy gii phng Si Gn 30-4:
ngh 1 ngy.
Ngy quc t lao ng 1-5:
ngh 1 ngy.
Ngy quc khnh 2-9:
ngh 1 ngy.
Ngy d t Hng vng 10-3 (m lch): ngh 1 ngy.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 60 -
6.1.3. B phn lao ng gin tip

Gim c:
1 ngi
Ph gim c:
2 ngi
Phng k thut:
2 ngi
Phng KCS:
2 ngi
Phng t chc:
2 ngi
Phng k ton ti v:
3 ngi
Phng k hoch:
2 ngi
Phng marketing:
3 ngi
Phng y t:
2 ngi
Nh n, cn tin:
4 ngi
Nh v sinh:
2 ngi
Bo v:
2 ngi
Tng s ngi lao ng gin tip l 27 ngi.

6.1.4. B phn lao ng trc tip
TT
Chc nng
S ngi/ 1ca
Tng s ngi
Qun c phn xng
Tch kim loi v sng
12
Nghin
Cn nh lng
Cn vi lng
Phi trn
To vin
ng bao v may bao
Bc vc nguyn liu
10
Bc vc thnh phm
11
Qun l xut, nhp hang
12
L hi, x l nc
13
Tng cng
30
60
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 61 -
Vy tng s lao ng trong nh my l: 27+60 = 87 ngi.
6.2. Tnh xy dng

6.2.1. Tnh phn xng sn xut chnh
Do tnh cht ca dy chuyn nn ta chn nh 2 tng v c th lp sn li dng
tnh t chy v tn km thit b vn chuyn.
Cn c s lng thit b, yu cu cng ngh chn kch thc phn xng chnh
nh sau:
Di x Rng x Cao: 24x18x13,8m
Vi bc ct:6m, nhp nh 6m.
Din tch phn xng : F = 24x18 = 432m2
Nh b tng ct thp 2 tng, ct 400 x 400mm chu lc, tng ngn chu lc
220mm, nh c nhiu ca cng nhn ra vo vn chuyn nguyn liu, sn phm v
thng thong, chiu sng.
Nn: Nn nh chng mn, chng thm, chu lc c hc v c tnh n hi cao.
Cu trc nn gm:
Lp xi mng: 20mm
Lp b tng chu lc: 300mm
Lp t nn cht di cng.
Mi nh: Yu cu mi nh chng thm, gin tam gic c gc trc tip trn dm
b tng lm theo kt cu mi chu lc.
Cu trc:
Panel mi:300mm
Lp b tng chng thm: 40mm
Lp gch lt men: 70mm
6.2. 2. Tnh din tch kho thnh phm
Din tch kho thnh phm c xc nh theo cng thc:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
F=
- 62 -
Q T f
qm
Trong : T : Thi gian d tr trong kho, T = 10 ngay.
Q : Nng sut dy chuyn, Q = 50000kg/ngy

f : Din tch cho mt bao, f= 0,3m2
q : Khi lng 1 bao, q = 25kg

m : S bao trn mt chng m = 20bao
F=
50000 10 0,3
= 300m 2
25 20
Trong din tch li i chnh, li i ph v ct chim 30 % din tch kho. Do

din tch thc l:
F / = 300 + 300 30 % = 390m 2
Chn kch thc nh kho:

F = 24 18 = 432 m 2
6.2.3. Kho cha nguyn liu

Din tch kho c xc nh theo cng thc:
F=
Q T f
qm
Trong :
Q : Nng sut dy chuyn kg ngay (tnh theo dy chuyn c nng sut
s dng ln nht), Q = 3097,7kg/h= 49563,2kg/ngy

T : Thi gian d tr.
f : Din tch chim ch cho 1 bao.
q : Khi lng trn mi bao.

m : S bao trn 1 chng.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
Nguyn
liu
Q
- 63 -
Sn
Cm
Bt c
Bt
34276,8
Kh u
tng
43584
17640
14643,2
3708,8
4008
15
15
15
10
15
15
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,3
70
70
70
30
40
50
12
12
12
10
20
20
244,8
311,3
126
146,4
20,86
18,04
Ng
Vy din tch kho nguyn liu l: F =867,4m2.

Trong din tch li i chnh, li i ph v ct chim 30 % din tch kho. Do
din tch thc l:
F / = 867,4 + 867,4 x30 % = 1127,62m 2
Vy chn nh kho c kch thc (di x rng x cao): 42x27x12m

Phng vi lng t trong phn xng sn xut c lp h thng iu ho nhit
bo qun vi lng.
6.2.4. Nh xe in ng
Nh my cn 6 xe in ng, 1 xe con v 1 xe a n cng nhn, tiu chun
6m2/xe.
Vy kch thc xe l: 6 x 8 = 48m2.
Trong nh xe cn trng 15m2 np c quy v 20m2 xng du nn tng cng
din tch: 83m2
Chn nh xe c kch thc: 6x18 =108 m2.
6.2.5 Gara t v t c kh
Dng sa cha v sn xut ph tng thay th.
Chn nh c kch thc 6 x 12 = 72m2
6.2.6. B x l nc
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 64 -
Chn b x l nc c kch thc 6 x 4 = 24m2

6.2.7. Trm bin th in.
Chn trm c kch thc 4 x 4 = 16m2
6.2.8. B nc sinh hot v phng chy cha chy
6.2.9. Nh bo v
6.2.10. Nh bao b
6.2.11. Nh xe
Tiu chun cho mi xe my l 1 xe/1m2, xe p l 3 xe/1m2.
Gi s 20% s dng xe p v 80% s dng xe my.
Tnh cho 30% s cng nhn trong mt ca ng nht. Cng nhn ng nht trong 1
ca l: 57ngi.
Vy din tch nh xe l:
57x80 0,3 20 57 0,3

= 14,82 m2
+
100
100 x3
Chn nh xe c kch thc 3 x 6 = 18m2

6.2.12. Nh sinh hot
Gm nh v sinh, nh tm, phng ra,...
Nh tm: Tnh cho 60% s cng nhn trong mt ca ng nht, 7-10 cng nhn /1
vi tm.
Vy c 5 vi tm tng ng vi 5 nh tm
S nh tm: 5 trong 4 nh tm nam v 1 nh tm n
Kch thc mi nh tm: 0,9 x 0,9m
Khu vc ra: Tnh cho 20 cng nhn/1 chu ra, vy c 3 chu ra.
S nh v sinh = 1/4 s nh tm = 2.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 65 -
Kch thc mi nh v sinh: 0,9 x 1,2m

Vy chn nh sinh hot c kch thc: 3x6m.
6.2.13. Trm bm nc
Chn nh c kch thc: 6 x 4 = 24m2
6.2.14. Phn xng l hi t
Di: 6m, Rng: 6m, Cao: 6m
6.2.15. Khu hnh chnh, hi trng, nh n
Tng 1 b tr phng hnh chnh, phng y t,...
Tng 2, b tr phng gim c, ph gim c, hi trng,...
Kch thc: 30 x 12 x 7,2m
Nh my c 2 cng
Nh my c bao quanh hng ro xi mng
Xung quanh nh my trng nhiu cy xanh
Cc ng chnh thc ri nha, ng nh ri dm
ng t i rng 6m v ng dnh cho ngi i b rng 2m.
6.2.16. Nh cha nguyn liu
Chn nh c kch thc: 6x6x6m.
Bng tng kt cc cng trnh xy dng chn
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tn cng trnh
Nh sn xut chnh
Kho thnh phm
Kho cha nguyn liu
Nh xe in ng
Garat
B nc
Nh xe nhn vin
Nh bo v
Kho bao b
Kch thc
(di x rng x cao)
24x18x12
24x18x12
42x27x12
18x6x6
12x6x6
9x6x3
6x3x4,2
4x3x4,2
6x6x6
Din tch m2
Ghi ch
432
432
1134
108
72
54
18
24
36
2tng
2nh
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
- 66 -
Khu hnh chnh, sinh hot

Trm bm
Trm bin th
Phn xng l hi
Thp nc
Nh sinh hot v sinh
Phn xng c kh
Tng
30x12x12
6x4x4,2
4x4x4,2
6x6x6
4x10
6x3x4,2
6x6x6
360
24
16
36
12
18
36
2812
2tng
Tng din tch xy dng nh my: Fxd = 2812m2

Din tch khu t:
Fk =
Fxd
Fk
Trong :K l h s xy dng (%)

Thng ly K = 25-40% chn K = 35%
Fk =
2812
= 8034,286 (m2)
0,35
Ngoi ra nh gi tiu chun kinh t k thut ca tng mt bng nh my cn c

h s s dng.
Ksd =
Fsd
100 %
Fk
Fk: l din tch bn trong nh my (m2)

Fsd = Fgt + Fcx+Fxd
Fgt = 0,5.Fxd = 0,5 x 2812 = 1406(m2)
Fcx = 0,25.Fxd = 0,25 x 2812 = 703(m2)
Fsd = 1406 + 703 + 2812 = 4921(m2)
Vy KSD =
Fsd
4921
100% =
.100% = 61,25%
8034,286
Fk
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 67 -
CHNG 7
TNH HI - NC
7.1. Tnh cn bng nhit
nh my hi ch s dng cho cng on to vin.
7.1.1. Tnh p sut lm vic ca hi nc
Yu cu k thut:
m tng t 13-18 %
Nhit tng t 250C ln n 70-800C
nng m t 13% ln n 18%, gi s p sut lm vic l p= 1,2atm.
p= 1,2atm tra bng
[11, tr 314]
rhnc= 536,7 Kcal/kg

Cn= 1 Kcal/kg.
ts= 104,20C
Nhit lng ca hi nc a vo s lm tng nhit ca khi bt. Nhit lng
cn thit tng nhit khi bt t 250C ln n nhit t2
Q= m1c (t2-25) (kcal)
[11, tr 304]
Trong : c: nhit dung ring ca khi bt, c= 0,45 kcal/kg.

m1: Lng bt em to vin trong 1 gi, (kg/h)
Mt khc: Nhit lng do hi nc cung cp s gm nhit ho hi do hi ngng t
khi tip xc khi bt v nhit lng gii phng ra khi nc ngng t h xung nhit
t2:
Q= w[rhh + C n (t s t 2 )]
Vi w: Lng hi nc cn phi s dng trong 1 gi
Do ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:
w [rhh + C n (t s t 2 )] = m1 c (t 2 25)
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 68 -
Gi s lng nhit ca hi tht thot ra mi trng xung quanh l 5%. Thnh phn
hi trong hi nc l 75%. Khi phng trnh cn bng nhit c vit li:
0,95 w[0,75 rhh + Cn (t s t 2 )] = m1c(t 2 25)
Thay s ta c: t2= 79,96 0C, nhit ny h ho tinh bt theo yu cu
cng ngh ca cng on p vin.
Vy gi thit p sut lm vic p = 1,2atm l ph hp.
7.1.2. Tnh ni hi
Chn ni hi:
Nng sut hi cn thit cho my p vin:
w = m1x 0,61 = 3095,2 x 0,61 =188,8 (kg/h)
Ta chn ni hi c nng sut 300 kg/h, p sut hi p= 8 atm

Nhin liu nh my s dng l du FO
Lng nhin liu cn cho ni hi c tnh theo cng thc:
G=
D (ih in )
100 (kg/h)
Q p
[8, tr 31]
D: Nng sut tng cng cc ni hi phi thng xuyn chy (kg/h)

Trong : Nhu cu ring ca ni hi: 10%D
D= 0,1w + w = 1,1 w = 1,1188,8 = 207,68 (kg/h)
ih: Nhit hm ca hi p sut lm vic. ih= 662,3 (kcal/kg)
in: Nhit hm ca nc a vo ni. in= 171,4 (kcal/kg)
Qp: Nhit tr ca nhin liu, Qp= 11300 kcal/kg
: H s tc dng hu ch ca ni hi, = 0,9

Thay s ta c:
G=
207,68 (662,3 171,4)

100 = 1002,46 (kg/h)
0,9 11300
Vy nhu cu nhin liu cho ni hi trong nm l

Gn= 1002,46 16 = 16039,36 ( kg/ngy)
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 69 -
7.2. Cp thot nc
7.2.1. Nc dng cho nh my
Nc dng trong nh my ch yu cung cp mt phn cho ni hi, cn li dng
cho sinh hot, phng chy cha chy
Phi d tr lng nc nht nh dng trong 1 gi, theo quy nh l 15l/s.
- Lng nc cn dng l: V1
15.3600
= 54m 3
1000
- Nc dng cho ni hi trong 1 ngy l: V2=
188,8 16
= 3,02 (m3)
1000
- Nc dng cho sinh hot:

+ Nc dng cho nh tm: theo tiu chun c mi vi dng 0,3 lt/s. Nh my
c 5 vi tm v mi ngy lm vic 2 ca trong 2 gi
Vy lng nc cn dng trong 1 ngy l:
V3=
2 5 0,3 3600
3
= 10,8 (m )
1000
+ Nc dng cho nh v sinh:

Trong nh my c 6 nh v sinh s dng 3 lt/p. Mi ngy dng 6 gi
Vy lng nc s dng trong mi ngy l:
V4=
6 6 3 60
3
= 6,48 (m )
1000
+ Nc dng cho n ung, ra:

Theo tiu chun 25 lt/ngi/ca. Mi ca ng nht c 57 ngi
V5=
2 57 25
3
= 2,85 (m )
1000
- Nc dng cho cu ho:

Lng nc quy nh dng trong cng nghip vi mc ch cha chy l: 2,5
lt/s, tnh cha chy trong vng 3 gi
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
V6=
- 70 -
2,5 3 3600
= 27,0 (m3)
1000
Tng lng nc ti a cn s dng trong 1 ngy l:

Vn=V1+V2+V3+V4+V5+V6 = 104,15 (m3/ngy)
Do nc s dng khng ng u nn thng ta nhn thm h s k = 1,5.
Vy lng nc thc t l:
V = Vn x 1,5 = 156,225 (m3/ngy).
ng ng dn nc phi l ng ng khp kn, b tr t su di t 0,5 0,8m. ng dn c th bng gang hay st.
Nhng ni tiu th nc thng xuyn ng ng phi t trc tip, nhng ni t
dng nc th t ng cao su c ng knh 40mm. Nc cu ho ly trn ng ng
chnh bng cch mc thm van phng chy cha chy. ng ng dn nc cha chy
khng c nh hn 100mm, khong cch gia 2 van cha chy hoc t n ch xa
nht khng qu 100m.
7.2.2. Thot nc
Nc thi trong nh my chia lm 2 loi:
+ Nc sch: L loi nc ngng t thi ra t cc ni hi,.... loi ny c th s
dng li c.
+Loi nc khng sch: Bao gm nc t cc khu nh v sinh, tm git,...
khng th s dng c m thi ra ngoi.
Do phi c h thng thot nc thch hp, b tr xung quanh phn xng
thot nc kp thi, khi s dng nhiu v nhng lc ma to.
Nc thi ca nh my ch yu l nc sinh hot nn khng nht thit phi c h
thng x l nc thi ring trong nh my.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 71 -
CHNG 8
AN TON LAO NG V
V SINH X NGHIP
8.1. An ton lao ng
Vic m bo an ton lao ng trong sn xut ng vai tr quan trng, v n nh
hng n tin trnh sn xut, nng sut ca nh my, sc kho ca con ngi lao ng
cng nh tui th ca my mc thit b . Do cn phi quan tm ng mc v ph
bin rng ri cho cn b cng nhn vin nh my hiu r mc quan trng ca n .
Nh my cn phi ra nhng bin php phng nga ng thi phi buc tt c mi
ngi phi tun theo nhng qui nh .
8.1.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn trong lao ng
- Khng c cc b phn che chn bo v cc thit b my mc, cc ng dy,
cu dao, cm.
- Khng thng xuyn kim tra thit b my mc, ng ng pht hin r r, h
hng.
- Vn hnh my mc khng ng quy nh.
- Thiu cc bng hng dn s dng my mc thit b.
- S trang b v b tr qui trnh thit b khng hp l.
- thc chp hnh ca cng nhn vin trong nh my cha cao.
- T chc lao ng khng cht ch.
8.1.2. Nhng bin php hn ch v yu cu c th v an ton lao ng
Mun hn ch cc tai nn xy ra trong khi sn xut cn phi thc hin mt s qui
nh sau:
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 72 -
- i vi nhng cng nhn mi tuyn dng vo sn xut phi qua mt thi gian
hng dn c th ti ni lm vic. Phn cng ngi mi v c lm vic gn nhau
gip .
- T chc lm vic ca cng nhn cho thun li khi thao tc cn i gia v tr
ng v chiu cao ca my mc .
- Nhanh chng pht hin v sa cha kp thi khi nhng ch hng hc, r r ca
my mc v nhng ni b tr khng hp l trong dy chuyn cng ngh.
- Phi c bng hng dn qui trnh vn hnh my mc thit b ti ni t my.
- Thng xuyn ph bin k thut, k thut lao ng trong nh my, phi ra ni
quy an ton lao ng, phi thng xuyn kim tra vic thc hin ni quy, phi c bng
ni quy c th cho tng phn xng.
8.1.2.1. An ton v in
- m bo cch in tuyt i cc ng dy dn. ng dy cao th phi c h

thng bo him, phi thng xuyn kim tra ng dy. ng dy chy trong nh
my phi bc kn hon ton. i vi my mc cn phi m bo an ton cho nhng b
phn mang in. Mt khc, phi bo m an ton khi tip xc vi phn kim loi khc
trong thit b lc bt ng c in, nn dng bin php ni t, cu ch trnh hin
tng chp mch, phi c n bo ho.
- Khi pht hin nhng s c v in, h hi ng phi kp thi bo cho t qun l
sa cha kp thi.
- Ngi khng trch nhim khng nn t s dng cc dng c cha in, cng
nhn in phi trang b y qun o v dng c bo h.
- Khi c ngi b tai nn v in phi c cp cu kp thi, mang gng tay cao su
hay cun vi kh chn tm g kh ko ngi b nn, nu gn cu dao th ct in ri
em nn nhn vo ni kh ro, thong s cu ri a i cha tr bnh vin.
- Nh sn xut c b tr ca thch hp thot ra d dng khi c ho hon. Trm
bin p, my pht in d phng phi c bin bo v t xa ni sn xut.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 73 -
8.1.2.2. An ton khi s dng thit b in c
- My mc phi s dng chc nng ng cng thc yu cu, trnh qu ti thit b.

- Mi loi thit b my mc phi c h s r rng khi giao phi c s bn giao nu
r tnh trng v tnh hnh vn hnh thit b. Nu c h hng cn ngng ngay my
sa cha kp thi.
8.1.2.3. An ton v hi
-Lng hi s dng trong nh my tng i nhiu, do cn phi ch n

bn ca thit b, thao tc vn hnh l hi, trnh hin tng n gy cht ngi.Cn x l
cc
tiu chun v ho l ca nc trc khi a vo ni hi trnh hin tng to
cn, gy h hng l .
8.1.2.4. Phng chng chy n
S chy n c th xy ra di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh: bc chy do chp

in, tnh in quang st, do cng nhn khng thc hin ng ni quy nh my... Do
nn cn phi c mt s bin php sau:
- Theo di cht ch tnh hnh mi trng khng kh ni sn xut.
- Ch n kn ca thit b cc h thng van kho, cc ng ng dn, cu dao,
cu ch ...
- Kim tra nh k cc vt liu, pht hin kp thi nhng ch kim loi b r r,
mng, rn nt... c bin php ngn nga s n ca thit b chu p lc.
- Khi chy xy ra th lp tc ngng qu trnh thng gi.
- Cc vi nc chng chy phi m bo lng nc cn thit, ti thiu phi dng
c trong 3 gi.
- Dng h thng ct thu li chng st, ct thu li c b tr cao hn cc cng
trnh xy dng khc v c b tr nhiu phn xng sn xut chnh.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 74 -
8.2.V sinh x nghip

Trong nh my thc phm, cng tc v sinh x nghip c bit c coi trng .C
lm tt cng tc v sinh th mi m bo nng cao cht lng sn phm, nng cao nng
sut lao ng v cn lin quan trc tip n sc kho ca cng nhn.
8.2.1. Thng gi
i vi nh my thc n gia sc th vic tin hnh lm sch mi trng sn xut
v khu vc xung quanh nh sn xut l ht sc cn thit bi nhng c im sau:
- Trong nh my sn xut lun lun c thi ra kh CO2, hi nc, nhit t cc thit
b v h hp ca con ngi, nu khng thong kh th ngi s b nng bc, ngt ngt,
au u,..
- m qu ln s lm cho vt liu xy dng chng b h, thit b chng r, v to
iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin lm h hng sn phm, nguyn liu cng nh cc
cng tc nh ca khc. m v nhit ca khng kh khng thch hp s khng
m bo c phm cht ca sn phm lu di.
T nhng nguyn nhn trn m tu thuc tng nh my, ta c th tin hnh thng
gi c kh hay thng gi t nhin . Thng gi c kh gm c loi qut thng kh v loi
qut ht kh ra, thng gi chung, thng gi ring vng .
8.2.2. Ht bi
8.2.2.1.Nguyn nhn sinh bi trong nh my
Trong nh my sn xut thc n gia sc, bi c sinh ra t hai ngun chnh:

- Bn thn nguyn liu khi nhp vo nh my c sn cc tp cht khong nh
t, ct hoc cc tp cht hu c khc nh: thn cy, l ... Khi chuyn ch bc d
nguyn liu, hoc do cc thit b gia cng bi ny c tch ra.
- Ngun sinh bi th hai l do khi xay, nghin, sng, ry m sinh ra cc phn t c
kch thc nh .Nu khng c mng ht bi cc phn t ny theo cc khe h ca thit
b ra khong khng ca phn xng sn xut, lm nng bi tng ln.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 75 -
8.2.2.2. S c do bi gy nn
Khi phn t bi c kch thc nh th chng l lng, trong khi hot ng b

mt ln .V b mt tip xc vi oxy ca tp th bi ln do bi d chy vi tc
ln v kt thc qu trnh chy l s n .Khi n s sinh kh, to nhit v tng p sut t
ngt, lm ph hu nh my v cc cng trnh khc, tc chy ca bi thng khong
10 -15 m/s, cn tc n th rt ln .iu kin xy ra qu trnh n l phi t ti nng
nht nh, loi bi c kh nng gy n l khi c ngun nhit cao. Thiu mt trong
hai iu kin th qu trnh chy n s kh xy ra.
Ngoi nhng tc hi trn, bi cn nh hng n ng h hp ca cng nhn lao
ng, bm vo cc thit b lm tng nhanh s c xt v mi mn thit b. Chnh v vy
trong nh my ta cn phi b tr h thng ht bi v t cc ming ht tp trung li ti
nhng ni sinh bi ra nhiu nht nh : sng, nghin, ... nhm hn ch nhng tc hi
trn.
8.2.2.3. Lp s mng ht bi trong phn xng sn xut
Cn c vo vic b tr thit b cc tng trong nh my v tnh cht bi tng

cng on khc nhau m ta s lp nhng mng ht v x l bi khc nhau.
- Mng 1 gm:
+ Cc chn gu ti
+ My sng nguyn liu mn
+ Cn nh lng
+ My o trn
+ Cn ng bao sn phm
- Mng 2 gm:
+ Cc xyl cha bt mn
+ My sng nguyn liu th
+ Sng vin
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 76 -
8.2.2.4. Phng php tnh
tnh ton mng ht bi ta c th p dng nhiu phng php khc nhau:

- Phng php tn tht p sut n v
- Phng php di tng ng
- Phng php tn tht p sut cc b tng ng
- Phng php l trn tng ng
- Phng php vn chuyn n v th tch
Tuy nhin phng php tn tht p sut n v c p dng nhiu hn c. Bit
lu lng L, chn ng knh d ca ng c vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh
(Vkk) nm trong phm vi cho php, tnh tn tht p sut (tc l sc cn ca ng ng),
sau chn my qut c kh nng gy c hiu s p sut thng sc cn ca
ng ng.
u tin chn tuyn ng ng bt li nht, gi l tuyn ng chnh v nh s
cc on ca n bt u t ngn n gc. Mi on c lu lng khng kh khng i
nn ta chn ng knh khng i.
Tng sc cn ca h thng, Pht .
Pht = (Pms (i ) + Pcb ( i ) )
n
[2, tr 163]
i =1
Trong :
Pht : Tn tht p sut ca ton b h thng.
Pms (i ) , Pcb (i ) : Ln lt l tn tht p sut ma st v cc b trn on th i.
Ta c:
Pms =
l v2
= R l , kg/m2
d 2g
[2, tr 150]
: H s ma st, khng th nguyn.
l: di ca on ng, m.
d: ng knh ng, m.
v: Vn tc chuyn ng ca dch th (khng kh v bi) trong ng, m/s.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 77 -
g: Gia tc trng trng, m/s2.

: Trng lng n v ca dch th, kg/m2.
Pcb =
v2
2g
[2, tr 153]
: H s sc cn cc b.
Tnh ton xong tuyn chnh, tip theo ta cn tnh cc nhnh ph.
Nguyn tc tnh nhnh ph:
T 1 im nt, tn tht p sut trn cc nhnh quy v hoc xut pht i u
bng nhau.
R' =
Ta c:
P P
l
i
cb
[2, tr 165]
Trong :
P : Tng tn tht p sut ton phn ca cc on trn tuyn ng chnh ni

i
song song vi nhnh ph ang xem xt.
l : Tng s di trn cc nhnh ng ph.

8.2.3. Chiu sng
Phi b tr nh sng cho hp l, li dng nh sng t nhin v tn dng trit nh
sng nhn to, cn phi nh sng cho sn xut .
Cn phi b tr chiu sng tht tt ti khng gian thao tc .
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 78 -
CHNG 9
KIM TRA SN XUT

V CHT LNG SN PHM
Kim tra sn xut, cht lng sn phm l vn hng u ca ngnh ch bin
thc n gia sc ni ring v cc ngnh cng nghip khc ni chung. Kim tra sn xut
nhm m bo cht lng sn phm ca nh my, m bo cho cng nhn thao tc k
thut, trnh nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm. Cng nh h hng v s c k
thut cc thit b. Trn c s kim tra ta c th nh gi c tnh hnh sn xut ca
nh my, ra k hoch hp l. ng thi qua pht hin nhng ch sai st, cha
hp l, c bin php iu chnh hoc c bin php ci tin k thut, nhm m bo cho
nh my hot ng bnh thng v nng cao nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
9.1. Kim tra cc cng on sn xut

Ch yu kim tra v mc nghin ca nguyn liu v ng u ca thc n
sau khi phi trn.
T mc nghin ca bt nghin ta iu chnh khe nghin, v s dng li
sng cho thch hp kch thc bt t theo yu cu t l ht nm trn sng 2mm
khng qu 5% v lt sng 5mm l 100%.
9.2. Kim tra nh gi cht lng sn phm

Kim tra nh gi cht lng thc n qua ba phng php:
- nh gi cm quan.
- Phn tch thnh phn ho hc.
- Th nghim sinh hc.
9.2.1. nh gi cm quan cht lng nguyn liu, sn phm
9.2.1.1. Kim tra cht lng cm
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 79 -
- Cm kh, ri, khng vn cc, khng hi.

- Khng mc, khng mi l, c mi thm c trng ca cm.
- Khng c v ng hoc hi ng khng chua.
- Mu vng sng.
9.2.1.2.Kim tra cht lng ca kh du
- Phi c mu hung ti hay nu ti.
- Khng c c mi hi, mc hay v ng.
- C mi thm c trng ca kh du.
- C bng sng, kh, ri.
9.2.1.3. Kim tra cht lng ng ht, sn
- C mu sc c trng ca tng loi nguyn liu.
- C bng sng, khng c mi mc, khng b mt.
- Ht nguyn vn, khng rn nt hoc st n do cc loi gm nhm hoc mt
gy nn.
- Khng ln vt ngoi lai, c bit l tp cht st.
9.2.1.4. Kim tra cht lng bt c
- C mi thm v mu sc c trng ca bt c.
- Khng c mi chy kht, mi hi hoc mi khai ca NH3.
- Kh, ti, xp, khng vn cc, khng c nhng dy x.
9.2.1.5. Kim tra cht lng thnh phm
- Sn phm phi c mi thm, mu sc c trng.
- m bo kh, ri, ng u ca sn phm.
- Sn phm dng bt phi c mn ng u, khng dnh cc.
- Sn phm dng vin c kch thc vin ng u theo yu cu, vin thc
n phi cng chc.
9.2.2. Phn tch thnh phn ho hc
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 80 -
Phn tch thnh phn ho hc nh gi cht lng thc n l phng php

nh gi chi tit, c th v chnh xc. Phn tch thnh phn ho hc ca thc n
thng tn km v mt nhiu thi gian.
Trong phn tch thnh phn ho hc, c kt qu phn tch chnh xc, vic
ly mu ng ng vai tr quan trng. Mu phn tch phi i din cho c l thc
n.
9.2.2.1. Ly mu phn tch
Ly mu ban u
i vi mu thc n dng ht, vin v bt tin hnh ly mu nh sau:
- Nu thc n dng ng th v tr ly mu ti 3 im: Lp trn, lp gia, lp
di.
- Thc n khng bao gi: Mi tn thc n ly 1 mu.
- Thc n trong bao gi, ly t ba v tr ca bao: Trn, gia v di. S bao ch
nh ly mu bng 5% tng s bao nhng khng t hn 5 bao.
- Thc n ang trong dy chuyn sn xut: Ly mu u n theo dy chuyn
sn xut v mi ca ly 5 10 mu.
Ly mu trung bnh
Sau khi c cc mu ban u nh ly trn, ta gp chng li to mu
chung, t mu chung, ta thit lp mu trung bnh phn tch bng cch sau:
Trn u mu chung trn mt tm phng, dn mu thnh hnh ch nht dy
khng qu 2cm. Chia mu chung theo hai ng cho, b bt hai phn i din,
trn u hai phn cn li v dn thnh hnh ch nht, tip tc chia theo ng cho
v b hai phn i din. Lm nh vy cho n khi lng mu cn li nh sau:
+ Cc loi ng cc, kh du: 1000g
+ Thc n hn hp v thc n m c: 500g
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 81 -
Sau khi ly mu trung bnh cn phi ng gi vo bao nilng hoc bao xi mng
sch, trn bao b r: Tn thc n, khi lng l hng, ngy thng ly mu,
ngi v ni ly mu.
9.2.2.2. Cc ch tiu phn tch
Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng ca thc n l c
s vng chc nh gi cht lng thc n. S ch tiu phn tch ph thuc vo
bn cht ca tng loi thc n, song nh gi mt cch tng th, 6 ch tiu sau
y thng c quan tm.
Bng 9.1 Mt s ch tiu phn tch
S
Tn ch
TT
tiu
[7, tr 518]
Cc tin hnh
Cc thnh phn
chnh
Sy mu n khi lng khng i nhit

1
si v bc hi ca nc (100 -1050C).
H2O v cc cht d
Phn khi lng mt i trong qu trnh sy
bay hi
c coi l m
2
3
4
Protein
th
Cht bo
th
X th
Khong
tng s
(tro th)
Dn xut
v m
Xc nh hm lng N bng phng php
Protein, axit amin,
Kjeldahl
nit phi protein
Chit sut bng ete petron hoc N- hexan
Du m v cc loi
sc t
Phn cn li ca mu sau khi un trong axit Xenlul,

yu v kim yu
hemixenlul, lignin
t mu nhit 500 600oC trong vng Cc nguyn t

2 gi
Phn cn li ca mu sau khi tr i 5 ch
tiu nu trn
khong
Tinh bt, ng, 1
phn nh xenlul,
hemixenlul..
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 82 -
Ngoi ra i vi tng loi thc n c th ngi ta cn phn tch mt s ch tiu

khc.
9.2.3. Th nghim sinh hc
i khi c nhng loi thc n c thnh phn ho hc khng ti, song c khuyt
tt v mi, v lm cho gia sc khng mun tip nhn. Gia sc n th s gip ta
khng nh mc chp nhn ca gia sc i vi mi loi thc n.
Ti cc c s nghin cu, trong trng hp c iu kin v vt cht khoa hc
k thut cng nh kinh ph, ngi ta tin hnh nhng th nghim rt c bn nhm
nh gi t l tiu ho v kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng trong mi loi
thc n cng nh hn hp ca chng. Nhng th nghim ny gip ta khng nh
hn v gi tr dinh dng thc s ca thc n s dng trong chn nui.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 83 -
KT LUN
Vi xu th pht trin ton din v cc lnh vc, nng dn iu kin sinh hot i
sng ca con ngi. Ngnh thc phm ni chung v ngnh ch bin thc n gia sc ni
ring gp phn khng nh vo cng cuc xy dng x hi mi ngy nay.
Nh my ch bin thc n gia sc c xy dng khng ch p ng nhu cu cho
ngnh chn nui m cn thc y n pht trin, bn cnh thc y nng nghip,
cng ngh thc phm, ngnh cng ngh sinh hc,... v mt s ngnh khc cng pht
trin hn na, n cn to cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng, gii quyt lao ng d
tha ca x hi.
Nh my vi dy chuyn cng ngh hin i v t ng ho c kh nng thay i
nng sut ph hp vi nhu cu i hi ca th trng. Dy chuyn cng ngh c th
thay i theo thc n. Do vy nh my c th sn xut a dng cc mt hng p ng
nhu cu dinh dng cn thit cho chn nui.
K t khi nhn nhim v thit k n tt nghip n nay em hon thnh. C
c kt qu y l nh s tn tnh gip ca cc thy c gio m trc tip hng dn
l thy gio Trn Xun Ngch v s n lc ca bn thn trong qu trnh lm n.
Tuy nhin v iu kin thit k cn hn ch, ti liu tham kho khng nhiu v kin
thc ngi thit k c hn, nn khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Rt mong nhn c
s ch bo v gp ca cc thy, c gio cng cc bn.
Qua y, em xin chn thnh gi li cm n n tt c cc thy, c gio tn tnh
dy d v ch bo cho em trong qu trnh hc tp cng nh trong thi gian lm n
tt nghip ny.
Nng, Thng 05 nm 2009
SINH VIN THC HIN
L Th Hng
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 84 -
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Catalog my ch bin thc n chn nui, hng Jiangsu, Trung Quc.
2. on D (ch bin), Bi c Hi, Mai Vn L, Nguyn Nh Thung (1983),
Cng ngh v cc my ch bin lng thc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
3. V Duy Ging - Nguyn Th Lng Hng- Tn Tht Sn(1999), Dinh dng v

thc n gia sc, NXB nng nghip, H Ni.
4. V Vn Minh, 100 cng thc pha trn thc n nui heo gia nh, NXB Nng.
5. Trn Xun Ngch (2000), Gio trnh ch bin thc n gia sc, i hc k thut
Nng.
6. Nguyn ng Ng (2005), S tay thc n nui g nhanh ln, NXB Thanh Ha.
7. Nguyn Vn Thng (2004), Hi chn nui Vit Nam, Cm nang chn nui gia
sc, gia cm tp 1, NXB nng nghip, H Ni.
8. Trn Th Truyn (2006), C s thit k nh my, Trng i hc Bch Khoa

Nng.
9. PGS.TS. Nguyn ng Vang, (2001), Vin chn nui quc gia, Thnh phn v
gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm, NXB nng nghip, H Ni.
10. Trn Minh Vng (ch bin)- Nguyn Th Minh Thun (1999), My phc v
chn nui, NXB Gio dc.
11. Pts Trn Xoa - Pts Nguyn Trng Khung - Ks H L Vin (2002), S tay qu
trnh v thit b cng ngh ho cht tp 1, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni
12. http://www.feedmachinery.com/glossary/pellet_rolls.php, ngy 05/05/09.

13. http://www.riam.com.vn/default.asp?page=Products&menu=detail&id=273,
ngy 08/04/2009.
14. http://www.riam.com.vn/default.asp?page=Products&menu=detail&id=249
ngy 08/04/2009.
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 85 -
MC LC
Li m u1
Chng 1. LP LUN KINH T K THUT...... 3
1.1. S cn thit phi u t 3
1.2. c im thin nhin....... 3
1.3. Ngun nguyn liu... 3
1.4. H thng giao thng vn ti. 3
1.5. Ngun cung cp in........ 4
1.6. ngun cung cp nc.4
1.7. Thot nc v x l nc 4
1.8. Hp tc ho...... 4
1.9. Ngun nhn lc. 4
1.10. ngun cung cp nhin liu.. 4
Chng 2. TNG QUAN NGUYNLIU..5
2.1. Thc n th xanh...............5
2.2. Thc n tinh bt giu nng lng......6
2.2.1. Sn c............6
2.2.2. Ht ng cc...........................6
2.3. Thc n b sung protein................8
2.3.1. Thc n b sung protein ngun gc thc vt....8
2.3.2. Thc n b sung protein ngun gc ng vt..............................10
2.4. Cc sn phm ph ca cc ngnh ch bin...........................................11
2.4.1. Sn phm ph ca ngnh nu ru bia........................................11
2.4.2. Sn phm ph ca ngnh lm ng, tinh bt.............................12
2.5. Thc n b sung....................................................................................12
2.5.1. Thc n b sung m ..................................................................13
2.5.2. Thc n b sung khong..............................................................14
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 86 -
2.5.3. Thc n b sung vitamin..............................................................15

2.5.4. Cc cht b sung khc..................................................................15
2.6. Vai tr ca cc cht c trong thc n....................................................17
2.6.1. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht m (protein)......................................17
2.6.2. Vai tr v gi tr ca gluxit..........................................................17
2.6.3. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht bo......................................................18
2.6.4. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht khong................................................18
2.6.5. Vai tr ca nc...........................................................................21
2.6.6. Vai tr v gi tr ca vitamin........................................................22
2.7. Nguyn tc v phng php xy dng khu phn n...........................22
2.7.1. Khi nim.....................................................................................22
2.7.2. Nhng nguyn tc xy dng khu phn ......................................23
2.7.3. Phng php xy dng khu phn...............................................24
Chng.3
CHN V THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT.......25
3.1. Chn dy chuyn cng ngh.................................................................25
3.1.1. c im cng ngh.....................................................................25
3.1.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh........................................................26
3.2. Thuyt minh s cng ngh...............................................................27
3.2.1. Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu.................................27
3.2.2. Dy chuyn nh lng v phi trn............................................28
3.2.3. Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin...............................................28
3.2.4. Dy chuyn cn v ng bao sn phm.......................................29
Chng 4. TNH CN BNG VT CHT....................................................31
4.1. Tnh thc n.......................................................................................31
4.1.1.Khu phn thc n cho ln ..........................................................31
4.1.2. Xy dng thc n cho g...........................................................34
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 87 -
4.2. Tnh nguyn liu...................................................................................35

4.2.1. S liu ban u.............................................................................35
4.2.2. Cn bng vt cht.........................................................................36
Chng 5. TNH THIT B..............................................................................47
5.1. Cc xyl cha........................................................................................47
5.1.1. Xyl cha nguyn liu sau khi sng.............................................47
5.1.2. Xyl cha bt nghin, bt trc o trn, trc khi to vin, thnh
phm........................................................................................................................49
5.2. My vn chuyn....................................................................................50
5.2.1. Gu ti..........................................................................................50
5.2.2. Vt ti............................................................................................52
5.3. Cc thit b chnh..................................................................................52
5.3.1.My sng.......................................................................................52
5.3.2.My nghin....................................................................................53
5.3.3. Cn nh lng.............................................................................54
5.3.4. My trn.......................................................................................54
5.3.5. My p vin..................................................................................55
5.3.6. My lm ngui..............................................................................55
5.3.7. My sng vin..............................................................................56
5.3.8. My b vin..................................................................................57
5.3.9. Cn ng bao sn phm................................................................57
Chng 6. TNH T CHC V XY DNG...............................................59
6.1. Tnh t chc..........................................................................................59
6.1.1. S t chc nh my............................................................ ....59
6.1.2. Ch lm vic........................................................................... 59
6.1.3. B phn lao ng gin tip.......................................................... 60
6.1.4. B phn lao ng trc tip........................................................... 60
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 88 -
6.2. Tnh xy dng........................................................................................61

6.2.1. Tnh phn xng sn xut chnh...................................................61
6.2. 2. Tnh din tch kho thnh phm....................................................61
6.2.3. Kho cha nguyn liu...................................................................62
6.2.4. Nh xe in ng.....................................................................63
6.2.5 Gara t v t c kh............................................................... .63
6.2.6. B x l nc.......................................................................... 64
6.2.7. Trm bin th in................................................................. .64
6.2.8. B nc sinh hot v phng chy cha chy........................ ..64
6.2.9. Nh bo v...............................................................................64
6.2.10. Nh bao b..............................................................................64
6.2.11. Nh xe................................................................................64
6.2.12. Nh sinh hot...............................................................................64

6.2.13. Trm bm nc...........................................................................65
6.2.14. Phn xng l hi t............................................................65
6.2.15. Khu hnh chnh, hi trng, nh n ...........................................65

6.2.16. Nh cha nguyn liu..................................................................65
Chng 7. TNH HI - NC..........................................................................67
7.1. Tnh cn bng nhit ...............................................................................67
7.1.1. Tnh p sut lm vic ca hi nc...............................................67
7.1.2. Tnh ni hi...................................................................................68
7.2. Cp thot nc.......................................................................................69
7.2.1. Nc dng cho nh my........................................................... ...69
7.2.2. Thot nc....................................................................................70
Chng 8. AN TON LAO NG VV SINH X NGHIP......................71
8.1. An ton lao ng...................................................................................72
8.1.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn trong lao ng..................... 72
SVTH: L Th Hng
N TT NGHIP
- 89 -
8.1.2. Nhng bin php hn ch v yu cu c th v an ton lao ng..72

8.2.V sinh x nghip................................................................................74
8.2.1. Thng gi........................................................................................75

8.2.2. Ht bi........................................................................................... .75
8.2.3. Chiu sng.......................................................................................76
Chng 9. KIM TRA SN XUT V CHT LNG SN PHM............78
9.1. Kim tra cc cng on sn xut............................................................79
9.2. Kim tra nh gi cht lng sn phm ................................................78
9.2.1. nh gi cm quan cht lng nguyn liu, sn phm.............78
9.2.2. Phn tch thnh phn ho hc....................................................79
9.2.3. Th nghim sinh hc.................................................................82
KT LUN..................................................................................................83
TI LIU THAM KHO..................................................................................84
SVTH: L Th Hng

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N TT NGHIP

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

LP LUN KINH T - K THUT

1.2. c im thin nhin

1.3. Ngun nguyn liu

1.4. H thng giao thng vn ti

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

V tr xy dng gn ng mn thun li cho vic vn chuyn, xut nhp nguyn

1.5. Ngun cung cp in

1.6. Ngun cung cp nc

1.9. Ngun nhn lc

1.10. Ngun cung cp nhin liu

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU

2.1. Thc n th xanh

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

- Cn thu hoch ng thi v m bo gi tr dinh dng cao. Nu thu hoch

2.2. Thc n tinh bt giu nng lng

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Ht ng cc l loi thc n tinh ch yu cho b, ngh, ln v gia cm, ht ng cc

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

2.3. Thc n b sung protein

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

protein ng vt nhng c mt s ht u gi tr sinh vt hc protein ca chng gn

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

2.4. Cc sn phm ph ca cc ngnh ch bin

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

2.4.2. Sn phm ph ca ngnh lm ng, tinh bt

2.5. Thc n b sung

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

2.5.2. Thc n b sung khong

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

2.5.3. Thc n b sung vitamin

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Cc cht chng oxy ho

2.6. Vai tr ca cc cht c trong thc n

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

2.6.1. Vai tr v gi tr ca cht m (protein)

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Thit k nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm.

GVHD: Th.s.Trn Xun Ngch

Canxi: Trong c th Ca chim 1,3-1,8%, P chim 0,8-1% khi lng c th.