MC LC

PHN I. PHN L THUYT LIN QUAN .......................................................... trang1

I. IN TR ................................................................................................. trang1
1. Hnh dng k hiu v n v .......................................................... trang1
1.1. Hnh dng in tr ................................................................. trang1
1.2. K hiu in tr ..................................................................... trang1
1.3. n v in tr ....................................................................... trang1
2. Cch c tr s in ........................................................................ trang2
3. Chc nng....................................................................................... trang3
4. Bin tr ........................................................................................... trang3
- Hnh dng ca bin tr ............................................................... trang3
5. Quang tr ........................................................................................ trang3
- Hnh dng quang tr ................................................................... trang4
II. T IN
........................................................................................... trang4
1. Cu to ........................................................................................... trang4
2. Hnh dng, k hiu v n v ........................................................ trang4
2.1. Hnh dng t in................................................................... trang4
2.2. K hiu t in ....................................................................... trang5
2.3. n v t in ........................................................................ trang5
3. S dn in ca t .......................................................................... trang5
III. DIODE
........................................................................................... trang6
1. Cu to ........................................................................................... trang6
2. Hnh dng, k hiu diode ............................................................... trang6
2.1. Hnh dng diode .......................................................................... trang6
2.2. K hiu diode .............................................................................. trang7
3. Nguyn l hot ng ................................................................................. trang7
3.1. Phn cc thun ............................................................................ trang7
3.2. Phn cc nghch .......................................................................... trang8
IV. TRANSISTOR
........................................................................................... trang8
1. Cu to
........................................................................................... trang8
2. Hnh dng k hiu transistor ..................................................................... trang9
2.1. Hnh dng .................................................................................... trang9
2.2. K hiu ........................................................................................ trang9
3. Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... trang10
V. LED
......................................................................................... trang10
1.Cu to
......................................................................................... trang10
2. Hnh dng, k hiu .................................................................................. trang10
2.1. Hnh dng .................................................................................. trang11
2.2. K hiu ...................................................................................... trang11
Trang 0

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VI. S M V M NH PHN ......................................................................... trang11

1. S m
......................................................................................... trang11
1.1. S nh phn ................................................................................ trang11
1.2. Bt phn ..................................................................................... trang11
2. M nh phn ......................................................................................... trang12
VII. I S BOOLE V CNG LOGIC ............................................................. trang12
1.
i s BOOLE ................................................................................. trang12
1.1. nh ngha ................................................................................. trang12
1.2. Cc cng thc ............................................................................ trang12
2. Cc cng LOGIC ..................................................................................... trang13
2.1. Cng EXNOR............................................................................ trang13
2.2. Cng OR .................................................................................... trang13
3. S chn ca IC555, 4017, 4027.......................................................... trang14
3.1. Chn IC555................................................................................ trang14
3.2. Chn IC4017.............................................................................. trang14
3.3. Chn IC4027.............................................................................. trang14
PHN II. THIT K V THI CNG ....................................................................... trang15
I. PHN THIT K
......................................................................................... trang15
1. S khi
......................................................................................... trang15
2. S nguyn l ....................................................................................... trang16
3. Gii thch s khi ............................................................................... trang16
3.1. Khi nhn nh sng ................................................................... trang16
3.2. Khi m DELAY..................................................................... trang17
3.3. Khi chun iu ch .................................................................. trang17
3.4. Khi so snh .............................................................................. trang18
3.5. Khi n .................................................................................... trang18
4. Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................... trang19
II. PHN THI CNG ......................................................................................... trang21
PHN III. PHN KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN .................................... trang25
I. KT LUN
......................................................................................... trang25
II. HNG PHT TRIN..................................................................................... trang25
Ti liu tham kho

Trang 1

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PHN
N I . PH
N L TH
HUYT
T LIN Q
QUAN
C rt nhiu linh kinn in t, nnhng mchh nhm em
C
m c nhng linh kin di
d
y.

I. IN TR
tr gm c: R = 100K, R = 4.7K, R = 2.2K, R = 33K, R =
in
=1K, R = 100K,
q
quang
tr, bin tr 100k.

1 Hnh dng, k hiu v

1.
n v
1.1. Hnh dng in
n tr

1 K hiu in tr
1.2.

R21
R

R1
1
22R
R

1 n vv in tr
1.3.

n v: Ohhm ()
11K = 103
11M = 103K
Tranng 2

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22. Cch
c tr s in

tr
- in ttr 4 vng mu

- Vng A, B ch trr s tng ng vi m

mu.
- Vng C ch h s nhn.
- Vng D ch sai ss.
Muu

Vng A
A, B

Vng C

Vng D

enn

x1000 = x1

Nuu

x1001 = x10

+ 1%

x1002 = x100

+ 2%

Cam
m

x1003 = x10000

+ 3%

Vnng

x1004 = x100000

...........

Lcc

x1005 = x1000000

Lam
m

x1006 = x10000000

Tm
m

x1007 = x100000000

Xm
m

x1008 = x1000000000

Trng

x1009 =

Vnng nh

...................

x1..0000000000

+ 5%

Bcc

..................

x100-1= x0,1

+ 10%

Muu thn

...................

x100-2= x0, 011

+ 20%

inn tr

..................

.................................

....
Tranng 3

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3 Chc n
3.
nng
inn tr l mt linh kin c tnh cnn tr dng in, hn ddng cho leed v
l mt s chc nngg khc tu vo v tr cca in tr
lm
trong mcch in

4 Bin tr
4.
Binn tr l mt loi in tr c s
dng khii thng xuuyn thay i tr s
- Hnh
h dng ca bin tr

5 Quang tr
5.
Quaang tr l m
mt loi in tr m trr s ca n ph thucc vo nh ssng
c
chiu
vo nn, khi nhh sng chiuu vi cnng cng lln th gi tr in tr
ca n
c
cng
nh, nngc li kkhi nh khng chiu vvo n th in tr caa n l
n.

Tranng 4

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quang tr
- Hnh dng q

I T IIN
II.
T in gm cc: t 33F
F 25V, t 100 50V.

1 Cu too
1.
T in c cu to gm hai bn phng bngg cht dn in gi l hai bn
c t sonng song vii nhau. ggia l chtt in mi cch in
cc

2 Hnh dng, k hiu v

2.
n v
2 Hnh d
2.1.
dng t iin

Tranng 5

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2 K hiu t in
2.2.

CC4
C NP
CAP

C55
CAAP

2 n vv t in
2.3.
- Thng ddng cc
c s ca F
Farad:
Miccrofarad: 1
F = 10-6F
Nannofarad: 1nnF =10-9F
Picoofarad: 1pF
F =10-12F
Fem
mptofarad: 1fF =10-15F

3 S dn
3.
n in ca t

Tranng 6

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X mch in nh hnh v, khi ng kho K ta thy n sng ln ri tt.K

Xt
Khi mi
v ng kkho K tc thi in tt t cc m
va
m ca ngun in nn bn cc bbn phi,

ng
thi in t t bbn cc bnn tri n ccc dng nngun. Nh
vy s dii chuyn
t trnn to ra dnng in quaa n lm n sng. S
in
Sau xy ra s cn bbng
t gi
in
a ngun v t in, nngha l khng c s dduy chuynn in t lm
m n
t lc nyy hiu in th gia haai u bn cc t inn bng inn th ngunn.Nu
tt,
n
ngun
l xooay chiu, cc tnh ca ngun bbin thin liin tc lm
m n sng lin
l tc.

I DIOD
III.
DE
S dng DIODE 1N44007.
S

1
1.Cu
too
D
DIODE
l dng c bn dn c m
mt lp tipp xc P-N. Bn ngoii c bc b
i lp
p
plastic.
Hai u ca m
mu bn dn c trng kim loi nhhm ni dy ra

2 Hnh dng, k hiu DIOD

2.
DE
2 Hnh d
2.1.
dng DIOD
DE

Tranng 7

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2 k hiu DIODE
2.2.

3 Nguyn
3.
n l hot
ng

3 Phn cc
3.1.
c thun
P
Phn
cc thhun diodee: Cc dnng ca nguun ni vi A, cc m
m ca ngunn ni vi
K
K.in
tchh m ca nngun y in
t tronng N v lpp tip xc. in tch dng
d
c ngun y l trnng trong P vv lp tip xc, lm cho
ca
c vng khhim khuyyt cng
h li. Khhi lc y ln th in t t vng N qua lp tip xc, sang vng P v
hp
cc d
n
ng ca nggunHnnh thnh mt dng in c chiuu t P sang N.

Tranng 8

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3 Phn cc
3.2.
c nghch
h

P
Phn
cc nnghch diodde: Ta ni ccc dng ca ngunn vi K, ccc m ni v
i A.
tch m ca nguun s ht l trng caa vng p, in
in
tch d
ng ca nggun s
h in t
ht
ca vng N
N, lm choo in t v l trng hhai bn mii ni cng xxa nhau
h
hn,
vng kkhim khuuyt cng rng ra nn hin tngg ti hp gia in t v l
t
trng
cng kh khn hhn. Nh vvy s khnng c dngg in qua ddiode. Tuy nhin
c
cng
c mt s rt t in t v l trng tii hp vnng tip gipp tao ra mt dng
nh ii t N qua P gi l dng nghch (dng r). D
in
Dng ny rt
r nh c vvi nA.
N
Nhiu
tr
ng hp quaa nh diode khng dn in khi phn cc nnghch. Tnng in
phn c
p
c nghch ln th dngg xem nh kkhng i, tng qu mc
m th dioode h
( nh thhng).
(b

I TRANSISTO
IV.
OR
T
TRANSIST
TOR gm cc: C1815,, A1015

1 Cu too
1.

Tranng 9

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lng ni l
T
Transistor
l mt linhh kin bn ddn c to thnh t
hai mi ni P N,
n
nhng
c m
mt vng chung gi l vng nnn.
T theo s
Tu
sp xp ccc vng bn dn m ta c hai looi BJT:NP
PN,PNP. B
Ba vng
b dn
bn
c tip xcc kim loi nni dy ra thnh ba c
c:
-

Cc nnn: B (Base))

Cc thuu: C (Collecctor)

Cc pht: E (Emittter)

T
Trong
thcc t, vng nnn rt hp so vi hai vng kia. Vng
V
thu C v vng ppht F
t c cngg cht bn dn nhngg khc nhauu v kch thhc v nnng tp ccht nn
tuy
c
chng
ta khhng th hoon i v ttr cho nhaau.

2
2.Hnh
dng, k hiiu TRAN
NSISTOR
22.1 Hnh dng TRAN
NSISTOR

(A
A1015)

(C1815))

2.2. K hiu TRANSISTOR

R

Trangg 10

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Q3

Q2

C1815

A1015

3.Nguyn l hot ng
Mi ni P-N gia cc nn v cc pht c phn cc thun bi ngun
Vee. Mi ni P-N gia nn v thu c phn cc nghch bi ngun Vcc. in t
t cc m ca ngun Vee di chuyn vo vng pht qua vng nn, nn ng l tr
v cc dng ca ngun Vee nhng v:
+ Vng nn rt hp so vi hai vng kia
+ Ngun Vcc >> Vee cho nn a s in t b hp dn v n.
Do , s lng in t t vng nn vo vng ti cc dng ca
ngun Vcc rt nhiu so vi s lng in t t vng nn ti cc dng ca ngun
Vee. S dch chuyn ca in t to thnh dng in
Dng i vo cc B gi l dng IB
Dng i vo cc C gi l dng IC
Dng t cc E ra gi l dng IE
Ta c cng thc :

IE = IB + IC
IC = IE (h s gn bng mt)
Nn: IC IE
IC = IB

c gi l h s khuch i dng.

V. LED
LED gm c led 3ly v 5ly.
Trang 11

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1 Cu too
1.
L
LED
c lm t mt ming tinnh th cc mng.
m
v bbao bc cht bn dn c
l trong ssut. Hai chhn bc chh c koo a ra khi lp bao bbc epoxy..Cht
lm
b dn c hai cc P v N c chia bi m
bn
mt mi nii. Cc P mang
m
in tch
d
dng,
ccc N mang in tch m
m.

2 Hnh dng, k hiu

2.
2 Hnh d
2.1
dng

2 k hiu
2.2
u

D15

LED

V S
VI.
M V M NH PHN
1
1.S
m
C nhiu h
C
h thng s m nh: h thng s nh phnn, bt phn, thp phn, thp
l phn nhhng ch yyu u quii v s nh phn.
lc
1 S nh phn
1.1
Trangg 12

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K t s: 0, 1
C s : 2
v d: 11,101[2] = 1.21 + 1.20 + 1.2-1 + 0.2-2 + 1.2-3 = 3,625[10]
Mi con s trong s nh phn (0 hoc 1) c gi l mt bt
1.2 Bt phn
K t s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
C s : 8
v d: v tr
1

6[8] = 4.81 + 6.80 = 38[10]

2. M nh phn
M nh phn l mt m s dng h thng nh phn v c sp xp theo mt
cu trc no . Trong cc my tnh hoc cc mch s lun lm vic h thng
nhi phn, cc thit b xut hay nhp thng lm vic h thng thp phn. v th
cc gi tr thp phn phi c m ho bng cc gi tr nh phn.

VII. I S BOOLE V CNG LOGIC

1. i s boole
1.1 nh ngha:
i s boole l mt cu trc i s c xy dng trn tp cc phn t nh phn
cng vi hai php ton cng v nhn tha cc iu kin sau:
a) Kn vi cc php ton cng (+) v nhn (*) tc l A,B X th:A+B X v
A.BX.
b) i vi php cng s c phn t trung ho 0: x + 0 = x
- i vi php ton nhn s c phn t trung ho 1: x * 1 = x
c) Giao hon:
x+y=x+y
x . y = x .y
Trang 13

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d Phn b v kt hpp :
d)
a . (b + c) = (a . b) + (a . cc)
a + (b . c) = (a + b) . (a + c)
e Lun lun tn ti m
e)
mt phn t
nghch saao cho :
x+

=1

1 Cc cng thc
1.2
0.0=0
1+1=1
x+x=x
x.x=x
2 Cc cn
2.
ng logic
2 Cng E
2.1
EXNOR

Bnng gi tr:

Trangg 14

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2 Cng O
2.2
OR

B
Bng gi trr:
A

3 S ch
3.
hn ca IC
C 555, 4017, 4017
3 Chn IC555
3.1.

VCC

Chn 2 input (TR))

Chn 3 output (Q))

TR

Chn 7 input (DC)

3
7

CV

Chn 5 input (CV)

Chn 6 input (TH))

Q
DC

GND

Chn 4 input (R)

U1

GND)
Chn 1 power (GN

TH

6
555

Chn 8 power (VC

CC)

3 Chn IC 4017
3.2.
Chn 1: outputt (Q5)
Chn 2: outpuut (Q1)
Chn 3: outputt (Q0)
Chn 4: outputt (Q2)
Trangg 15

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Chn 5: output (Q6)

U2

Chn 6: output (Q7)

14
13

Chn 7: output (Q3)

Chn 8: power (GND)

CLK
E

Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9

MR

CO

Chn 9: output (Q8)

Chn 10: output (Q4)
Chn 11: output (Q9)
Chn 12: output (CO)
Chn 13: input (E)
Chn 14: input (CLK)
Chn 15: input (MR)

15

Chn 16: power (VCC)

3
2
4
7
10
1
5
6
9
11
12

4017

3.3. Chn IC 4027

Chn 1 & 15: output (Q)

Chn 5 & 11: input (k)

Chn 6 & 10: input (J)

3
5

Chn 4 & 12: input (R)

Chn 3 & 13: input (CLK)

U3:A

Chn 2 & 14: output ($Q$)

CLK
K

Chn 7 & 9: input (S)

Chn 8: power (GND)

4027

Chn 16: power (VCC)

PHN II: THIT K V THI CNG

I.

PHN THIT K
1. S khi
Trang 16

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KHI
NHN
NH
SNG

KHI
M 10S
DELAY
KHI
SO
SNH

KHI
N
220V

KHI
CHUN
IU CH

2.S nguyn l

Trang 17

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R13
100K

U3A
A
6
5

10

J
K

4077

CLK

Q
Q

4077

1
2
7
LS1

2 -

U17A

4
5

13

R12 R14
4.7KK 100K

R22
4.7K

12
10K
LM741

D 14
D
DIODE

16

U2

VCC

RST

3
2
4
7
10
1
5
6
9
11
12
8

U5A

R3
R4
1K

NE555

R5
1K
GND

THR
TRG

6
2

R6
1K

D11
LEDXUNG

3.3KK

O
OUT

CV

R19

R2

ON

R ST

8
VC C

DSCHG

Q3
3
C1815
5
C2
33MF

C1
1
10
04

R24

R7
1K
R8
1K
R9
1K
R10
1K

R18
1K

OFF

10K

SW1

U1

LEDTAI
Q4

CLK

SW2

2.2K

V1
SIGNAL AC

C1815

15

3
33MF

R17
2.2K

R23

4017
ENA

RELAY SPDT
D12

Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
CO
GN D

14
C3

1
2

4077

13

R16

11

R1
10K

VCC
C

A10
015
Q2

R15

3 +

GND

7
1

Q1
CDS

VC C

U16A

16

VCC
U15A

D1

4077

D2
D3
LED
D4
D
LED
D5
LED
D
D6
D
LED
D7
D
D8
LED
D9LED
D
D
LED

R11
1K
10K

1K
1K

R20 R26
4.7K 4.7K

D10

ED
LE
LED
LED
DC3

3.Gii thch s khi

3 khi nhn
3.1
n
nh ssng:

Trangg 18

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Khi c nh sng chiu vo quang tr lm in tr ca quang tr gim xung, th

in th chn 3 ca LM741 cao hn chn 2 nn ng ra ca mc cao lm cho
transistor A1015 ngng dn.
Khi tri ti in tr ca quang tr tng nn in th chn 3 ca LM74 thp
hn chn 2 nn mc ra thp nn transistor A1015 dn.
3.2 Khi m delay

U2A
5
U2A

VCC

14
C LK

R ST
EN A

VC C

11
9
6
5
1
10
7
4
2
3

12

4077

U1
4017

U2A
1

Q9
Q8
Q7
Q6
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0

GND

15
13

4077

CO

4077 8

10

11
16

13

12

U2A

R5
R2
R10
R11
R1
1k
R3
1k
R12
1k
R4
1k
R9
1k
R8
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k

D1
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
LED
D8
LED
D9
LED
D10
LED
D11
LED
LED
LED
LED
LED
LED

4077

Khi ny gm c IC 4077, IC4017 , BJT v led hin th. Sau khi 4017 m 10
xung v bt relay ng thi IC4077 kch cho transistor C1815 dn lm dng xung.
Trang 19

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3 khi chun
3.3.
c
iu
u ch

Khi nyy gm c IC
C555 dng to Xunng ra cho IC
C4017 hot ng m
m.
3 Khi sso snh
3.4

K
Khi
so snnh l IC 40027 khi kch xung th IC ny s thay
t
i trng thi. G
Gi s
b u m
ban
mc cao saau khi kch mt th n sung m
c thp.

Trangg 20

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.
.3.5
Khi
n

K
Khi
ny ggm c relaay, ti, ngun. Relay ng vai tr nh mt con tt dnng bt
n
ngun
cho ti.
K c dnng in 12vv chy qua th cun cm trong reelay ht chn thng ng v
Khi
c
chn
thnng m lm dng in 220v kn m
mch nn n sng.

1
1.Nguyn
n l hot
ng
Gi s bann u tri ssng th gi tri in tr
trn quanng tr m
c thp th in th
chn 3 ca LM741 cao hn chhn 2 nn nng ra m
c cao lm cho transisstor
A
A1015
ng
ng dn th chn 13 v 12 ca IC
C 4077 m
c 0 th ngg ra chn 11
1 mc
1, chn s 5 mc 1cchn s 6 mc 0 nnn ng ra chhn s 4 m
mc 0, chn s 8
m 0 chnn s 9 m
mc
c 0 nn ngg ra chn s 10 m
c 1 v vyy kch cho transistor
t
C
C1815
hot ng, chn 4 (chn reset) ca IC555 nii mass nn IC555 khng pht
x
xung
th khhng kch ccho IC40177 m, th ss khng c xung IC
C4027 nnn n vn
d nguyn trng thi chn 2 nnn khng lm
d
l cho traansistor C18815 pha relay
d , relay khng ni c masss nn khnng c dng qua cun ccm th s kkhng
dn
h c chhn thngg ng v cchn thnng m lc nny h mcch nn ti khng
ht
k
s
sng.
B gi n tri ti thh in th chn 3 ca
By
c LM741 nh hn cchn 2 nn ng ra
m thp nnn transisttor A1015 dn
mc
d lm chho in th chn 12 ca IC4077 mc
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1, chn 13 mc 0 nn ng ra chn 11 mc 0, chn 5 mc 0 chn 6 mc 0

nn ng ra chn 4 mc 1, chn 8 mc 1 chn 9 mc 0 nn ng ra chn 10
mc 0, nn transistor C1815 khng hot ng , vy IC555 m xung . sau khi m
10 xung th kch xung cho chn 1 ca IC4077 t 0 ln 1 ri li v 0, vy ng ra
chn 3 c mt xung a vo chn 3 ca IC4027 lm thay i trng thi t chn hai
ln chn 1 lc ny chn 1 mc 1 lm cho transistor C1815 pha relay dn vy
relay ni c mass. cun cm trong relay ht chn thng ng v chn thng
m th n sng. ng thi chn 1 IC4027 ni vi chn 13 ca IC4077, vy chn
13 v 12 ca IC4077 u mc 1 nn chn 11 mc 1, chn 5 mc 1 v 6
mc 0 nn ng ra chn 4 mc 0, chn 8 v chn 9 u mc 0, nn ng ra chn
10 mc 1 lm cho transistor C1815 dn , chn 4 ca IC 555 ni mass nn IC555
ngng m xung.
Khi tri sng th in tr ca quang tr gim th transistor A1015 ngng dn th
chn 12 ca IC 4077 tr v mc 0, chn 13 mc 1 nn ng ra chn 11 mc 0.
Chn 5 mc 0, chn 6 mc 0 nn ng ra chn 4 mc 1. chn 8 mc 1, chn
9 mc 0 ng ra chn 10 ca IC 4077 mc 0 nn transistor C1815 ngng dn,
lc ny IC555 pht xung cho IC4017 m 10 xung kch cho chn 1 ca IC4077
t 0 ln 1 ri li v 0, vy ng ra chn 3 ca 4077 a xung vo chn 3 ca
IC4027 lm thay i trng thi t chn 1 xung chn 2, lc ny transistor C1815
pha relay ngng dn. Th cun cm trong relay khng c in nn khng ht chn
thng ng v chn thng m na nn ti tt. ng thi chn 13 ca IC 4077 v
li mc 0, chn 12 mc 0 nn ng ra chn 11 mc 1. Chn 5 mc 1, chn 6
mc 0 nn ng ra chn 4 mc 0. Chn 8 mc 0, chn 9 mc 0 nn ng ra
chn 10 mc 1 lm transistor C1815 dn. chn 4 (reset) ca IC555 ni mass nn
khng pht xung, IC 4017 ngng m.
Nt nhn khi ta nhn ON th ti sng ng thi m 10 xung sau kch cho relay
ngng dn. Do m 10 xung nn 4027 thay i trng thi
Khi ang m xung nhn OFF th n s tt

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c dng khii quang tr b hng.

Nt ON v OFF

I PHN
II.
N THI C
NG
S dngg chng trrnh orcardd v mcch in

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- Hnh nh th
c t:

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Hinh 1: L
c cha cp ngun

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Hnh 2: Lc mi
m cp nggun

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H
Hnh 3: L
c che quaang tr

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Hnh 4: Khi
m 10 xung

P
PHN
III: PH
N KT L
LUN V
V H
NG PHT TRIN
I . KT L
LUN .
T
Trong
qu trnh lm n vi s
n lc ca tt c cc thnh vin trong nhhm cui
c
cng
chngg em cng hon thhnh xong n mnn hc vi nhng
n
kin thc

c
hc lp.
M d chng em c gng ht mnh trong qu trnnh lm n.Nhng kkhng
Mc
t
trnh
khi sai stV
V vy chnng em mongg thy gp kin choo chng em
m ln
s chng em lm n s tt hhn.
sau

I HN
II.
NG PHT
T TRIN
Nghnh in t l m
mt nghnhh c nhiu trin
t
vng pht trin ddo nhu cuu ngy
cng cao ca con nggi v x hi i hii phi pht minh ra nhhng vt dng mi.
Mch m
n nng ca chnng em nu ss dng vi x l s gn hn d ddng
kim tra lli khi c hh hng xy ra v vic thay th cng d dng hn.

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LI CM N
Li u tin, nhm em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong thi gian va qua
truyn t cho chng em nhng kin thc v in-in t v mt s kin thc cn
thit...c bit l thy Nguyn Hu Lc tn tnh ch bo v hng dn chng em nh
hng cch lm n v cch chn ti v Thy cng cung cp cho chng em mt
nhng kin thc cn thit chng em trang b cho mnh trong qu trnh lm n. Tuy
nhin y l ln u tin chng em lm n nn cn nhiu b ng v thiu st, rt mong
s gp kin ca cc thy c v cc bn, chng em rt ra kinh nghim ln sau lm
n v hc tp tt hn.
Em chn thnh cm n !

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