Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Chng I :

S IN LI

I.

Dung dch.

1. Khi nim a. Th d: Ho tan HCl vo nc thu c dung dch axit HCl Ho tan NaCl vo nc thu c dung dch NaCl Ho tan ng vo nc thu c dung dch nc ng. Ho tan nng chy Ag vo Au thu c dung dch rn Ag Au Khng kh l dung dch gm c N2,O2,CO2, cc kh him ... b. Khi nim: Dung dch l hn hp ng nht ca hai hay nhiu cu t (thnh phn). 2. Biu din thnh phn dung dch nng . a. Nng phn trm: Khi lng cht tan trong 100gam dung dch . C% = mct .100 (1) mdd trong mct : khi lng cht tan mdd: khi lng dung dch mct = n.M v mdd = D.V = mdm + mct b. Nng mol/lit: S mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch . CM = n (2) ( n s mol cht tan , V th tch dung dch- lt) Vdd n (3) ( n s mol cht tan ,mdm khi lng dung mi -kg ) mdm

c. Nng molan: S mol cht tan c trong 1kg dung mi. Cm =

d. tan : S gam cht tan c th tan ti a trong 100g dung mi. S= mct .100 (4) (m hi lng cht tan ,mdm khi lng dm -g ) mdm nAm+ + mBn- (*)

3. Tch s tan: Xt cn bng AnBm Ta c tch s tan T = [Am+]n.[Bn-]m. Nu tch nng cc ion < tch s tan th trong dung dch khng xut hin kt ta. Nu tch nng cc ion = tch s tan th thu dung dch bo ho.. Nu tch nng cc ion > tch s tan th trong dung dch bt u xut hin kt ta. - Mi li h gia tch s tan v tan xt cn bng (*) T = nn.mm.Sn+m II. S in li. 1. Cht in li.

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

a. Th nghim: Tnh dn in ca cc nc nguyn cht, dung dch NaCl, dung dch nc ng, dung dch ancol etylic. * gii thch tnh dn in ca cc dung dch axit, baz, mui. * vai tr ca dung mi nc. b. Khi nim: + Cht khi tan trong nc to dung dch dn in c gi l cht in li. Th d : cc axit, baz, mui l cc cht in li. + Cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in c gi l cht khng in li. Th d: ng , ru, ete... c. S in li * Qu trnh phn li thnh cc ion khi cht in li tan trong nc hoc nng chy c gi l s in li. * S in li c biu din bng phng trnh in li. * Trong ptl tng in tch cc cation = tng in tch cc anion * Tng qut : Axit H+ + anion gc axit. Baz Cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+ ) + OHMui Cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+ ) + anion gc axit Th d : HCl H+ + ClHCOOH H+ + HCOONaOH Na+ + OHNaCl Na+ + ClCH3COONa Na+ + CH3COO2. in li, phn loi cht in li, hng s in li a. in li: in li ( anpha) ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion v tng s phn t ban u. Biu thc :
=
n' C ' = n0 C 0

(5)

( n' s mol b phn li thnh ion ; no s mol ban u C' nng mol/l b phn li , Co nng mol/l ban u) Gi tr 0 1 hoc c th tnh theo n v % ( .100) in ph thuc vo cc yu t : - nng cht tan : t l nghch - nhit ca dung dch b. Phn loi cht in li: Da theo in li ta phn thnh 2 loi cht in li + Cht in li mnh : L cht khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh ion.

= 1 v ptl biu din bng mi tn mt chiu

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

+ Cht in li yu : L cht khi tan trong nc phn li mt phn thnh ion. 0 < < 1 v ptl c biu din mi tn 2 chiu + Th d : NaNO3 Na+ + NO3HCOONa Na+ + HCOO-

c. Cn bng in li - Hng s in li. i vi cc cht in li yu trong dung dch xut hin cn bng ho hc c gi l cn bng in li y l cn bng ng Th d : AX A + + X (*) khi tc thun bng tc nghch trong dung dch xut hin cn bng in li. Hng s in li xt i vi cn bng (*) c xc nh.

[ A ][ X ] (6) . K=
+

[ AX ]

Th d : i vi axit axetic CH3COOH. CH3COOH H+ + CH3COOTa c : K=

[ H ][CH COO ] = 2.10 .

+

[ CH 3COOH ]

-5

( 25oC)

hng s in li ch ph thuc vo nhit , khng ph thuc vo nng . Mi lin h gia hng s in li v in li Xt cn bng (*) , gi s nng ban u l Co v in li AX Ban u Phn li Cbng Co

A+

X (*)

Co
(1- )Co
+

Co Co
.C O 2 C O = (7) (1 )C O 1
O

Co Co

[ A ][ X ] = C . Ta c : K =
[ AX ]

Nh vy khi bit K v Co ta c th xc nh c in li v ngc li. i vi trng hp cht in li qu yu c th xem 1- = 1. do

2 cng thc (7) c th vit li thnh =

K K hoc = (8) CO CO

[ ion ] = Co =

K.C

( cch tnh gn ng )

Th d : Tnh nng ion H+ trong dung dch CH3COOH 0,2M bit hng s in li ca axit l 2.10-5. ( p s : 2.10-3 mol/l) III. Axit, baz, mui. 1. nh ngha theo Arniut
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

a. Axit: L cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion H+ Th d : HCl H+ + ClHCOOH H+ + HCOOb. Baz: L cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion OHTh d : phn li nh baz. Th d : Zn(OH)2 Phn li theo kiu baz : Phn li theo kiu axit: Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2

NaOH Na+ + OH-

c. Hirxit lng tnh: L nhng hirxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit va c th

Zn2+ + 2OH2H+ + ZnO22-

Cc cht Al(OH)3 ;Zn(OH)2 ; Pb(OH)2 ; Sn(OH)2 ; Cr(OH)3 ; Cu(OH)2 d. Axit nhiu nc, baz nhiu nc Axit nhiu nc: Nhng axit khi tan trong nc phn li nhiu nc cho ion H+. Th d : H3PO4 , H2S.( vit p.t..l) Baz nhiu nc: Nhng baz khi tan trong nc phn li nhiu nc cho ion OH.. Th d : Mg(OH)2; Al(OH)3 ( vit p.t..l) 2. nh ngha theo Brnxtet a. Axit l cht nhng prtn (H+); baz l cht nhn prtn (H+) biu din : Axit Baz + H+ Th du 1 : CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COOaxit Th d 2: NH3 + baz Th d 3: axit baz tnh. Nhng cht khng cho hoc khng nhn prtn c gi l cht trung tnh. 3. Mui, mui trung ho , mui axit a. Mui:L hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+) v anion gc axit. Th d : NaCl Na+ + ClCH3COONa Na+ + CH3COOTrang 4

(1) (2) (3) (4) baz

baz H2O axit

axit

baz NH4+ + OHaxit baz baz H3O+ + CO32axit H2CO3 + OHaxit

HCO3- + H2O baz HCO3- + H2O axit

theo (3) v (4) HCO3-, H2O va c kh nng cho v nhn prtn nn chng c gi l cht lng

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

b. Mui axit, mui trung ho. Mui c anion gc axit khng cn kh nng phn li cho ion H+ c gi l mui trung ho . Th d : NaCl , (NH4)2SO4, Na2CO3 ... Mui c anion gc axit cn kh nng phn li cho ion H+ c gi l mui axit . Th d : NaHCO3;NaH2PO4; NaHSO4... Mui c nhm OH c th thay th bng gc axit c gi l mui baz . Th d : Mg(OH)Cl ; Fe(OH)2Cl... Ngoi ra cn k n mt s mui kp nh : HCl.NaCl ; KCl.MgCl.6H2O; K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3... Mui phc : [Ag(NH3)2]Cl ; [Cu(NH3)4]SO4... * s in li ca mui : Hu ht cc mui (k c mui kp) khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh cation kim loi (NH4+) v anion gc axit . Th d : K2SO4 2K+ + SO42NaCl.KCl K+ + Na+ + 2ClNaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3HSO3- H+ + SO32[Ag(NH3)2]Cl [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag+ + 2NH3 4. Hng s axit, hng s baz a. Hng s axit: S in li ca cc axit yu trong nc l qu trnh thun nghch. Th du : CH3COOH CH3COOH + H2O xc nh hng s Ka =
H+ + CH3COO-

(1) (2)

H3O+ + CH3COO-

V nng ca nc c coi nh hng s nn ta c th b qua nng ca nc trong biu thc

[ H ][CH COO ] .
+

[ CH 3COOH ]

( Ka hng s phn li axit )

i vi axit nhiu nc s c nhiu hng s phn li cc nc khc nhau. Hng s phn li axit ch ph thuc vo bn cht axit v nhit . Nu gi tr Ka cng nh th lc axit ca n cng yu ( hay tnh axit cng yu ) Th d : 25oC CH3COOH Ka = 1,75.10-5 ;HClO Ka = 5.10-8 . b. Hng s baz: S in li ca cc baz yu trong nc l qu trnh thun nghch. Th du : NH3
4

[ NH ].[OH ] ( hng s phn li baz ) Kb =

+

+ H2O NH4+ + OH-

(3)

[ NH 3]

CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OHTrang 5

(4)

Kb =

[CH COOH ][OH ] ( hng s phn li baz ) . [CH 3COO ]

3

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

V nng ca nc c coi nh hng s nn ta c th b qua nng ca nc trong biu thc xc nh hng s phn li axit, hay baz. i vi baz nhiu nc s c nhiu hng s phn li cc nc khc nhau. Hng s phn li baz ch ph thuc vo bn cht baz v nhit . Nu gi tr Kb cng nh th lc baz ca n cng yu ( hay tnh baz cng yu ) Mi lin h gia hng s Ka v Kb Ka = IV. 10-14 v ngc li hay Ka.Kb = 10-14 Kb

pH ca dung dch, cht ch th mu. Nc l cht in li rt yu, nhit thng c 555triu phn t nc c 1 phn t b phn li thnh ion. H2O H+ + OH- (1) T (1) ta c K =

a. S in li v tch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc.

[ H ][OH ] .
+

[ H 2 O]

KH2O = K. [ H 2 O ] = H + . OH Tch s ion ca nc.

[ ][

25oC ta c KH2O = H + . OH = 10-14. Tuy nhin c th s dng khong nhit khc. Hay c th coi gi tr tch s ion ca nc l hng s trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau. Theo (1) ta c : H + . = OH = 10 14 = 10 7 M - Mi trng trung tnh l mi trng c H + . = OH = 10 14 = 10 7 M - ngha ca tch s ion ca nc xc nh mi trng ca dung dch Mi trng trung tnh : Mi trng axit: Mi trng baz:

[ ][

[ ] [

[ ] [
+ + +

[ H ]. = 10 [ H ]. > 10 [ H ]. < 10

-7

M M M

-7 -7

b. Khi nim v pH, pH trong cc mi trng. trnh ghi nng H+ vi s m m ngi ta dng i lng pH. Nu H + . = 10-a pH = a hay H + . = 10 pH hoc pH = -lg H + .

[ H ]. =10 M pH = 1 Mi trng axit. [ H ]. =10 M pH =7 Mi trng trung tnh. [ H ]. =10 M pH =12 Mi trng baz. Thut bin i nu [ H ]. = b.10 pH = a lgb (s dng my tnh )
Th d :
+ + + -1 -7 -12 + -a

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Thang pH thng dng c gi tr t 1 n 14 ( do tch s ion ca nc )

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng pOH , pKa, pKb.. pOH = - lg [OH-] v pH + pOH =14 pH = 14 - pOH c. Cht ch th mu: Qu tm, phenolphtalein, giy ch th vn nng. Thng thng i vi qu tm trong cc mi trng. axit: mu baz: mu xanh trung tnh : mu tm i vi phenolphtalein: pH < 8,3 Khng mu pH >= 8,3 :Mu hng d. Cch xc nh pH ca cc dung dch . i vi axit mnh, baz mnh: Nu nng ca axit hay baz kh ln th b qua s in li ca nc, nu nng rt long ( < hoc = 10-7) cn ch n s phn li ca nc. H2O H+ + OHTh d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 0,01M do H + . = [HCl] = 10-2 pH = 2 Th d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH 0,01M ptl : NaOH Na+ + OHTa c [OH-] = [NaOH]=10-2 pOH = 2 pH = 14- 2 = 12 Th d 3: Xc nh pH ca dung dch H2SO4 0,01M. ptl:
+

[ ]

ptl : HCl H+ + Cl-

H2SO4 0,01M
-2

2H+ + SO420,02M

[ H ]. =0,02 = 2.10
ptl: HCl H2O

pH = -lg 2.10-2 = 2 lg2

Th d 4: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 10-7M. Do nng ca axit rt long nn phi xt n s phn li ca nc H+ + ClH+ + OH-

phng trnh trung ho in ta c 10 14 [H ] = [Cl ] + [OH ] = 10 + H+

+ -7

[ ]

Hay : [H+]2 10-7[H+] -10-14 = 0 , gii phng trnh ta c [H+] = 1,62.10-7 pH = -lg1,62.10-7 = 6,79. Lu : Dung dch axit d long n u th pH < 7. Baz c long n u th cng c pH > 7. i vi axit yu, baz yu.

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Mun xc nh pH ca dung dch axit yu hay baz yu ta phi da vo hng s axit hay hng s baz cng nh phi ch n s phn li ca nc khi nng cht rt long. Cng thc tnh pH gn ng ca mt dung dch axit yu pH = 1 1 ( pKa lg CM) i vi baz yu : pOH = ( pKb lg CM) 2 2

vi pKa = - lgKa v pKb = -lgKb . Th d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, bit Ka = 2.10-5 Cch 1: Ta c cn bng : [b] [p] [cb]
3

CH3COOH 0,1M xM (0,1-x)M

+

CH3COO- + H+ xM xM xM xM

Ta c : Ka =

[CH COO ][ H ] .
[ CH 3COOH ]

x2 = 2.10 5 0,1 x

gi s x << 0,1 ta c : x =

0,1.2.10 5 = 10 2,85 = [H+] ( chp nhn c )

vy pH = - lg [H+] = -lg 10-2,85 = 2,85 . Nu [H+] = x khng qu nh so vi 0,1 thi ta gii phng trnh bc 2 xc nh x v pH ca bi ton. Cch 2 : Tnh tng i pH = 1 ( pKa lg CM) 2 1 5 1 = ( lg 2.10 lg 10 ) = 2,85 2 Th d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch NH3 0,1M. Bit Kb = 1,8.10-5 Cch 1: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHLp lun tng t ta c : x = [OH-] = 10-2,87 [H+] = 10-11,13 pH = 11,13 Nu x khng qu nh so vi 0,1 th ta phi gii phng trnh bc 2 chn nghim v xc nh pH ca bi ton. Cch 2: Gii theo phng php tng i pOH = 1 1 ( pKb lg CM) = (-lg1.8.10-5 lg0,1) = 2,87 2 2 pH = 14 pOH = 11,13 Xc nh pH ca dung dch m. Dung dch m l dung dch c gi tr pH thay i khng ng k khi thm vo mt lng nh axit mnh hay baz mnh hoc khi pha long.

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Thnh phn : Hn hp axit yu v mui ca n vi baz mnh hoc hn hp baz yu vi mui ca n vi axit mnh. Th d : CH3COOH v CH3COONa hoc NH3 v NH4Cl. Gii thch : Khi thm vo mt lng axit (H+) hay baz (OH-)th cn bng chuyn dch v pha thun hay pha nghch khng ng k nn pH thay i t. V d 1 : Xc nh pH ca dung dch m cha CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M.Bit Ka = 2.10-5 CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+ 0,1M
3

[CH COO ][ H ] . Ta c : Ka =
+

0,1M = 2.10-5 = 2.10-5. 0,1 = 2.10-5 M pH = 4,7. 0,1

[H+]=

[ CH 3COOH ] [ CH 3COOH ] 2.10 5.

[CH COO ]
3

Nu ta thm 0,02mol HCl vo 1 lt dung dch m khi c phn ng CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH nn [CH3COOH] = 0,1 + 0,02 = 0,12M v [CH3COO]= 0,1- 0,02 = 0,08M
5 khi [H+]= 2.10 .

[ CH 3COOH ]

[CH COO ]
3

= 2.10-5.

0,12 = 3.10-5 M pH = 4,5. 0,08

gi tr bin thin pH l : 4,7 3,5 = 0,2 n v thay i khng ng k. c th so snh nu thm 0,02mol HCl vo 1 lt nc nguyn cht th pH thay i t mi trng trung tnh ( pH = 7 ) v mi trng axit c pH = 1,7 tc l pH thay i 7 1,7 = 5,3 n v. Mu ngi l mt dung dch m c gi tr pH = 7,3 7,4 nh thit lp cn bng gia HCO3- v CO2. HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O V d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch cha ng thi HF 0,1M v NaF 0,1M bit hng s Ka = 6,8. 10-4. Gii: Ptl ca cc cht NaF 0,1 HF [b] [cb] 0,1 (0,1-x) x
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Na+ H+

+ +

F0,1 F0,1 (0,1+x)

Ta c Ka =

[ F ][ H ] .
+

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

[ HF ]

x(0,1 + x) = 6,8.10-4 0,1 x

( tnh gn ng x << 0,1) x = [H+] = 6,8.10-4 pH = -lg6,8.10-4 = 3,17. So snh kt qu vi gi thit ph hp ( x << 0,1 ) Vy pH = 3,17. Tng t ta xt cho dung dch khi thm 2gam NaOH rn vo 1lt dung dch trn cha ng thi HF 0,1M v NaF 0,1M bit hng s Ka = 6,8. 10-4. V. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cht in li. Dung dch A + dung dch B dung dch sn phm . Bn cht l s trao i cc ion trong cc dung dch phn ng kt hp vi nhau to thnh cht sn phm tho mn cc iu kin. cc ion kt hp to cht kt ta. cc ion kt hp to cht bay hi. cc ion kt hp to cht in li yu. 1. Bn cht v iu kin ca phn ng:

2. Mt s v d v phn ng trao i. a. Sn phm l cht kt ta. dung dch Na2SO4 + dung dch BaCl2 . ptpt: l: Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl 2Na+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2Cl- BaSO4 + 2Na+ + 2Cl(2) (3) (1)

pt ion thu gn: SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4 b. Sn phm l cht bay hi. dung dch HCl + dung dch Na2CO3 ptpt: l: rt gn: ptpt: l: rt gon: ptpt: l: 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

c. Sn phm l cht in li yu. Phn ng to nc : dung dch NaOH + dung dch HCl NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- Na+ + Cl- + H2O OH- + H+ H2O HCl + CH3COONa NaCl + CH3COOH H+ + Cl- + CH3COO- + Na+ Na+ + Cl- + CH3COOH
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Phn ng to axit yu: dung dch HCl + dung dch CH3COONa

rt gn:

H+ + CH3COO- CH3COOH.

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Kt lun : Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp c vi nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht: o Cht kt ta o Cht kh o Cht in li yu Ta thng biu din di dng phn t hay dng ion. VI. Cch biu din phng trnh di dng phn t v ion . 1. Phn ng gia NH4Cl v NaOH. a. Dng phn t : NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O in li: b. Dng ion : NH4+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + NH3 + H2O NH4+ OH- NH3 + H2O

Cc ion Cl- v Na+ khng tham gia phn ng . 2. Ho tan vi bng dung dch HCl a. Dng phn t: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 in li: b. Dng ion: CaCO3 + 2H+ + 2Cl- CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2

3. Phn ng ho tan FexOy trong dung dch HCl. a. Dng phn t: FexOy + 2yHCl xFeCl 2 y + yH2O
x

in li: b. Dng ion: * Quy tc chung:

FexOy + 2yH+ + 2yCl- xFe FexOy + 2yH+ xFe

2y + x

2y + x

+ 2yCl- + yH2O

+ yH2O

Bc 1: Cn bng phn ng di dng phn t theo phng php ph hp. Bc 2: Vit dng ion y theo nguyn tc : cc cht in li mnh ( axit, baz,mui ) c vit thnh ion, cc cht cn li cht khng in li, cht in li yu, cht kt ta, cht bay hi th vit di dng phn t. Bc 3: c lc cc ion ging nhau 2 v ta thu c pt dng ion. VII. Phn ng thu phn ca mui; Mi trng ca dung dch mui. 1. Khi nim: Phn ng trao i ion gia mui v nc c gi l phn ng thu phn ca mui. Cc ion tham gia phn ng thu phn gm 2 loi : Cation (ion dng) : ca cc baz yu nh NH4+,Fe3+, Fe2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Pb2+... Aion (ion m): gc cc axit yu nh CH3COO-, S2-, CO32-,

2. Phn ng thu phn ca mui. Xt s thu phn ca cc mui

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

a. Dung dch CH3COONa CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+ CH3COOH + OH(2) (1) CH3COO- + HOH

Kt qu (1) v (2) ta thy c OH- c gii phng do pH > 7 Vy dung dch CH3COONa c mi trng baz ( qu tm xanh) b. Dung dch Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+ + HOH 3NO3- + Fe3+ (1) Fe(OH)2+ + H+ (2).Kt qu mi trng c tnh axit

c. Dung dch CH3COONH4 : CH3COONH4 CH3COO- + NH4+ C 2 ion u tham gia phn ng thu phn nn mi trng axit hay baz cn ph thuc vo thu phn ca 2 ion . d. Dung dch Na2HPO4. Na2HPO4 2Na+ + HPO42ion HPO42- ny c tnh lng tnh nn mi trng ph thuc vo bn cht ca ion ny. 3. Kt lun . a. Mui trung ho to bi cation baz mnh v anion axit yu tan trong nc th gc axit b thu phn , mi trng ca dung dch l mi trng kim (pH > 7) b. Mui trung ho to bi cation baz yu v anion axit mnh tan trong nc th cation ca baz yu b thu phn , mi trng ca dung dch l mi trng axit (pH < 7) c. Mui trung ho to bi cation baz mnh v anion axit mnh tan trong nc th cc ion khng b thu phn , mi trng ca dung dch l mi trng axit (pH = 7) d. Mui trung ho to bi cation baz yu v anion axit yu tan trong nc th cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit b thu phn , mi trng ca dung dch ph thuc vo thu phn ca 2 ion. Mt s tr s lgN thng dng tnh pH N 2 3 4 5 6 lgN 0,30 0,48 0,60 0,70 0,78 Xc nh pH dung dch khi pha long bng nc. Trng hp 1: 7 0,85 8 0,90 9 0,95

Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo Vu lt dung dch axt c pH = a c dung dch c pH = b ( b > a). Gii: - Dung dch ban u c pH = a [ H+ ] = 10-a nH+b = 10-a . Vu Dung dch sau khi thm nc
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pH = b [ H+ ] = 10-b nH+sau = 10-b . Vsau V s mol H+ khng i nn : nH+b = nH+sau 10-a . Vu = 10-a . Vsau Vsau = 10b-a .Vu = 10 pH .Vu Vi pH = b a > 0 (1) VH2O + Vu = 10 pH .Vu VH2O = (10 pH - 1) .Vu Trng hp 2: Gii: - Dung dch ban u c pH = a pOH = 14 a [OH- ] = 10-14 + a nOH-b = 10(-14 + a ) . Vu Dung dch sau khi thm nc pH = b pOH = 14 b [ OH- ] = 10-14 + b nOH-sau = 10(-14 + b) . Vsau V s mol OH- khng i nn : nOH-b = nOH-sau 10-14 + a . Vu = 10-14 + b . Vsau Vsau = 10a-b .Vu = 10- pH .Vu Vi pH = b a < 0 (2) VH2O + Vu = 10- pH .Vu VH2O = (10- pH - 1) .Vu T (1) v (2) ta c th rt cng thc chung p dng l Vsau = 10[ pH ].Vu V c pH = 3. Gii : Ta c VH2O = (10[ pH ]- 1) .Vu = (103-1- 1).15 = 1485ml = 1,485 lt. VH2O = (10[ pH ]- 1) .Vu

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo Vu lt dung dch axt c pH = a c dung dch c pH = b ( b < a)

Th d1: Th tch ca nc cn thm vo 15ml dung dch axit HCl pH = 1 thu c dung dch axit

Th d 2: Thm 90ml nc vo 10ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 12. Xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c sau trn. Gii: Ta c Vsau = 10[ pH ] . Vu 90 + 10 = 10[ pH ] . 10 10[ pH ] = 10 10 ( pH sau - 12) = 10 pH sau = 11
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

Th d 3: Thm 80ml nc vo 20ml dung dch HCl c pH = 6. Xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c sau trn.

Chng II :

NIT PHOT PHO

A. Gii thiu chung I. V tr. Thuc nhm V trong bng h thng tun hon. - Nhm Nit gm : Nit (N) , Photpho (P) , Asen(As) , atimon (Sb) v bitmut (Bi). - Chng u thuc cc nguyn t p . II. Tnh cht chung cc nguyn t nhm nit. 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t : - Cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng : ns2np3
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

ns2 np3 - trng thi c bn , nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm nit c 3 electron c thn , do trong cc hp cht chng c cng ha tr l 3 . - i vi cc nguyn t : P , As , Sb trng thi kch thch c 5 elctron c thn nn trong hp cht chng c lin kt cng ha tr l 5 ( Tr Nit ). 2 . S bin i tnh cht ca cc n cht : a. Tnh oxi ha kh : - Trong cc hp cht chng c cc s oxi ho : -3 , +3 , +5 . Ring Nit cn c cc s oxi ho : +1 , +2 , +4 . - Cc nguyn t nhm Nit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh . - Kh nng oxi ha gim t nit n bitmut . b. Tnh kim loi - phi kim : - i t nit n bitmut , tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t gim dn , ng thi tnh kim loi tng dn 3. S bin i tnh cht ca cc hp cht : a. Hp cht vi hiro : RH3 - bn nhit ca cc hirua gim t NH3 n BiH3 . - Dung dch ca chng khng c tnh axt . b. Oxit v hiroxit : - C s oxi ho cao nht vi xi : +5 - bn ca hp cht vi s oxiho +5 gim xung - Vi N v P s oxi ha +5 l c trng . - Tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit tng cn tnh axit gim Theo chiu t nit n bitmut. B. Nit I Cu to phn t. - Cng thc electron : : N :::N : - Cng thc cu to : :N N: II Tnh cht vt l. - L cht kh khng mu , khng mi , khng v , hi nh hn khng kh , ha lng - 196 0C, ha rn:210 0C - Tan rt t trong nc , khng duy tr s chy v s sng, khng c. III . Tnh cht ho hc. - Nit c cc s oxi ho : -3 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 . tnh oxi ho tnh kh . -N2 c s oxiho 0 nn va th hin tnh oxi ho v tnh kh . - Nit c EN N = 946 kJ/mol , nhit thng nit kh tr v mt ha hc nhng nhit cao hot ng hn . - Nit th hin tnh oxi ha v tnh kh , tnh oxi ha c trng hn . 1 . Tnh oxi ha : a. Tc dng vi hiro : nhit cao (4000C) , p sut cao v c xc tc : -3 N20 + 3H2 2 N H3 ; H = - 92kJ b. Tc dng vi kim loi : 6Li + N20 2 Li3N
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

( Liti Nitrua ) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2 (Magie Nitrua ) 2 . Tnh kh : - nhit 30000C (hoc h quang in ) : N20 + O2 2NO . H=180KJ

Nit th hin tnh kh . - Kh NO khng bn :

+2 2 N O + O2

2 N O2

+4

- Cc oxit khc nh N2O , N2O3 , N2O5 khng iu ch trc tip t nit v oxi . Kt lun : Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc nguyn t c m in ln hn .Th hin tnh oxiha khi tc dng vi cc nguyn t c m in ln hn . IV. Trng thi thin nhin v iu ch . 1. Trng thi thin nhin : - dng t do : chim khong 80% th tch khng kh , tn ti 2 ng v :14N (99,63%) , 15N(0,37%) . - dng hp cht , nit c nhiu trong khong vt NaNO3 (Dim tiu ) : c c trong thnh phn ca protein , axit nucleic , . . . v nhiu hp cht hu c thin nhin . 2 iu ch. a. Trong cng nghip : - Chng ct phn on khng kh lng , thu nit -196 0C , vn chuyn trong cc bnh thp , nn di p sut 150 at . b. Trong phng th nghim : - un dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit ( Hn hp NaNO2 v NH4Cl ) : NH4NO2 t 0 N2 + 2H2O . V ng dng. - L mt trong nhng thnh phn dinh dng chnh ca thc vt . - Trong cng nghip dng tng hp NH3 , t sn xut ra phn m , axt nitrc . . . Nhiu nghnh cng nghip nh luyn kim , thc phm , in t . . . S dng nit lm mi trng . VI. Oxit ca nit 1. init oxit ( kh ci ): N2O Cng thc cu to : NN O iu ch : 2. Nit oxit : Cng thc cu to : iu ch : hoc 3. Nitioxit: Cng thc cu to : iu ch : 4. init pentoxit: Cng thc cu to :
250 C NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O NO . NO Cu +HNO3 long Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O t NH3 + O2 NO + H2O Pt
o o

NO2 ( mu nu, rt c ) O - NO Cu + HNO3 c, nng Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O N2O5 O=N-ON=O

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

iu ch: C. Amoniac I . Cu to phn t - CT e CTCT H :N: H HNH H H N H H

O O dkt HNO3 + P2O5 HPO3 + N2O5

H - Lin kt trong phn t NH3 l lin kt cng ho tr phn cc , nit tch in m , hiro tch in dng do phn t NH3 l phn t phn cc . -Phn t NH3 c cu to hnh thp , y l mt tam gic u II . Tnh cht vt l. - Nh hn khng kh . - L cht kh khng mu , mi khai v xc , nh hn khng kh . - Kh NH3 tan rt nhiu trong nc , to thnh dung dch amoniac c tnh kim yu . III. Tnh cht ho hc 1 . Tnh baz yu : a. Tc dng vi nc : - Da vo tnh cht ha chung ca baz - Da vo thuyt axt baz ca bronxted vit phng trnh in li ca NH3 trong nc . Trong dung dch NH3 l mt baz yu , 250C , Kb = 1,8. 10-5 NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH b. Tc dng vi axt : To thnh mui amoni . Vd: 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 + H+ NH4+ . NH3(k) + HCl(k) NH4Cl(r ) . Phn ng dng nhn bit kh NH3 . Kt lun : - Amoniac trng thi kh hay trong dung dch u th hin tnh baz yu .Tc dng vi axt to thnh mui amoni v kt ta c hiroxit ca nhiu kim loi . c. Tc dng vi dung dch mui ca nhiu kim loi , to kt ta hiroxit ca chng . V d : Al3++3NH3+3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ Fe +2NH3+2H2OFe(OH)2+2NH4 2 . Kh nng to phc : Dung dch amoniac c kh nng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s kim loi , to thnh cc dung dch phc cht V d : * Vi Cu(OH) 2: Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 - Phng trnh ion : Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2++ 2OHMu xanh thm
+ 2+

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2] Cl AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + ClS to thnh cc ion phc l do s kt hp cc phn t NH 3 bng c electron cha s dng ca nguyn t nit vi ion kim loi 3 . Tnh kh : - Amoniac c tnh kh : phn ng c vi oxi , clo v kh mt s oxit kimloi (Nit c s oxi ha t -3 n 0, +2 ). a. Tc dng vi oxi : - Amoniac chy trong khng kh vi ngn la mu lc nht : 4NH3 +3O2 2N02 + 6H2O . - Khi c xc tc l hp kim platin v irii 850 9000C : 4NH3 +5O2 4NO + 6H2O . b. Tc dng vi clo : - Kh NH3 t bc chy trong kh Clo to ngn la c khi trng : 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N20 +6HCl . - Khi trng l nhng ht NH4Cl sinh ra do kh HCl va to thnh ha hp vi NH3 . c. Tc dng vi mt s oxit kim loi: - Khi un nng , NH3 c th kh oxit ca mt s kim loi thnh kim loi * Vi AgCl .
t 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu +N20 +3H2O IV. IU CH : 1. Trong phng th nghim : - Cho mui amoni tc dng vi kim nng : 2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 +2H2O - un nng dung dch amoniac c . 2 . Trong cng nghip: N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3 H = - 92 kJ

V d :

Vi nhit : 450 5000C . p sut : 300 1000 at Cht xc tc : Fe hot ha , tng p sut thu lng NH3 nhiu. * Thc hin t thp . Tuy nhin t thch hp khon 440C * Dng cht xc tc . V. Mui Amoni 1. Tnh cht vt l - L nhng hp cht tinh th ion , Phn t gm cation NH4+ v anion gc axit . - Mui amoni u d tan trong nc v khi tan in ly hon ton thnh cc ion . V d : NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl - ; Ion NH4+ khng c mu . 2. Tnh cht ho hc a. Phn ng thu phn : To mi trng c tnh axit lm qu tm ho + NH4 + HOH NH3 + H3O+ ( Tnh axit ) b . Phn ng trao i ion : V d: (NH4)2SO4+ 2 NaOH 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O . (1) NH4+ + OH- NH3 +H2O Phn ng ny dng iu ch NH3 trong phng th nghim.
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

NH4Cl +AgNO3 AgCl + NH4NO3 (2) Cl- +Ag+ AgCl . Cc phn ng trn l phn ng trao i . c Phn ng nhit phn : Khi un nng cc mui amoni d b nhit phn , to thnh nhng sn phm khc nhau . Mui amoni to bi axt khng c tnh oxiha : Khi un nng b phn hy thnh amoniac v axit V d : NH4Cl(r ) NH3(k) + HCl(k) . HCl + NH3 NH4Cl (NH4)2CO3 NH3 +NH4HCO3 NH4HCO3 NH3 +CO2 + H2O Mui to bi axt c tnh oxiha : - Nh axt nitr , axt nitric khi b nhit phn cho ra N2 hoc N2O v nc . V d : NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O . NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O . -V nguyn tc : tu thuc vo axit to thnh m NH3 c th b oxi ho thnh cc sn phm khc nhau . D.Axit nitric I Cu to phn t - CTPT : HNO3 - CTCT : H O N O O - Nit c ha tr IV v s oxiho l +5 II Tnh cht vt l - L cht lng khng mu - Bc khi mnh trong khng kh m - D = 1,53g/cm3 , t0s = 860C . - Axt nitric khng bn , phn hy 1 phn 4HNO3 4 NO2 + O2 + 2H2O dung dch axit c mu vng hoc nu . - Axt nitric tan v hn trong nc ( Thc t dng HNO3 68% ) III . Tnh cht ho hc 1 . Tnh axt : - L mt trong s cc axt mnh nht , trong dung dch : HNO3 H+ + NO3- Dung dch axt HNO3 c y tnh cht ca mt dung dch axt . Tc dng vi oxit baz , baz , mui , kim loi 2 .Tnh oxi ha : V HNO3 , N c s oxiha cao nht +5 , trong phn ng c s thay i s oxiha , s oxiha ca nit gim xung gi tr thp hn . a. Vi kim loi : - HNO3 oxiha hu ht cc kim loi (tr vng v platin ) khng gii phng kh H2 , do ion NO3 c kh nng oxiho mnh hn H+ .
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

* Vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu : Cu , Ag . . . - HNO3 c b kh n NO2 Cu + 4HNO3() Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2 +2H2O - HNO3 long b kh n NO 3Cu + 8HNO3(l) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O * Khi tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn : Mg, Zn ,Al . . . - HNO3 c b kh n NO2 - HNO3 long b kh n N2O hoc N2 - HNO3 rt long b kh n NH3 (NH4NO3) 8Al + 30HNO3(l) 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O 5Mg + 12HNO3(l) 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2 + 6H2O 4Zn + 10HNO3(l) Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O - Fe, Al b th ng ha trong dung dch HNO3 c ngui b. Tc dng vi phi kim : - Khi un nng HNO3 c c th tc dng c vi C, P ,S . . . V d : C + 4HNO3() CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O S + 6HNO3() H2SO4 +6NO2 +2H2O Nh vy HNO3 khng nhng tc dng vi kim loi m cn tc dng vi mt s phi kim . c. Tc dng vi hp cht : - H2S , HI, SO2 , FeO , mui st (II) . . . c th tc dng vi HNO3 - Nguyn t b oxiha trong hp cht chuyn ln mc oxi ha cao hn: 3FeO +10HNO3(l) 3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 3H2S + 2HNO3(l) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O . - Nhiu hp cht hu c nh giy , vi , du thng . . . bc chy khi tip xc vi HNO3 c . Kt lun : HNO3 c tnh axt mnh v c tnh oxiha . IV IU CH : 1 . Trong phng th nghim : - Phng php iu ch HNO3 trong phng th nghim .
t NaNO3(r ) + H2SO4() HNO3 + NaHSO4 . 2. Trong cng nghip : - c sn xut t amoniac - nhit 850 9000C , xc tc hp kim Pt vIr : 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O H = - 907kJ - Oxi ha NO thnh NO2 : 2NO + O2 2NO2 . - Chuyn ha NO2 thnh HNO3 : 4NO2 +2H2O +O2 4HNO3 . - Dung dch HNO3 thu c c nng 60 - 62% . Chng ct vi H2SO4 m c thu c dung dch HNO3 96 98 % . E.Mui nitrat I. Khi nim mui nitrat - Mui ca axit nitric gi l mui nitrat .
o

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

V d : NaNO3 , Cu(NO3), NH4NO3... II. Tnh cht vt l : - D tan trong nc v cht in ly mnh .trong dung dch , chng phn ly hon ton thnh cc ion . V d : Ca(NO3) Ca2+ + 2NO3KNO3 K+ + NO3- Ion NO3 khng c mu , mu ca mt s mui nitrat l do mu ca cation kim loi. III - Tnh cht ha hc Cc mui nitrt d b phn hy khi un nng a. Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng( trc Mg) : - B phn hy thnh mui nitrit + kh O2. 2KNO3 2KNO3 +O2 b. Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi t Mg Cu : - B phn hy thnh oxit kim loi + NO2 + O2
t 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 c. Mui ca nhng kim loi km hot ng (sau Cu) : - B phn hy thnh kim loi + NO2 + O2 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 . IV. Nhn bit ion nitrat : - Khi c mt ion H+ v NO3- th hin tnh oxiha ging nh HNO3 - V vy dng Cu + H2SO4 nhn bit mui nitrat V d : 3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 4H2SO4(l) 3Cu(NO3)2+ 2NO+ 4Na2SO4 + 4H2O. 3Cu+8H++2NO3-3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O. 2NO + O2 2NO2 (nu ) V . ng dng ca mui nitrat. - Dng lm phn bn ha hc , Kalinitrat cn c s dng ch thuc n en . Tm tt kin thc. n cht Amoniac Muiamoni Axt nitric + (N2) (NH3) (NH4 ) (HNO3) Tnh -Cht kh -cht kh mi khai -D tan -cht lng khng cht khng mu , -Tan nhiu trong -in li mnh mu. vt l khng mi nc - Tan v hn -t tan trong nc Tnh - Bn nhit - Tnh baz yu. -D b phn -L axit mnh cht thng - Tnh kh mnh. hu bi nhit -L cht oxi ho ha - Hot ng - To phc. -Thu phn mnh hc hn nhit trong mi cao (t/d trng axit . vi kim loi, phi kim, H2) iu 2NH4Cl +Ca(OH)2 NH3 + H+ NaNO3 + H2SO4 NH4NO2 ch N2+2H2O 2NH3 + CaCl2 + NH4+ NaHSO4 + -chng ct 2H2O HNO3
o

Mui nitrat (NO3-) - d tan - in li mnh

-B phn hu bi nhit -l cht oxi ho trong mi trng axit hoc un nng . HNO3 + Kim loi

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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11
phn on kk N2+3H2 2NH3 NH3 NO NO2 lng . HNO3 ng -To mi -iu ch phn bn -Lm phn -Axit dng trng tr -nguyn liu sn bn -Nguyn liu sn -nguyn liu xut HNO3 xut phn bn sx NH3 F. Pht pho I. Tnh cht vt l 1. P trng : - Dng tinh th do phn t P4 - Khng mu hoc vng nht ging nh sp . - D nng chy bay hi, t0 = 44,10C . - Rt c, gy bng nng khi ri vo da. - Khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi hu c : C6H6 , ete . . . - Oxyho chm pht sng - Km bn t chy trong khng kh iu kin thng . 2. P : - Dng Polime - Cht bt mu - Kh nng chy , kh bay hi , t0n/c=2500C . - Khng c - Khng tan trong bt k dung mi no - Khng c . - Khng Oxyho chm khng pht sng - Bn trong khng kh iu kin thng , bn hn P trng . - Khi un nng khng c khng kh P P trng . - P c cc s oxi ho : -3 , 0 , +3 , +5 . C th th hin tnh kh v tnh oxi ho . II. Tnh cht ho hc - m in P < N - Nhng P hot ng ha hc hn N2 v lin kt N N bn vng * P trng hot ng hn P . 1. Tnh oxi ha : Tc dng vi mt s kim loi mnh ( K, Na , Ca , Mg . . .)
o

-Phn bn , thuc n , thuc nhum .

t 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 Canxiphotphua 2 Tnh kh - Tc dng vi cc phi kim hot ng nh oxi ,hal , lu hunh v cc cht oxiha mnh khc a. Tc dng vi oxi - Thiu oxi : 4P + 3O2 2P2O3 iphotpho trioxit 0 - D oxi : 4P +5O2 2P2O5 iphotpho pentaoxit b. Tc dng vi clo

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Khi cho clo i qua photpho -nng chy - Thiu clo 2P0 + 3Cl2 2PCl3 Photpho triclorua 0 - D clo : 2P + 5Cl2 2PCl5 Photpho pentaclorua c. Tc dng vi cc hp cht : V d : 6P + 5KClO3 3P2O5 + 5KCl III . NG DNG : - Dng sn xut thuc u que dim. - iu ch H3PO4 P P2O5 H3PO4 IV. Trng thi t nhin v iu ch. 1 Trong t nhin:- Khng c P dng t do: - Thng dng mui ca axt photphpric : c trong qung apatit Ca5F(PO4)3 v photphoric Ca3(PO4)2. - C trong protien thc vt , trong xng , rng , bp tht , t bo no , . . . ca ngi v ng vt . 2 . iu ch: - Bng cch nung hn hp Ca3(PO4)2, SiO2 v than 12000C . - Phng trnh iu ch P trong cng nghip . Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO - Hi P thot ra ngng t khi lm lnh , thu c P dng rn . G . AXIT PHOTPHORIC : I . Cu to phn t : Photpho c ha tr V v s oxiha +5 . II . Tnh cht vt l : - L cht rn , trong sut khng mu , ho nc tan nhiu trong nc . - Khng bay hi , khng c , t0 = 42,30C . - Dung dch c snh , c nng 85% III .Tnh cht ha hc : a. Tnh oxiha kh : Axt H3PO4 khng c tnh oxiha nh axt nitric v photpho mc oxiha +5 bn hn b. Tc dng bi nhit : H3PO4 d b mt nc :
0 200 250 C 0 400 500 C

H3PO4 H4P2O7 HPO3

+H O photphoric 2 iphotphoric +H O 2 metaphotphoric

c. Tnh axt : - Axt H3PO4 l axt ba ln axt ,c mnh trung bnh : H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- K1 =7,6.10-3 H2PO4 H+ + HPO42K1 = 6,2.10-3 HPO42- H+ + PO43K1 = 4,4.10-3 - Gm cc ion : H+ , H2PO4- , HPO42- ,PO43- Dung dch H3PO4 c nhng tnh cht chung ca axt : V d : Tc dng vi oxit baz hoc baz H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4+2NaOH Na2HPO + 2H2O H3PO4+ 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O * x < 1: NaH2PO4 d axt.
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* x = 1: NaH2PO4 * 1 < x < 2 : NaH2PO4v Na2HPO4 * x=2: Na2HPO4 * 2 < x < 3 : Na2HPO4 v Na3PO4 * x=3: Na3PO4 * x>3: Na3PO4 d baz IV . iu ch v ng dng a. Trong phng th nghim : Dng HNO3 30% oxiha P : 3P+5HNO3+2H2O3H3PO4 +5NO b. Trong cng nghip : - Phng php chit : Cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc qung apatit : Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO43CaSO4 +2H3PO4 - Phng php nhit : iu ch H3PO4 tinh khit hn : 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 . P2O5 +3H2O 2H3PO4 . Ngoi ra cn c th thy phn dn xut Halogen : PX5 + 4H2O H3PO4 + 5HX ng dng : Dng sn xut phn bn v c , nhum vi , sn xut men s , dng trong cng nghip dc phm V MUI PHOTPHAT : - Mui pht pht l mui ca axit phtphoric gm mui trung ha v hai mui axit . V d : Na3PO4 , K2HPO4 , Ca(H2PO4)2 . - C 3 loi : Mui ihirphotphat Mu in hirphotphat Mui photphat 1 Tnh cht : a. Tnh tan : Na3PO4 3Na + PO43- PH > 7 - Cc mui ihirophotphat u tan trong nc . - Cc mui hirophotphat v photphat trung ha ch c mui natri ,kali , amoni l d tan cn ca cc kim loi khc khng tan hoc t tan trong nc . b. Phn ng thy phn : Cc mui photphat tan b thy phn trong dung dch : V D: Na3PO4 + H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OH- . Dung dch c mi trng kim . 2 Nhn bit ion photphat : Thuc th l dung dch AgNO3 .. VD : 3AgNO3+Na3PO4Ag3PO4+3NNO3 3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 (mu vng ) C kt ta vng xut hin, kt ta tan c trong HNO3 long. H. PHN BN HO HC
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I. PHN M : - Phn m l nhng hp cht cung cp Nit cho cy trng . - Tc dng : kch thch qu trnh sinh trng ca cy , tng t l protin thc vt . - dinh dng nh gi bng %N trong phn . 1.Phn m Amoni : - L cc mui amoni : NH4Cl , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3 Dng bn cho cc loi t t chua . - C cha gc NH4+ c mi trng axit Khng th c v xy ra phn ng : CaO + NH4+ Ca2+ + NH3 + H2O 2. Phn m Nitrat : - L cc mui Nitrat : NaNO3 , Ca(NO3)2 iu ch : Mui cacbonat + HNO3 u cha N - Amoni c mi trng axit cn Nitrat c mi trng trung tnh . => Vng t chua bn nitrat vng t kim bn amoni 3. Ur : - CTPT : (NH2)2CO , 46%N - iu ch : CO2 + 2NH3 (NH2)2CO + H2O - Ti sao Ur c s dng rng ri ?do ur trung tnh v hm lng nit cao . - Giai on no ca cy trng i hi nhiu phn m hn ? giai on sinh trng ca cy . II. PHN KALI : - Cung cp nguyn t Kali cho cy di dng ion K+ - Tc dng : tng cng sc chng bnh , chng rt v chu hn ca cy - nh gi bng hm lng % K2O.. III. PHN LN : - Phn c cha nguyn t P.C 2 loi . Cung cp photpho cho cy di dng ion photphat PO43Cn thit cho cy thi k sinh trng . nh gi bng hm lng %P2O5 tng ng vi lng photpho c trong thnh phn ca n Nguyn liu : qung photphoric v apatit . 1. Phn ln nung chy : - Thnh phn : hn hp photphat v silicat ca canxi v magi - Cha 12-14% P2O5. - Khng tan trong nc , thch hp cho lng t chua . 2. Phn ln t nhin :Dng trc tip qung photphat lm phn bn . u l Ca(H2PO4)2 Khc nhau v hm lng P trong phn 3. Super photphat : - Thnh phn chnh l Ca(H2PO4)2 a. Superphotphat n : Cha 14-20% P2O5 iu ch : Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 2CaSO4 + Ca(H2PO4)2 b. .Super photphat kp : Cha 40-50% P2O5
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

- Sn xut qua 2 giai on : Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2 IV. MT S LOI PHN KHC : 1. Phn hn hp v phn phc hp - L loi phn cha ng thi hai hoc 3 nuyn t dinh dng c bn . * Phn hn hp : - Cha c 3 nguyn t N , P , K c gi l phn NPK - N c trn t cc phn n theo t l N:P:K nht nh tu theo loi t trng . * Phn phc hp : Amphot Sn xut bng tng tc ho hc ca cc cht . 2. Phn vi lng - Cung cp nhng hp cht cha cc nguyn t nh Bo, km , Mn , Cu , Mo - Cy trng ch cn mt lng rt nh . - Phn vi lng c a vo t cng vi phn bn v c hoc hu c . - Sau mt thi gian trong t cc nguyn t vi lng t i cn b xung cho cy theo ng phn bn

Chng 3 :

CACBON - SILIC

A. Gii thiu chung I. V TR CA NHM CACBON TRONG BNG TUN HON : - L cc nguyn t thuc nhm IVA - Chng u thuc cc nguyn t p Mt s tnh cht ca cc nguyn t nhm cacbon. Cacbon Silic Gecmani S hiu nguyn t 6 14 32 Nguyn t khi (vC) 12,01 28,08 72,61 Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng 2s22p2 3s23p2 4s24p2 Bn knh nguyn t (n.m) 0,077 0,117 0,122 m in 2,5 1,9 1,8 Nng lng ion ha th 1086 786 762 nht(Kj/mol)

Thic 50 118,71 5s25p2 0,140 1,8 708

Ch 82 207,2 6s26p2 0,146 1,9 715

II TNH CHT CHUNG CA CC NGUYN T NHM CACBON : 1 . Cu hnh electron nguyn t - Cu hnh electron ngoi cng : ns2np2 . -Trong hp cht chng c cng hoa tr l hai ,bn v chng c cc s oxiha +4, +2v 4 (tr Ge , Sn, Pb ) ty thuc vo m in ca cc nguyn t lin kt vi chng. 2. S bin i tnh cht ca cc n cht : - T C n Pb tnh phi kim gim dn v tnh kim loi tng . - Ccbon v silic l nhng phi kim km hot ng hn nit v photpho .
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

3 . S bin i tnh cht ca cc hp cht : - Hp cht vi hiro RH4 : bn nhit gim nhanh t CH4 n PbH4 . - Hp cht oxit : XO ,XO2 : CO2 v SiO2 l cc oxit axt , cn cc oxit GeO2 ,SnO2 , PbO2 v cc hiroxit tng ng ca chng l cc hp cht lng tnh - Cc nguyn t C , Ge , Si lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch , kh nng ny gim nhanh t C n Ge . B. Cacbon. I TNH CHT VT L : - Cc bon to thnh mt s dng th hnh , khc nhau v tnh cht vt l - Cacbon hot ng ha hc nhit cao , C v nh hnh hot ng hn . 1. Kim cng : - L cht tinh th khng mu , trong sut , khng dn in , dn nhit km. - Tinh th thuc loi tinh th nguyn t

2. Than ch : - Cu trc lp, lin kt vi nhau yu. - Tinh th mu xm.

3. Cacbon v nh hnh : - Gm nhng tinh th rt nh Chng c kh nng hp ph mnh II. TNH CHT HO HC : 1 Tnh kh : a. Tc dng vi oxi : C + O2 + 4 O2 . C

b. Tc dng vi hp cht : - nhit cao c th kh c nhiu oxit : Fe2O3 + 3C0 2Fe +3 C O CO2 + C0 2 C O. SiO2 + 2C0 Si +2 C O Cacbon khng tc dng trc tip vi halogen 2 . Tnh oxi ha : a. Tc dng vi hiro : nhit cao v c xc tc : C0 + 2H2 C H4 .
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4 +2 +2 +2

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

b.Tc dng vi kim loi : nhit cao : Ca + 2C0 CaC2-4 Canxi cacbua 4Al +3C Al4 C 3 Nhm cacbua III . NG DNG : 1 . Kim cng : dng lm trang sc , ch to mi khoan , dao ct thy tinh v bt mi . 2 Than ch : Lm in cc , bt ch en , ch cht bi trn , lm ni chn nu chy cc hp kim chu nhit. 3. Than cc : Lm cht kh trong l luyn kim . 4. Than g : Dng ch thuc sng en , thuc pho cht hp ph . Than hot tnh c dng nhiu trong mt n phng c v trong cng nghip ha cht . 5. Than mui : c dng lm cht n khi lu ha cao su , sn xut mc in , xi nh giy ,. . . IV TRNG THI T NHIN: 1 . Trong thin nhin : - Kim cng v than ch l cacbon t do gn nh tinh khit, ngoi ra cn c trong khong vt . 2 . iu ch : - Kim cng nhn to /c t than ch , bng cch nung 30000C v p sut 70 100 nghn atm trong thi gian di - Than ch : nung than cc 2500 30000C trong l in khng c khng kh . - Than cc : Nung than m 1000 12500C ,trong l in , khng c khng kh . - Than g : Khi t chy g trong iu kin thiu khng kh . - Than mui : CH4 C + 2H2 . - Than m : Khai thc trc tip t cc va than . C. Hp cht ca cacbon I CACBON MONOOXIT : 1 Cu to phn t : - trng thi c bn : C: 2s2 2p2 O: 2s2 2p4 - CTCT : :C O: 2 Tnh cht vt l : - L cht kh khng mu , khng mi, khng v , nh hn khng kh t tan trong nc ,t 0h/l = -191,50C , t0h/r = -205,20C . - Rt bn vi nhit v rt c 3 Tnh cht ha hc :
0 0 4

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Cacbon monooxit l oxit khng to mui , km hot ng nhit thng v hot ng nhit cao . - CO l cht kh mnh : - Chy trong khng kh ,cho ngn la mu lam nht ta nhit : 2CO(k) + O2(k) 2CO2(k) - Khi c than hot tnh lm xc tc CO + Cl2 COCl2 (photgen). - Kh nhiu oxit kim loi : CO + CuO Cu + CO2 . 4 .iu ch : a. Trong cng nghip : - Cho hi nc i qua than nng . 10500C C +H2O CO + H2 - To thnh kh than t : 44% CO , 45%H2 , 5% H2O V 6% N2 . - c sn xut trong cc l ga C + O2 CO C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2 CO - Kh l ga : 25%CO, 70%N2 , 4%CO2 v 1% cc kh khc . b. Trong phng th nghim : H2SO4 c nng HCOOH CO + H2O . II . CACBON IOXIT (CO2) V AXT CACBONIC (H2CO3) 1 Cu to ca phn t CO2 : :O=C=O: - Lin kt C O l lk CHT c cc , nhng do c cu to thng nn phn t CO2 khng c cc 2 Tnh cht vt l : - L cht kh khng mu , nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh , tan t trong nc. - nhit thng , p sut 60atm CO2 ha lng . - Lm lnh t ngt 760C CO2 ha thnh khi rn gi nc kh c hin tng thng hoa . 3 Tnh cht ha hc : a. CO2 khng chy , khng duy tr s chy , c tnh oxiha khi gp cht kh mnh : V d : C O2 +2Mg 2MgO + C0 b. CO2 l oxit axt tc dng vi oxt baz v baz to mui . - Khi tan trong nc : CO2 + H2O H2CO3 - Axt H2CO3 l axt rt yu v km bn : H2CO3 H+ +HCO3- ,K1= 4,5. 10-7 HCO3H++CO32- , K2= 4,8 . 10-11 4 iu ch : a. Trong cng nghip : nhit 900 10000C : CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) . b. Trong phng th nghim : CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
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+4

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc 11

III MUI CACBONAT : 1 Tnh cht ca mui cacbonat a. Tnh tan : - Mui trung ha ca kim loi kim (tr Li2CO3) amoni v cc mui hirocacbonat d tan trong nc (tr NaHCO3) . - Mui cacbonat trung ha ca cc kim loi khc khng tan hoc t tan trong nc . b.Tc dng vi axt : NaHCO3+HCl NaCl +CO2 + H2O HCO3- +H+ CO2 +H2O . Na2CO3+2HCl 2NaCl +CO2 +H2O CO32- +2H+ CO2 + H2O . c. Tc dng vi dung dch kim NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O . d. Phn ng nhit phn : - Mui cacbonat trung ha ca kim loi kim u bn vi nhit - Cc mui khc v mui hirocacbonat d b phn hy khi un nng . V d : MgCO3 MgO + CO2 . 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O . 2 Mt s mui cacbonat quan trng - Canxicacbonat (CaCO3 ) : L cht bt nh mu trng , c dng lm cht n trong lu ha v mt s nghnh cng nghip . - Natri cacbon khan (Na2CO3) L cht bt mu trng , tan nhiu trong nc (dng tinh th Na2CO3 . 10H2O) c dng trong cng nghip thy tinh , gm , bt git . . . - NaHCO3 : L tinh th mu trng hi t tan trong nc , c dng trong cng nghip thc phm , y hc . D- Silic I SILIC : 1 Tnh cht vt l : - C hai dng th hnh : Tinh th v v nh hnh . - Silic tinh th c cu trc ging cacbon , mu xm c nh kim, dn in , t 0n/c= 14200C , t0s= 26200C . C tnh bn dn . - Silic v nh hnh l cht bt mu nu . 2 Tnh cht ha hc : a. Tnh kh : - Tc dng vi phi kim : nhit thng : Si0 + 2F2 Si F4 (silic tetraflorua) Khi un nng : Si0 + O2 Si O2
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+4 +4

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(silic ioxit) Si0 + C Si C (silic cacbua). - Tc dng vi hp cht : Si + 2NaOH+ H2ONa2 Si O3+ 2H2 b. Tnh oxi ha : Tc dng vi kim loi : ( Ca , Mg , Fe . . .) nhit cao .
0 +4 +4

2Mg + Si0 Mg2 Si (magie silixua) 3 Trng thi thin nhin : - Silic chim gn 29,5% khi lng v tri t , tn ti dng hp cht (ct , khong vt silicat , aluminosilicat ) - Silic cn c trong c th ngi v thc vt . 4 ng dng v iu ch : - C nhiu ng dng trong k thut (k thut v tuyn v in t , pin mt tri, luyn kim ). - iu ch : * Trong phng th nghim : SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO. * Trong cng nghip : t0 SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO. II HP CHT CA SILIC : 1 Silic ioxit (SiO2) : - SiO2 dng tinh th nguyn t mu trng rt cng, khng tan trong nc ,t0n/c=17130C, t0s= 25900C . - Trong thin nhin ch yu dng khong vt thch anh , khng mu trong sut gi l pha l thin nhin . - L oxit axit , tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng , tan nhanh trong kim nng chy hoc cacbonat trong kim loi kim nng chy . V d : SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O. SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + H2O. -Tan trong axit flohiric: SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O. 2 Axit silixic v mui silicat : a. Axit silixic(H2SiO3) - L cht dng kt ta keo , khng tan trong nc , un nng d mt nc H2SiO3 SiO2 + H2O . - H2SiO3 khi sy kh mt nc to silicagen : dng ht m v hp ph nhiu cht . - H2SiO3 l axit rt yu : Na2SiO3+CO2+H2OH2SiO3+Na2CO3 b. Mui silicat : - Mui ca kim loi kim tan c trong nc , cho mi trng kim . - Dung dch c Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 gi l thy tinh lng . - Vi hoc g tm thy tinh lng s kh b chy ,Thy tinh lng c dng ch keo dn thy tinh v s E- Cng nghip silicat
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I -THU TINH: 1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca thu tinh: -Thu tinh c thnh phn ho hc l cc oxit kim loi nh Na , Mg , Ca , Pb , Zn v SiO2 , B2O3 , P2O5 - Sn phm nung chy cc cht ny l thu tinh , thnh phn ch yu l SiO2 . - Thu tinh c cu trc v nh hnh - T nng chy khng xc nh. 2. Mt s loi thu tinh: -Thu tinh thng: NaO.CaO.6SiO2 - iu ch : Nu chy hn hp ct trng, vi, Sa 1400C: Na2CO3 + SiO2 Na2SiO3 + CO2 CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2 -Thu tinh Kali: ( nu thay Na2CO3 bng K2CO3) c nhit ho mm v mc nng chy cao hn, dng lm dng c phng th nghim. -Thu tinh pha l: cha nhiu oxit ch, d nng chy v trong sut, dng lm lng knh -Thu tinh thch anh: sn xut bng SiO2 c t ho mm cao, h s n nhit rt nh. -Thu tinh i mu: khi thm mt s oxit kim loi. V d: Cr2O3 cho thu tinh mu lc. CoO cho thu tinh mu xanh nc bin. II. GM: Sn xut ch yu t t st v cao lanh. 1. Gch v ngi: (gm xy dng) -SX: t st loi thng + ct nho vi H2O, to hnh nung 900-1000C -Thng c mu . 2. Gch chu la: dng lt l cao. L luyn thp. L nu thu tinh - C 2 loi: gch inat v Samt: + Gch inat: 93- 96% SiO2 , 4 - 7% CaO v t st, t nung bng 1300 -1400C, chu c: 1690 - 1720C + Gch Samt: t st v nc nung 1.300-1.400C 3 . Snh s v men: 1.200-1.300C a. t st Snh Snh: cng, g ku, mu nu hoc xm. b. S: Cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh v mt s oxit kim loi nung ln u 1000C trng men.Trang tr un li ln hai 1400 14500C S - s dn dng, s k thut. S k thut c dng ch to cc vt liu cch in, t in, buzi nh la, cc dng c phng th nghim. c. Men: C thnh phn chnh ging s, nhng d nng chy hn. Men c ph ln b mt sn phm, sau nung ln nhit thch hp men bin thnh mt lp thu tinh che kn b mt sn phm III - XIMNG: 1.Thnh phn ho hc v cch sn xut xi mng. a. Xi mng thuc loi vt liu kt dnh Quan trng v thng dng nht l xi mng Pooclng : l cht bt mn, mu lc xm, gm canxi silicat v canxi aluminat: Ca3SiO5 (hoc 3CaO.SiO2), Ca2SiO4 (hoc 2CaO.SiO2), Ca3(AlO3)2 (hoc 3CaO.Al2O3).

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b. Xi mng Pooclng c sn xut bng cch nghin nh vi, trn vi t st thnh dng bn, ri nung hn hp trong l quay hoc l ng 1300 - 1400C . thu c mt hn hp mu xm gi l clanhke. ngui, ri nghin clanhke vi mt s cht ph gia thnh bt mn, s c xi mng. 2. Qa trnh ng cng xi mng : Khi xy dng, xi mng c trn vi nc thnh khi nho, sau vi gi s bt u ng cng li : 3CaO.SiO2+5H2OCa2SiO4.4H2O+ Ca(OH)2 2CaO.SiO2 + 4H2O Ca2SiO4.4H2O 3CaO.Al2O3+ 6H2O Ca3(AlO3)2.6H2O

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