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Ni dung
CHNG 1
CC NH NGHA V KHI NI M LIN QUAN N B O V TH C V T nh ngha v BVTV v cc loi dch hi cy trng. Nhng thit hi do dch hi gy ra. Bin php phng tr dch hi cy trng

1. Khi nim v BVTV (plant protection)

nh ngha v bo v thc vt - Nguyn nhn gy hi Khoa hc - Quy lut t v ca cy trng - Bin php phng tr dch hi

Dch hi cy trng l g???

Dch hi cy trng l bt k loi, ch ng ni sinh h c c a th c v t, ng v t v vi sinh v t gy h i cy tr ng ho c s n ph m c a cy tr ng (Theo FAO 1990, Cng c qu c t 1997).

- Nng sut, cht lng cy trng

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D ch h i cy tr ng Plant Pests
Cc loi sinh v t c nh tranh th c n, x s i v i con ng i, c n tr s pht tri n c a cy tr ng v v t nui..

Dch hi cy trng

Sinh v t s ng

Thc vt (c di)

ng vt (tuyn trng, VKXS, VCXS)

Vi sinh vt (Virus, vi khun, nm)

C di Weeds
C d i l lo i th c v t m c khng theo m c ch c a con ng i, chng gy ra nh h ng x u n cy tr ng

Tc hi ca c di
Cnh tranh dinh dng, nc, nh sng v khng gian sng vi cy trng Cu ni, ni tr n ca cc loi dch hi

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C di c nhng c im no???
Kh phng tr: Sinh trng mnh, sc sng cao (nhiu loi c th ny mm sau 20 nm). Nhiu loi c c t

ng vt gy hi cy trng
ng v t khng xng s ng gy h i cy tr ng

c Tuyn trng, Sn

Cn trng

Nhn

T i sao phn bi t cn trng v nh n???

ng vt gy hi cy trng
ng vt c xng sng gy hi cy trng

Chut

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Vi sinh vt gy bnh cy trng

- Virus - Vi khun - Nm
Virus RGSV (Rice Grassy Stunt Virus) gy bnh vng ln cy la

Thit hi do dch hi gy ra???

Gim nng sut, khng hong lng thc Gim cht lng Gim gi tr thng phm Tng chi ph

B nh kh v n do n m Rhizoctonia solani B nh b c l la do vi khu n Xanthomonas Oryzea

Thi t h i do d ch h i gy ra i v i n n s n xu t nng nghi p trn th gi i

B nh do n m Phytophthora sp gy ra B nh th i en do n m Aspergilus niger gy ra trn cy l c. R y xanh ui en Nephotettix virescent truy n b nh Tungo gy h i hng nghn ha la Philipin v Malaixia. Chu ch u Locusta migratiria di c bao ph hng trm ha, n c 1000 t n rau/ngy, n tr i c hng ch c ngn ha la Madagasca.

D ch h i gy m t mt s n l ng nng nghi p th gi i nh th no???

M t mt do c d i: 13% M t mt do b nh h i: 14% S n l ng t c: 58% M t mt do cn trng: 15%

Thi t h i h ng nm c tnh: 550 t (Agrios, 2005)

la M

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Thit hi do cn trng, bnh hi v c di gy ra cc vng trn th gii

S d ng thu c tr d ch h i: 38 t la/nm (Agrios, 2005) Tn km nng lng, thi gian v chi ph nhi m mi tr ng

(dn theo Agrios , 2005)

D n theo Agrios (2005)

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Thi t h i kinh k do d ch h i gy ra Vi t Nam

D ch h i r t phong ph D ch h i pht tri n & gy h i quanh nm

Thit hi kinh t do dch hi gy ra Vit Nam nh th no???

D ch r y nu 1977- 1979: gy thi t h i hn 200.000ha la ng b ng sng C u Long. D ch su c thn 1984 1987: gy thi t h i n ng cho hng tri u ha la D ch o n 1992 1995 gy h i 300.000ha la cc t nh mi n b c. D ch chu t 1995 1997 (hng nm chu t h i trung bnh 150.000ha la). B nh vng ln v ln xon l la 2005-2006: thi t h i > 1500 t

B ng 3: L ng ha ch t BVTV n p kh u vo Vi t Nam
Nm T ng kh i l ng (t n thnh ph m) 20.300 23.100 20.389 25.666 32.751 30.406 42.738 33.715 33.637 36.589 37.081 36.018 48,288 51,764 71.345 Ngu Thu c tr su T n TP 16.900 18.000 15.266 16.451 17,352 15.351 19.427 16.284 16.856 17.321 14.943 13.507 17,915 20.787 T l % 83,30 75,4 68,30 64,10 53,00 50,50 45,40 48,30 50,11 47,34 40,30 37,50 37,10 40,0 Thu c tr b nh T n TP 2.600 2.500 3.262 3.413 9.000 7.109 9.600 7.788 9.227 10.779 12.088 10.192 17.915 14.361 T l % 9,50 7,10 15,40 13,30 23,00 23,90 22,54 23,10 27,43 29,46 32,60 28,30 37,10 27,70 T n TP 834 3.724 2.786 4.979 7.681 7.620 13,711 9.069 6.630 7.965 9,381 10.896 14.390 14.433 Thu c tr c T l % 4,10 15,60 12,50 19,40 22,00 25,00 32,03 26,90 19,71 21,77 25,30 30,25 29,80 27,70 28,40 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Vi t Nam h u h t cc lo i ha ch t BVTV s d ng trong nng nghi p n c nh p kh u t n c ngoi v i kh i l ng tng t 13000-15000 t n/ nm, nh ng nm u th p k 90 c a th k XX ln 33000-38000 t n nh ng nm 2000 v hi n nay c kho ng 30.000 t n/nm (cc BVTV)

42,10 17.834 20.342 n: Nguy 29.932ng Sn, V nh Tu n C25,00 nH c BVTV, 2008

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Mi quan h gia cy trng v su, bnh hi???

Quan h ng ti n ha Quan h k sinh k ch

Quan h ng tin ha l g?

Loi A tin ha thch nghi vi phn ng ca loi B

Loi B tin ha thch nghi vi nhng phn ng ca loi A

Giraffes browse Acacia trees despite the long, sharp thorns

This prediction was not confirmed until 1903 with Xanthopan morgani moth

Quan h gi a d ch h i cy tr ng
Quan h ng tin ha Quan h k sinh - k ch

ng tin ha gia cy bao bp & Hu cao c

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Gii thch hin tng ti sao cng phun thuc, su cng nhiu???

Quan h ng tin ha gia cy trng v cc loi n thc vt

Phn ng t v ca cy trng
Vt l, c hc Ha hc (cc hp cht th cp)

Classes of plant defenses

Hnh thi
Gai , lng di, mc nh n, t ng cutin d y ln, l p sp, b n ha

Ha h c: Hnh thnh h p ch t th

c p

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c im cu trc b mt i vi tc nhn gy bnh

nh hng ti s tip xc v xm nhp ca tc nhn gy hi gm s lng v cht lng lp sp v cutin; vch t bo biu b; s lng, kch thc, v tr v hnh dng kh khng v l th thn (lenticel) v s c mt ca t bo vch dy (t bo cng m). Lp sp. Lp sp trn b mt l, qu to ra b mt ght nc, do ngn s hnh thnh mng nc cn cho bo t nm tip xc v ny mm v vi khun nhn ln. Mt lng l dy cng c nh hng tng t v c th lm gim s nhim bnh

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Tng cutin. Tng cutin dy c th ngn cn s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn gy bnh c kiu xm nhp trc tip.

Lp t bo biu b. dy v cng ca vch t bo biu b dng nh l yu t quan trng i vi tnh khng ca mt s t hp k sinh k ch. Vch dy v cng ca t bo biu b c th ngn cn s xm nhp theo kiu trc tip ca tc nhn gy bnh. Cy vi c im ny thng khng bnh mc d nu tc nhn gy bnh c a vo m bn di nh tn thng c hc th bnh vn pht trin d dng.

c im kh khng. Nhiu loi nm v vi khun ch xm nhp qua kh khng. Mc d phn ln chng c kh nng xm nhp qua kh khng ng th mt s, chng hn nm g st thn la m, ch c th xm nhp qua kh khng m. Do vy, mt s ging la m c kh khng m mun trong ngy l khng bnh v ng mm ca bo t nm (hnh thnh nh sng m) s b kh trc khi kh khng m. Kh khng vi cu to l m hp cng c th ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi khun.

T bo bn trong. Vch t bo ca m ang b xm nhp thng thay i dy v cng v i khi cng c ch s pht trin ca bnh. S c mt ca nhiu t bo cng m thn nhiu cy ng cc c th hn ch s pht trin mt s bnh, chng hn bnh g st hi thn. Ngoi ra, cc t bo xylem, b b (bundle sheath), cng m ca gn l cng gii hn s pht trin ca mt s bnh m l do nm, vi khun v tuyn trng v to ra cc vt bnh gc cnh. T bo mch xylem dng nh lin quan trc tip hn n mc khng hay mn cm ca cc loi bnh hi mch dn. V d, ng knh t bo, t l t bo mch xylem c kch thc ln c mi tng quan thun vi mn cm ca cy du (elm) do nm Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.

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C ch ha hc
Phenolics (phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, flavonoids, flavonones, flavenols, tannins, coumarins). Terpenoids (capsaicin). Alkaloids (berberine, piperine) Lectins v polypeptides (mannose, fabatin).

Alkaloid
L nh ng h p ch t c ch a nito 20% th c v t c ch a alkaloids Trong s ny c nhi u h p ch t c th ch ng l i cn trng v b nh Tc ng n h th n kinh

M t s alkaloid i n hnh
Ricinin: l alkaloid c trong cy th u d u Piperin: c nhi u trong t, tiu Atropin: C nhiu trong qu c c d c Cocaine Nicotin

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FLAVONOID
- Tanin - Lignin - C tnh xua u i, gy ngn n

Terpenoids

Structures of limonene (A) and menthol (B). 13.8 Structure of two triterpenes, The two well-known monoterpenes serve as azadirachtin (A), and -ecdysone (B). defenses Powerful feeding deterrents to insects. against insects and other organisms that feed on these

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2.2. Quan h k sinh k ch

Th o lu n nhm: T i sao nhi u gi ng khng sau m t th i gian tr ng l i b nhi m???

Gi i thch
- Qu n th cy b b nh cy khng b b nh gi ng khng (Resistant)

- Ch ng tc nhn gy b nh lc ny g i l ch ng khng c (avirulent).

Sau th i gian
M i quan h (thuy t gen ng ti n ha gi a KS- KC i gen)

Chng c (virulent)

Thuy t gen i gen (gene for gene)

i vi mi gen qui nh tnh khng (R) trong cy k ch c mt gen tng ng qui nh tnh gy bnh (Avr) trong k sinh

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T i sao ph i NC quan h k sinh k ch ???

Gip a ra gi i php b o v cy tr ng

Thuyt gen i gen

ng vi mi gen quy nh tnh khng ca cy k ch c mt gen tng ng quy nh tnh gy bnh ca k sinh

C Cc khi nim c bn v tnh khng bnh thc vt

Tnh khng (resistance): L kh nng loi b hoc khc phc hon ton, hoc mc no , nh hng ca tc nhn gy bnh hoc cc yu t gy hi Min dch (Immunity). Ngha hp l dng cc khng, c ngha tc nhn gy bnh khng th gy bnh cho cy (ch phn bit vi ngha rng ca min dch thc vt)
Resistant Tolerant Susceptible
Slide courtesy of Alyssa Stocks Hakes; modified from the original

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Benefits of defense are obvious in the presence of herbivores

Costs of defense are obvious in the absence of herbivores

Resistant

Tolerant

Susceptible

Resistant

Tolerant

Susceptible

Slide courtesy of Alyssa Stocks Hakes; modified from the original

Slide courtesy of Alyssa Stocks Hakes; modified from the original

Tnh khng khng c hiu chng (Race-nonspecific resistance): Tnh khng yu nhng khng c i vi tt c kiu gen ca 1 tc nhn gy bnh. Tnh khng khng c hiu chng cn c gi l tnh khng ngang (horizontal resistance).

Tnh khng c hiu chng (Race-specific resistance): Tnh khng cao nhng ch khng c mt s kiu gen (chng, ni) ca tc nhn gy bnh. Tnh khng c hiu chng cn c gi l tnh khng dc (vertical resistance). Tnh khng bm sinh (Innate resistance): Tnh khng do tim nng di truyn qui nh

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Tnh chu bnh (Tolerance). Tnh chu bnh l kh nng ca cy b nhim bnh nhng khng b nh hng nhiu n sinh trng v sinh sn. Cn ch l, mc d c kin cho rng chu bnh l mt dng ca khng bnh, th s khc nhau cn bn y l i vi tnh chu bnh, cy khng biu hin bt c phn ng khng bnh no

Phn ng siu nhy: l phn ng ca cy i vi s nhim bnh trong cc t bo b xm nhim v cc t bo ln cn cht nhanh chng to ra vt cht hoi, cht cc b. Vt cht hoi ny s ngn khng cho tc nhn gy bnh pht trin tip.

BI N PHP PHNG TR
Bin php canh tc Bin php chn to ging Bin php ha hc Bin php sinh hc

D CH H I

Bin php canh tc

Thi v Lun, xen canh Chm sc: phn bn.

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Bin php ging

To ging chng chu: Lai to truyn thng Gy t bin a bi a th lai AND ti t hp Chuyn gen

Bin php ha hc
u im: Hiu qu cao, tc thi Nhc im: nhim mi trng, d lng ha cht trong nng sn.

Bin php sinh hc

Dng cc i tng sinh vt sng qun l dch hi

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Cng ngh sinh h c c vai tr g trong b o v th c v t???

Nhn nui cn trng Tr c ti p Tr su, b nh, c d i T o ch ph m Chuy n gen khng

Vai tr c a CNSH

CNSH
Gin ti p

Chu n on Ch t tr khng Dinh d ng cy tr ng

Orius sp

Ong m t

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Vai tr c a CNSH trong BVTV

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