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TR LI CU HI:
1)Dung dch keo l g? C my cch iu ch dung dch keo?
-Dung dch keo l h phn tn trong cc ht ca cht phn tn c
ng knh c 10-7 n 10-9.
-C 2 phng php iu ch dung dch keo:
+Phn tn t h phn tn th.
+Ngng t t dung dch thc.
2)Vit cu to ht keo dng AgI v ht keo m H2SiO3?
-Keo dng AgI: [(AgI)m.nAg (n-x)NO3-].xNO3-.
-Keo m H2SiO3: [(H2SiO3)m.nSiO32-.(2n-x)K+].xK+.
3)Ngng keo t l g? N ph thuc vo nhng yu t no?
-Ngng keo t: l nng ti thiu ca dung dch keo c th xy ra
qu trnh keo t.
-Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh keo t:
+Nng .
+Nhit .
+Khuy trn.
+Thi gian.
+Cht in li quan trng v c ngha nht.
+Yu t bn ngoi.
III. PHN THC NGHIM V KT QU:
1.Dng c v ha cht:
-n cn
:1 ci
:1 ci
-Pipet1, 2, 10ml
:2 ci mi loi
-ng nghim
:12 ci
-King st + li Amiang
:1 b
-Nc ct
2.Cch tin hnh: iu ch dung dch keo Fe(OH)3:
-Cho 95ml nc ct vo cc chu nhit 250ml un si trn n cn.
-Dng pipet ht chnh xc 5ml dung dch FeCl 3 10% ri nh tng
git vo cc nc ang si cho n ht.
-un si tip 5 pht ri ly ra ngui bng nhit phng ta c
dung dch keo Fe(OH)3.
Hnh nh minh ha
Xc nh ngng keo t:
ng
1
2
3
H2O
9.0 8.9 8.8
Na2SO4
0.0 0.1 0.2
Fe(OH)3
1
1
1
Hin tng Tng cng mi ng l 10ml
4
8.7
0.3
1
-
5
8.6
0.4
1
+
6
8.5
0.5
1
+
7
8.4
0.6
1
+
8
8.3
0.7
1
+
9
8.2
0.8
1
+
10
8.1
0.9
1
+
V1 .[ Na 2 SO4 ]
.1000
V2
V1 .[ Na 2 SO4 ]
0,4.0,002
.1000 =
.1000 = 0,8 (mmol/l)
V2
1
2 = 02 + RTlna2
ln a =
2
a1
a2
1 2
= Const
RT
a1
2
hay : a = exp 1
= K
2
RT
KA K+ + AKA
Nu gi nng ca KA trong dung mi 1 l C 1 v phn ly ca
ca KA l th nng ca tng ion trong dung mi l C1. Nng
KA khng phn ly l (1 ) C1 .Khi hng s phn ly ca KA l:
KPL=-
2 C12
=
C1 (1 )
2 C1
(1 )
2 C1
(1- )= K PL
K PB
2 C12
KPL =
=K
C2
K PB l hng s phn b
Nu c s kt hp ca cht tan trong l pha th K=
K PB
K PL
TR LI CU HI:
Cu 1: Pht biu v vit biu thc ca nh lut phn b.
inh lut phn b : nu ta thm mt cht th ba nao o co kha nng
hoa tan trong 2 cht kia thi cht o se phn b gia hai cht long tao
thanh 2 dung dich cn bng co nng khac nhau
Nu C1 va C2 la nng cua cu t cht tan trong hai dung mi 1
va 2, khi cn bng nhit khng i, thi ty s C1/C2 la mt hng s
va c goi la h s phn b K
C1
K= C
Vc
a x1
V0,a
Vc
a x1
Vc
K= x
1
V0
x
a x1
1
K. V = V
0
c
V0
x 1 =a. V K .V
0
c
-Ln chit th 2:
x1 x 2
x2=x1. V + K .V
0
c
Thay x1 tnh c trn vo cng thc tnh x2:
V0
x2=a.( V + K .V )
0
c
Sau ln chit th n:
V0
xn=a.( V + K .V )
0
c
n
V
0
Lng cht chit c sau n ln chit l: m=a. 1
V0 + KVc
K=exp
[ KI 3 ]
KCB= [ KI ][ I ]
2
Hng s cn bng ph thuc nng , nhit , p sut v bn cht
ca cc cht.
Cu 4: Ti sao khi chun b I2 trong dung dch H20 th khng nn
cho h tinh bt vo ngay t u v khi chun I2 trong dung dch CCl4
phi thm dung dch KI vo.
-Khi chun I2 trong dd H2O th khng nn cho HTB vo ngay
t u v: HTB c cu to dng xon hp th I2 gy sai s chun .
-Phi thm dd KI vo ha tan I2 v:
KI + I2 KI3
Khi thm KI vo [ KI ] tng cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu
thun l chiu to KI3.
III. PHN THC NGHIM:
p dng nh lut phn b xc nh hng s cn bng ca phn
ng
8
KI + I2 KI3 trong nc
[ KI 3 ]
[I2 ]H O
[ I 2 ] CCL 4
2
I2
: 2 ci
: 2 ci
: 2 ci
Cc 100ml
: 2 ci
: 2 ci
Pipet 1,2,5,10,25 ml
: 2 ci
Buret 25 ml hoc 50 ml
: 6 ci
KI 0,1N va 1N
:1 ci
:2 ci
Hnh nh minh ha
Cho vao 2 binh non nut mai mi binh 10ml I 2 trong CCl4 .Binh th
nht thm vao 10ml nc ct ,binh th hai thm vao 50ml KI 0,1N.y
np ,lc ky trong vong 30 phut ,thinh thoang m nut cho hi CCl 4 bay
ra. Sau khi lc xong cho vao hai phu chit yn trn gia cho h tach
lp. Chit ly lp CCl4 (phn di) vao hai binh non nut mai 100ml.
Phn con lai vn nguyn trong phu chit
Tin hanh chun :
-Chun I2 trong CCl4 bng Na2S203 0,01N: Mi ln ly chun
1ml + 10ml KI 0,1N chun cho mau dung dich chuyn t nu sang vang
rm mi cho h tinh bt vao.Chun n khi dung dich mt mau xanh thi
dng lai (chu y: khi chun cn lc manh I 2 trong CCl4 chuyn ln ht
lp KI). Chun 3 ln ly kt qua trung binh
- Chun I2 trong lp nc bng Na2S203 0,001N :Mi ln chun ly
10ml
10
V(ml)
V(ml)
Nng (N)
0,001N
25
10
1,25.10-3
0,01N
20,6
0,103
0,01N
7,5
0,01875
0,01N
5,83
0,02915
(N)
Lp
Phu
H2O
Lp
CCl4
Lp
Phu
KI
Lp
CCl4
2 2
O3
V( I 2 )
Vy theo s liu ta c:
Phu 1: [ I 2 ] H 2 O =
0,001.25
-3
10.2 =1,25.10 M
0,01.7.5
=0,01875 M
2.2
[ I 2 ] H O 1,25.10 3
KPB = [ I ]
=
=0,01214
0,103
2 CCl
2
11
Ta c:
[ I 2 ] H 2 O = KPB . [ I 2 ] CCl 4
(Phu 2)
= 0,01214.0,02915=3,53881.10-4 M
[ KI ] = 0,05.0,1 = 1 M
0
0,06
12
[ KI ] CB = [ KI ] - [ KI 3 ] = 1 - 0,0184 = 0,06493 M
12
0
[ KI 3 ]
0,0184
H2O
H+
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
12
X*
A +
hnh thnh phc trung gian phi cung cp cho h mt nng lng
hot ha E1. Qu trnh ngc li phi cung cp cho h mt nng lng hot
ha E2.
Ta thy mc nng lng ca AB ln hn mc nng lng A+B l H =
E2+E1.
Nh vy c ngha l phn ng theo chiu thun l phn ng thu nhit.
Vy trng thi X* l trng thi chung cho phn ng thun v phn ng
nghch. Mc nng lng X gi l thm nng lng m mt phn ng mun
tin hnh c phi vt qua mc nng lng . Nh vy nng lng hot
ha l nng lng cn thit b sung vo h cho h c nng lng bng
hoc ln hn mc X*.
Bi ny xc nh nng lng hot ha ca phn ng:
CH3COOC2H5 +
H2O CH3COOH
k T2
C2H5OH
E 1 1
.
4,575 T2 T1
Nh vy nu xc nh c hng s tc k nhit T1 v T2 ta s
xc nh c E.
Nu khi thc hin phn ng (1) ly lng nc l rt ln hn nhiu ln
so vi etylaxetat th ta c th xem nng nc l khng thay i v phn
ng tin hnh theo c ch bc 1.
C
0
1
Phng trnh ng hc c dng : lg C x = 2.303 t
0
Trong :
: 2 ci
: 6 ci
: 1 ci
Sinh hn thng
: 1 ci
ng ht 10ml
: 2 ci
Buret 25ml
: 1 ci
Bp cch thy
: 2 ci
Nhit k 100 0 C
: 1 ci
Gi V
40
11
60
11,6
80
12,6
100
13,3
120
13,7
40
12,2
60
13,6
80
15
100
16
120
17,2
(V t -
15
(V - V
0
CH3COOC2H5 ban u C CH
3COOC 2 H 5 = m (V - V 0 ).
Do vy ta c lg (V - V t )=lg (V - V 0 ) -
k1 t
2,303
lg k =
T1
Suy ra:
E=
t(pht)
E 1 1
.
4,575 T2 T1
4,575.T1 .T2
T2 T1
. lg
k T2
k T1
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.410
1.398
1.387
1.369
1.356
1.348
1.398
1.377
1.350
t =350 C
V thi xc nh k T 1 v k T 2
1.322
1.301
1.274
lg(V -V t )
t =250 C
lg(V -V t )
k T 1 =-2,303tg ,
k T 2 =-2,303tg
lg k =
T1
E 1 1
.
4,575 T2 T1
E=
4,575.T1 .T2
T2 T1
. lg
k T2
k T1
(cal/mol)
16
Biu xc nh K1 v K2
1.42
1.4
1.38
Lg(Vc-Vt)
1.36
Nhit phng
Nhit phng+10
Linear (Nhit phng+10)
Linear (Nhit phng)
y = -0.0006x + 1.4234
1.34
1.32
1.3
1.28
y = -0.0013x + 1.4246
1.26
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Thi gian(t)
- Da vo th ta c: tg = -0,0006 kT = 1,3818.10-3
1
tg = -0.0013 kT =2,9939.10-3
2
E=
4,575.T1 .T2
T2 T1
. lg
k T2
k T1
17
18
m
lg = lgk + nlgC v tg = n =
m
lg C
x
= lgK+n.lgC. Ta rt ra c K.
m
19
+ Sai s ch quan : sai s trong qu trnh cn, chun , ong, tnh ton
kt qu.
+ Sai s khch quan : do dng c th nghim, ha cht
V d : Chun l qu trnh i xc nh im tng ng, t im
tng ng ta suy ra nng cht cn xc nh. Th nhng trong thc t ta
khng th tm c ch th thay i mu ti im tng ng m ch c ch
th thay i mu trc v sau im tng ng thi. Nh vy trong qu
trnh chun tt yu phi xy ra sai s ch th.
III/ PHN THC NGHIM:
1/Dng c
Bnh tam gic 250ml:
:12 ci
Phu lc 100
:6 ci
ng ht 2,5,10,25ml
:mi loi 1 ci
Buret 25ml
:1 ci
Giy lc
:1 hp
2/Ha cht
CH3COOH 0,4N
:1 lt
NaOH 0,1N
:1 lt
Ch th Phenolftalein
:1 l
3/Cch lm
Cho vo 6 bnh tam gic theo t l:
Bnh
1
2
3
CH3COOH 0,4N
50
40
30
Nc ct(ml)
0
10
20
Than hot tnh (g)
1
1
1
Lc mnh khong 30 pht, sau yn 15
4
5
6
20
10
5
30
40
45
1
1
1
pht cho cn bng ri lc
dung dch vo 6 bnh khc. Chun mi bnh dung dch sau khi hp ph 2-3
ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh.
Ch :Mi ln chun ly 10ml v cho thm 3 git phenolftalein, chun
bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N n khi xut hin mu hng
20
NaOH
1
35.5
35,6
35,4
35,5
2
3
27,7
20
28
20,1
27,9
20
27,87 20,03
4
12,9
12,8
12,7
12,8
5
5,7
5,8
5,7
5,73
6
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
IV. X L KT QU TH NGHIM
Khi lng axit b hp ph c tnh theo cng thc sau:
A=
C1 C 2
.V
1000 m
Trong :
0,4
0,32
0,24
0,16
0,08
0,04
C2
0,3550
0,2787
0,2003
0,128
0,0573
0,023
0,045
0,0413
0,0397
0,032
0,0227
0,017
x
.10 3
m
2,25
2,065
1,985
1,6
1,135
0,85
Lg(x/m)
-2.77
-2.69
-2.83
-2.8
-2.95
-3.07
LgC
-0.44
-0.56
-0.68
-0.9
-1.24
-1.64
21
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
-2.65
y = 0.3604x - 2.4858
-2.7
-2.75
Lg(x/m)
-2.8
-2.85
(lgC,lgx/m)
Linear ((lgC,lgx/m))
-2.9
-2.95
-3
-3.05
-3.1
lgC
- Da vo th ta c: n=tg =0,3604
Lgk=-2,4858 k=3,27.10-3
V. NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN :
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Hnh nh minh ha
BI 5: NHIT HA HI CA CHT LNG.
22
I. MC CH:
-Xc nh nhit ha hi ca nc.
II. KIN THC L THUYT:
-Nghin cu hin tng chuyn pha ca cht tinh khit khng c phn
ng ha hc km theo.
-Mt trong nhng c trng quan trng nht ca cht lng l p sut hi
bo ha, n c trng cho kh nng bay hi ca mt cht.
-Phng trnh Clauperon-Claudiut nu ln mi quan h gia p sut hi
bo ha v nhit nh sau:
dP
H
H
=
=
dT T (V2 V1 ) TV
Trong :
H : nhit ha hi
=
dT
dP
dT V1 dT
(1)
(2)
23
d dng trong vic nghin cu cn bng lng -hi hay tinh th- hi,
phng trnh Clauperon-Claudiut c th n gin ha vi cc iu kin sau:
Vhi>Vlng (hay V hi>V tinh th) do ta c th b qua v lng hay V tinh
th trong (2). iu kin thng iu ny cng c m bo:
Sau khi b qua V1 v thay V2=RT/P vo (2) ta c:
dP
H
d ln P H
=
hay
=
2
PdT RT
dT
RT 2
P
A
+ B hay lgP = - + B
RT
T
lgP
(1)
tg = A / R
2
P2
dP
H
H 1
1
=
P PdT T RT 2 lg P1 = 2,023.R T2 T1 (2)
1
1
1/T
lnP = -
P
+B.
RT
Pk : p sut kh quyn
25
P = Pk - h
lgP
t0C
T0K
1/T
422
338
2.529
79
352
0.00284
380
380
2.580
81
354
0.00283
338
422
2.625
83.5
356.5
0.00281
300
460
2.663
87.5
360.5
0.00277
260
500
2.699
88
361
0.00277
226
534
2.728
89.5
362.5
0.00276
187
573
2.758
91.5
364.5
0.00274
146
614
2.788
94
367
0.00273
107
653
2.815
95.5
368.5
0.00271
67
693
2.841
97.5
370.5
0.00270
760
2.881
100
373
0.00268
IV.X L KT QU :
Trn c s nhng d kin thu c xy dng th s ph thuc ca
lgP vo 1/T
26
lgP
tg= -2100.7
1/T
lgP
2.8
2.75
(1/T,lgP)
Linear ((1/T,lgP))
2.7
2.65
2.6
y = -2100.7x + 8.513
2.55
2.5
0.00265
0.0027
0.00275
0.0028
0.00285
1/T
4,575T1T2 lg
P2
P1 =10122(cal/mol) (b)
T2 T1
T (a) v (b) suy ra : Sai s gia tnh theo th thc nghim v theo
cng thc l :
27
S=
H 1 H 2
H 2
.100 =
9610,7 10122
10122
.100 = 5,05%
28
29