B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

H CH MINH VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM MN: CNG NGH CH BIN V BO QUN NNG SN TI: LM CHN RAU QU BNG PHNG PHP NHN TO.

GVHD: NGUYN TH HONG YN SVTH: BI NGC VN ANH NGUYN HOI KIM PHNG LP : DHTP5 09231771 09218011

TP. HCM 30/03/2012

MC LC M U..................................................................................................................

1. Tng quan v rau qu................................................................................. 1.1. Phn loi rau qu..................................................................................... 1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu........................................................... 1.3. c im v cu trc................................................................................ 1.4. Vai tr dinh dng ca rau qu.............................................................. 1.5. Xu hng pht trin sn xut rau qu Vit Nam.................................. 2. chn ca rau qu.................................................................................... 2.1. Mt s khi nim v chn ca rau qu.............................................. 2.2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch.................................................................. 2.3. Qu trnh chn nhn to........................................................................... 2.3.1. Phng php gia cng nhit................................................................. 2.3.2. Phng php ym kh........................................................................... 2.3.3. Phng php dng oxy ........................................................................ 2.3.4. Phng php dng cht kch thch...................................................... 3. ng dng cho mt s loi qu tiu biu.................................................... 3.1. Lm chn chui......................................................................................... 3.2. Lm chn xoi........................................................................................... 3.3. Lm chn hng.......................................................................................... 4. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chn......................................................... B. KT LUN................................................................................................. TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................

M U Nng sn ni chung v rau qu ni ring l mt thnh phn quan trng trong h thng thc phm ca con ngi. Rau qu l mt loi thc phm ph bin, cung cp cho con ngi mt lng ln cht dinh dng. Ngoi vic s dng trc tip,rau qu ti cn c ch bin thnh nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau nh: mc, rau qu ng hp Do , vic tm cch nng cao sn lng, nng sut l mt yu cu v cng cp thit. Th nhng nu ch tp trung vo vic gia tng sn xut thi th vn cha . c im ca rau qu l loi thc phm rt d b tn thng v nhiu kha cnh v dn n h hng. Hn na, rau qu cn l loi thc phm theo ma, vic c tri cy tri ma i khi cng phc v cho con ngi v mt th hiu v gp phn lm tng tnh a dng trong khu phn n ca con ngi. V th, song song vi vic tm cch nng cao cht lng n mc cao nht cng khng th khng quan tm n qu trnh chn v chn ca nng sn sau thu hoch. lm c iu cn phi nghin cu tt c cc qu trnh xy ra trong bn thn cc loi rau qu khi bo qun t tm mi bin php nhm phng, ngn chn hoc hn ch nhng hin tng h hi c th xy ra trong qu trnh lm chn. nhiu nc trn th gii, vic s dng ha cht x l tri cy trong cc cng on sau thu hoch rt ph bin. Sau khi hi, ngi ta dng nc lm sch (ra) bi t, trng v cn trng bm vo v tri cy. K n ngm tri cy vo thuc dit nm bnh, mt s tri xng lu hunh vi nng v cch thc nht nh (ring tri nhp vo Nht Bn phi ngm nc nng 50 C; vo Hoa K th phi chiu x). Ngi ta cng dng cht iu ha sinh trng ko di ti tt ca tri; dng ethrel (mt cht iu ha sinh trng) to mu v v thc y s chn ca tri ng u trc khi ng gi, bo qun, tng m quan. V th tri cy c th vn chuyn i xa v bo qun hai ba thng, thm ch c nm. nc ta, ngoi cc doanh nghip xut khu, vic s dng ha cht x l tri cy cc cng on sau thu hoch cha c p dng dn n tri cy h hng rt nhiu. D on h hao trong giai on sau thu hoch tri cy ca mt s d n v rau qu l 20 - 25%. Ngc li, khi p dng phng php bo qun, t l h hao rt thp.

Yu cu mun c rau qu c chn ti mu sc ti sng mi thm ngon ngt s dng quanh nm m bn cht rau qu li l sn phm theo ma v. l nhu cu ca th trng v cng l iu mong mun ca nhiu nh vn. iu c th thc hin c khng? p dng khoa hc k thut iu c ng dng mt cch rng ri v sau y chng em xin trnh by v mt s phng php lm chn nhn to hin c p dng rng ri trn th trng.

1. Tng quan v rau qu 1.1. Phn loi rau qu 1.1.1 Qu: Cc loi tri cy thng phm c hnh thnh a dng do kt hp cc phn m t bo ca bu nhy, ht, v cc phn khc ca cy nh hoa (nh to, du ty), l bc v cung hoa (nh da). S kt hp cc phn to nn tri cy v c t in Oxford nh ngha l sn phm n c ca cy, c cha ht v v , c bic l cc phn khc khi chn v mng nc. Ngi tiu dng nh ngha tri cy l sn phm cy trng c mi thm, c v ngt t nhin hoc c x l qu t ngt trc khi n. Tuy nhin, ty mc ch s dng ph bin m mt s qu cha chn (nh da chut, u) hay chn (nh c chua, t) c s dng lm rau. Nhng sn phm ny c gi l rau dng qu v c s dng n ti hay nu chn, dng lm thc n ring bit hay trn thnh salad. Qu thng thng bt ngun t bu nhy v cc m bao quanh.

Hnh: Ngun gc hnh thnh: (A) cung hoa; (B) hoa; (C) o ht; (D) ni b; (E) v ngoi; (F) vch ngn; (G) gi non; (H) v gia; (I) v trong; (J) l non; (K) m ph; (L) cung (Wills et al., 1998) Phn ln s pht trin ln ln ca mt phn no sau ny tr thnh qu l do tng trng t nhin, nhng cng c th do con ngi tc ng thm thng qua cc hat ng lai to v chn ging nhm to ra kch thc ti a phn s dng c v hn ch s pht trin ca cc phn khng cn thit. C th thy nhiu ging tri cy khng c ht mt cch t nhin (nh chui, nho, cam navel) hay do lai to (nh da hu, i) hay do k thut canh tc (nh hng). Tri cy l ngun cung cp ng, khong, vitamin,...cho nhu cu dinh dng ngi v cng l nguyn liu quan trng trong cng ngh thc phm. 1.1.2 Rau c: Khc vi qu, rau khng i din cho nhm cu trc thc vt no m l nhng phn a dng khc nhau ca cy trng. Tuy vy, c th nhm rau thnh ba loi nh sau: ht v qu (u); c (hnh ti, khoai sn, khoai ty); hoa, chi, thn, l. Trong nhiu trng hp, b phn c s dng thng c bin i rt nhiu so vi cu trc nguyn s. B phn s dng lm rau thng rt d nhn ra khi quan st. Mt s kh nh loi hn, c bit l nhng nng sn loi c pht trin di mt t. V d nh c khoai ty l dng cu trc d tr ca thn bin i, nhng dng khc nh khoai lang li do r phnh ra thnh c.

Hnh: Ngun gic hnh thnh rau v c t thc vt: (A) chi hoa; (B) chi thn; (C) ht; (D) chi nch; (E) cung l; (F) c (chi ngm); (G) thn c; (H) r; (I) r c; (J) tr di l mm; (K) gc l; (L) phin l; (M) qu; (N) hoa; (O) chi chnh (Wills et al.,1998). Ngun gc cu to ca rau v qu l c s quan trng quyt nh k thut bo qun. Ni chung, nng sn trn mt t c xu hng pht trin lp sp b mt gip hn ch h hp v thot hi nc khi chn, cn cc loi r c li khng pht trin lp v ngoi nn cn c bo qun iu kin c m tng i cao hn ch mt nc. Cc loi r c c kh nng t hn gn vt thng do cn trng gy hi. c tnh ny cng gip lm tng tnh an ton cho nng sn nu c nhng vt thng c hc trong qu trnh thu hoch. Rau l ngun cung cp vitamin, khong cht, ng v cht x cho nhu cu dinh dng ngi. 1.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu:

Loi qu

rau

Thnh phn phn trm- phn n c Carbohy Protein drate 18.9 9.1 4.2 4.1 7.6 2.8 24.0 11.3 15.0 8.3 6.0 2.0 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.4 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 78 88.6 93.7 92.9 89.1 94.8 73.5 87.1 80.0 89.9 92.8 Cht bo Tro Nc

Khoai ty C rt C ci Mng ty u xanh Rau dip Chui Cam To Du ty Da ty

Bng 1: thnh phn phn trm in hnh ca mt s loi rau qu.

Thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu ti bao gm tt c cc hp cht hu c, v c to nn t bo v m ca chng. Trong rau qu c cha nc, ng, cc polysacharide, axit hu c, mui khong, cc hp cht nit, cht thm, cht mu, cc hp cht polyphenol, cht bo v vitamin. Do trong t bo sng khng ngng xy ra cc qu trnh chuyn ha v trao i cht nn thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu khng ngng bin i trong sut qu trnh sng v ngay c trong khi ch bin. Thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu ph thuc vo ging, loi, ging, gi, iu kin gieo trng, chm sc, thi tit v tn tr. Gi tr dinh dng ca mi loi rau qu khng ch ph thuc vo lng cc cht trong m cn vo bn cht ca chng, c bit l vo c cc thnh phn vi lng. 1.2.1. Nc: Trong rau qu hm lung nuc rt cao, trung bnh 80-90%( c khi n 93-97%). 8090% hm lung nuc rau qu nm trong dch bo, phn cn li trong cht nguyn sinh v gian bo. thnh t bo, nuc lin kt vi protopectin, hemicelluloza. Lung nuc phn b khng utrong cc m. Nuc trong m bao che t hn trong nhu m. V d, trong cam , qut, hm lung nuc ca v l74,7%, cn trong mi ti 87,2%. Nuc trong rau qu ch yu dng t do, trong cha cc cht ho tan, ch mt phn nh l dng lin kt trong cc h keo ca t bo. Do hm m cao, cc qu trnh trong rau toi xy ra mnh lit lm tng h hp, iu hao cht dinh dung, sinh nhit v bc hi nuc khi tn tr. Do lm rau qu gim khi lung, ho nhanh v chng h hng v lm cho vi sinh vt d pht trin. Rau qu tch khi mi trung sng v cy m, lung nuc mt i khng duc b p, nn mt mt bn than rau qu phi t hn ch bc hi, mt khc nhit sinh ra ch mt i bng con ung bc x nhit ra xung quanh. S bc hi nuc ca rau qu trong tn tr l nguyn nhn ch yu lm gim khi lng rau qu.

1.2.2. Cc gluxit: Gluxit hay cacbonhydrat l hp phn ch yu ca cc cht kh trong rau qu. Chng va l vt liu xy dng va l thnh phn chnh tham gia cc qu trnh trao i cht. Gluxit l ngun d tr nng lng cho cc qu trnh sng ca rau qu ti khi tn tr. Gluxit ca rau qu ch yu l cc thnh phn ng d tiu ha nh saccaroza, glucoza v fructoza, nn c c th hp thu nhanh v trit . Cc rau qu khc nhau c thnh phn cc cht gluxit khc nhau. V d nh: trong khoai ty ch yu l tinh bt, rau l l xenluloza, trong qu chn l ng. Qu h hp t bin: gluxit c tch t di dng tinh bt, tinh bt dn dn chuyn thnh ng trong qu trnh chn ca rau qu. Qu h hp khng t bin: gluxit c tch t di dng ng. Cc m rau qu khc nhau cng cha cc gluxit khc nhau. M b nhiu xenluloza v pectin, nhu m nhiu ng hoc tinh bt. ng t do trong rau qu ch yu dng D-glucoza. D-fructoza v sacaroza. Tt c cc ng u tan trong nc, v tan tng khi nhit tng. Cc ng u ht m mnh, nht l fructoza. Khi nng ng trong sn phm qu cao, chng c th kt tinh, c bit khi h nhit . Ngc li khi un nng lu v nhit cao, cc rau qu cha ng c th xy ra hin tng caramen ha. Phn ng caramen ha bt u 1200c, tng nhanh v to mu en 160 2000c, cn 4000c th chy hon ton. giai on u, cc cht to thnh thng lm rau qu c mi thm v c mu vng chy. Trong ch bin rau qu, cc qu trnh x l nhit rt t khi n 1600c(tr qu trnh rn, sy phun, nng). v vy trong phn ng caramen ha thng ch xy ra giai on u. S sm mu ca cc sn phm rau qu ch bin, qua x l nhit nh, thng l do tc dng gia ng v acid amin ( phn ng Mailard). Kt qu l cc melanoidin

c to ra. Lm gim cht lng sn phm, c v mu sc, mi v v gi tr dinh dng. Trong cc chng loi rau qu khc nhau, s lng v t l cc loi ng khc nhau, lm cho rau qu c v ngt khc nhau. Qu hch (m, mn, o) c t sacaroza, cn glucoza v fructoza th bng nhau. Trong qu c mi ( cam, chanh, qut, bi), chui tiu, da th ch yu l sacaroza. Trong qu nhn, da hu, lng fructoza thng cao. Trong nho, chui bom, ng ch yu l glucoza.
a. Tinh bt (C6H10O5)

Tinh bt l polyme t nhin m monome l glucoza. Tinh bt khng phi l mt hp cht ng th m gm 2 polysacharide khc nhau : amiloza mch thng v amilopectin mch nhnh. Tinh bt tn ti trong thc vt di dng ht tinh bt. Ht tinh bt trong mi loi thc vt c hnh dng v kch thc c trng, do vy c tnh cht c l ( nhit h ha, kh nng hp th xanh methilen) khc nhau. Tinh bt cha nhiu trong ht cc (60 - 75%), cc loi u (50 - 60%), c (khoai ty 15 -18%, khoai lang 12 - 26%, sn 20%), chui xanh ( 15 20%) Trong cc loi rau qu khc, tinh bt u c nhng hm lng thp v thay i theo quy lut ring. Vi cc loi rau u, hm lng tinh bt tng ln trong qu trnh gi chn, ng thi hm lng ng gim i. Vi cc loi qu th ngc li, khi xanh tinh bt nhiu hn khi chn. V d: chui tiu khi xanh gi cha 20,6% tinh bt nhng khi chn ch cn 1,95%, trong khi hm lng ng tng t 1,44% ln 16,48%. Xelluloza c trong rau qu cc phn v ( thnh t bo, v qu, v ht) v m nng . Xelluloza c cu to mch thng, lin kt 2000 10000 phn t glucoza. Cc phn t xelluloza hnh si lin kt vi nhau bng cu hydro to thnh b gi l mixen. Nhiu mixen lin kt thnh chm si. Nhng chm si lin kt vi nhau bng hemixelluloza, protopectin ( i khi c licnin v cutin) to thnh m v rn chc v qu cng khi chng cn xanh.

Trong qu trnh ch bin, xelluloza nhiu s gy kh khn nh truyn nhit km, cn tr i lu, d gy chy sn phm, cn tr qu trnh ch v ng ha. Hm lng xelluloza c trong qu l 0.5 2.7%, c khi ti 6%, trong rau 0.2 2.8% v c khi cao hn. Hemixelluloza hay semixelluloza c trong thnh t bo rau qu nhng km bn hn xelluloza. Khc vi xelluloza, hemixelluloza va l vt liu cu trc thnh t bo va l nguyn liu d tr nng lng cho cc qu trnh trao i cht trong rau qu. Hemixelluloza rau qu ch yu l pentozan, khi thy phn s cho: arabinoza, manoza, galactoza v xiloza. Pentozan khng b thy phn trong ng tiu ha ca ngi, nn c nhiu hay t trong rau qu cng khng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca chng.. b. pectin: Cc cht pectin l hp cht gluxit cao phn t lng ca n thp hn nhiu so vi xelluloza v hemixelluloza, t 20000 200000. cc cht pectin ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i nc khi chuyn ha cc cht v trong qua trnh chn ca rau qu. Cht pectin trong rau qu c 2 dng: Dng khng ha tan protopectin: n khng ha tan trong nc nhng b thy phn bi enzym hay acid thnh pectin. Dng ha tan acid pectic hay acid polygalacturonic. Trong qu trnh pht trin v gi chn ca rau qu, hm lng pectin lun bin i, thng cao nht khi chn ti, sau gim i do b demetoxin ha v depolime ha. Khi qu b thi ra, pectin b phn hy su hn. 1.2.3. Cc hp cht cha nit Hm lung m trong rau qu tuy khng nhiu, thung ch t 0.2 1.5% (tr chui tiu 1.8%, nhm rau u v ci 305 -505%) nhng ng vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht dinh dung.

Trong rau qu cc hp cht nit nhiu dng khc nhau: protein,axit amin,amit (asparain,glutamine), axit nucleic, ammoniac v mui,nitat,glucozit x cha nit (xolanin, amidalin,manihotin,xinigrin) v enzim. Cc hp cht nit y khng bao gm cc cht khng phi l sn phm thu phn protein hoc t tng hp thnhprotein, v d, cc hp cht phenol v ancaloit, d trong thnh phn ca n cng c not. S bin tnh protein cn c th xy ra khi tn tr rau qu di ngy. V d, u ht, s bin tnh ny ch xy ra mc thp, protein cha b ng t m ch b gi ci, tc l gim kh nng ho nuc v mt kh nng trung trong nuc.Nhng ht u ny khi nu s sung, n km v lu chn. Nit ammoniac,amit v axit amin tuy it nhng c vai tr quan trng hn nit protein trong n xut vang, v nm men cn s dng dng nit ny pht trin. Cho nn trong sn xut ruu qu ln men, i vi cc loi qu ngho cc hp cht nit ny ( cam, bui..) phi b sung mui amon vo dch ln men. Trong rau qu hu ht axit amin t d, c bit c tm axit amin khng th thay th uc. T l thnh phn cc axit amin trong mt s loi rau qu kh cn i nh trong chui tiu, u, khoai ty, c rt, ci bp (1.5-1.6%). Trong l sn tui c 6-9% nit ( nhng ch c 20% lung m ny uc c th hp thu). V vy, ngoi thc n ng vt, rau qu l thc n rt quan trng cung cp cho c th. Trong rau qu cn cha cc hp cht nit phi protein nhng rt cn cho c th, gi l axit amin khng nh - alanin (trong to),aliin ( trong ti), xitrulin (trong da hu), S- metylxistein ( trong u), S- metylsteinsunfocxit ( trong ci bp), xacozin (trong nm , lc). Nhn chung, trong qu trnh tn tr, nit protein gim i ( do s phn hu mt phn) v nit phi protein tng ln ( lung axit amin tng). Khi c ny mm, nit protein khng gim do c s tng hp t axit amin t do Trong rau qu, cc nito protein chim thnh phn ch yu. V d, c chua c 30%, chui, ci bp c 50%. Mt c tnh quan trng ca protein l s bin tnh, tc l s ph

v lin kt nc trong phn t protein, lm ch n b ng t khng thun nghch. Tc nhn gy bin tnh l nhit, axit hay bc x. 1.2.4. Cc cht bo Cht bo trong rau qu tp trung nhiu ht,nm ch trong mt vi loi qu (gc, b) l c tht qu. Cht bo thng i km vi sp,to thnh mng mng bo v ngoi v. Hm lng cht bo lc l 44,5%, cm da gi 35,1%, qu b 23%. Cht bo ca rau qu thng cha hai axit bo no l axit panmitic 31% v axit stearic 4,5% v ba axit bo khng no l axit oleic 4,5%,axit linolenic 7%. Trong axit linoleic v axit linoleonic l cc axit bo khng th thay th c. V vy, cht bo trong rau qu va d tiu ha, va l thnh phn rt cn trong khu phn n hng ngy. 1.2.5. Enzyme H enzyme trong rau qu rt phong ph v a dng.Enzyme l cht xc tc sinh hc cc qu trnh trao i cht v bin i ha hc xy ra trong cc mo thc vt. Cc h enzym cha trong cc cht nguyn sinh c tc dng tng hp ra cc cht phc tp hn. Cn cc h enzyme dch qu li thy phn ra cc cht n gin hn.Enzyme trong rau qu c hot lc cao v rt khc nhau. Trong m thc vt c cc lp enzyme sau: Lp enzyme oxi ha- kh ( oxidaza,) xc tc qu trnh oxi ha kh cho c th sng: peroxidaza.polyphenoloxidaza,catalaza Lp enzyme thy phn (hydrolaza) xc tc qu trnh thy phn: cacbonhydraza

(amilaza,invectaza); enzyme pectolitic (pectaza,pectine steraza.) Lp enzyme tng hp xc tc cc qu trnh tng hp cht n gin thnh cht phc tp: photphotaza.. Hot lc ca enzyme ph thuc vo nhit v pH ca mi trng. Nhit ti u ca phn ln enzyme l 400C. Nhit thp hn, hot ng ca enzyme b yu i, nhng nhi cao th enzyme b nh ch hot ng v protit ca chng b ng t.

Trong ch bin rau qu, khi cn phi nh ch hot ng ca enzyme ngi ta thng s dng tnh cht ny. pH thch hp thay i theo tng loi enzyme. 1.2.6. Cht khong Trong rau qu, mt phn nh cht khong dng nguyn t kim loi lien kt vi cc hp cht hu c cao phn t nh magie trong clorofin; lu hunh, photpho trong thnh phn ca protein,enzym v lipoit; st, ng trong enzyme. Phn ch yu cc cht khong trong thnh phn cc axit hu c v v v nh axit photphoric, axit sunfuric,axit silixic,axit boric C th ngui rt d hp thu cc cht khong dng lin kt nh vy. Tu theo hm lung, cc cht khong trong rau qu chia ra cc loi:a lung, vi lung v siu vi lung. Cc nguyn t a lung trong rau qu l: canxi, kali, natri, phosphor. St l nguyn t trung gian gia a lung v vi lng. Cc nguyn t vi lng quan trng l: magi, mangan, iot, bo, km, ng. Cc nguyn t siu vi lung trong rau qu v cng nh,uc biu th bng g% hay g %0. l urani, radi,thori.. 1.2.7. Cc vitamin Nhiu vitamin ch c th tng hp uc trong thc vt, do vy rau qu l ngun cung cp vitamin rt quan trng v rt cn thit i vi con ngui. Rau qu giu vitamin A, C, PP,B1,B2, K.. Cc vitamin ho tan trong nuc quan trng l: vitamin C, vitamin P, axit folic, vitamin PP, vitamin nhm B v axit pantotenic. Cc citamin ho tan trong cht bo thung gp l vitamin A v vitamin K. Trong rau qu, vitamin C phn b khng ng u, thung tp trung gn v hay ;lp gn v, c khi 3-4 ln cao hn trong mu trung bnh. Tong li ci bp, hm lung vitamin C cao gp hai ln b (100 v 50mg%). 1.2.8. Cc acid hu c:

Acid hu c to cho rau qu c v v mi ni hn so vi bt c thnh phn no khc. Acid hu c cng tham gia vo cc qu trnh oxi ha kh trong rau qu nh gluxit v trong qu trnh h hp. V vy sau khi tn tr lu di, gi tr cm quan v mi v ca mt s rau qu gim i r rt. acid chung ca rau qu thng khng qu 1%. Tuy nhim mt s qu c acid cao: bi chua 1.2%, chanh 6-8%... acid khng ch ph thuc vo loi rau qu m cn theo ging, chn, ni trng v ma thu hoch. Phn ln rau thuc loi khng chua vi pH 5.5 -6.5, cn hu ht cc loi rau qu v mt s t rau thuc loi chua c pH 2.4 4.5%. Do pH 4.6 chn lm ranh gii gia thc phm acid cao v thc phm acid thp. Trong rau qu c nhiu loi acid nhng mi loi rau qu ch c 1-2 acid chnh. Tuy nhin, v chua c trng tng loi rau qu l do tp hp acid chnh v acid ph. chua tng dn theo th t: citric < acetic < tatric < malic < lactic. V chua ca rau qu cn ph thuc vo hm lng ng, tc l vo ch s ng/acid. a. Acid malic: Acid malic (HOOC CH(OH) CH2COOH) l acid ph bin nht trong rau qu, ngoi h citrus. Acid malic c v chua gt, ha tan tt trong nc, c s dng rng ri trong ngnh sn xut nc qu, gii kht, bnh ko. b. Acid tatric: Acid tatric (HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH) l acid ch yu ca nho, nn c khi gi l acid nho. Trong cc loi rau qu khc, n c rt t hoc hu nh khng c. Acid tatric c dng trong sn xut nc qu, gii kht, l cht lm xp ha hc ca bt nho.
c. Acid citric:

Acid citric (HOC(CH2COOH)2COOH) c trong nhiu loi rau qu vi hm lng kh cao. Acid citric c v chua du nn thng c dng iu chnh chua ngt cho cc sn phm rau qu v cc thc phm khc. 1.2.9. Cc glucozit: Glucozit to thnh t cc monosaccarit (hexoza, pentoza) lin kt theo kiu este vi cc hp cht hu c khc nhau ( ru, aldehit, phenol, axit) Phn phi glucozit ny gi l aglucon. Mt s glucozit to cho rau qu mi thm c trng, nhng a phn l gy v ng. glucozit cn l cht d tr, i khi cn l cht bo v, v khi thy phn, ngoi thnh phn ng, ta thu c cc cht st trng. Trog rau qu, glucozit nm ch yu v v ht. Nhng khi tn tr rau qu iu kin khng thch hp, hoc khi gia nhit th glucozit c th chuyn t v, ht vo phn m nc. Trong rau qu thng gp cc glucozit sau y: - Hesperidin. - Naringin. - Limonin. - Xolanin. - Amidalin. - Manihotin. - Xinigrin v xinanbin. - Apilin. - Capxaikin v capxicain. 1.2.10. Cc hp cht polyphenol:

Vi hm lng khng nhiu trong rau qu (0.1% - 0.2%) nhng cc hp cht polyphenol c vai tr quan trng trong cc qu trnh trao i cht ( iu khin trao i nng lng v ti to protein) ca rau qu. Mt s hp cht polyphenol cn c hot tnh vitamin. S c mt v nhng bin i ca chng trong rau qu khi ch bin, tn tr to ra cc mu sc, hng v c trng v cc nh hng khc na. Cc polyphenol ch yu bao gm cc cht tanin, thng to ra v cht nhiu loi rau qu. Ngoi ra cn c licnin v melanin c mu en xm. Cc polyphenol c vai tr quan trng trong bo qun rau qu v c tc dng iu chnh cc c tnh sinh l quan trng nh trng thi ng v bn ca rau qu vi vi sinh vt. khi b thng tch, rau qu c th to ra hp cht polyphenol mi hay oxi ha cc hp cht polyphenol sn c, s oxi ha cc hp cht phenol s tiu dit cc t bo rau qu, vt thng, cng nh nm v vi sinh vt sng k sinh ti . Tnh cht l phn ng t v nhy cm ca rau qu. 1.2.11. Cc cht thm: Cht thm hay tinh du, l cht bay hi, to ra mi c trng cho tng loi rau qu. Trong rau qu, cht thm tp trung ngoi v nhiu hn tht qu. Cht thm c tng hp trong qu trnh chn, t protein, gluxit, cht bo v vitamin. Trong cc loi rau, rau thm cha nhiu tinh du nht (0.05-0.5%), c khi ti 1%. Trong ti cha ti 0.01%, hnh cha 0.05% tinh du. Trong cc loi qu , citrus l loi c nhiu tinh du, v cam chanh2.4%, v qut 1.3%, v chanh 2.0%, hm lung tinh du trong cc loi qu khc rt thp, khng qu 0.001%

Do c cht thm, rau qu c hng v c trng, c tc dng kch thch tiu ha thc n. Phn ln cht thm khng tan trong nc v c tnh st trng. Tinh du l hn hp nhiu aldehit, xeton, ru, este, lacton, tecpen v hp cht lu hunh.

 trnh tn tht nhiu cht thm trong ch bin rau qu khng nn ko di thi gian s dng nhit cao. i vi rau qu ti, vic s dng chn ti l ti u v lc rau qu c hng v cao nht. 1.2.12. Cc cht mu: Cht mu (sc t) to cho rau qu c mu sc khc nhau. Cc cht mu trong rau qu c th chia thnh bn nhm: clorophyl, carotinoit ha tan trong cht bo, antoxian v cht mu flavon ha tan trong nc. Clorophyl c mu xanh l ( mu lc), v th cn gi l dip lc, ng vai tr quan trng trong qua trnh quan hp ngun ch yu to ra cc hp cht hu c v l ngun duy nht to ra oxi t do trn tri t. Clorophyl trong lc lp nm trong cht nguyn sinh ca phn xanh trong rau qu. Hm lng Clorophyl ca thc vt xanh khong 1% khi lng cht kh, v thng i km vi cc cht mu khc nh carotinoit. Clorophyl l sc t ch lc trong v tri cy mu xanh. Trong qu trnh chn, Clorophyl mt dn v sc t khc tng ln. Carotenoit- sc t ny to cho rau qu mu vng, vng cam v i khi mu . Trong nhm ny ph bin nht l carotin, licopin v xantofin. Carotin mu cam c trong c rt (6-14%), c chua, o, mn, m, citrus v nht l gc (500mg%). Carotin (C40H56) l tin vitamin A (provitamin A), khi vo c th s thy phn thnh vitamin A. Licopin (C40H56) l mt ng phn ca carotin, to mu ca c chua v mt s qu. Xantofin (C40H56O2) l sn phm oxi ha ca carotin, to ra mu vng rc r. Xantofin cng c trong c chua. Khi qu chn th hm lung xantofin tng nhanh, lm cho qu c mu tui. Cc sc t carotinoit d b oxi ha, bn vi kim nhng khng bn vi acid.

Antoxian l nhm sc t lm cho rau qu c nhiu mu sc khc nhau, t n tm. V ngun gc ha hc, antoxian l mt glucozit, trong gc ng l glucoza hay ramnoza, cn aglucon l antoxinanidin. Rt nhiu antoxian rau qu c tnh khng sinh. Qu trnh chn l qu trnh tch t5 antoxian. N c, hoc ch ngoi v ( nho , mn tm). Hoc c v v ci qu ( mn , du, rau dn.c dn. Cht mu flavon l nhm cht mu glucozit, lm cho rau qu c mu vng v mu cam. Vecxitin l cht mu c trong v hnh kh. 1.3. c im v cu trc: 1.3.1 Thnh phn cu trc v ho hc t bo: Khng bo gm nc, mui v c, acid hu c, ht du, ng, cht mu ho tan trong nc, amino acid, vitamin. Cht nguyn sinh + Mng: protein, lipoprotein, phospholipid, a.phytic. + Nnucleus: nucleoprotein, a.nucleic, enzyme. + Cytoplasm. * Dng hot ng (lc lp..): enzyme, Fe, Cu, vitamin, co-enzyme. * Dng tr (tinh bt, ht bo, lp sc,..): carbohydrate d tr, protein d tr, cht mu, Ca Thnh t bo: + T bo ch yu: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin. + Phin gia: pectin, polysacharide, Mg, Ca. + Phin ngoi: ester ca acid bo mch di v alcohol mch di. 1.3.2 S trng t bo:

Thnh t bo thc vt c s thay i v mc n hi v kh nng thm. Khng bo cha phn ln nc ho tan cc cht. p sut thm thu gia khng bo v cht nguyn sinh xc lp trng thi cn bng thm thu gia cc t bo to nn s trng th hin s cng trn, tnh mng nc ca rau qu.

Khi m thc vt h hng, p sut thm thu khng cn, nc v cc cht ho tan khuch tn ra ngoi t bo lm cc m cn li trng thi mm, ho.

1.3.3 Cc yu t khc nh hng n cu trc rau qu: a. Cellulose L loi polysaccharide ph bin trong t nhin. Gm cc gc glucose lin kt nhau qua lin kt -1,4 hay -1,3 (-glucan). b. Pectin Pectin c cu trc ha hc phc tp: khong 60-90% l vng mch thng, cn li l vng mch phn nhnh. - Vng mch thng l polymer ca cc gc alpha-1,4- galacturonic acid, cac gc ny c th methyl ha hay khng methyl ha.
-

Vng mch phn nhnh chim t 10-40%, c cu trc gm cc polymer khc nhau.

+ Pectin khng ho tan c kh nng to gel. Nu s dng nhit qu lu gel b ph hu. + Enzyme pectinase trong bn thn rau qu thu phn pectin khng ho tan (protopectin) thnh pectin ho tan. c. Tinh bt s trng n ht tinh bt do nhit dn n s trng n tng ng ca t bo gp phn vo cu trc cng trn ca tri. Nu trng n qu nhiu hoc khi t bo cha nhiu ht tinh bt b ct t mch s lm t bo b v c th to nht cho ton b cu trc (dnh v nho)

1.3.4 Sc t v s thay i mu sc ca rau qu:

a. Chlorophyll ** Mu xanh c trong lc lp, tn ti dng lin kt vi protein gm: Chlorophyll a v cholorophyll b vi t l 3/1 + Chlorophyll a: t mu xanh da tri n xanh l cy. + cholorophyll b t mu vng n xanh l cy ** Chlorophyll khi c gii phng ra khi phc cht vi protein thng khng bn vng s chuyn thnh hp cht pheophytin c mu xanh olive hoc nu. Vd: rau qu xanh ng hp, Cu to thnh cht dn xut vi chlorophyll cho mu xanh sng. ** Ezyme chlorophylase trong rau qu c kh nng chuyn pheophytin thnh pheophorbid c mu xanh olive hoc nu. ** Kim c tc dng lm mt nhm phytin do qu trnh x phng ho to thnh chlorophyllin c mu xanh tan trong nc.
b. Carotenoid:

Tan trong du c mu t vng n cam n : + carrot, bp, m, b: mu cam caroten + c chua, da hu..: mu lycopen + o, b..: mu vng xam xantophyl

C tnh bn vi nhit hoc vi thay i pH D b xy ho dn n gim hoc mt mu do phn ng peroxyde v nhm radical t do vi carotenoids -caroten mu cam chuyn thnh 2 phn t vitamin A khng mu trong c th ng vt 40% -caroten trong c chua b mt trong qu trnh ch bin v tn tr hoc khi tip xuc vi khng kh

c. Anthocyanins
-

C mu tm xanh (nho, c tm,bp ci..), d ho tan trong nc. Mu ch tn ti lp v ngoi mt s loi rau qu nh cherries, to v mn. C th b ph hu bi nhit, pH, enzym v s hin din ca kim loi.

+ Mu tm hoc xanh anthocyanin trong mi trng kim chuyn thnh khi b sung acid. Vd: nu c ci ng trong gim ma chuyn t tm n sng; cn trong nc kim mu t tm chuyn sang xanh xm. + Anthocyanin chuyn sang tm v xanh khi phn ng vi kim loi. d. Flavonoids gm:
-

Mu tm xanh anthocyanins ca tri nho, c tm.. Mu vng anthoxanthyns ca cc loi rau qu c mu nht nh to,khoai ty.., tr thnh vng m trong mi trng kim. Vd: nu khoai ty.

Khng mu catechin v leucoanthocyanins l cht tannin trong to, tr, nho,

+ Tannin khng mu khi phn ng vi kim loi to phc cht c mu m: , nu, xanh l cy, xm hoc en. + Tannin ho tan trong nc: nc kim c ion to phc nu m, khi b sung acid, chuyn sang nu nht. e. Enzym gy ho nu Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) Cn c tn gi l tyrosinase, phenolase, polyphenolase, catechol oxidase, cresolase, catecholase. C trong tt c thc vt. C nhiu trong nm, khoai, o, to, chui, l, trong tr, caf, ca cao. Xc tc cc phn ng:

- Hydroxyl ha phenol. - Dehydroxyl ha phenol.

f. Cht c ch polyphenol oxidase:

Cc nhn t c ch polyphenoloxidase trong phn ng oxi ha cc hp cht polyphenol Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), c ch phn ng nu ha nh l cht chng oxi ha. VitaminC oxi ha quinones to thnh dihydroxyl v t oxi ha thnh dehydroascorbic acid thay cho polyphenols v vi lng va s c ch hon ton enzyme polyphenol oxidase (Paul and Palmer, 1972). Tuy nhin, acid ascorbic c th b phn

hy theo thi gian bi oxy khng kh, nh sng, pH v nhit cao ca mi trng (McGee, 1984). Sodium bisulfite v cc hp cht sulfites khc: c ch phn ng nu ha bng cch phn ng vi cc cht c tnh oxi ha cao o-quinones cho ra diphenols. Sodium bisulfit cn l tc nhn to phc vi ion Cu2+ trong PPO v c ch phn c nu ha khng (Sapers, 1993). Cn ch cht nay thng hay gy d ng vi mt s ngi.

Citric acid: To mi trng acid mnh; v PPO hot ng mnh pH 5-7, vi pH di 2.5-2.7 enzyme b c ch. (Paul & Palmer, 1972). Tuy nhin citric acid c th lm mt hong v sn phm.

Sodium chloride (mui n) Chloride ions ngn chn phn ng nu qu trong rau qu nhng ch tm thi. Nng cn thit c ch kh cao v vy s nh hng n v ca sn phm

Cc cht ng: cc dung dch ng hay gum c th c ch phn ng nu ha bng cch o bn ngoi sn phm ngn chn s thm nhp ca oxy. Ngm sn phm trong nc cng c hiu qu tng t.

Lm lnh di nhit ti u ca enzyme (40oC) cng cn tr s nu ha. Nhng qu trnh lm lnh cng khng c ch hon ton s nu ha do khi da sn phm v nhit bnh thng th cc t bo b sc nhit s v ra phng thch enzyme v phn ng nu ha s din ra nhanh hn.

Lm trng: lm co m li v loi oxi v vy gii hn phn ng oxi ha. Enzym b bin tnh tuy nhin qu trnh s l nhit cng nh hung cht lng sn phm.

g. Cc cht mi v: Hp cht phenolic nh catechin v leucoanthocyanin tng ng vi v ng cht ca rau qu + V ng cht mong mun: tr, caf, cco + V ng cht khng mong mun: chui, sim..

+ Naringin to v ng trong bi. ng gm gluco, sucro, fructo. - Hm lng ng thay i trong sut qu trnh chn v sau khi thu hoch, tng hoc gim tu theo tng loi rau qu. Vd: qu trnh chn ca chui. - Qu trnh nu c th lm tng hm lng ng trong khi qu trnh ng hp v ng lnh c th lm gim hm lng ng. Acid -

ng vai tr quan trng to v cho rau qu. Hm lng acid thay i theo chn ca thc vt. Acid malic c nhiu trong to, l, o, bng ci, u xanh. Acid citric c nhiu trong qu h citrus, c chua, rau l xanh, du ty Nhiu loi acid khc mc thp nh butyric, lactic, oxalic.. Hp cht sulfur gp phn quan trng trong mi v ca rau.

Mi ti do allicine c sinh ra khi enzym allinase tc ng ln hp cht sulfur. Mi bp ci ti do allyl isothiocyanate.

1.4. Vai tr dinh dng ca rau qu: Cung cp vitamin cn thit cho c th. Vitamin C: Rau qu l ngun cung cp n 90% lng vitamin C, C th con ngi cn khong 50mg vitamin C/ngy. Vitamin C c nhiu trong i, u , cam qut, xp l, t. Tuy nhin Vitamin C li d b xi ha v b chuyn thnh dng dehydroascorbic khng c hot tnh sinh hc. Tc dng: chng vim rng; bo v thnh mch mu. Triu chng khi thiu: xut huyt di da, vt bm tht, vt thng chm ln da non.

Vitamin A: C trong du gan cc thu, b sa, lng trng. Tin Vitamin A (caroten) c trong c rt, bu b, gc, c chua. Tc dng: ngoi chc nng xc tc sinh ha, cn c vai tr trong s cm quan ca mt. Ch c khong 10% carotenoid trong rau qu l cc tin vitamin A. Thiu Vitamin A: t bo tit cht nhy bin mt, thay th bng t bo y tng sinh, biu m teo v thay th bng biu m keratin (sng ha ) v xp tng, da tr nn kh v nhm. Vitamin E: c nhiu trong du ht thc vt nh du mng la m, du lc, du cm, gan b, lng trng, rau c l xanh m. Tc dng: chng oxy ha, bo v cc acid bo khng bo ha ca mng t bo v cc hp cht nhy cm vi oxi (nh Vitamin A ). Vitamin B gm B1, B5 Vitamin B1: gip cho t bo bin i carbohydrates thnh nng lng. Vitamin B1 cng gip chuyn ha glucose d tha trong mu thnh cht bo d tr. Chng gip duy tr cc xung lc thn kinh, nhn thc hot ng v duy tr chc nng ca no. Bn cnh , vitamin B1 cng duy tr cc khi c ca rut, bng v tim. Vitamin B5: tc dng vi c th ch yu l trn h thng lng tc mng. Cht khong: c tnh kim nh kali, canxi, magi.. Trong c th nhng cht ny cho nhng gc t do cn thit trung ha cc sn phm axt do thc n hoc do qu trnh chuyn ha to thnh. - Rau c nhiu kali di dng kali cacbonat, mui kali ca cc axt hu c v nhiu cht khc d tan trong nc v dch tiu ho. Cc mui kali lm gim kh nng tch cha nc ca protid t chc, do c tc dng li tiu. - Lng magi trong rau ti cng rt ng ch , dao ng t 5-75mg%. c bit l cc loi rau thm, rau dn, rau u c nhiu magi. St trong rau c c th hp thu tt hn st cc hp cht v c.

Xenluloza di dng lin kt vi cc cht pectin to thnh phc hp pectinxenluloza c tc dng kch thch mnh chc nng nhu ng rut v tit dch ca rut gip tiu ho d dng. 1.5. Xu hng pht trin sn xut rau qu Vit Nam. Trong thi gian qua, nht l k t u thp k 90, din tch rau, hoa, qu ca Vit Nam pht trin nhanh chng v ngy cng c tnh chuyn canh cao. Tnh n nm 2004, tng din tch trng rau, u trn c nc t trn 600 nghn ha, gp hn 3 ln so vi nm 1991.ng bng sng Hng (BSH) l vng sn xut ln nht, chim khong 29% sn lng rau ton quc. iu ny l do t ai vng BSH tt hn, kh hu mt hn v gn th trng H Ni. BSCL l vng trng rau ln th 2 ca c nc, chim 23% sn lng rau ca c nc. Lt, thuc Ty Nguyn, cng l vng chuyn canh sn xut rau cho xut khu v cho nhu cu tiu th thnh th, nht l th trng thnh ph H Ch Minh v cho c th trng xut khu. Cng trong giai on t u thp k 90, tng sn lng rau u cc loi tng tng i n nh t 3,2 triu tn nm 1991 ln t xp x 8,9 triu tn nm 2004.

Bn cnh rau, din tch cy n qu cng tng nhanh trong thi gian gn y. Tnh n nm 2004, din tch cy n qu t trn 550 ngn ha. Trong , ng Bng sng Cu

long (BSCL) l vng cy n qu quan trng nht ca Vit Nam chim trn 30% din tch cy n qu ca c nc.

Nh c nhu cu ngy cng tng ny nn din tch cy n qu trong thi gian qua tng mnh. Trong cc loi cy n qu, mt s cy nhit i c trng nh vi, nhn, v chm chm tng din tch ln nht v ngoi th trng trong nc cn xut khu ti v kh sang Trung Quc. Nm 1993, din tch ca cc loi cy ny cha th hin trong s liu thng k. T nm 1994, din tch trng 3 loi cy ny tng gp 4 ln, vi mc tng trng bnh qun 37%/nm, chim 26% din tch cy n qu c nc. Din tch cy c mi v xoi cng tng mnh bnh qun 18% v 11%/nm. Chui tuy l cy trng quan trng chim 19% din tch cy n qu c nc nhng cha tr thnh sn phm hng ho qui m ln. Din tch da gim trong thp nin 1990, nht l t khi Vit Nam mt th trng xut khu Lin X v ng u.

Nhn chung sn xut cy n qu mi nhm vo phc v th trng trong nc, mt th trng d tnh, ang tng nhanh nhng s b cnh tranh mnh trong tng lai. Trin vng ca ngnh sn xut ny l rt ln vi iu kin u t thch ng v ng b t nghin cu, t chc sn xut ging, ch bin, ng gi, vn chuyn, tiu chun ct lng, nhn hiu, tip th,... nhng lnh vc Vit Nam cn rt yu km. Hin nay, xu hng pht trin sn xut hng ho ngy cng tng. Tuy nhin mc thng mi ho khc nhau gia cc vng. BSCL l vng c t sut hng ho qu cao nht vi gn 70% sn lng c bn ra trn th trng. Tip theo l ng nam B v Nam Trung B vi tng ng l 60% v 58%. Cc vng cn li t sut hng ho t t 30-40%. Mc thng mi ho cao Min Nam cho thy xu hng tp trung chuyn canh vi quy m ln hn so vi cc vng khc trong c nc. Sn xut nh l, vn tp vn cn tn ti nhiu, y chnh l hn ch ca qu trnh thng mi ho, pht trin vng chuyn canh c cht lng cao.

S khc nhau khng ch th hin r gia cc vng m cn gia cc nhm thu nhp. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy nng dn giu bn nhiu sn phm hn nng dn ngho v c quy m sn xut ln hn v kh nng tip cn th trng d dng hn so vi nng dn ngho. Nhng ngi sn xut giu nht bn 83% trong nm 2002 so vi 76% nhng h nhm ngho. 1.5.1.Tnh hnh th trng trong nc: Thnh phn tiu th rau qu cng thay i theo vng. u, su ho v ci bp l nhng loi rau c tiu th rng ri hn min Bc; trong khi cam, chui, xoi v qu khc li c tiu th ph bin hn min Nam. S tng phn theo vng r nt nht c th thy vi trng hp su ho vi trn 90% s h nng thn min ni pha Bc v ng bng sng Hng tiu th, nhng di 15% s h min ng Nam b v ng bng sng Cu Long tiu th. cc khu vc thnh th, t l h tiu th i vi tt c cc sn phm u cao.

Hin nay c mt s nghin cu v tnh hnh tiu th cc loi rau qu ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua. Cc nghin cu cho thy rau v qu l hai sn phm kh ph bin trong cc h gia nh. Theo nghin cu ca IFPRI (2002), ICARD (2004), hu ht cc h u tiu th rau trong nm trc , v 93% h tiu th qu. Cc loi rau qu c tiu th rng ri nht l rau mung (95% s h tiu th), c chua (88%) v chui (87%). H gia nh Vit Nam tiu th trung bnh 71 kg rau qu cho mi ngi mi nm. Trong tiu th rau chim ti 3/4. Theo tnh ton ca IFPRI, tiu th cc khu vc thnh th c xu hng tng mnh hn nhiu so vi cc vng nng thn.

Khi thu nhp cao hn, th cc h cng tiu th nhiu rau qu hn. Tiu th rau qu theo u ngi gia ca cc h giu nht gp 5 ln cc h ngho nht, t 26 kg n 134

kg. S chnh lch ny i vi qu l 14 ln, vi rau l 4 ln. Kt qu l, phn qu tng t 12% n 32% trong tng s tng. Nhu cu v cam, chui v xoi tng mnh khi thu nhp tng, nhng su ho th tng chm hn rt nhiu

2. chn ca rau qu: C hai qu trnh chn: chn t nhin v chn nhn to Qu trnh chn t nhin: l qu trnh chn khng cn c s tc ng ca con ngi, bn thn nng sn sau thu hoch vn xy ra s chn. Qu trnh chn nhn to: l qu trnh chn c s tc ng ca con ngi v ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng m c s tc ng khc nhau. 2.1. Mt s khi nim v chn ca rau qu: 2.1.1 Chn thu hoch: L chn t thi k trc khi chn thc dng m c th thu hoch c, lc ny ht nng sn thng cha chn hon ton nhng vt cht tch ly y . i vi loi ht nng sn, ht lng thc thng thi k gn chn hon ton, ht kh. chn thu hoch thng thay i theo iu kin vn chuyn v bo qun. Thi gian vn chuyn v bo qun cng di th chn thu hoch cng xanh. Mt s loi qu, m bo mi v cn thit phi qua giai on bo qun n tin hnh nhng qu trnh chn sinh l, sinh ho, nn khi qu t n mc no l ngi ta thu hoch c. V d: chui, c chua u thu hoch vo thi k cn ng.

2.1.2 chn sinh l: L ht nng sn chn thun thc hon ton v phng din sinh l. Nhng loi ht qua chn sinh l, nu iu kin thch nghi nh nhit , m n s ny mm. Ht kh, qu trnh tch ly vt cht t ti mc cao nht.

2.1.3 chn ch bin: Ty theo yu cu ca mt hng ch bin vi cc qu trnh khc nhau m c th c cc yu cu v chn khc nhau i vi tng loi ht nng sn. chn ca mi loi nng sn thch hp vi mt quy trnh ch bin no ngi ta gi l chn ch bin. 2.2. Qu trnh chn t nhin (sau thu hoch). Ht nng sn sau khi thu hoch v qu trnh chn sinh l, sinh ha vn tip tc xy ra v vn tip tc chn. Qu trnh gi l qu trnh chn tip hay cn gi l qu trnh chn sau. Trong thc t sn xut, ta khng th hi ng thi k chn thc dng hay chn sinh l m thng hi trc cho nn phi c qu trnh chn sau mi s dng c. V vy qu trnh chn sau l qu trnh ln men do ni ti ca bn thn ht nng sn tin hnh. Ht nng sn ging mun ny mm c cn phi c thi gian chn sau hon thnh ht cc qu trnh chn sinh l v cc qu trnh bin i sinh ha cn thit. S chn sau ca ht l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho ht ng ngh nhng khng phi l s ng, ngh nht thit l do s chn ca ht. Cc giai an chn sau di thng lm cho

t l ny mm ca l ht thp v sc ny mm khng u nhau. Thi k chn sau ngn th thng b ny mm ngay ngoi ng v trong khi bo qun b m t, do gy nn tn tht ng k. Ht thng qua giai an chn sau th phm cht c tng ln, bo qun c nhiu thun li. Trong qu trnh chn sau do tc dng ca men ni ti nn xy ra hng lot nhng bin i sinh ha. Trong qu trnh ny s h hp nghing v pha ym kh, qu trnh thy phn tng ln, tinh bt v protopectin b thy phn, lng axit v cht cht u gim xung, protein tng ln. i vi cc loi ht nng sn, qu trnh tng hp tinh bt tng ln. Lng Saccaroza tuy b thy phn nhng vn tng ln v qu trnh tch t nhiu hn l thy phn. V d: 1) S thu phn tinh bt to thnh ng v ngc li. 2) S hnh thnh cc este do tc dng gia ru v acid. 2.3. Qu trnh chn nhn to: Trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin rau qu do mt s yu cu m ngi ta phi dng bin php tng chn ca rau qu. l qu trnh chn nhn to. Mt s rau qu chn, khi bo qun thng phm cht km nhng nu dng bin php tt c th khc phc c. Trong qu trnh bo qun, mun xc tin qu trnh chn ca rau qu c nhanh hn, ngi ta dng 1 s phng php sau y: 2.3.1. Phng php gia cng nhit: Tng nhit ca mi trng nhm tng cng tc dng h hp lm cho ht nng sn nhanh chn hn. mt gii hn nhit thch hp ca mi loi nng sn,khi nhit tng th cng h hp tng nhng nu vut qu gii hn th i khi h hp li gim hoc ngng li. S d v vy l v mi loi enzim grong rau qu ch thch ng vi mt khong nhit nht nh. Khi nhit tng trong gii hn nhit hot ng ca enzim th cng h hp tng, nu vt qu gii hn ti thch (ngng nhit ti a v ngng nhit ti thiu) th hot tnh enzim gim hoc cng h

hp gim, thm ch nhit qu cao h hp gim. Da vo nhit ngi ta chia nhit lm: ngng nhit ti a, ngng nhit ti thiu v ngng nhit ti thch cho h hp. Khi nhit mi trng vt qu ngng ti a hay thp hn nhit ti thiu th nguyn sinh cht b phn hy, enzim t bo b gim hot tnh hoc b phn gii v kt qu l h hp b nh tr hoc khng cn. Trong khong nhit th nhit t l thun vi h hp. Nhit tc ng ti nng sn thng qua thi gian tc ng ca nhit : + Thi gian tc ng ngn th gi hn nhit ti a cho h hp c th ln ti 40 C. + Thi gian di th gii hn nhit ti a cho h hp c th dao ng 30-35 C. Khi nhit mi trng tng cng h hp lm cho nng sn chin nhanh hn. Ngi ta thng p dng iu ny thc qu mau chn. Thng tng nhit ln n 30 400C v m khng kh trong phng bo qun l 85 90% th sau mt thi gian mu sc ca ht nng sn s rt p.

Ty theo tng loi nguyn liu m nhit thay i trong phm vi cho php. V d: c chua ch nn t 27-290C. Nu trn 300C mu sc qu khng p.

Cam cng yu cu nhit thp hn 20-240C. Nhiu loi qu thch hp vi nhit cao hn: chui, da, xoi, mng cu u im: phng php gia nhit n gin, d lm, i hi chi ph thp, c th p dng c h gia nh. Nhc im: nu thi gian chin ko di qu mt nhiu nc. qu d nhn nheo, khng p mt, d b ln men; nu nhit qu cao hn ngng mu sc qu s khng p, nhiu vt m xu. 2.3.2. Phng php ym kh: Dng cho nhng loi qu c nhiu cht tamin ( v d dm hng ), polyphenol. Trong iu kin ym kh tannin khng b oxy ha thnh cc cht c mu sm en, chng c bin thnh cc cht n gin (ng, acid hu c,) lm mt v cht. Theo phng php c truyn: em qa ngm nc vi 10% trong 2 6 ngy v ngm trong nc nng 400C mt ngy m, sau bnh thng, ngi ta cn dng phng kn cho kh CO2 vo v ui khng kh ra, hoc dm chn trong t chn khng. Hm lng oxi th gim i cn CO2 th c tch t li trong qu trnh h hp. Nu hm lng oxi gim qu mc v CO2 tng ln nhiu trong mi trng bo qun th h hp c th chuyn sang h hp ym kh. H hp ym kh s phn hy nhanh chng cc cht hu c trong nng sn phm i vi c chua, ngi ta ngm qu vo nc m 40 500C khoang 5 9 gi sau ngoi khng kh 8 9 ngy th s chn. Hin nay ngi ta dng cch loi oxy khng cho tip xc vi qu. C hai cch l: + Lau sch qu, xp vo phng kn c th ng kn tuyt i, thi CO2 vo ui sch khng kh. + Lau sch qu, xp vo phng kn c th ng kn tuyt i, ht sch khng kh trong phng. 2.3.3. Phng php dng oxy:

Ta bit kh CO2 v O2 c tc dng trc tip ln qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha ca rau qu, mt khc thnh phn ca kh quyn bnh thng cha 21% O 2, v vy khi bo qun nhit bnh thng vi hm lng O2 nh trn th cng h hp hiu kh rt cao, thc y qu trnh chuyn ha ACC thnh ethylene, dn n rau qu nhanh chn. Dng oxy tng nhanh qu trnh h hp hiu kh, thc y cho qu trnh chn nhanh hn. Ngi ta thng dng 50 70 % kh oxy vi nhit 200C trong 7 ngy dm c chua. Th nghim cho thy nu dng nng oxy trong khng kh t 50 70 % th chn nhanh hn t nhin 3 ln. Nu dng nng oxy l 5 6% th s chn chm i 4060 ngy.
u im: thi gian chn nhanh, mu sc p, s dng c vi nhiu loi nng

san. Nhc im: cch lm kh tn km. Khng s dng c vi nng sn c nhiu tanin. 2.3.4. Phng php dng cht kch thch: y l phng php p dng rng ri v ch yu hin nay. Cc cht ny c tc dng thc y qu trnh bin i sinh l, sinh ha lm cho qu chng chn hn. Cc cht thng dng l C2H4 (etylen), C2H2 (acetylen), C3H6 (propylen), divinyl, ru, hng thp,i khi cn dng c etylen bromit, tetraclorua cacbon, Cch dng: - i vi cht kh: sy hoc xng hi tip xc vi qu, v vy phi c phng kn. Sau thi gian xng xong phi m ca thng gi. - i vi ho cht dng nc: ngm, tim vo qu. Trong dn gian ngi ta thng dng hng thp. u im: cho sn phm chn p, ng ua s cht gy chn khng lm nh hng n cht lng qu v sc khe ngi tiu dng.

Nu nhit 300C => t 20 que hng trong 10 gi gi th chn. Nu nhit 250C => t 30 que hng trong trong 20 gi. Nu nhit 200C => t 40 que hng trong 24 gi.

m trong qu trnh ny phi m bo 80 90 %. Sau khi dm xong m ca thng gi. V d: p dng phng php hun khi nhang cho 5 tn chui: nhit 30 0C, = 80 90%, t 20 que hng trong 10 gi th chn. a) Ethylene C ch sinh tng hp etylen:

Ethylene l mt kh cacbua-hydro khng no, c cng thc ha hc l C2H4, trong cu trc phn t c mt lin kt i. y l mt cht kh khng mu, khng v, khng gy c; c kh nng gy chy n ch khi nng cao hn 2,7%.. Ethylene c c tch kch thch sinh trng ca cc t bo thc vt do c tc dng lm tng trng v kch thc cy trng, kch thch s ra hoa cc loi cy n qu. Mt c tnh quan trng ca kh ethylene l tc dng kch thch qu trnh chn ca cc loi qu c h hp t bin (climacteric) hay cn gi l cc loi qu c qu

trnh chn sau thu hoch, ngha l k c khi qu c thu hoch th qu trnh chn ca chng vn c duy tr nh chui, xoi, u , hng, c chua... Gim chn qu bng ethylene c u im l qu trnh chn din ra nhanh (khong 2 - 4 ngy) v c chn ng u cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc phng php gim chn truyn thng khc khc (t n, l xoan...) Thng thng vi gi trc khi xy ra h hp t bin hm lng etylen ni sinh tng, kch thch hot ng ca cc enzym y nhanh qu trnh chn ca qa. Di tc ng ca etylen, mng t bo ca qu c nhng bin i c bn: tnh thm ca mng tng ln ng k do etylen c i lc cao i vi lipit, mt thnh phn ch yu cu to nn mng t bo. iu dn n gii phng cc enzym vn tch ri vi c cht do mng ngn cch. Cc enzym ny c iu kin tip xc vi c cht v gy ra cc phn ng c lin quan n cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho ca qu nh qu trnh chn, thot hi nc

Etylen l mt loi hormone thc vt c to thnh trong giai on pht trin ca cy trng, c bit giai on chn ca qu . Qu trnh sinh tng hp etylen bao gm nhng cng on chnh sau: xut pht ban u t axt amin methionine (MET) v sn phm quan trng nht ca chu trnh ny l to ra etylen, qu trnh ny i qua hai sn phm trung gian chnh l S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) v 1- aminocyclopropane 1cacboxylic axit (ACC). T methionine (MET) chuyn ho thnh S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym SAM-synthetaza. T SAM chuyn ha theo 2 con ng khc nhau: mt phn t hp li axit amin MET tip tc qu trnh sinh tng hp trong c th sinh vt; mt phn chuyn ha thnh 1-aminocyclopropane 1cacboxylic axit (ACC) nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym ACC-synthetaza. Khi qu cn xanh, con ng hnh thnh tr li MET xy ra mnh v s hnh thnh ACC l yu hn. Qu trnh ny s din ra ngc li khi qu chn dn. T ACC chuyn ho thnh etylen (C2H4) nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym ACC-oxydaza. Trong qu trnh sinh tng hp etylen t axt amin MET, hot tnh ca hai enzym ACC- synthetaza v ACC-oxydaza ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh iu ho sn sinh etylen v b nh hng bi cc ion kim loi nng. Nu c tc ng ca cc bin php k thut nhm chng li s hnh thnh ACC, chng hn nh s dng cht khng etylen (Retain - AVG) th cht ny s c tc dng c ch hot ng ca enzym ACCsynthetaza. Do , qu trnh chuyn ho t SAM to thnh hm lng ACC thp (cht tin etylen). Chnh v vy, hm lng etylen to thnh thp, ng dng tnh cht ny ko di thi gian bo qun. Mt hng thc hin khc theo con ng s dng kh nng chuyn ho ca enzym ACC-N- malonyltransferaza hm lng ACC to thnh thp. Khi trong mi trng c mt enzym ACC-N-malonyltransferaza th enzym ny c th lm i hng i t ACC n etylen to ra mt dn xut kt hp l ACC malonyl (MACC). MACC c coi nh l mt sn phm khng hot ng, b c lp trong khng bo v ch c th bin i tr li ACC di nhng iu kin phi sinh l hc. Chng ta thy rng, oxy gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ACC thnh etylen. y chnh l c s cho vic bo qun rau qu ti trong mi trng kn (thiu O2) hay trong kh

quyn iu chnh (iu chnh cc thnh phn khng kh trong kh quyn bo qun nh O2, CO2, N2) c tc dng khng etylen ko di thi gian bo qun ti rau qu.

Ham lng Etylen ni sinh o c mt s cy trng

Ethrel hay ethylen (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) (CEPA) s b thy phn thnh ethylen khi pH trn 4. Ethylen c xem nh l mt cht lo suy, thc y qu trnh chn ca tri, lm mt dip lc t trong l, thc y qu trnh lo suy v c ch s sinh trng. Ethylen c sn xut ra bi th cy nh chi, l v thn. S thiu nc l iu kin kch thch qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene. Theo cc bo co khoa hc, dng ethrel nhn to ch ng cho tri cy gi thu hi chn ng lot, gim thiu hao ht v lm cho cht lng tri tt hn. Etylen nhn to c c do pha ethrel vo nc, m ethrel, theo cc chuyn gia ha hc l mt acid c tn chloroethyl phosphonic, acid - CEPA (hoc ACEP) dng lng, khng mu n h phch nht, tan d dng trong nc. Ngi ta to ra ch phm ca ACEP c tn l ethrel, ethephon, ethefon, camposan, arvest... Nhng c tri hoc tim etylen nhn to vo li, gip tri mau chn. S hin din ca etylen trong tri gip thc y qu trnh trao i cht trong tri, lm tri mau chn.

Theo cc chuyn gia ha hc, ethrel c nhng c tnh nht nh v ch xp vo loi cht c nh, khng phi l mt cht cc c hay cc nguy him nh mt s thng tin a. Cc nghin cu trn ngi v c tnh ca ethrel cho thy: i vi mt, ethrel gy kch ng, xt mt, gy mt; vi da, nu tip xc trc tip s c hin tng n mn, gy sng . Khi dng ethrel cn eo gng tay v eo knh trnh tc hi cho c th. Cho n nay, cha c mt thng bo no v nguy c gy ung th hay nhng nh hng trn cc c quan khc ca c th v lu di. GS. Nguyn Quang Thch, vin trng sinh hc nng nghip, i hc nng nghip 1 cho bit, hot cht ethrel trng thi dung dch, khi bi hoc ngm tri s sn sinh ra cht kh etylen thc y enzym gip tri nhanh chn. ng Thch cho bit nu dng nng bnh thng (!) etylen c tc dng lm tri chn nhanh hn, hnh thc p hn, tuy hng v c th khng bng tri chn t nhin nhng hon ton khng gy c hi. Ethrel c tn thng mi l Ethephon vi hot cht chnh l 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid. Ethrel c xp vo nhm cc cht iu ha sinh trng thc vt. C quan Qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K (FDA) cho php s dng ethrel vi liu lng thch hp thc chn tri cy nh c chua, du, to. c, New Zealand v H Lan cng cho php tng t nhm rt ngn thi gian chn v gim tn tht sau thu hoch. Cc Bo v mi trng Hoa K (US-EPA) xc nh ethrel i vo c th qua thc phm ch an ton nu liu lng mi ngy khng vt qu mc cho php 0,05mg/kg cn nng c th. Ti Vit Nam, cc sn phm ethrel mi c B NN&PTNT cp php s dng nh mt loi ch phm kch thch m cao su v thc chn qu bng. Mt s c quan nghin cu ng dng ethrel kch thch chm chm ra hoa tri v. Ring ha cht ethrel nhp t Trung Quc cha c chnh thc cp php. V th Nu ai/n v no s dng vo mc ch khc l vi phm v s b x l theo quy nh ca php lut (trch li ca cc trng Cc Bo v thc vt thuc B NN&PTNT).

Nu bm chch vo cung tri mt hay su ring vi liu lng vt ngng s gy c v lng ethrel hp thu vo ngi s dng (nng 60kg) c th > 3mg. Ngi n tri cy c s dng cc ha cht bo qun khng cho php hoc vt qu ngng cho php u c nguy c b ng c, nng s b ng c cp tnh, nu n thng xuyn mi ngy s b ng c mn tnh. b) Ethephon [ 2-Clorethylen phosphonic acid (2-CEPA)] 1.Cng thc hoa hoc: 2-Clorethylen phosphonic acid (2-CEPA)

2.Tn thng phm: Ethrel (My); Flodimex (c) ; Ethephon (Nga).

Hai loi thuc ang c s dng lm chn tri cy cha ethephon

3.Tinh cht ly hoa cua Ethephon:

Ethephon la mt cht long khng mau, khng mui . No c n inh trong dang acid va bi pha huy pH ln hn 3,5 . Ham lng hoat cht : 400mg/l, ti trong 1,2 g/ml, pH = 3 . No d tan trong nc,t c vi ngi va gia suc . Th nghim c hai trn chut cng theo ng tiu hoa cho thy: LD50=7.00 mg/kg . Ethephon khng c hai vi ong, it c hai vi ca. Ethephon khng lin kt cht che trong m cy trng . No co th loai bo d dang bng cach ra.

4.C ch phong thich Etylen t Ethephon:

Trong o trong Etylen la cht khi, t cy ci trong qua trinh phat trin t sinh ra Etylen ( CH2 = CH2 ) goi la Etylen ni sinh . Vt H3PO4 va HCl cc nho, d tan trong nc va nho hang trm ln nng acid H3PO4 va HCl dung trong cng ngh dc va thc phm. Vy Ethephon hoan toan khng c .

Tinh cht ly - sinh cua Ethephon im bc chay Kha nng hoa tan im si : Khng : Phn tan tt trong nc : Khng d liu

Kha nng bt la Kha nng gy n pH Kha nng hn hp

: Khng : Khng : 3 3.5 : Co th hn hp vi cac thuc tr bnh co tinh acid (hn hp trc khi dung)

Nhom c theo WHO : IV LC50 qua ng h hp Kha nng kich thich da Kha nng kich thich mt Kha nng gy di ng : Khng anh hng i vi chut, tho, ln, meo. : Khng : Khng : Khng : Khng : Khng : Khng : Khng

c vi ca va ng vt thuy sinh c vi ong i vi chim, ng vt hoang da Anh hng n thin ich

C ch tac ng cua Etylen Khi x ly Etylen, thng co 2 loai phan ng xay ra : Phan ng nhanh (trong vai phut) va phan ng chm (trong vai gi) . Do o, c ch tac ng cua Etylen co th din ra theo 2 chiu hng : 1.Di tac ng cua Etylen, mang t bao co nhng bin i c ban : Tinh thm cua mang tng ln ang k do Etylen co ap lc cao vi lipid, mt thanh phn chu yu cu tao nn mang t bao . iu o dn n giai phong cac enzyme vn tach ri vi c cht do mang ngn cach . Cac enzyme nay co iu kin tip xuc vi c cht va gy ra cac phan ng co lin quan n cac qua trinh sinh ly, hoa sinh cua

cy nh : Qua trinh chin, thoat hi nc, qua trinh trao i protein va acid nucleic . 2.Etylen gy hoat hoa cac gen cn thit cho qua trinh tng hp enzyme mi, xuc tac cho cac phan ng hoa sinh xay ra trong cy trng va nng san nh cac emzyme h hp, invertaza, enzyme xuc tac cho cac phan ng bin i dip luc, acid hu c, tanin, pectin, cac cht thm. Trong tac ng gy anh hng n s rung cac c quan, co th Etylen a kich thich tng hp xenlulaza, pectinaza gy ra s phn huy t bao tng ri dn n s rung.

Vai tro cua Etylen 1.Etylen tac ng n phat trin va chin cua qua . 2.Etylen lam gia hoa cy . 3.Etylen tac ng n qua trinh ngu, nghi cua cu ging, hat ging . 4.Etylen tac ng phn hoa, sinh trng cua r cy . 5.Etylen tac ng s ra hoa, s phn hoa gii tinh cua hoa . 6.Tac ng Etylen n qua trinh tn thng c gii va stress cua cy trng .

c) Acetylene l kh c sinh ra t phn ng ca t n calcium carbide (CaC2) vi nc. CaC2 + 2 H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 t n c cha hp cht ca hydro vi phosphorus rt c, c th nh hng nghim trng n sc khe con ngi trong mt thi gian di. Nu tip xc vi kh acetylene nng trn 33% c th b ngt xu. Cc triu chng ca ng c acetylene thng l kht nc, kh nut, cm thy yu, i ma i khi c mu, cm gic nga ngy ming, c hng hay mi; cm gic chy rt da v c th lm hng mt vnh

vin Ethephon cng c tc dng v tc hi tng t acetylene. Nhng do tri cy xng bng kh ethephon thng bo qun c lu hn so vi kh acetylene sinh ra t t n nn ngi ta thch dng ethephon hn. TS Trn Ngc Quyn, Vin Cng ngh ha hc TP.HCM, cho bit ethephon b c quan bo v mi trng Hoa K xp vo danh mc c cht loi 1 v th nghim cho kt qu gy kch ng da. Tuy nhin, hin trn th trng xut hin rt nhiu loi ha cht khc nhau. Ngay c mt s nh khoa hc cng khng bit r v cc loi ha cht ny. m bo an ton thc phm, cc nh khoa hc cho bit cc nc tin tin trn th gii hin khng dng ha cht trn nng sn, nu c th ch dng nhng ha cht qua thi gian th nghim v c bo co chnh thc rng nu dng ng nh lng, gii hn th khng gy nh hng n con ngi hoc mi trng.

3. ng dng phng phap lam chin nhn tao cho mt s loi qu tiu biu. 3.1. Lm chn chui: Chui lm chn theo cc phng php sau c v mu vng p, cht lng ngon, khng b rng cung v c thi gian bo qun lu hn so vi chui bng phng php thng thng (rm chn bng t n truyn thng). Trong khi qu trnh lm chn chui gi sau thu hoch nc ta cn hn ch v mang tnh th cng, tri c chn t nhin hoc rm chn bng t n (CaC2) Sn phm to ra c mu vng khng p, d b rng cung hoc tri chn qu d h hng, nhim bnh v c thi gian bo qun ngn. S thay i mu trong qu trnh chn ca chui Trong v tri chui xanh c hm lng chlorophyll kh cao t 12 n 13 mg/cm2hay 50-90 mg/g v ti. Trong qu trnh chn chlorophyll trn v tri b phn hy l ra carotene (hm lng 9-14mg/g v ti) v cc xanthophyll c mu vng . Thng thng, hm lng carotene v xanthophyll t thay i trong sut qu trnh chn

ca chui. Tc phn hy chlorophyll ca v chui ph thuc vo nhit mi trng. Cc yu t nh hng trc tip n qu trnh chn ca chui iu khin qu trnh chn chui hay lm mt mu xanh ca chui gi da trn cc yu t: nhit , m , chn ca tri v nng ethylene. Nhit : cng h hp ca tri tng cao khi nhit ca mi trng bo qun tng. Cng h hp tng n gi tr cc i th lm cho tri chn hon ton. Do cn qun l nhit ca mi trng bo qun m bo ko di thi gian m cng h hp nh nht v hn ch cng lu cng tt qu trnh tin ti gi tr cc i ca cng h hp, bng cch h thp nhit bo qun n nhit ti hn trnh tn thng lnh gy ri lon sinh l. Nhit trn 30oC tht tri chn tt i trc qu trnh chuyn mu ca v tri, to ra sn phm tri xanh mm. y l trng hp chng ta thng gp khi rm chui chn bng bin php th cng vi t n nhit thng. S bin i ny nh hng gi tr cm quan v mu sc cng nh gi tr thng mi.

Chui lm chn nhit phng

Chui x ehthylene kt hp nhit thp

m : y l yu t nh hng n tc bay hi nc trong tri. Mi trng c m thp th lm cho tri mt hi nc, nhanh chng ho v cc hot ng sinh l mt cn bng lm gim gi tr cm quan ca tri sau khi x l ln mu. Ngc li mi trng c m cao th kh nng mt nc thp nhng to mi trng cho cho vi sinh vt hot ng.

 chn ca tri: tri cn c thu hoch ng chn sinh l cc thnh phn sinh l, sinh ha trong tri y nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh x l c hiu qu v to tri c mu sc v cht lng sau x l. Nng ethylene: chui l loi tri c tng t pht h hp nn khi x l ethylene ngoi sinh c th lm tri chn nhanh r rt. Cng vi qu trnh chn ca tri, ethylene c sn sinh rt nhiu cc m t bo tht tri v c coi nh hoocmon gy chn. Do c th dng ethylene ngoi sinh nh l mt tc nhn thc y qu trnh chn nhanh ca tri.
Dm chui bng nhit:

L phng php dm chui truyn thng: Chui c dm chin bng cch ct ri cc ni chui khi bung, xp sp cc ni chui ra sn mt ngy cho kh, ri cht vo trong lu, khp, chnh gia lu, khp cha ch cm vi th hng, ri y tht kn lu, khp li. Nhit t nhng cy hng trong lu khp lm chui chn sau 2-3 ngy. S lng hng t hay nhiu ty nhit kh tri v khi lng chui trong lu, ch ngi c kinh nghim mi xc nh ng mc cn t my th hng. Vo ma ng pha bc, nhit xung thp, mun rm chui chn chm ch phi xy l dm chui (ging nh l quay tht ln) vch tng xy cun trn, c np y kn v to nhit trong l bng cch t mt n tru cho chy m di y l. Khi chui mn, ly ra v cn mu xanh xp ra nong nia 1-2 ngy, sau v chui s ln mu, Mt s ngi dng t n gi trong nhng vt dng c gia c kn, khong cho khng kh thot ra lm chui chn. Tuy nhin vi cch rm truyn thng ny chui s khng p, rut chui i khi mm, d b rng cun, thi cilm mt gi tri thng phm v khng gi c ti lu.

 Dm chui bng my nhit thp:

y l nghin cu ca KS. Nguyn Thanh Tng hp tc vi Phng Nghin cu sau thu hoch ca Vin Nghin cu cy n qu Min Nam thc hin rm chui bng my EthyleneGenerator v bo qun chui nhit thp nhiu ngy. Chui c thu hoch chn (theo cch m t ca nh vn), bung chui s chn u tt c cc ni chui trn bung. Tri chui qua giai on ny sc cnh cng da, tm rut tri chui ng vng. Ct ni chui khi bung bng c chuyn dng to cc chm chui 5 tri bng dao cong chuyn dng v cho chui ln ngay vo thng nc co fluor cho sch nha v st khun 5-10 pht. Vt chui ra, ro 16200C v cho chui vo t dm ca my EthyleneGenerator.

Chui c lm mt mu xanh bng cch cho cn 95% vo my, khong 2-5 l/m, chnh ch my to kh ehtylen thch hp. Tu dm chui c ng kn ca, c qut i lu gip phn b u dng kh, nhit v m trong t 90-95% trong sut giai on lm chn. Sau 24 gi m ca t cho thng gi la kh ethylen ra ngoi, chm dt giai on dm chn. Giai on chuyn mau v vn chui trong t, ng ca v duy tr mc 140 C v m mc 80-85% cho chui ti lu. u th ca phng php rm chui bng my trong nhit thp bo qun c lu hn, mu sc p, cht lng khng thay i. Du chui bng etylen

3.2. Lm chn xoi:

Chi xoi (Mangifera): thuc h o ln ht (Anacadiaceae), l nhng loi cy n qu vng nhit i. Qu cha nhiu caroten, vitamin B1,B2,C. Hch qu cha nhiu tinh bt, du, tanin.

Phng php d xoi Vit Nam: Dng t n gi kn trong vi mng hoc giy di y thng hoc cc chum, vi snh. Nh khng xoi tip xc vi t n. y kn thng trong 1-3 ngy th xoi chn. S dng 5g t n cho mi thng 20kg xoi.

Phng php d xoi mt s nc trn th gii. *n :dng rm r. *Malaixia: dng t n *Nam Phi: dng ether

 Cch d xoi ca vin nghin cu rau qu trung ng

3.3. Lm chn hng.

Hng thuc chi Th (Diospyros). C nhiu ging hng nh: hng bom kha, hng tu, hng chn Hng rt giu cht dinh dng v hot tnh sinh hc.

Qu hng Phng php d hng: -

vi l cy trong thng hay chum kn. Dng ha cht ethrel ( ethefon hoc acid 2 cloro- etafotforic). Dng t n. Dng Chloroetyl phosphoric.

4. NHNG BIN I TRONG QU TRNH CHN C 3 giai on quan trng trong s pht trin ca qu Giai on tng trng v thun thc Giai on gi Giai on chn: thut ng dng ch giai on d tr ca qu, thng bt u giai on cui cng ca qu trnh thun thc v gia on bt u ca qu trnh gi

Qu trnh chn ca qu: Qu chuyn t trng thi thun thc v sinh l nhng khng n c sang trng thi hp dn v mu sc, mi v v. nh du s kt thc pha pht trin qu v bt u qu trnh gi ho Sinh trng ca qu trong khi chn Trong qu trnh chn kch thc v trng lng ca qu v ht tng ln do: S phn chia t bo Gin n ca t bo nht l vch t bo Tch t cht dinh dng d tr Tng kch thc khong gian bo Nhng bin i thnh phn ha hc khi chn: Bin i gluxit: Trong qu trnh chn a s cc loi rau qu tinh bt s chuyn ha thnh ng lm tng ngt nhng tr khoai lang, u non, bp Bin i pectin: Khi chn protopectin trong vch t bo phn hy to pectin ha tan lm thay i cu trc qu. Bin i xenlulozo v hemixenlulozo: Khi chn hm lng xenlulozo v hemixenlulo gim ng k nn rau qu tr nn mm hn, c th d hp th hn. Bin i ca acid hu c: Khi chn acid hu c c th tng hoc gim, thay i v cht lng ty theo tng loi qu

 Bin i v sc t: Khi chn mu sc qu thay i r rt, hm lng clorophill gim ng k, hm lng caroten, xanthophin ,antoxian, flavonoit tng ln ng k lm qu c mu sc hp dn hn. S i mu t xanh sang mu vng cam hay : Ta gi tri cn xanh ngha l n cha chn. giai on sm sa ny, dip lc t (chlorophylle) cho mu xanh ca tri. Di tc dng ca enzym chlorophyllase, dip lc t b phn hy nn l ra nhng sc t khc c sn trong tri. Th d trng hp tri u . Song song vi qu trnh ny, cc sc t khc c tng hp. C hai nhm sc t: nhm carotnoide, vi beta-carotne s cho mu vng cam nh tri xoi, v nhm anthocyanes, m pelargonidol (pelargonidin-glucosine) s cho tri du c mu . Cc sc t ny thng to thnh cac hp cht phc tp khi to thnh mu xanh l. Yu t nh hng n s thay i sc t ch yu l nh sng v nhit . + nh sng cn thit cho s tng hp chlorophyll, lm chm qu trnh phn hy sc t ny trn l rau. + nh sng cng kch thch cho qu trnh tng hp anthocyanin v lycopene mt s nng sn + nh hng ca nhit thay i ty thuc vo loi sc t, loi m, hoc ph thuc vo qu trnh phn hy hay tng hp sc t chim u th.

 Bin i ca vitamin: Khi chn hm lng vitamin tng ln nh C, tin vitamin A, acid folic ( B9) mt s vitamin trc y cha c nay mi c to thnh( vitamin B12,D) Bin ng ca hm lng lipid, protein, cht khong:

Hm lng lipid v cht khong khng thay i trong qu trnh chn, hm lng protein c tng nhng khng ng k, acid amin t do c xu hng tng ln. Bin i ca polyphenol: Khi chn hm lng polyphenol gim nht l polyphenol t do. Khi chn tanin b thy phn chuyn ha mt phn thnh ng v acid hu c nn mt v cht.

l kt qu ca s cn bng gia ng vi chua. Tri du c mi thm du, hi chua. V ny do mt cht bay hi cn bng gia acid v ng. Ty theo tri, t l ng khc nhau v thay i ty chn. i vi chui, mt, m, da ty, to, l, trng s, o... th tin trnh chn c bt u v iu chnh bi s tng hp ca mt kch thch t tn l ethylene. Ngi ta c th lm chn tri cn xanh bng cch chng vi cht ny. Nhng tri ny tch tr tinh bt ngay lc u ca thi k pht trin. Chng cha nhiu ng nh s phn hy ca tinh bt ra ng glucose, ngay c khi tri c hi lc cn xanh. Trng hp tri du hay c chua th khc. Nhng kho cu trn tri da ty chng t rng ethylene khng c tc dng ln nhng qu trnh lm chn, v lng ng ln mu ca tri cng khng ty thuc vo ethylene. Chng khng tch tr tinh bt trong khi tri pht trin m v ngt c l nh s phn hy

ng saccharose c tch ly t giai on u ca i sng tri. Loi tri cy ny phi c hi khi chn ti th n mi c v thm ngon.

KT LUN. Bo qun nng sn ni chung tht s cng cn tn ti nhiu vn li bt cp hi. Vic s dng ha cht lm chn tri cy t nhiu lm gim kh nng t khng chng bnh tt ca qu v nh hng n cht lng tri cy, mt khc c khi lm nh hng n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Chnh v hu qu tim n ca cc ha cht bo v ny m hin nay chng ta phi d chng khi s dng chng. Xu th mi ca con ngi hin nay hng n vi cc hp cht t nhin, hn ch ti a vic a cc ngun c hi vo c th qua ng n ung. Vi vy phai cn trong hn trong vic s dung hoa cht lam chin rau qua, am bao sc khoe cho ngi dung. lm c iu th cn da vo nhiu yu t khch quan khc nhng quan trng nht vn l thc ca ngi sn xut.

Theo nhn nh ca cc nh khoa hc, c th khng qu lo lng v tc hi ca ethrel gy ra trong qu trnh gi chn hoa qu. Tuy vy rt cn chn chnh vic qun l ha cht trong khu sn xut, lu thng, s dng ethrel, etylen phng nga vic sn

xut phn lm tri chn, thuc bo v thc vt lm tri chn; ngi bun bn hoa qu lm dng ethrel v etylen qu liu cho tri xanh thnh tri chn cht lng thp. y c th l iu tc hi gy nh hng n thu nhp ca nh vn v uy tn v cht lng tri cy ca nc ta. Chng ta cn c bit quan tm n vic ngn chn cht bo qun khng nhn mc trn vo th trng. Doanh nghip sn xut sn phm bo qun hay iu ha sinh trng...phi ng k quy trnh; trong ha cht tham gia khng c tn d qu mc cho php trong tri cy. Vic dng cc ha cht bo qun tri cy mang ngha kinh t - k thut l iu c li, nhng phi tun th theo trnh t cng vic v nguyn tc do c quan qun l nh nc. Do vy, tnh hnh s dng cht lm chn nhanh tri cy hin nay trn th trng cn c s khuyn co t pha c quan qun l c thm quyn, nht l c quan qun l v an tan, v sinh thc phm.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1 . Bo Qun V Ch Bin Rau Qu, Quch nh - Nguyn Vn Tip - Nguyn Vn Thoa, NXB Khoa hc v k thut 2. Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin rau qu, L Vn Tn, Nguyn Th Hin, Hong Th L Bng,Qun L H , NXB KH & KT 3. Cng Ngh Sau Thu Hoch V Ch Bin Rau Qu, Quch nh - Nguyn Vn Tip Nguyn Vn Thoa, NXB Khoa hc v k thut. 4 Gio trnh cng ngh bo qun v ch bin rau qu, Nguyn Th Bch Thy, Trn th Lan Hng, Nh Th Nhung NXB H Ni- 2007 5. K thut v ch bin rau qu, Quch Bnh, Nguyn Vn Thoa, Nguyn Vn Tip, NXB KH & KT, 1982. 6. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.32&view=4424. 7. http://www.nutifood.com.vn/vn/Dinh-duong-ct.aspx?bn=Nut&pg=Dinhduong&con=0&par=2&cat=13&id=722 8. http://phanbonla.vn/index.php/th-vin-nha-nong/72-ethephon-chat-dieu-hoa-sinhtruong-the-he-moi-nhat 9. tailieu.vn

Vn anh M U

1. Tng quan v rau qu................................................................................. 1.1. Phn loi rau qu..................................................................................... 1.3. c im v cu trc................................................................................ 1.4. Vai tr dinh dng ca rau qu.............................................................. 2.2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch.................................................................. 2.3. Qu trnh chn nhn to........................................................................... 2.3.1. Phng php gia cng nhit................................................................. 2.3.2. Phng php ym kh........................................................................... 2.3.3. Phng php dng oxy ........................................................................ B. KT LUN.................................................................................................
Phng

1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu........................................................... 1.5. Xu hng pht trin sn xut rau qu Vit Nam.................................. 2. chn ca rau qu.................................................................................... 2.1. Mt s khi nim v chn ca rau qu.............................................. 2.3.4. Phng php dng cht kch thch...................................................... 3. ng dng cho mt s loi qu tiu biu.................................................... 3.1. Lm chn chui......................................................................................... 3.2. Lm chn xoi........................................................................................... 3.3. Lm chn hng.......................................................................................... 4. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chn.........................................................