cng n tp Ha Sinh

K14 HSP Sinh

Chng I: PROTEIN
1. Phn tch c tnh chung v chc nng sinh hc ca protein. c tnh chung: Protein (Protit hay m) l nhng i phn t c cu to theo nguyn tc a phn m cc n phn l axt amin. Chng kt hp vi nhau thnh mt mch di nh cc lin kt peptide (gi l chui polypeptide). Cc chui ny c th xon cun hoc gp theo nhiu cch to thnh cc bc cu trc khng gian khc nhau ca protein. Protein l thnh phn ko th thiu ca tt c cc c th sinh vt nhng li c tnh c th cao cho tng loi,tng c th ca tng loi, tng c quan, m ca mt c th. Protein rt a dng v cu trc v chc nng, l nn tng v cu trc v chc nng cho c th sng. Chc nng: -Kin to v chng c hc: Protein l thnh phn cu to ca cc t bo, k t siu khun n cc t bo c nhn, cc m, cc sinh dch... - Xc tc sinh hc: l vai tr ca cc enzyme-mt loi protein c bit, di tc dng ca chng, gip cho cc phn ng ho sinh hc xy ra. - iu ho: mt s protein c chc nng iu ha qu tnh thng tin di truyn, qu trnh trao i cht. + Protein iu ha qu trnh biu hin gen nh cc protein reprexo. + Protein hoocmon, gip cho cc phn ng trong t bo xy ra ng chiu hng, ng cng m c th i hi. - Vn chuyn cc cht: V d Hb vn chuyn kh, Transferin vn chuyn st, Xytocromvn chuyn in t... - Chc nng co dui, vn ng: s vn ng ca c th l nh chc nng co dn caprotein miozin v actin trong t c. - Truyn xung thn kinh: C vai tr trung gian trong phn ng ca t bo thn kinh i vi kch thch c hiu.
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K14 HSP Sinh

- Bo v: + Cc khng th, bch cu l cc protein c hiu cao, n nhn bit v kt hp vi cc cht l nh virus, vi khun v cc t bo t cc c th khc. + Cc protein tham gia vo qu trnh ng mu c vai tr bo v cho c th sng khi b mt mu. + mt s thc vt c cha cc protein c tc dng c vi ng vt ngay hm lng thp gip bo v TV khi s ph hi ca V. - D tr nng lng: khi b phn gii 1 gam protein cung cp cho c th 4,1 kcal. 2. Vit cng thc tng qut ca axit amin n phn cu to ca protein. Phn loi cc axit amin thng gp trong protein. Cng thc tng qut: NH2 R C COOH H Dng ko ion ha NH3R C COOH Dng ion lng cc Phn loi: -Cc aminoaxit trung tnh, mch thng: gm 5 axit amin. Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile -Cc aminoaxit cha OH: gm 2 axit amin. Ser, Tre -Cc aminoaxit cha S: gm 2 axit amin. Cys, Met -Cc aminoaxit c tnh axit v amid ca chng: gm 2 axit v 2 amid Asp, Glu, Asn, Gln
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K14 HSP Sinh

-Cc aminoaxit kim tnh: gm 3 axit amin. Lys, Arg, His -Imonoaxit: Prolin -Cc aminoaxit c vng thm v d vng: gm 3 axit amin. Phe, Tyr, Try 3. Trnh by cng thc cu to ca cc axit amin thng gp trong protein.

4. Trnh by cu trc bcca phn t proteinv ngha ca cu trc bc. Cu trc bc I: Cc axit amin ni vi nhau bi lin kt peptit hnh thnh nn chui polypeptide. u mch polypeptide l nhm amin ca axit amin th nht v cui mch l nhm carboxyl ca axit amin cui cng. Cu trc bc mt ca protein thc cht l trnh t sp xp ca cc axit amin trn chui polypeptide. Cu trc bc mt ca protein c vai tr ti quan trng v trnh t cc axit amin trn chui polypeptide s th hin tng tc gia cc phn trong chui polypeptide, t to nn hnh dng lp th ca protein v do quyt nh tnh cht cng nh vai tr ca protein. S sai lch trong trnh t sp xp ca cc axit amin c th dn n s bin i cu trc v tnh cht ca protein.
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K14 HSP Sinh

Cu trc bc II: L s sp xp u n cc chui polypeptide trong khng gian. Chui polypeptide thng khng dng thng m xon li to nn cu trc xon v cu trc np gp , c c nh bi cc lin kt hyro gia nhng axit amin gn nhau. Cc protein si nh keratin, collagen... (c trong lng, tc, mng, sng)gm nhiu xon , trong khi cc protein cu c nhiu np gp hn. Cu trc bc III: Cc xon v phin gp np c th cun li vi nhau thnh tng bi c hnh dng lp th c trng cho tng loi protein. Cu trc khng gian ny c vai tr quyt nh i vi hot tnh v chc nng ca protein. Cu trc ny li c bit ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nhm -R trong cc mch polypeptide. Chng hn nhm -R ca xistin c kh nng to cu isulfur (-S-S-), nhm -R ca proline cn tr vic hnh thnh xon, t v tr ca chng s xc nh im gp, hay nhng nhm -R a nc th nm pha ngoi phn t, cn cc nhm k nc th chui vo bn trong phn t... Cc lin kt yu hn nh lin kt hydro hay in ha tr c gia cc nhm -R c in tch tri du. Cu trc bc IV: Biu th s kt hp ca cc chui c cu trc bc III trong phn t protein. Hay ni cch khc, nhng phn t protein c cu trc t 2 hay nhiu chui protein hnh cu, tng tc vi nhau trong khng gian to nn cu trc bc IV. Mi mt chui polypeptide c gi l mt tiu n v (subunit), chng gn vi nhau nh cc lin kt hydrogen, tng tc Van der Waals gia cc nhm phn b trn b mt ca cc tiu n v lm bn cu trc bc IV. 5. Phn tch cc loi lin kt trong cc bc cu trc ca protein. Lin kt peptit: + L lin kt c hnh thnh gia nhm amin ca axit ny vi nhm COOH Ca axit amin kia ng thi loi i mt phn t H2O. + L/k peptit l loi l/k bn nht trong phn t. + L/k peptit l lin kt c trng trong protein. Lin kt hiro:

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K14 HSP Sinh

+ c hnh thnh do lc hp dn gia nguyn t H ca NH2 v nguyn t O ca cc a.amin trong cng mch hoc khac mch. + L/k hiro l lin kt ko bn d b ph v, nhng trong protin c cha nhiu l/k nn gy ra hiu ng cng to lc bn to chui xon v gp ca cu trc bc II. Lin kt disunfua l: lin kt ng ho tr to thnh do s kt hp gia hai phn t xistin trong cng mt chui polypeptide hoc gia hai xistin thuc hai chui polypeptit khc nhau. Cu disunfua c vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh duy tr cu trc bc III ca phn t protein.
Lin kt ion:

Lc Van der Waals (Lin kt k nc ): Cc phn t khng phn cc, tc l cc phn t khng cha nhm ion ho ln lin kt phn cc, u khng ho tan trong nc, chng l nhng phn t k nc. Lc thc y cc phn t hay cc vng khng phn cc ca cc phn t lin kt vi nhau thay v vi cc phn t H2O (y phn t H2O ra ngoi) c gi l lin kt k nc. y khng phi l mt lc lin kt ng ngha m l khuynh hng loi tr cc nhm khng phn cc ra khi mng li nc. Cn lin kt tht s tn ti gia cc phn t khng phn cc l lin kt Van der Waals. Cc tng tc k nc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic n nh cc protein, cc phc protein vi cc phn t khc cng nh s phn b cc protein trong cc mng sinh hc. 6. Trnh by tnh cht chung ca protein v axit amin. Khi nim s bin tnh Di tc dng ca cc tc nhn vt l nh tia cc tm, sng siu m, khuy c hc... hay tc nhn ha hc nh axit, kim mnh, mui kim loi nng,... cc cu trc bc hai, ba v bc bn ca protein b bin i nhng khng ph v cu trc bc mt ca n, km theo l s thay i cc tnh cht ca protein so vi ban u. l hin tng bin tnh protein. Sau khi b bin tnh, protein thng thu c cc tnh cht sau:

ha tan gim do lm l cc nhm k nc vn chui vo bn trong phn t protein Kh nng gi nc gim Mt hot tnh sinh hc ban u Tng nhy i vi s tn cng ca enzim proteaza do lm xut hin cc lin kt peptit ng vi trung tm hot ng ca proteaza
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K14 HSP Sinh

Tng nht ni ti Mt kh nng kt tinh

Tnh k nc ca protein

Do cc gc k nc ca cc acid amin(aa) trong chui polipectit ca protein hng ra ngoi cc gc ny lin kt vi nhau to lin kt k nc. k nc c th gii thch nh sau: do cc gc aa c cha cc gc R- khng phn cc nn n khng c kh nng tc dng vi nc.

VD: chng ta c cc aa trong nhm 7aa khng phn cc :glysin, alanin, valin, pronin, methionin, lxin, isoloxin chng khng tc dng vi nc. Tnh k nc s nh hng rt nhiu n tnh tan ca protein. VD: c 7aa lin kt peptit vi nhau, trong c 3aa khng phn cc( k nc ) nu nh cc aa ny cng nm 1 u th tnh tan s gim so vi khi cc aa ny ng xen k nhau trong lin kt Tnh cht ca dung dch keo Khi ho tan protein thnh dung dch keo th n khng i qua mng bn thm. Hai yu t m bo bn ca dung dch keo:

S tch in cng du ca cc protein. Lp v hidrat bao quanh phn t protein.

C 2 dng kt ta: kt ta thun nghch va khng thun nghch:

Kt ta thun nghch: sau khi chng ta loi b cc yu t gy kt ta th protein vn c th tr li trng thi dung dch keo bn nh ban u. Kt ta khng thun nghch: l sau khi chng ta loi b cc yu t gy kt ta th protein khng tr v trng thi dung dch keo bn vng nh trc na.

Tnh cht in ly lng tnh Acid amin c tnh cht lng tnh v trong aa c cha c gc axit(COO-) v gc bazo(NH2-) suy ra protein cung c tnh cht lng tnh.

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K14 HSP Sinh

7. Phn loi protein. Trnh by cu to v chc nng ca hemoglobin (Hb). * Phn loi: C hai cch phn loi thng thng nht: a. Phn loi theo hnh dng - Protein dng si - Protein dng cu - Protein dng trung gian b. Phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc Cn c s c hay vng mt ca mt s thnh phn c bn cht khng phi protein m ngi ta chia protein thnh hai nhm: - Protein n gin Protein n gin l nhng protein m phn t ca chng gm ton amino acid. Da theo kh nng ho tan trong nc hoc trong dung dch ngi ta c th chia cc protein n gin ra mt s nhm nh nh: - Albumin: tan trong nc, b kt ta nng mui (NH ) SO kh cao (70-100%).
4 2 4

- Globulin: khng tan hoc tan t trong nc, tan trong dung dch long ca mt s mui trung tnh nh NaCl, KCl, Na SO ..., v b kt ta nng mui (NH ) SO
2 4 4 2 4

bn bo ho. - Prolamin: khng tan trong nc hoc dung dch mui long, tan trong ethanol, isopropanol 70-80%. - Glutein: ch tan trong dung dch kim hoc acid long. - Histon: l protein c tnh kim d tan trong nc, khng tan trong dung dch amoniac long. - Protein phc tp Protein phc tp l nhng protein m phn t ca chng ngoi cc amino acid nh protein n gin cn c thm thnh phn khc c bn cht khng phi l protein
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K14 HSP Sinh

cn gi l nhm thm (nhm ngoi). Tu thuc vo bn cht ca nhm ngoi m ngi ta chia cc protein phc tp ra cc nhm nh v thng gi tn cc protein bt u bng tip u ng ch bn cht nhm ngoi: - Lipoprotein: nhm ngoi l lipid. - Nucleoprotein: nhm ngoi l nucleic acid. - Glucoprotein: nhm ngoi l carbohydrate v dn xut ca n. - Phosphoprotein: nhm ngoi l phosphoric acid. - Chromoprotein: nhm ngoi l hp cht c mu. Tu theo tnh cht ca tng nhm ngoi m c nhng mu sc khc nhau nh ( hemoglobin), vng ( flavoprotein)...

* Hemoglobin Cu trc ca Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin (Hb) l 1 protein mu, phc tp thuc nhm chromoproteid mu , c nhm ngoi l hem. Hb l thnh phn ch yu ca hng cu, chim 28% v tng ng vi 14,6g trong 100 ml mu. TLPT ca Hb l 64.458. Hb gm 2 phn: hem v globin. Mi phn t Hb c 4 hem v 1 globin. N c to thnh t 4 di n v. Mi di n v l 1 hem kt hp vi globin. Globin c cu trc l cc chui polypeptid. ngi ln, 4 chui polypeptid ging nhau tng i mt: 2 chui v 2 chui . Cc di n v lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt yu: lin kt ion, lin kt hydro, to nn cu trc bc 4 ca phn t Hb chui polypeptid ca mi di n v c 1 hc cha hem. Trung tm ca phn t Hb c 1 hc rng gi l hc trung tm. Hc trung tm tip nhn phn t 2,3 diphosphoglycerat (2,3 DPG) v s kt hp ca hc trung tm vi 2,3 DPG c vai tr iu ho i lc ca Hb vi oxy. Thnh phn th 2 ca Hb l hem. Sc t hem thuc loi porphyrin l nhng cht c kh nng kt hp vi nguyn t kim loi. Hem ngi l porotophyrin IX kt hp vi Fe2+. Hem c 4 nhn pyrol lin kt vi nhau bng cu ni menten (-CH=). Vng porphyrin c gn cc gc metyl (-CH3) v tr 1, 3, 5, 8; cc gc vinyl (-CH=CH2) v tr 2,4; cc gc propionyl (-CH2 - CH2 - C00H) v tr 6,7. Fe2+ gn vi nh pha
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K14 HSP Sinh

trong ca nhn pyrol bng hai lin kt ng ho tr v hai lin kt phi tr v vi globin qua gc histidin. Chc nng ca hemoglobin. - Hemoglobin kt hp vi oxy to thnh oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). Kh nng kt hp lng lo v thun nghch to iu kin cho vic Hb nhn oxy phi ri vn chuyn n m gii phng oxy cho t bo. Oxy kt hp vi Hb phn Fe2+ ca hem. Mi Hb c 4 hem, mi hem c 1Fe2+ . Nh vy v mt l thuyt mt phn t Hb c th kt hp bo ho vi 4 phn t oxy. Thc t trong c th iu ny rt kh xy ra v khng bao gi c s bo ho 100% HbO2. S kt hp gia oxy vi Fe2+ xy ra nh sau: Khi mt phn t oxy gn ti Fe2+ (do oxy khuych tn t ph nang vo mu, t mu vo trong hng cu) th cng mt lc xy ra hai mi lin kt: Fe2+-02- v Fe2+-N+(nit ca nhm imidazol). Lc ny oxy mang in tch m v nhn in t ca nit. Fe2+ lc ny tr thnh mt acid yu. V mt l do no m khng c mi lin kt Fe2+-N+-, lc ny oxy khng lin kt vi Fe2+ m li nhn in t ca Fe2+ , Hb chuyn thnh methemoglobin, lm cho Hb mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy. Imidazol nh hng trn b mt hem l nguyn nhn to ra mi lin kt Fe2+-N+- . S kt hp v phn ly HbO2 chu nh hng ca pO2,pCO2, pH, nhit mu. - Hemoglobin kt hp vi carbonic to thnh carbohemoglobin (HbCO2). y cng l mt phn ng thun nghch. S kt hp xy ra m, s phn ly xy ra phi. Carbonic kt hp vi Hb nhm amin ca globin nn gi l phn ng cc carbamin. Carbonic c vn chuyn dng HbCO2 khng nhiu, ch chim 6,5% tng s CO2 vn chuyn trong mu. - Hemoglobin kt hp vi carbonmonocid to thnh Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO). HbC0 rt bn vng v khng cn kh nng vn chuyn oxy v i lc ca Hb vi CO rt cao, gp 210 ln i lc ca Hb vi O2, thm tr CO cn y c O2 ra khi HbO2. Khi ng c CO2 cn cho th O2 phn p cao ti to li oxyhemoglobin - Hemoglobin c tnh cht m. H m hemoglobin l mt trong cc h m quan trng ca mu, l h m HHb/KHb v h m HHbCO2/KHb02. Kh nng m ca Hb l ng k v hm lng Hb trong mu kh cao v chim khong 35% dung tch m ca mu. - Trong qu trnh chuyn ho Hb, c th to ra sc t mt. Sc t mt khng c chc nng sinh l nhng n l cht ch th mu i vi cc nh lm sng, n cho ta bit mt c mt u, qua nh gi chc nng gan mt.

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K14 HSP Sinh

Chng II: AXIT NUCLEIC

8. Phn tch c tnh chung v chc nng sinh hc ca axit nucleic. - Axit nucleic l cc i phn t, cu trc theo nguyn tc a phn, n phn l cc mononucleotit lin kt vi nhau bng l/k photphoieste. - Axit nucleic tham gia, iu hnh mi hot ng sng ca t bo. - Axit nucleic cha ng v truyn t thng tin di truyn qua cc th h t bo v c th. 9.Trnh by cu trc ca nucleotit n phn cu to ca axit nucleic. Thnh phn cu to nucleotit gm: H3PO4, pentoz, baz nit. Cu to pentoz
OH CH2 OH OH CH2 OH

OH

OH

OH

- D ribose

-2 deoxy D ribose

Hnh 7.1. Ribose v Deoxyribose

Cu to ca baz c nit Baz c nit c dn xut t 2 nhn d vng l purin v pyrimidin. Baz pyrimidin Baz c nhn pyrimidin gm cytosin, uracil v thymin

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H 6C 1N HC 2 H 4C 3N ho c HC 2

K14 HSP Sinh

5 CH CH 4

5 CH CH 6

N 3

N 1

Nhn pyrimidin

Baz purin Baz c nhn purin gm adenin v guanin (Hnh 7.3) Ngoi thnh phn trn, ARN, ADN cn cha thm mt s baz nit khc: ADN vi khun c N.6 metyl adenin, 5 hydroxymetyl cytosin. ADN thc vt (mm la), ng vt (tuyn c) c 5 metyl cytosin. ARNr v ARNt cn cha baz purin v pyrimidin metyl ha. ARNt cn cha pseudouridin; hypoxanthin; 1 metyl hypoxanthin; 5,6 dihydrouracil.

6 1N 2 N 3

N7 8 N 9

Nhn purin

10. Vit CTCT ca cc baz nit trong phn t axit nucleic.

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H 6C 1N HC 2 H 4C 3N ho c HC 2

K14 HSP Sinh

5 CH CH 4

5 CH CH 6

N 3

N 1

Nhn pyrimidin

Cytosin (k hiu X): 2 hydroxy 6 amino pyrimidin:

NH 2 N HO N O N N H NH 2

dng enol (lactim)

dng ceton (lactam)

Uracil (U): 2,6 dihydroxy pyrimidin:

OH N HO N H O N N H

dng enol

dng ceton

Thymin (T): 5 methyl uracil.

OH N HO N CH 3 H O N N H

O CH 3

dng enol

dng ceton

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6 1N 2 N 3 4 N 9 5
NH 2 N N N N

K14 HSP Sinh

N7 8

Nhn purin

Adenin (A): 06 amino purin.

Guanin (G):
OH N H 2N N N H N

O H H 2N N N N H N

Dng enol 11.Vit CTCT ca cc ribonucleotit.

Dng ceton

Adenosin

Guanosin

Uridin

Cytidin 12.Vit CTCT ca cc ezoxiribonucleotit.

Ribothymidin

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K14 HSP Sinh

Deoxyadenosin

Deoxyguanosin

Deoxyuridin

Deoxycytidin

Deoxythymidin

13.Trnh by CTCT ca ATP v vai tr ca chng trong c th.

NH2 N N Adenin Ribose OH OH Adenosin-5'-monophosphat (AMP) Adenosin-5'-diphosphat (ADP) Adenosin-5'-triphosphat (ATP) N N O CH2O O P OH O O P OH O O P OH OH

Vai tr: + Tham gia phn ng phosphoryl ha. + Hot ha cc cht ATP c sinh ra trong qu trnh tch ly nng lng v khi n phn hy s gii phng nng lng. S chuyn ha nng lng ca ATP c thc hin nh cc phn ng trao i cht trong t bo cht.

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K14 HSP Sinh

- ATP l ngun nng lng chnh cung cp cho cc hot ng sng ca t bo nh: tng hp cc i phn t (DNA, RNA v Protein). ATP cng tham gia vn chuyn cc i phn t qua mng t bo.VD: xut bo, nhp bo. - Trong tng hp RNA, ATP l 1trong 4 nucleotic trc tip tham gia tng hp RNA, qu trnh ny c xc tc bi ARN polymerases. Nng lng trng hp cc nucleotic c cung cp t qu trnh tch 2 gc photphat (pyrophotphat).Qu trnh tng hp DNA din ra tng t ch c khc l ATP b kh thnh deoxy ribonucleotic dATP trc khi tham gia tng hp DNA. ATP tham gia vo bo tr cu trc ca t bo: to iu kin cho s tng hp hay phn gii ca cc cht cu trc nn b khung ca t bo. ATP lin quan n qu trnh co c, lm ngn cu ni gia si actin v si myosin. ng vt,ATP l ngun nng lng chnh cung cp cho qu trnh h hp v vn ng. 13.Trnh by CTCT ca AMP vng v vai tr ca chng trong c th. + Adenosin monophosphat vng (5, 3 adenosin monophosphat = AMPv). AMP vng c hnh thnh t ATP nh enzym adenyl cyclase xc tc, c vai tr nh mt cht thng tin th hai m hormon l cht thng tin th nht, tham gia vo s hot ng 1 s hormon, tham gia tng hp hormon - S-Adenosin methionin: cung cp nhm metyl cho cc qu

Phn ng to thnh AMPv

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K14 HSP Sinh

15.Trnh by cu trc chui polinucleotit. - C 8 loi mn nucleotit. - Cc mononucleotit ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt 3'-5'-photphoieste. Cc chui polynucleotit thng cha t hng chc n hng trm gc mononucleotit. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng chui polynucleotit ngn, cha khng qu 10 gc nucleotit v chng c gi chung l oligonucleotit

- C 2 loi chui l: + polyribonucleotit + polyeoxy ribonucleotit 16. Phn loi axit nucleic. C 2 loi axit amin l: + Axt ribonucleotit (ARN) + Axt eoxyribonucleotit (ADN) 17. Trnh by cu to v chc nng ca axit eoxyribonucleotit (ADN). Cu to: a) Cu trc ho hc ca ADN

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K14 HSP Sinh

- ADN tn ti ch yu trong nhn t bo, cng c mt ti th, lp th. ADN l mt loi axit hu c c cha cc nguyn t ch yu C, H, O, N v P (hm lng P c t 8 n 10%) - ADN l i phn t, c khi lng phn t ln, chiu di c th t ti hng trm micromet, khi lng phn t c t 4 n 8 triu, mt s c th t ti 16 triu n v cacbon. - ADN cu to theo nguyn tc a phn, mi n phn l mt loi nucltit, mi nucltit c 3 thnh phn, trong thnh phn c bn l baz nitric. 4 loi nucltit mang tn gi ca cc baz nitric, trong A v G c kch thc ln, T v X c kch thc b. - Trn mch n ca phn t cc n phn lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt ho tr l lin kt hnh thnh gia ng C5H10O4 ca nucltit ny vi phn t H3PO4 ca nucltit bn cnh, (lin kt ny cn c gi l lin kt photphodieste). Lin kt photphodieste l lin kt rt bn m bo cho thng tin di truyn trn mi mch n n nh k c khi ADN ti bn v phin m. - T 4 loi nucltit c th to nn tnh a dng v c th ca ADN cc loi sinh vt bi s lng, thnh phn, trnh t phn b ca nucltit. b) Cu trc khng gian ca ADN - Vo nm 1953, J.Oatxn v F.Cric xy dng m hnh cu trc khng gian ca phn t ADN. - M hnh ADN theo Oatxown v Cric c c trng sau: + L mt chui xon kp gm 2 mch plinucltit xon u quanh mt trc theo chiu t tri sang phi nh mt thang dy xon, m 2 tay thang l cc phn t ng (C5H10O4) v axit phtphoric sp xp xen k nhau, cn mi bc thang l mt cp baz nitric ng i din v lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt hir theo nguyn tc b sung, ngha l mt baz ln (A hoc G) c b bng mt baz b (T hoc X) hay ngc li. Do c im cu trc, aenin ch lin kt vi timin bng 2 lin kt hir v guanin ch lin kt vi xitzin bng 3 lin kt hir. + Do cc cp nucltit lin kt vi nhau theo nguyn tc b sung m bo cho chiu rng ca chui xon kp bng 20 , khong cch gia cc bc thang trn chui xon bng 3,4, phn t ADN xon theo chu k xon, mi chu k xon c 10 cp nucltit c chiu cao 34 . - Ngoi m hnh ca Oatxn, Cric ni trn n nay ngi ta cn pht hin ra 4 dng na l dng A, C, D, Z cc m hnh ny khc vi dng B (theo Oatxn, Cric) mt vi ch s: s cp nucltit trong mt chu k xon, ng knh, chiu xon...

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 cng n tp Ha Sinh

K14 HSP Sinh

- mt s loi virut v th n khun ADN ch gm mt mch plinucltit. ADN ca vi khun, ADN ca lp th, ti th li c dng vng khp kn. Chc nng: + Cha thng tin di truyn, thng tin di truyn c mt m di dng trnh t phn b cc nucltit ca cc gen trn phn t ADN + Nhn i truyn thng tin di truyn qua cc th h + Cha cc gen khc nhau, gi chc nng khc nhau. + C kh nng t bin to nn thng tin di truyn mi. 18. Trnh by cu to v chc nng ca axit ribonucleotit (ARN). * Cu to: - L mt a phn t c cu to t nhiu n phn, mi n phn l mt loi ribonucleotit - C 4 loi ribonucltit to nn cc phn t ARN: aenin, uraxin, xitozin, guanin, mi n phn gm 3 thnh phn: mt baznitric, mt ng riboz (C5H10O5), mt phn t H3PO4. - Trn mch phn t cc ribnucltit lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt ho tr gia ng C5H10O5 ca ribonucltit ny vi phn t H3PO4 ca ribnucltit bn cnh. - C 3 loi ARN: rARN chim 70-80%, tARN chim 10-20%, mARN chim 5-10%. - Mi phn t mARN c khong 600 n 1500 n phn, tARN gm 80 n 100 n phn, trong tARN ngoi 4 loi ribnucltit k trn cn c 1 s bin dng ca cc baznitric (trn tARN c nhng on xon ging cu trc ADN, ti cc ribnucltit lin kt vi nhau theo NTBS (A-U, G-X). C nhng on khng lin kt c vi nhau theo NTBS v cha nhng bin dng ca cc baznitric, nhng on ny to thnh nhng thu trn. Nh cch cu to nh vy nn mi tARN c 2 b phn quan trng: b ba i m va` on mang axit amin c tn cng l aenin. - Phn t rARN c dng mch n, hoc qun li tng t tARN trong c ti 70% s ribnucltit c lin kt b sung. Trong t bo c nhn c ti 4 loi rARN vi s ribonucltit 160 n 13000. - Ba loi ARN tn ti trong cc loi sinh vt m vt cht di truyn l ADN. nhng loi virut vt cht di truyn l ARN th ARN ca chng cng c dng mch n, mt vi loi c ARN 2 mch. Chc nng:
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 cng n tp Ha Sinh

K14 HSP Sinh

- mARN: bn phin thng tin di truyn t gen cu trc trc tip tham gia tng hp prtin da trn cu trc v trnh t cc b ba trn mARN. - tARN: vn chuyn lp rp chnh xc cc axit amin vo chui plipeptit da trn nguyn tc i m di truyn gia b ba i m trn tARN vi b ba m phin trn mARN. - rARN: lin kt vi cc phn t prtin to nn cc ribxm tip xc vi mARN v chuyn dch tng bc trn mARN, mi bc l mt b ba nh m lp rp chnh xc cc axit amin vo chui polipeptit theo ng thng tin di truyn c qui nh t gen cu trc. 19. Phn tch cc loi lin kt trong cu trc ca axit nucleic. Nu mt s tnh cht ca axit nucleic. Cc loi lin kt: + ng pentoz l/k vi baznit to thnh nucleozit. Nucleozit trong base nit lin kt vi pentoz bng lin kt glucozit. Lin kt ny c thc hin gia C1 ca pentoz v N3 cu base pyrimidin hoc gia C1 ca pentoz v N9 cu base purin.
NH2 N N Adenin Ribose OH OH Adenosin N N O CH2OH

Cc nucleozit thng khng trng thi t do m kt hp vi H3PO4 to thnh mononucleotit, trong pentoz lin kt vi H3PO4 bi lin kt este cc v tr 2, 3, 5.
NH2 N N Adenin Ribose OH OH Adenosin-5'-monophosphat (AMP) N N O CH2O O P OH OH

Cc mononucleotit ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt 3'-5'-photphoieste. Cc chui polynucleotit thng cha t hng chc n hng trm gc mononucleotit. Tuy nhin,
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 cng n tp Ha Sinh

K14 HSP Sinh

cng c nhng chui polynucleotit ngn, cha khng qu 10 gc nucleotit v chng c gi chung l oligonucleotit

Nguyn Hu Thao

 cng n tp Ha Sinh

K14 HSP Sinh

Nguyn Hu Thao