BI TP V CU TO NGUYN T

Cu 1:
Cho phn t v cac ion sau: [PtCl
6
]
2
; [Ni(CN)
4
]
2
; NH
4
+
; SF
6
; NF
3

. Nu trang thai lai ho a
cua cac nguyn t trung tm va cu truc hi nh ho c cua cac phn t trn.
Gii
Cht Lai ho Cu trc hnh hc
[PtCl
6
]
2

[Ni(CN)
4
]
2

NH
4
+

SF
6

NF
3

d
2
sp
3
dsp
2
sp
3
sp
3
d
2
sp
3
bt din
vung phng
t din
bt din
chp
Cu 2: Da trn cu to phn t, hy gii thch:
a. Ti sao NO
2
c khuynh hng ime ho to thnh N
2
O
4
?
b. Ti sao BCl
3
c th kt hp vi NH
3
to ra NH
3
BCl
3
?
c. Ti sao AlCl
3
tn ti dng ime Al
2
Cl
6
?
Gii
Nguyn t N trong NO
2
cha bn c 7e lp ngoi cng v cn 1e c thn nn c
khuynh hng gp chung vi nguyn t N trong phn t th 2:
O
N
O
.
O
N
O
.
+
O
N
O
O
N
O
Nguyn t N trong phn t NH
3
cn cp e t do to lin kt phi tr vi nguyn t B trong
phn t BH
3
:
H
N H
H
:
H
B H
H
+
H
N H
H
H
B H
H
Nguyn t Clo ca mi phn t AlCl
3
u cn 3 cp e t do c kh nng to lin kt phi
tr lm bn ho nguyn t Al (trc c 6e)
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cu 3
1
. 137
Ce tham gia phn ng trong l phn ng ht nhn, c chu k bn hy 30,2 nm.
137
Ce l mt trong nhng ng v b pht tn mnh nhiu vng ca Chu u sau mt v
tai nn ht nhn. Sau bao lu lng cht c ny cn 1% k t lc tai nn xy ra.
2. Da theo thuyt MO, hy gii thch t tnh ca phn t F
2
v ion CO
+
.
Gii
Vy sau 200,46 nm th lng cht c trn cn 1% k t lc tai nn xy ra.
2. Cu hnh electron ca phn t F
2
:
(
lk
s 2
)
2
(
*
s 2
)
2
(
lk
p 2
z
)
2
(
lk
p 2
x
=
lk
p 2
y

)
4
(
*
p 2
x
=
*
p 2
y

)
4
Phn t F
2
khng c electron c thn nn nghch t.

Cu hnh electron ca ion CO
+
:
(
lk
s 2
)
2
(
*
s 2
)
2
(
lk
p 2
x
=
lk
p 2
y

)
4
(
lk
p 2
z
)
1
Ion CO
+
c electron c thn nn thun t.

Cu 4
Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion v phn t : O
2
, O
2

,O
2
2
, O
2
+
theo thuyt MO.
Tnh s lin kt, so snh di lin kt trong cc phn t v cho bit cht no thun t,
cht no nghch t.
Gii
Cu hnh electron :
(8-4)/2 = 2 O
2
:
2s
2

*
2s
2

z
2

x
2

y
2

*
x
1

*
y
1

(8-5)/2 = 1,5 O
2

:
2s
2

*
2s
2

z
2

x
2

y
2

*
x
2

*
y
1
(8-6)/2 = 1 O
2
2
:
2s
2

*
2s
2

z
2

x
2

y
2

*
x
2

*
y
2
(8-3)/2 = 2,5 O
2
+
:
2s
2

*
2s
2

z
2

x
2

y
2

*
x
1
S lin kt gim, di lin kt tng theo th t O
2
2
> O
2

> O
2
> O
2
+
O
2
, O
2

v O
2
+
u c electron c thn => c tnh thun t.
O
2
2
khng c electron c thn => c tnh nghch t
Cu 5
1. Cho bit trong s cc t hp s lng t sau y, t hp no l khng hp l:
a. n=3, l=2, m=2, s= +
1
2
b. n=3, l=3, m=2, s= -
1
2
c. n=4, l=2, m=-3, s= +
1
2
1. p dng cng thc:
K =
N
N
lg
K
303 , 2
t
N
N
lg
t
303 , 2
N
N
ln
t
1
o o o

M k =
N
N
lg
693 , 0
T 303 , 2
t
T
693 , 0
o


(0,5)
72 , 200
693 , 0
2 . 2 , 30 . 303 , 2
100 lg .
693 , 0
2 , 30 . 303 , 2
100
N
N
lg
693 , 0
2 , 30 . 303 , 2
t
o
o

(nm)
d. n=4, l=3, m=-3, s= +
1
2
e. n=4, l=2, m=-2, s= -
1
2

2. Cho bit cu trc phn t ca cc phn t v ion sau: NH
4
+
; PCl
5
; SF
6
; XeF
4
.
Hy cho bit : hnh dng phn t v v n gin phn t
Gii: 1.
(b) do vi phm: l = 0(n-1)
(c) do vi phm: m = -l l
2.
NH
4
+
: t din u PCl
5
: lng chp tam gic

H
N
H
H
H +

Cl
P
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
SF
6
: bt din u XeF
4
: vung phng

F
S
F
F F
F
F
F
Xe
F
F
F
Cu 6
1. Cho phn t v cac ion sau: [PtCl
6
]
2-
; [Ni(CN)
4
]
2
; NH
4
+
; SF
6
; NF
3

. Nu trang thai lai
ho a cua cac nguyn t trung tm va cu truc hi nh ho c cua cac phn t trn
2. Cho 2 b s lng t sau y ng electron c mc nng lng cao
nht ca 2 nguyn t 2 nguyn t X, Y
n l m
l
m
s
X 3 2 1 -1/2
Y 3 3 2 +1/2
a. Nguyn t no khng tn ti ?
b. Hy xc nh v tr ca nguyn t cn li trong Bng tun hon. .
Gii
1. Lai ho Cu trc hnh hc
[PtCl
6
]
2-

[Ni(CN)
4
]
2-

NH
4
+

SF
6

NF
3

sp
3
d
2
sp
2
d
sp
3
sp
3
d
2
sp
3
bt din
vung phng
t din
bt din
chp
2.
a. Nguyn t Y khng c tht , b s lng t khng c tht v vi n = 3 th l ti a l 2.
b. Nguyn t X c : n=3, l=2 => 3d
m
l
=1, m
s
= -1/2

=> electron l 3d
7

2 1 0 -1 -2
- Cu hnh ca electron nguyn t X : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
7
4s
2

- V tr X :
Z = 27 => th 27
4 lp electron => chu k 4
C 9 electron ha tr, nguyn t d => nhm VIIIA
Cu 7
a) Cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t : BrF
3
, CBr
4
, PCl
5
,
NH
3
.
b) Nguyn t (X) c nhiu dng th hnh, c m in nh hn oxi v ch to hp
cht cng ho tr vi halogen. Electron cui cng in vo phn lp tha mn iu kin
tng 4 s lng t bng 5,5 ; n + l = 4.
Vit cu hnh electron v gi tn (X).
Gii
a)
Cng thc phn t Trang thai lai ho a cua
nguyn t trung tm
Dng hi nh ho c
BrF
3
sp
3
d Ch T
CBr
4
sp
3
T din u
PCl
5
sp
3
d Lng thp tam gic
NH
3
sp
3
Hnh thp y tam gic
b)
Xc nh cc trng hp:
n = 1 2 3
l =
m =
0 0,1 0, 1, 2
s s, p s, p, d
Chn n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, ms = +
Cu hnh electron ca (X): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
X l P (photpho)
Cu 8
1) Hy gii thch ti sao kh F
2
mt mt electron thnh
2
F
+
th bn lin kt tng; kh N
2
chuyn thnh
2
N
+
th bn lin kt gim.
2) Hp cht A c to thnh t cc ion u c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Trong mt phn t A c tng s ht proton, ntron v electron bng 164.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit rng A tc dng c vi mt nguyn t n
cht c trong thnh phn A theo t l mol 1 : 1 to thnh cht B. Vit cng thc cu to
ca A v B.
Gii
1)
F
2
: [KK]
2 *2 2 4 * * 4
S S Z x Y x y
( ) ( )
Bc ni: (8 6) : 2 = 1
2
F
+

: [KK]
2 *2 2 4 *2 *1
S S Z x y x y
( )
Bc ni: (8 5) : 2 = 1,5
V bc lin kt trong
2
F
+
ln hn trong F
2
nn
2
F
+
c bn lin kt ln hn.
N
2
: [KK]
2 *2 4 2
s s x y z
( )
Bc ni: (8 2) : 2 = 3
2
N
+
: [KK]
2 *2 4 1
s s x y z
( )
Bc ni (7 2) : 2 = 2,5
V bc lin kt trong
2
N
+
nh hn trong N
2
nn lin kt trong
2
N
+
km bn hn.
2)
V cu hnh electron ca cc ion l : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Do mi ion u c 18e
Gi s trong phn t (A) c x ion :

s electron = 18x
s proton = 18x
V t N trong phn t (A) l N, ta c :
18x + 18x + N = 164
36x + N = 164
N = 164 36x (1)
Vi ng v bn, ta c :
N
1 1, 52
Z

Nn
N
1 1, 52
18x
(2)
Gii (1) v (2) ta c :
03 , 3 6 , 2 x

Chn x = 3

N = 56
* TH1 : A gm 2 cation M
+
v 1 ion X
2
Cng thc A l M
2
X
Ta c : Z
X
= 16 2
3
3 . 18
l lu hunh (S)
Z
M
= 19 1
3
3 . 18
+ l kali (K)
Cng thc A l K
2
S
* TH2 : (A) gm 1 cation M
2+
v anion X

Cng thc A l MX
2
Ta c : Z
X
= 17 1
3
54
l clo (Cl)

H
2
O

OH

OH
Z
M
= 20 2
3
54
+ l canxi (Ca)
Cng thc A l CaCl
2

V A tc dng vi nguyn t n cht c trong thnh phn ca A to thnh B,
nn A l K
2
S.
K
2
S + S K
2
S
2
Cng thc cu to ca A v B
K S K
K S S K (0,25)
Cu 9:
a) Vit cng thc cu to ca Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
v Fe
3
O
4
.
b) Lin kt to thnh gia Al v Clo l lin kt g ? gii thch .
c) Trong t nhin tn ti hp cht Al
2
Cl
6
. Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn
t ca hp cht ny .
Gii
b) Lin kt cng ha tr do 3,16 1,61 = 1,55 < 1,7
c) Phn t Al
2
Cl
6
c hnh thnh do s nh hp AlCl
3
, Lin kt gia hai phn t AlCl
3
hnh thnh do vic to lin kt phi tr gia nguyn t Cl ca phn t AlCl
3
ny vi nguyn
t Al ca phn t AlCl
3
khc
Cu 10
S dng thuyt Gillespie, hy xc nh cu trc ca cc phn t v ion sau , ng thi cho
bit kiu lai ha ca cc AO ha tr ca nguyn t trung tm v so snh gc lin kt gia
chng .
a) CF
4
v NF
3
b) NO
2
, NO
2
+
, NO
2
-
c) OF
2
, OCl
2
d) NH
3
; PH
3
; AsH
3
;
SbH
3
.
Gii
a) CF
4
bn mt u ; NF
3
chp tam gic. C v N u c lai ha sp
3
, gc FCF =
109
0
28 > gc FNF.
b) NO
2
gp khc , NO
2
+
thng , NO
2
-
gp khc. N trong NO
2
v NO
2
-
c lai ha sp
2
.
N trong NO
2
+
c lai ha sp. NO
2
+
gc ONO = 180
0
> gc ONO NO
2
-
c) OF
2
v OCl
2
u c dng gp khc v Oxi u c lai ha sp
3
. Gc FOF < gc
ClOCl v m in ca F > m in ca Cl.
d) C 4 phn t u c cu trc chp tam gic. nguyn t trung tm u c lai ha
sp
3
. Gc HXH gim dn t NH
3
n SbH
3
trong nhm , v m in ca nguyn t trung
tm gim dn theo dy N-P-As-Sb.
Cu 1 1
1) Bit rng trong c th sinh vt ang sng, 1 gam cacbon ca c th c 15,3 phn r
phng x
14
C trong 1 giy. Trong mt mu c vt, ngi ta thy 1 gam cacbon c 10,5
phn r phng x
14
C trong 1 giy. Hy tnh tui ca mu c vt . Bit chu k bn hy
ca ng v phng x
14
C l 5730 nm.
2) Vng c mng li lp phng tm din, mng n v c cnh a=4,070.10
-10
m. Hy
tnh bn knh ca nguyn t vng v t khi ca vng. Bit nguyn t khi ca vng l
197,0 amu.
3) i vi phn t H
2
O thc nghim o c momen lng cc l 1,85D, di lin kt
O-H l 95,7pm, gc lin kt HOH l 104,5
o
.

H
2
O

OH

OH
a) Hy tnh momen lng cc ca lin kt O-H theo n v D v C.m.
b) Tnh ion ca lin kt O-H trong phn t H
2
O.
Gii
1)
0 0
1
2
1
2
15, 3
N N
ln
ln
ln kt
10, 5
N
N
t t 5730x 3112
ln 2 ln 2
ln 2 kt

2)
Xt mng n v ca Au hnh lp phng, c 8 nguyn t Au 8 nh v 6 nguyn t
Au 6 mt. ng cho d ca hnh vung trn mi mt lp phng bng 4 ln bn knh
nguyn t Au: d=4r
mt khc: d
2
=2a
2

d=a
2
=
2
x4,070.10
-10
m

r=
1
4
x
2
x4,070.10
-10
=1,439.10
-10
m
Mi mng n v c 4 nguyn t Au ( mi nh c
1
8
nguyn t x 8 nh + mi mt c
1
2
nguyn t x 6 mt) nn t khi Au l

khoi lng4nguyentAu
Thetchomang
3
23 8 3
4x197, 0
19, 4g.cm
6, 023x10 x(4, 070x10 cm)

3)
a) Da vo php cng vect theo hnh v sau:
Ta c:
H O 30 2
OH o
1, 85D
1, 511D 5, 031.10 C.m.
2cos 2cos52, 25

b) Tnh
OH
theo l thuyt:

OH(l thuyt)
=e.R=1,602.10
-19
C x 95,7.10
-12
m=15,331.10
-30
C.m
ion ca lin kt OH:

H
2
O

OH

OH

30
30
5, 031.10 C.m
32, 82%
15, 331.10 C.m

Cu 12
1) Cho cac phn t sau: POF
3
; BF
3
; SiHCl
3
; O
3
. Nu trang thai lai ho a cua cac nguyn
t trung tm va ve cu truc hi nh hoc cua cac phn t trn.
2) Kim loi ng c cu trc mng tinh th kiu lp phng tm din.
- Cho bit s nguyn t ng cha trong t bo s ng ny.
- Tnh di cnh lp phng a (nm) ca mng tinh th, bit rng nguyn t ng
c bn knh bng 0,128 nm.
Gii
1)
Cng thc phn t Trang thai lai ho a cua
nguyn t trung tm
Cu truc hi nh hoc
POF
3
sp
3
P
O
F
F
F
BF
3
sp
2
B
F
F F
HSiCl
3
sp
3
Si
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
3
sp
2
O
O
O
. .
2)
- S nguyn t Cu = 8
8
1
+ 6
2
1
= 4
- Xt ng cho ca 1 mt, ta c di ng cho = 4
Cu
r
= a
2

a =
2
4
Cu
r
=
2
128 , 0 4
= 0,362 nm
Cu 13
1. Trong s cc phn t v ion: CH
2
Br
2
, F
-
, CH
2
O, Ca
2+
, H
3
As, (C
2
H
5
)
2
O , phn t v ion no c
th to lin kt hiro vi phn t nc? Hy gii thch v vit s m t s hnh thnh lin kt .
2. Nng lng lin kt ca N-N bng 163 kJ.mol
1
, ca N N bng 945 kJ.mol
1
. T 4 nguyn t
N c th to ra 1

phn t N
4
t din u hoc 2 phn t N
2
thng thng. Trng hp no thun li
hn? Hy gii thch.
Gii
1. Cc vi ht CH
2
Br
2
, Ca
2+
, H
3
As khng c nguyn t m in mnh nn khng th to lin kt
hiro vi phn t nc.
Cc vi ht F
-
, CH
2
O, (C
2
H
5
)
2
O c nguyn t m in mnh nn c th to lin kt hiro vi phn
t nc:
2. a) Xt du ca nhit phn ng H =
i
E
i
-
j
E
j

i j
Trong i, j l lin kt th i, th j cht tham gia, cht to thnh tng ng ca phn
ng c xt; E
i
; E
j
l nng lng ca lin kt th i, th j .
b) Xt c th vi nit :
* Phn ng 4 N N
4
(1)
C H
1
= 4 E
N
- E
N4
= 0,0 - 5 163 ; vy H
1
= - 815 kJ .
* Phn ng 4 N 2 N
2
(2)
C H
2
= 4 E
N
- 2 E
N2
= 0,0 - 2 945 ; vy H
2
= - 1890 kJ .
Ta thy H
2
< H
1
. Vy phn ng 4 N 2 N
2
xy ra thun li hn phn
ng 4 N N
4
.
Cu 1 4:
Cho cac phn t sau: PH
3
; AsH
3
; POF
3
; POCl
3
; BF
3
; SiHCl
3
; NF
3
; O
3
.
a. Nu tra ng thai lai ho a cua cac nguyn t trung tm va ve cu truc hi nh hoc cua cac phn
t trn.
b. So sa nh goc lin kt H X H gia hai phn t PH
3
va AsH
3
. Giai thich.
c. Trong hai phn t NF
3
va BF
3
, phn t nao co momen l ng cc ln hn khng?
Gii
a)
Cng thc phn t Trang thai lai hoa cu a
nguyn t trung tm
Cu truc hinh ho c
PH
3
sp
3
P
H
H
H
AsH
3
sp
3
As
H
H
H
POF
3
sp
3
P
O
F
F
F
POCl
3
sp
3
P
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
. . .
H
C
H
H
O
H
. . .
F O
H
H
C
2
H
5
O
C
2
H
5
H
O
H
O

BF
3
sp
2
B
F
F F
HSiCl
3
sp
3
Si
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
NF
3
sp
3
N
F
F
F
. .
O
3
sp
2
O
O
O
. .
b)
Gc HPH > HAsH v m in ca nguyn t trung tm P ln hn ca As nn
lc y mnh hn.
c)
N
F
F
F
. .
B
F
F F
C cu trc bt i xng nn c
momen lng cc ln hn khng.
C cu trc i xng nn c
momen lng cc bng 0 khng.
Cu 15
Nguyn t (X) c nhiu dng hnh th, c m in nh hn oxi v ch to hp cht cng
ho tr vi halogen. Electron cui cng in vo phn lp tha mn iu kin tng 4 s
lng t bng 5,5 ; n + l = 4.
a. Vit cu hnh electron v gi tn (X).
b. (X) to vi hir nhiu hp cht cng ho tr, c cng thc chung l XaHb.
Dy hp cht ny tng t dy ng ng ca ankan. Vit cng thc cu to 4 cht ng
ng u tin.
Gii:
a) Xc nh cc trng hp:
n = 1 2 3
l =
m =
0 0,1 0, 1, 2
S s, p s, p, d
Chn n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, ms = +
Cu hnh electron ca (X): 1s2 2s2 2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
X l P (photpho)
b)
4 cht u tin l: PH3, P2H4, P3H5, P4H6
Cng thc cu to:

P
H H
H
H H
P P
H H
Cu 1 5
A, B l hai nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon trong B
c tng s lng t (n+l) ln hn tng s lng t (n+l) ca A l 1. Tng s i s ca b
4 s lng t ca e cui cng ca cation A
a+
l 3,5
1. Xc nh b 4 s lng t ca e cui cng trn A, B.
2. Vit cu hnh e v xc nh tn A, B.
Gii
1/V hai nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng 1 chu k => hai nguyn t c cng s lp e
(cng n)
M tng (n+l) ca B ln hn tng (n+l) ca A l 1
=> Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca A, B l:
A: ns
2
, B: np
1

Mt khc A c 2 e lp ngoi cng

cation A c dng A
2+
(A thuc phn chnh nn d
nhng 2e lp ngoi cng)
Vy tng s i s ca 4 s lng t cui cng ca A
2+
l:
(n-1)+1+1-1/2=3,5

n=3
Vy 4 s lng t ca :
A: n=3; l=0; m
l
=0; m
s
=-1/2
B: n=3; l=1; m
l
=-1;m
s
=+1/2
b)Cu hnh e:
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
(Mg)
B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
(Al)
Cu 16
H H
P P
H P P H
H
H
H
H P H
P P
H H
Tnh nng lng mng li ion ca CaCl
2
, bit rng :
-
0
298,s
H
ca tinh th CaCl
2
= -795 kJ/mol
- Nhit thng hoa
0
a
H ca Ca(r)

Ca(k) = 192 kJ/mol
- Nng lng ion ha : Ca(k)

Ca
2+
(k) + 2e ; I
1
+ I
2
= 1745 kJ/mol
- Nng lng lin kt (E
lk
) Cl-Cl trong Cl
2
= 243 kJ/mol
- i lc electron (E) ca Cl(k) = -364 kJ/mol
Gii
C th thit lp chu trnh Born-Haber tnh ton theo nh lut Hess:
Ca(r) + Cl
2
(k)

CaCl
2
(r)

0
298, S
H

0
a
H
Cl Cl
E

H

1 2
( )
Ca
I I +
Ca(k) + 2Cl(k) Ca
2+
(k) + 2Cl
-
(k)
2
Cl
E
Nu s dng phng php ni trn ta c :
Ca(r) + Cl
2
(k)


CaCl
2
(r)
0
298, S
H
Ca(k)


Ca(r)
0
a
H
2Cl(k)


Cl
2
(k)
Cl Cl
E

Ca
2+
(k) + 2e


Ca(k)
1 2
( )
Ca
I I +
2[Cl
-
(k)


Cl(k) + e] 2
Cl
E
Cng cc phng trnh ta c : Ca
2+
(k) + 2Cl
-
(k)


CaCl
2
(r)
Nng lng ca qu trnh ny l nng lng mng li ion ca CaCl
2

H =
0
298, S
H
0
a
H
Cl Cl
E

1 2
( )
Ca
I I + 2
Cl
E
H = (-795) 192 243 1745 -2(-364) = -2247 kJ/mol
Cu 17
Hai nguyn t A, B c electron cui cng ng vi 4 s lng t sau:
A( n =2, l = 1 , m = -1 , s = -1/2 ); B ( n = 3, l = 1 , m = 0 , s = -1/2 )
a) Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh v tr A , B trong bng h thng tun hon. Gi tn
b) Vit cng thc cu to cc hp cht trong cng thc phn t c 3 nguyn t A, B v
hidro. Cho bit loi lin kt trong cc hp cht ny.
Gii
a)Nguyn t A: n = 2 ( lp 2); l =1 ( phn lp p ) ; m= -1 ( obitan p
x
) s= -1/2
Cu hnh electron ca A : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4


Tng t : B c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p
5
Cu hnh electron ca A : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5


V tr trong HTTH :
A: th 8 , chu k 2 , nhm VI
A
=> A l O ( oxi )
B: th 17 , chu k 3 , nhm VII
A
=> B l Cl ( clo )
b) H-Cl-O ; lin kt : H-O ; O-Cl l lin kt cng ha tr c cc
HClO
2
:

H-O-ClO : 2 lin kt cng ha tr c cc v 1 lin kt cho- nhn
HClO
3
:

H-O-ClO : 2 lin kt cng ha tr c cc v 2 lin kt cho- nhn

O
O

HClO
4
:

H-O-ClO : 2 lin kt cng ha tr c cc v 3 lin kt cho- nhn

O
Cu 18
1. Tinh th NaCl c cu trc lp phng tm mt. Tnh bn knh ca ion Na
+
v khi lng ring
ca NaCl tinh th, bit rng cnh a ca mng n v c s bng 5,58
0
A
, bn knh ca ion Cl
-
l 1,81
0
A
v khi lng mol ca Na v Cl ln lt l 22,99g mol
-1
v 35,45g mol
-1
.
2. Tnh c kht C ca loi cu trc ny.
Gii
1. a = (r
+
+ r
-
)2
r
+
=
0
98 , 0 81 , 1
2
58 , 5
2
A r
a



tnh khi lng ring ca NaCl tinh th, ta cn tnh s phn t NaCl trong mng c s.
Trong mt mng cha 4 phn t NaCl.
Khi lng mt mol NaCl l: 22,99 + 35,45 = 58,44 gam mol
-1

Khi lng mt phn t NaCl l m v khi lng 4 phn t NaCl l 4m:

23
10 . 023 , 6
4 . 44 , 58
4 m

Khi lng ca NaCl l:
3
4
a
m
d

gam d 23 , 2
) 10 . 58 , 5 ( 10 . 023 , 6
44 , 58 . 4
3 8 23

cm
-3

2. Cu trc lp phng tm mt, s nguyn t trong mng c s l 4
Th tch 4 nguyn t trong mng:

3
3
4
. 4 r
V a
3
=
3
2
4

,
_

r

Vy:
74 , 0
2
4
3
16
3
3

,
_

r
r
C

Hay 74%
Cu 19
Kim loi ng c cu trc mng tinh th kiu lp phng tm din. Hy:
a. V cu trc mng t bo c s v cho bit s nguyn t ng cha trong t bo
s ng ny.
b. Tnh di cnh lp phng a (nanomet) ca mng tinh th, bit rng nguyn t
ng c bn knh bng 0,128 nm.
c. Xc nh khong cch gn nht gia 2 nguyn t ng trong mng.
d. Tnh khi lng ring d ca ng theo n v g/cm
3
Gii
a. Mng t bo c s ca ng:
Theo hnh v s nguyn t ng l:
- 8 nh ca hnh lp phng
S nguyn t Cu = 8
8
1
= 1
- 6 mt ca hnh lp phng
S nguyn t Cu = 6
2
1
= 3
Tng s nguyn t Cu = (1 + 3) = 4
b. Tnh di cnh lp phng:
Xt mt ABCD ta c ng cho AC = 2
2
= 4
Cu
r

a =
2
4
Cu
r
=
2
128 , 0 4
= 0,362
nm
a = 0,362 nm
c. Tnh khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t Cu:
Theo hnh v khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t ng l an AM
Ta c: AM =
2
2
2
a AC
=
2
2 362 , 0
= 0,2559 nm
d. Khi lng ring ca ng: (0,5 )
Ta c:
D = 4
3

a N
M
=



4
) 10 62 , 3 ( 10 023 , 6
64
3 8 23
8,9 g/cm
3
CU I :(5,0 im)
1/ AlCl
3
khi ha tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi nhit
khng qu cao th tn ti dng ime (Al
2
Cl
6
).
a. Vit cng thc cu to ca phn t ime v monome ,cho bit
kiu lai ha ca nguyn t Al, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t ?
b. M t cu trc hnh hc ca phn t .
2/ Hy dng k hiu lng t biu din cc trng hp s lng electron
trong mt obitan nguyn t.
3/ Mt phn t RY
3
, c tng s ht c bn bng 196, trong s ht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60 , s ht mang din ca R t hn s ht mang
in ca Y l 76. Xc nh k hiu ho hc RY
3
. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R v
Y, xc nh v tr R v Y trong bng tun hon.
CU I:( 5IM) Cl
1/(2,75) Cl Cl Cl |
Al Al Al
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

CTCT ( 0,5) (0,25)
a. Kiu lai ha ca nguyn t Al : (0,5 x 2)
- Trong AlCl
3
l sp
2
( v Al c 3 cp electron ho tr)
- Trong Al
2
Cl
6
l sp
3
(v Al c 4 cp electron ho tr)
Kiu lin kt ca mi phn t :(0,5)
- AlCl
3
: c 3 lin kt cng ha tri c cc gia nguyn t Al vi 3
nguyn t Cl
- Al
2
Cl
6
: mi nguyn t Al to 3 lin kt cng ho tr vi 3
nguyn t Cl v 1 lin kt cho nhn vi 1 nguyn t Cl (Al l
nguyn t nhn , Cl l nguyn t cho).Trong 6 nguyn t Cl c
2 nguyn t Cl c 2 loi lin kt : 1lk cng ho tr v 1 lk cho
nhn.
b. Cu trc hnh hc (0,5)
- Phn t AlCl
3
c cu trc tam gic phng u.
- Phn t Al
2
Cl
6
c cu trc 2 t din ghp vi nhau,mi nguyn
t Al l tm ca mt t din ,mi nguyn t HCl l nh ca t
din , c 2 nguyn t Cl l nh chung ca t din
2/ (0,25 x 3)
3/(1,5) - t h, gii h (0,5)
- RY
3
l AlCl
3
(0,25)
- Cu hnh electron (0,25) v v tr (0,5)
Cu I: (4 im)
1) Cation X
+
v anion Y
-
c cu hnh electron ging cu hnh electron ca kh him
Ar. Vit cu hnh electron ca X, Y. Cho bit v tr ca X, Y trong bng h thng tun
hon cc nguyn t ha hc.
1) 1 im
- Cu hnh e ca X : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1

- Cu hnh e ca Y : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
- X nm th 11, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm I
- Y nm th 9, chu k 2, phn nhm chnh nhm VII
Cu I ( 5,0 im):
1. ( 0,75 im). Cho khi lng ring ca Li l 0,53g/cm
3
; ca Ag l 1,05g/cm
3
.

Hy so snh dn in ca 2 kim loi trn v gii thch bng tnh ton.
2. ( 3,5 im). C 3 bnh in phn mc ni tip, bnh 1 cha dung dch CuCl
2
, bnh 2
cha dung dch Na
2
SO
4
, bnh 3 cha dung dch AgNO
3
. Cho ngun in mt chiu
i qua 3 bnh.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra 3 bnh.
b. Khi cc m bnh 1 thu c 3,2g kim loi th cc m ca cc bnh cn li thu c
bao nhiu? cc dng cc bnh thot ra bao nhiu lt kh ( ktc)?
3. ( 0,75 im ). Ch cho bm kh CO
2
; dung dch NaOH khng r nng ; hai cc
thu tinh c khc . Hy iu ch dung dch Na
2
CO
3
khng c ln NaOH hay
NaHCO
3
m khng dng thm phng tin no khc.
- So nguyen t Li co trong 1 cm
3
:
20
23
10 . 456
7
10 . 02 , 6 . 53 , 0
nguyen t
- So nguyen t Ag co trong 1cm
3
:
20
23
10 . 585
108
10 . 02 , 6 . 5 , 10
nguyen t
V nguyen t Ag co trong 1cm
3
cua Ag ln hn Li nen Ag dan ien tot hn
Phng trnh ien phan xay ra cac bnh :
* Bnh 1:
catot: Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
anot: 2Cl

2e = Cl
2

Phng trnh ien phan:
2 2
Cl Cu CuCl +
p
(1)
* Bnh 2:
catot: 2H
2
O + 2e = H
2
+ 2OH

anot: H
2
O 2e = 2H
+
+
2
1
O
2

Phng trnh ien phan:
2 2 2
O
2
1
H O H +
p
(2)
* Bnh 3:
caot: Ag
+
+ 1e = Ag
anot: H
2
O 2e = 2H
+
+
2
1
O
2

Phng trnh ien phan:
3 2 2 3
HNO 2 O
2
1
Ag 2 O H AgNO 2 + + +
p
mol 05 , 0
64
2 , 3
n
Cu

Theo nh luat Faraday, ta co:
9650 It
2 . 96500
It
n
Cu

Do cac bnh mac noi tiep nen It(1) = It(2) = It(3)
Vay cc am cua bnh (2), so mol H
2
tao thanh:
mol 05 , 0
96500 2
9650
96500 2
It
n
2
H

g 1 , 0 2 . 05 , 0 m
2
H

cc am bnh (3):
g 8 , 10 108 . 1 , 0 m
mol 1 , 0
96500
9650
1 . 96500
It
n
Ag
Ag


Theo cac phng trnh ien phan ta co:
cc dng bnh (1) ta co:
lit 12 , 1 V mol 05 , 0 n n
2 2
Cl Cu Cl

cc dng bnh (2) ta co:
lit 56 , 0 V mol 025 , 0 n
2
1
n
2 2 2
O H O

cc dng bnh (3) ta co:
lit 56 , 0 V mol 025 , 0 n
4
1
n
2 2
O Ag O

Cho vao hai coc thuy tinh co khac o mot lng ddNaOH nh nhau, anh so coc (1) va (2)
Bm kh CO
2
vao coc (1) cho en d
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3
Lay dd thu c coc (1) o vao coc (2) ta c Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
2) Cho b bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A,X,Z
nh sau :
A : n = 3, l = 1, m = -1, s = - 1/2
X : n = 2, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2
Z : n = 2, l =1, m = 0, s = +1/2
a) Xc nh A,X,Z
b)Cho bit trng thi lai ha v cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau:AX
2
,
2 2
3 4
, AX AX

, ZA
2

3) Cho bit s bin i trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t nhm trong phn ng sau v cu
to hnh hc ca AlCl
3
,
4
AlCl

: AlCl
3
+ Cl
-

4
AlCl

4)a) Nguyn t R thuc nhm no ? Phn nhm no trong bng h thng tun hon? Bit
s oxi ha ca R trong hp cht oxit cao nht l m
O
, trong hp cht vi hidro l m
H
v :
1 m
O
- 1 m
H
1 = 6
b) Xac inh nguyn t R, bit trong h p cht vi hidro co %H = 2,74% v kh i lng.
Vi t cng thc phn t oxit cao nh t cua R va hp cht cua R vi hidro.
c) Hoa n thanh cac phng trinh pha n ng sau y :
NaRO + SO
2
+ H
2
O
HRO + I
2
+ H
2
O
FeR
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
KRO
3
+ HI
R la nguyn t trn (cu b).
2) (1 im) a) 0,5 b) 0,5 im
a) Nguyn t A : n = 3, l = 1, m = -1, s = - 3p
4
A l S
Nguyn t X : n = 2, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2 2p
4
X l O
Nguyn t Z : n = 2, l =1, m = 0, s = +1/2 2p
2
Z l C
b)
Phn t,ion Trng thi lai ha ca
nguyn t trung tm
Cu trc hnh hc
CS
2
sp ng thng
SO
2
sp
2
Gc

2
3
SO

sp
3
Chp y tam gic u

2
4
SO

sp
3
T din u
3) (0,5 im)
Trc pha n ng trang thai lai ho a cua Al la : sp
2
Sau pha n ng trang thai lai ho a cua Al la : sp
3
Cu tao hi nh ho c : * AlCl
3
: tam giac ph ng
*
4
AlCl

: t din u
4) (1,5 im) a) 0,25 im b) 0,25 im c) 1 im
a) Ta co :1 m
O
- 1 m
H
1 = 6
1 m
O
+ 1 m
H
1 = 8

1 m
O
= 7 1 m
H
1 = 1
b) Hp cht vi hidro cua R co cng thc : RH

97, 26
35, 5
1 2, 74
R
H
m R
m

. R la nguyn t clo.
Cng thc phn t oxit cao nht cua R la Cl
2
O
7
va h p cht cua R vi hidro la
HCl.
c) NaClO + SO
2
+ H
2
O NaHSO
4
+ HCl
5HClO + I
2
+ H
2
O 2HIO
3
+ 5HCl
2FeCl
3
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2FeCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
KClO
3
+ 6HI 3I
2
+ KCl + 3H
2
O
Cu 1(4,5 )
1/. Th tch trng trong km kim loi chim khong bao nhiu phn trm? Tnh khi
lng ring ca nguyn t km bit KLNT ca Zn l 65,38 vc ; bn knh ca nguyn t
Zn l 1,37.10
-8
cm.
So snh KLR ca nguyn t Zn vi KLR ca km kim loi ( d = 7,113 g/cm
3
).
2/. Vit CTCT ca cc cht sau: Pb
3
O
4
; Fe
3
O
4
; Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
; Na
2
S
2
O
3
; NH
4
NO
3
;
K
2
S
2
O
8
; H
4
P
2
O
7
; Al
2
C
6

3/. Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau y:
a) CuFeS
2
+ Fe
2
(SO4)
3
+ H
2
O + O
2
CuSO
4
+FeSO
4
+H
2
SO
4
b) Zn + NO
3
-
+ OH
-
ZnO
2
2-
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O
c) Cr
2
S
3
+ Mn(NO
3
)
2
+ K
2
CO
3
K
2
CrO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ K
2
MnO
4
+ NO + CO
2
Cu1 (4,5)
1/. Th tch trng trong km kim loi chim khong 25% 0,25)
Khi lng ring ca nguyn t km
d
Zn
= 10 g/cm
3
(0,5)
KLR ca nguyn t Zn ln hn KLR ca km kim loi v khong cch gia cc
nguyn t Zn trong Zn kim loi rt gn nhau. (0,25)
2/. CTCT ca 8 cht * 0,25 (2,0)
3/. Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng 0,5 *3 (1,5)
a) CuFeS
2
+x Fe
2
(SO4)
3
+ H
2
O + yO
2
CuSO
4
+FeSO
4
+H
2
SO
4
Theo nh lut bo ton electron : x + 2 y = 8 . Do c v s nghim.
b) 4 Zn + NO
3
-
+ 7 OH
-
4 ZnO
2
2-
+ NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O
c) Cr
2
S
3
+15Mn(NO
3
)
2
+20 K
2
CO
3
2K
2
CrO
4
+3K
2
SO
4
+15K
2
MnO
4
+30NO +20 CO
2
Cu2(3,5 )
Hp cht M to bi X
+
v Y
3-
c 2 ion u c 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t to nn.A l
mt nguyn t trong X+ c ha tr m l a. B l mt nguyn t trong Y3-
Trong cc hp cht A,B u c th c ha tr dng cao nht l a+2.Phn t lng ca
hp cht M l 149 vc trong M
Y
3-

>

5
M
X
+
Tm cng thc phn t ca hp cht M.
Cu1 (3,5)
* A,B thuc nhm a+2
* A c ha tr m a A c ha tr vi H l a (0,25)
a = 8-(a+2) a = 3 . A c ha tr m l -3 (0,25)
A phi kt hp vi H. Vy X
+
l AH
4
+
(0,5)
* B c ha tr dng l +5. (0,25)
B phi kt hp vi O. Vy Y
3-
l BO
4
3-
(0,5)
CTPT (AH
4
)
3
BO
4

M = 3A + 12 + B + 64 = 149 3A + B = 73 (1) (0,5)
* M
Y
3-

>

5
B +64 > 5A + 20 (2) (0,5)
M
X
+
(1) ,(2) A<14,6 A l N , B l P (0,5)
Vy CTPT ca M la (NH
4
)
3
PO
4

Cu 2 : (3 im)
a. So snh momen lng cc ca cc phn t sau :

/ NH
3
v NF
3

/ C
6
H
5
Cl v C
6
H
4
Cl
2
b. Tnh momen lng cc ca p C
6
H
4
FCl. Bit rng :

C
6
H
5
Cl = 1,7 D ;

C
6
H
5
F = 1,58 D
a. So sanh momen lng cc :

/ NH
3
va NF
3
(1,0 )

3
NH

>
3
NF

Cu trc phn t NH
3
v NF
3
u c cu trc thp, nguyn t N u trng thi
lai ho sp
3
v cn mt cp electron cha chia. Momen lng cc ca cc lin kt
N H v F H xp x nhau. Tuy nhin v momen lng cc ca 3 lin kt N H
trong phn t NH
3
nh hng cng chiu vi momen lng cc gy ra bi cp
electron cha chia.
Trong NF
3
momen lng cc tng hp ca 3 lin kt N F nh hng theo chiu
ngc li

/ C
6
H
5
Cl v C
6
H
4
Cl
2
(1,5 )
Phn t C
6
H
4
Cl
2
tn ti di 3 dng (o, m, p)

C
6
H
5
Cl

m C
6
H
4
Cl
2

p C
6
H
4
Cl
2
<

C
6
H
5
Cl <

0 C
6
H
4
Cl
2
b.

p C
6
H
4
FCl =

C
6
H
5
F -

C
6
H
5
Cl = 1,7 1,58 = 0,12 D
Cu IV (4im) :
1- C cu hnh electron :1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
.(1)
a) Dng k hiu lng t biu din cu hnh electron (1)
b) (1) l cu hnh electron ca nguyn t hay ion ? Ti sao ?
c) Cho bit tnh cht ha hc c trng ca ion hay nguyn t ng vi cu
hnh electron (1) .Cho v d .
2- Kim loi A phn ng vi phi kim B to hp cht C c mu vng cam. Cho 0,1mol
hp cht C phn ng vi CO
2
(d) to thnh hp cht D v 2,4 gam B. Ha tan
hon ton D vo nc,dung dch D phn ng ht 100ml dung dch HCl 1M gii
phng 1,12 lit kh CO
2
(kc) . Hy xc nh A,B,C,D v vit cc phng trnh
phn ng xy ra . Bit hp cht C cha 45,07% B theo khi lng , hp cht D
khng b phn tch khi nng chy.
Cu IV (4im)
1-(2im) a- Vit lng t (0,5)
b- Cu hnh electron nguyn t Crom (0,5)
c- Tnh cht ho hc c trng l tnh kh v tnh lng tnh .Vd
(1)
2-(2im)

Dung dch D phn ng vi HCl gii phng kh CO
2
. Suy ra hp
cht D l mui cacbonat ca kim loi .D khng b phn tch khi nng chy , vy D l
cacbonat ca kim loi kim . C + CO
2
D + B .Vy C l peoxit hay superoxit, B l
oxi (0,5)
t cng thc ca C l AxOy. T d kin tnh c M
A
= 39
Vy A l K , B l O
2
, C l KO
2
, D l K
2
CO
3
(0,75)
Cc phn ng : K + O
2
KO
2
4 KO
2
+ 2 CO
2
2 K
2
CO
3
+ 3 O
2
Cu I (5 im):
1)Cho b bn s lng t ca electron cht cng trn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
A, X, Z nh sau:
A : n = 3 , l = 1 , m = -1 , s = -1/2
X : n = 2 , l = 1 , m = -1 , s = -1/2
Z : n = 2 , l = 1 , m = 0 , s = +1/2
a) Xc nh A, X, Z.
b) Cho bit trng thi lai ha v cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau:
ZA2 , AX2 , AX3
2-
, AX4
2-
.
1) 3,5 im
a) 1,5 . Nguyn t A: n = 3, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2

3p
4
. A l S.
Nguyn t X: n = 2, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2

3p
4
. X l O.
Nguyn t Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2

2p
2
. Z l C.
b) 2
Phn t, ion Trng thi lai ha ca
nguyn t trung tm
Cu trc hnh hc
CS2 sp ng thng
SO2 sp
2
Gc
SO3
2-
sp
3
Chp y tam gic u
SO4
2-
sp
3
T din u
Bi I/2: (2,0 im)
a) Trong bng tun hon c mt ghi
546 , 63
s 4 d 3
29
X
1 10
a
1
) Hy cho bit ngha ca ch v cc s trong .
a
2
) Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
a
3
) Hon thnh phng trnh phn ng theo s sau:
O X
2
XO X XCl
2
Cho 0,2 mol XO ( cu trn) tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% un nng, sau lm ngui
dung dch n 10
0
C. Tnh khi lng tinh th XSO
4
.5H
2
O tch ra khi dung dch, bit
rng tan ca XSO
4
10
0
C l 17,4gam/100gam nc
X: k hiu nguyn t.
3d
10
4s
1
: c 10 e obitan 3d v 1 e obitan 4s.
29: s th t nguyn t.
63,546: nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X.
X l Cu :
Chu k 4.
Nhm IB.
29.
Cc phn ng:
( )
( )
( )
( ) O H 4 NO 2 CuCl 3 HNO 2 HCl 6 Cu 3 4
)
O H Cu H CuO 3
O
2
1
O Cu CuO 2 2
CuO 2 O
2
1
O Cu 1
2 2 3
2
2
t
2
2 2
t
t
2 2
0
0
0
+ + + +
+ +
+
+
3
NH CO, Al, bang H thay the (Co

Cu 3: 5 im
1) Mt cht thi phng x c chu k bn hy l 200 nm, c cha trong thng kn v chn di t.
Hi trong thi gian bao lu tc phn r gim t 6,5.10
12
nguyn t/pht xung cn 3,00.10
-3
nguyn t/pht.
2)Phn ng x phng ha este etyl axetat bng dung dch NaOH 10
o
C c hng s tc bng 2,38
mol
-1
lit ph
-1
. Tnh thi gian cn x phng ha 50% etyl axetat 10
0
C khi trn 1 lt dung dch etyl
axetat 0,05M vi:
a) 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,05M
b) 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,10 M
3) a) Tnh h s nhit ca tc phn ng bit 393
o
K phn ng kt thc sau 18 pht, 453
o
K
phn ng kt thc sau 1,5s.
b) H s nhit ca 1 phn ng bng 2. Cho bit 0
o
C, phn ng kt thc sau 1024 ngy, vy
300
o
C, phn ng kt thc sau bao nhiu lu?
( )

2
( )

1
( )

3 ( )

+
3
HNO HCl hh
Cu 3 : (5 im)
1) 1 im
Hng s phng x : K =
1/ 2
0, 693
t
=
0, 693
200
= 347.10
-5
/nm
Mt khc : K =
2, 303
t
lg
o
N
N

347.10
-5
/nm =
2, 303
t
lg
12
3
6.50.10
3, 00.10

t = 1,02.10
4
nm
2) 2 im : Phn ng x phng ha etyl axetat l phn ng bc hai:
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ OH
-

o
t

CH
3
COO
-
+ C
2
H
5
OH
a) Nng u 2 tc cht bng nhau :
T biu thc :
1
[ ] A
= kt +
1
[ ]
o
A
ta rt ra:
t =
1
k

[ ] ([ ] )
o o
x
A A x
Vi k = 2,38, [A]
o
= 0,025M, x = 0,0125M, ta c :
t =
0, 0125
2, 38.0, 025(0, 025 0, 0125)
= 16,8 ph = 16 ph 48s
b) Nng 2 tc cht khng bng nhau :
t =
[ ] [ ] 1 1
. ln .
([ ] [ ] ) [ ] [ ]
o o
o o o o
B A x
k A B A B x

Vi [A]
o
= 0,025 M , [B]
o
= 0,05 M, x = 0,0125 M ta c :
t =
1 0, 05 0, 025 0, 0125
ln .
2, 38(0, 025 0, 05) 0, 025 0, 05 0, 0125

= 6 ph 49s
3) 2 im
a)Theo Vant Hoff :
2 1
2 10
1
t t
v
v

Ta c :
2 1
453 393
720
10 10
t t

Nn
6
720 2, 99 3
b)Khi nhit tng t 0
o
C n 300
o
C, theo Vant Hoff, s ln tc tng l 2
30
.
V thi gian hon tt phn ng t l nghch vi tc phn ng nn ta c :

0
30
300
1
1024 2
v C C
C v

0 0
0
Thi gian 300 Thi gian 300
Thi gian 0
Thi gian 300
0
C =
30
1024
2
ngy
30
1024 24 60 60
0, 08
2
s s


CU 1
1 . Hai nguyn t A v B cng thuc chu k 3 . Hy vit cu hnh electron ca chng , bit
rng nng lng Ion ha (I) ca chng ln lt c cc gi tr sau (tnh theo kJ/mol)
(A) : I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
577 1816 2744 11576 14829 18375
(B) : I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
1012 1903 2910 4956 6278 22230
CU 1
1 . (A) : Sau I
3
c bc nhy t ngt v nng lng ion ha , vy nguyn t A c 3
electron ha tr . n thuc chu k 3 , nhm III
A
( l Al) . c.h.e : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
Tng t (B) : l P c c.h.e : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
.