GROUND IMPROVEMENT BY STONE COLUMNS Click to edit Master subtitle style

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GROUNDIMPROVEMENT Defined as the

the process of enhancing the quality of soil.

Ground

improvement mainly refers to the improvement of soil layers ground improvement techniques applied are 4/17/12 tools used by the

The

When

a poor ground existed at the project site, for instance, the early builder was faced with the following questions: with a more suitable material?

replaced

Should the weak ground be bypassed laterally or vertically ?

Should

the design be changed to reflect 4/17/12

With

the development of ground improvement, the new questions facing the current builders are: Should the problematic ground at the project site be fixed instead of bypassed? What are the critical issues that influence the successful application of a specific fixing tool?
4/17/12 Which fixing tool should be used for

Why

do we choose STONE COLUMN of so many Ground

out

Improvement Techniques available?

They act as vertical drains.

They

also mitigate the potential for

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Liquefaction.

Significance

Of Stone-Columns in INDIA

Method

of

installing

stone

column

(RAMMING) does not require any skilled labour-any layman can do the job.

Its installation is economically very

feasible-no high cost is required to do the execution.

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What

are basically stone columns??

STONE

COLUMNS are vertical columns of

compacted aggregate are formed through the soils to be improved These columns result in considerable vertical load carrying capacity and improved shear resistance in the soil mass.
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What

Soils are Suitable for installation of

STONE COLUMNS?

Any

soil type that does not respond to

vibration alone is a candidate for stone columns. These soils include silty and clayey sands, silts, clays, and some layered soils where damping of vibrations occurs.
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Fines

content

more than 12 % and/or

clay content of more than 2 % cannot be compacted by Vibro Compaction.

Zone

C silty sand with 12 % to 20 % fines

is treated with Stone Columns.

Top

Feed

Stone

Columns

were

not

invented but rather evolved from the Vibro Compaction process.

Zone
4/17/12 D contains the silts and clays-stone

Areas of Application of Stone Columns

v

To improve the stability of embankments and natural slopes

To increase the bearing capacity of a site to make it possible to use shallow foundation on the soil

v v

Reduction of total and differential settlements. Reduction of liquefaction potential of

cohesionless soil.
v
4/17/12 To increase the time rate of settlement.

Benefits of Vibroflotation

Stone Columns are a technical and economical alternatives to deep foundation

potentially

Stone

Columns are more economical than the removal and replacement of deep poor bearing soil on a large site useful where infrastructure does not permit high vibration technique such as dynamic compaction, deep blasting or piling time is critical to project start-up site improvement can be achieved quicker by vibroflotation than by preloading the soils. Columns provide a vertical drainage path for excess pore water pressure dissipation Vibroflotation differential settlements are often in
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Very

Where

Stone With

Installation methods of stone columns

VIBRO-COMPACTION

METHOD.

v Wet, v Dry,

Top Feed Method (Replacement and Displacement) Bottom Feed Method (Displacement)

RAMMING

(INDEGENEOUS METHOD).
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Vibro-replacement
This

refers to the wet, top feed process in which water is used to aid the penetration of the poker vibrator into the ground. of the in-situ soil is washed away due to the jetting

Part
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Vibro-displacement (Top Fed)

This

refers to the dry, top or bottom feed process water is used.

No

As

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vibrating Poker is inserted, in-situ soil is displaced and laterally

Vibro-displacement (bottom fed)

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Relative advantages and disadvantages

Vibroreplacement

VIBRODISPLACEMEN v Faster and usually T v Reduces the effort less costly. of sludge handling with clayey soils. v Achieves better results in silty sands above v Ideal for ground water. contaminated soils where the 4/17/12

Ramming :

Ramming is an indigenous method. It can described as the

METHOD

IN WHICH DENSIFICATION OF SOIL MASS IS ACHIEVED MANUALLY WITHOUT ANY 4/17/12

Significance of RAMMING
v

No skilled labour required.

Click to edit investment required- its No big initial Master subtitle style highly feasible economically.
v

Easy to follow the steps, no qualification required.

v

Lastly, this method got its birth in INDIA, so can be indigenously followed.
v

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DESIGN OF STONE COLUMNS Necessary Information:

v Soil

investigation data: Bore logs in-situ tests results Nature of soil, soil profiles etc., water level and its condition.

v Ground

v Layout

of the structure: Foundation system, loading pattern and intensity as determined by structural analysis.
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IMPORTANT FEATURES OF STONE COLUMN TREATMENT

Influence

of soil type: Suitable for loose sandy soils including silty or clayey sands.(7 to 50kpa). Not suitable for sensitive clays & silts. (sensitivity>4). of construction Methodology. depth.

Influence

Treatment

Area

of treatment.
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BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS

Stone

column diameter, D

Pattern

Equilateral Triangular pattern Square pattern Diameter ratio

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Spacing Equivalent

Replacement Stress

concentration factor(n)

Pattern:

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Equivalent

Diameter Replacement Ratio (as)

The

equivalent circle has an as=As/A=As/ effective diameter (As+Ag) (De) which is given by the equation: Where

As= Area of stone De= 1.05 S for an column. equivalent triangular pattern. Ag=Area of ground 4/17/12

Failure Modes of Stone Columns

Four Basic Failure Modes of Stone Columns are:
v

General shear failure. Local shear failure. Bulging failure. Failure by sliding.

Click to edit Master subtitle style

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The modes of failure of Stone Columns depend upon the following parameters: Type of Stone Column (End-bearing or Free Floating).

Type of Loading on columns. Passive resistance of tributary clay.

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DESIGN CONCIDERATIONS
GENERAL

ADJASCENT

STRUCTURE

ULTIMATE

LOAD CARRING

CAPACITY
ENVIRONMENTAL

FACTORS
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LOAD

TEST RESULTS