Bi ging MNG MY TNH

Ngi son : H Quang Minh Tng

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Gii thiu mn hc
MC CH CA MN HC + Hiu r mt s thut ng thng dng + Hiu bit mt s vn c bn v mng + Cc cng ngh mng hin nay. + Cc ng dng v dch v mng hin nay. + Thit k mt mng n gin. THNG TIN LIN LC Email tc gi : hqmtung@yahoo.com

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PHN 1 : TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH

CHNG 1 : CC KHI NIM C BN V MNG MY TNH

1.1. NH NGHA MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORK)

Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi mi trng truyn (ng truyn) theo mt cu trc no v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho nhau. Mi trng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy hay khng dy dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on off). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc mi trng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. y mi trng truyn c kt ni c th l dy cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang, dy in thoi, sng v tuyn ... Cc mi trng truyn d liu to nn cu trc ca mng. Hai khi nim mi trng truyn v cu trc l nhng c trng c bn ca mng my tnh.

Hnh 1.1: Mt m hnh lin kt cc my tnh trong mng

Tc truyn d liu trn ng truyn cn c gi l thng lng ca ng truyn - thng c tnh bng s lng bit c truyn i trong mt giy (bps).

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CHNG 2 : NG DNG CA MNG MY TNH

Ngy nay vi mt lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao. Mng my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong mi lnh vc nh khoa hc, qun s, quc phng, thng mi, dch v, gio dc... Hin nay nhiu ni mng tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy c vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng cho chng ta nhng kh nng mi to ln nh: S dng chung ti nguyn: Nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit b, chng trnh, d liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh vin ca mng u c th tip cn c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti nguyn u.

Tng tin cy ca h thng: Ngi ta c th d dng bo tr my mc v lu tr (backup) cc d liu chung v khi c trc trc trong h thng th chng c th c khi phc nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc trn mt trm lm vic th ngi ta cng c th s dng nhng trm khc thay th. Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: Khi thng tin c th c s dng chung th n mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng t chc li cc cng vic vi nhng thay i v cht nh: - p ng nhng nhu cu ca h thng ng dng kinh doanh hin i. - Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu. - Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn. - Tng cng truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau ang c cung cp trn th gii. Vi nhu cu i hi ngy cng cao ca x hi nn vn k thut trong mng l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh tin hc. V d nh lm th no truy xut thng tin mt cch nhanh chng v ti u nht, trong khi vic x l thng tin trn mng qu nhiu i khi c th lm tc nghn trn mng v gy ra mt thng tin mt cch ng tic. Hin nay vic lm sao c c mt h thng mng chy tht tt, tht an ton vi li ch kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm. Mt vn t ra c rt nhiu gii php v cng ngh, mt gii php c rt nhiu yu t cu thnh, trong mi yu t c nhiu cch la chn. Nh vy a ra mt gii php hon chnh, ph hp th phi tri qua mt qu trnh chn lc da trn nhng u im ca tng yu t, tng chi tit rt nh.

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 gii quyt mt vn phi da trn nhng yu cu t ra v da trn cng ngh gii quyt. Nhng cng ngh cao nht cha chc l cng ngh tt nht, m cng ngh tt nht l cng ngh ph hp nht.

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CHNG 3: CC THNH PHN C BN TRONG MNG MY TNH

3.1. TNG QUT MT MNG MY TNH C BN :
C t nht 2 my tnh. Mt giao tip mng trn mi my (NIC : Network interface Card) Mi trng truyn : Dy cp mng Mi trng truyn khng dy. H iu hnh mng : UNIX, Windows 98, Windows NT,..., Novell Netware,...

3.2. KIN TRC (CU TRC) MNG CC B :

Cu trc ca mng (hay topology ca mng m qua th hin cch ni cc mng my tnh vi nhau ra sao). Cc nghi thc truyn d liu trn mng (cc th tc hng dn trm lm vic lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi thng tin ). Cc loi ng truyn v cc chun ca chng . Cc phng thc tn hiu.

3.2.1. Cu trc ca mng (Topology)

Hnh trng ca mng cc b th hin qua cu trc hay hnh dng hnh hc cu cc ng dy cp mng dng lin kt cc my tnh thuc mng vi nhau. Trc ht chng ta xem xt hai phng thc ni mng ch yu: Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Mi my tnh c th truyn v nhn trc tip d liu hoc c th lm trung gian nh lu tr nhng d liu m n nhn c ri sau chuyn tip d liu i cho mt my khc d liu t ti ch. Theo phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc trm phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l. D liu c gi i t mt my tnh s c th c tip nhn bi tt c cc my tnh cn li, bi vy cn ch ra i ch ch ca d liu mi my tnh cn c vo kim tra xem d liu c phi dnh cho mnh khng nu ng th nhn cn nu khng th b qua.

Hnh 3.1: Cc phng thc lin kt mng

Ty theo cu trc ca mi mng chng s thuc vo mt trong hai phng thc ni mng v mi phng thc ni mng s c nhng yu cu khc nhau v phn cng v phn mm.

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3.2.2. Nhng cu trc chnh ca mng cc b

a. Dng ng thng (Bus) Trong dng ng thng cc my tnh u c ni vo mt ng dy truyn chnh (bus). ng truyn chnh ny c gii hn hai u bi mt loi u ni c bit gi l terminator (dng nhn bit l u cui kt thc ng truyn ti y). Mi trm c ni vo bus qua mt u ni ch T (T_connector) hoc mt b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm truyn d liu, tn hiu c truyn trn c hai chiu ca ng truyn theo tng gi mt, mi gi u phi mang a ch trm ch. Cc trm khi thy d liu i qua nhn ly, kim tra, nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th b qua. Sau y l vi thng s k thut ca topology bus. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 (cho mng cc b) vi cch t tn qui c theo thng s: tc truyn tnh hiu (1,10 hoc 100 Mb/s); BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband). 10BASE5: Dng cp ng trc ng knh ln (10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, tc 10 Mb/s, phm vi tn hiu 500m/segment, c ti a 100 trm, khong cch gia 2 tranceiver ti thiu 2,5m (Phng n ny cn gi l Thick Ethernet hay Thicknet) 10BASE2: tng t nh Thicknet nhng dng cp ng trc nh (RG 58A), c th chy vi khong cch 185m, s trm ti a trong 1 segment l 30, khong cch gia hai my ti thiu l 0,5m. Dng kt ni ny c u im l t tn dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao tuy nhin nu lu lng truyn tng cao th d gy ch tc v nu c trc trc trn hnh lang chnh th kh pht hin ra. Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng ng thng l mng Ethernet v G-net. b. Dng vng trn (Ring) Cc my tnh c lin kt vi nhau thnh mt vng trn theo phng thc "mt im - mt im ", qua mi mt trm c th nhn v truyn d liu theo vng mt chiu v d liu c truyn theo tng gi mt. Mi gi d liu u c mang a ch trm ch, mi trm khi nhn c mt gi d liu n kim tra nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th n s pht li cho trm k tip, c nh vy gi d liu i c n ch. Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng tn nhiu dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao, khng gy ch tc tuy nhin cc giao thc truyn d liu phc tp v nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng nh hng n ton mng. Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng vng trn l mng Tocken ring ca IBM. c. Dng hnh sao (Star) dng hnh sao, tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l phng thc "mt im - mt im ". Thit b trung tm hot ng ging nh mt tng i cho php thc hin vic nhn v truyn d liu t trm ny ti cc trm khc. Ty theo yu cu truyn thng trong mng , thit b trung tm c th l mt b chuyn mch (switch), mt b chn ng (router) hoc n gin l mt b phn knh (Hub). C nhiu cng ra v mi cng ni vi mt my. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 m hnh dng Star thng dng: 10BASE-T: dng cp UTP, tc 10 Mb/s, khong cch t thit b trung tm ti trm ti a l 100m. 100BASE-T tng t nh 10BASE-T nhng tc cao hn 100 Mb/s. u v khuyt im u im: Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng ng hay ch tc trn ng truyn, lp t n gin, d dng cu hnh li (thm, bt trm). Nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng khng gy nh hng n ton mng qua d dng kim sot v khc phc s c. Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100 m vi cng ngh hin i) tn ng dy cp nhiu, tc truyn d liu khng cao.

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Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng hnh sao l mng STARLAN ca AT&T v S-NET ca Novell.

Hnh 3.2 : Cc loi cu trc chnh ca mng cc b.

ng thng ng dng Tt cho trng hp mng nh v mng c giao thng thp v lu lng d liu thp Tng i khng phc tp

Vng Trn Tt cho trng hp mng c s trm t hot ng vi tc cao,khng cch nhau xa lm hoc mng c lu lng d liu phn b khng u. i hi thit b tng i phc tp .Mt khc vic a thng ip i trn tuyn l n gin, v ch c 1 con ng, trm pht ch cn bit a ch ca trm nhn , cc thng tin dn ng khc th khng cn thit C hiu qu trong trng hp lng lu thng cao v kh n nh nh s tng chm thi gian tr v s xuong cap so vi cc mng khc Phi d tr gp i ngun lc hoc phi c 1 phng thc thay th khi 1 nt khng hot ng nu vn mun mng hot ng bnh thng

Hnh sao hin nay mng sao l cch tt nht cho trng hp phi tch hp d liu v tn hiuting.Cc mng n thoi cng cng c cu trc ny Mng sao c xem l kh phc tp . Cc trm c ni vi thit b trung tm v ln lt hot ng nh thit b trung tm hoc ni c ti cc dy dn truyn t xa Tt cho trng hp ti va tuy nhin kch thc v kh nng , suy ra hiu sut ca mang ph thuc trc tip vo sc mnh ca thit b trung tm. Tng ph rt cao khi lm nhim v ca thit b trung tm, thit b trung tm khng c dng vo vic khc .S lng dy ring cng nhiu.

phc tp

Hiu sut

Rt tt di ti thp c th gim hiu sut rt mau khi ti tng

Tng ph

Tng i thp c bit do nhiu thit b pht trin ha chnh v bn sm phm th trng .S d tha knh truyn c khuyn gim bt nguy c xut hin s c trn mng Mt trm b hng khng nh hng n c mng. Tuy nhin mng s c nguy c b tn hi khi s c trn ng dy dn

Nguy c

Mt trm b hng c th nh hng n c h thng v cc trm phc thuc vo nhau. Tm 1 repeater hng rt kh ,v li vic sa cha thng hay dng mu mo xc nh im hng trn mng c a bn rng rt

tin cy ca h thng ph thuc vo thit b trung tm, .nu b hng th mng ngng hot ng S ngng hot ng ti thit b trung tm thng khng nh hdng n ton b h

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chnh hoc c vn vi tuyn. Vn trn rt kh xc nh c li rt d sa cha Kh nng m rng Vic thm v nh hnh li mng ny rt d.Tuy nhin vic kt ni gia cc my tnh v thit b ca cc hng khc nhau kh c th v chng phi c th nhn cng a ch v d liu

kh

thng .

Tng i d thm v bt cc trm lm vic m khng phi ni kt nhiu cho mi thay i Gi thnh cho vic thay i tng i thp

Kh nng m rng hn ch, a s cc thit b trung tm ch chu ng ni 1 s nht nh lin kt. S hn ch v tc truyn d liu v bng tn thng c i hi mi ngi s dng. Cc hn ch ny gip cho cc chc nng x l trung tm khng b qu ti bi tc thu np ti ti cng truyn v gi thnh mi cng truyn ca thit b trung tm thp .

Hnh 6.4 : Bng so snh tnh nng gia cc cu trc ca mng LAN

3.2.3. Phng thc truyn tn hiu

Thng thng c hai phng thc truyn tn hiu trong mng cc b l dng bng tn c s (baseband) v bng tn rng (broadband). S khc nhau ch yu gia hai phng thc truyn tn hiu ny l bng tng c s ch chp nhn mt knh d liu duy nht trong khi bng rng c th chp nhn ng thi hai hoc nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia gii thng ca ng truyn. Hu ht cc mng cc b s dng phng thc bng tn c s. Vi phng thc truyn tn hiu ny ny tn hiu c th c truyn i di c hai dng: tng t (analog) hoc s (digital). Phng thc truyn bng tn rng chia gii thng (tn s) ca ng truyn thnh nhiu gii tn con trong mi di tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit nh s dng mt cp modem c bit gi l b gii / iu bin RF cai qun vic bin i cc tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t c tn s v tuyn (RF) bng k thut ghp knh.

3.2.4. Cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn trn mng LAN

truyn c d liu trn mng ngi ta phi c cc th tc nhm hng dn cc my tnh ca mng lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi d kin. V d nh i vi cc dng bus v ring th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni cc trm vi nhau, cho nn cn phi c cc quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng m bo rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch hp l. C nhiu giao thc khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l nhng phn thnh hai loi: cc giao thc truy nhp ngu nhin v cc giao thc truy nhp c iu khin. a. Giao thc chuyn mch (yu cu v chp nhn) b. Giao thc ng dy a truy cp vi cm nhn va chm (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection hay CSMA/CD ) c. Giao thc dng th bi vng (Token ring) d. Giao thc dung th bi cho dng ng thng (Token bus)

3.2.5. ng cp truyn mng

ng cp truyn mng l c s h tng ca mt h thng mng, nn n rt quan trng v nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng hot ng ca mng. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng 3 loi dy cp l cp xon cp, cp ng trc v cp quang. a. Cp xon cp

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y l loi cp gm hai ng dy dn ng c xon vo nhau nhm lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c hai loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi ( STP - Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP -Unshield Twisted Pair). b. Cp ng trc Cp ng trc c hai ng dy dn v chng c cng mt trc chung, mt dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy dn trung tm (dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhiu nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia hai dy dn trn c mt lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp.
Cc loi cp Chi tit Dy xon cp Bng ng, c 4 v 25 cp dy (loi 3, 4, 5) RJ-25 hoc 50-pin telco 100m 2 Cp ng trc mng Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 5mm BNC 185m 30 Cp ng trc dy Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 10mm N-series 500m 100 Cp quang Thy tinh, 2 si

Loi kt ni Chiu di on ti a S u ni ti a trn 1 on Chy 10 Mbit/s Chy 100 Mbit/s Chng nhiu Bo mt tin cy Lp t Khc phc li Qun l Chi ph cho 1 trm ng dng tt nht

ST 1000m 2

c c Tt Trung bnh Tt D dng Tt D dng Rt thp H thng Workgroup

c Khng Tt Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh D Kh Thp ng backbone

c Khng Rt tt Trung bnh Tt Kh D Kh Trung bnh ng backbone trong t mng

c c Hon ton Hon ton Tt Kh Tt Trung bnh Cao ng backbone di trong t mng hoc cc ta nh

Hnh 5.3: Tnh nng k thut ca mt s loi cp mng

c. Cp si quang (Fiber - Optic Cable)

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Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thy tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Nh vy cp si quang khng truyn dn cc tn hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang (cc tn hiu d liu phi c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in). Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, Do ng knh li si thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao i hi chi ph cao. Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra, v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng th b pht hin v thu trm bi cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Ch tr nhc im kh lp t v gi thnh cn cao , nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny. d. Cc yu cu cho mt h thng cp - An ton, thm m: tt c cc dy mng phi c bao bc cn thn, cch xa cc ngun in, cc my c kh nng pht sng trnh trng hp b nhiu. Cc u ni phi m bo cht lng, trnh tnh trng h thng mng b chp chn. - ng chun: h thng cp phi thc hin ng chun, m bo cho kh nng nng cp sau ny cng nh d dng cho vic kt ni cc thit b khc nhau ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Tiu chun quc t dng cho cc h thng mng hin nay l EIA/TIA 568B. Tit kim v "linh hot" (flexible): h thng cp phi c thit k sao cho kinh t nht, d dng trong vic di chuyn cc trm lm vic v c kh nng m rng sau ny.

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CHNG 4 : GII THIU MT S THUT NG V MNG

4.1. MNG CC B LANS ( Local Area Networks )
C gii hn v a l Tc truyn d liu kh cao Do mt t chc qun l Thng dng multiaccess channels Cc k thut thng dng: Token Ring: 16 Mbps, Mng hnh sao

4.2. MNG DIN RNG WANS ( Wide Area Networks )

Khng c gii hn v a l Thng l s kt ni nhiu LAN Tc truyn d liu kh thp Do nhiu t chc qun l Thng dng k thut point to point channels Cc k thut thng dng: Cc ng in thoi Truyn thng bng v tinh.

4.3. MNG MANS ( Wide Area Networks )

C kch thc vng a l ln hn LAN tuy nhin nh hn WAN Do mt t chc qun l Thng dng cp ng trc hay sng ngn.

4.4. INTERNETWORK
Kt ni hai hay nhiu mng ring bit i hi c cc thit b mng to iu kin thun li cho kt ni ny.

4.5. INTERNET
Mng ton cu t bit kt ni mng ca cc t chc , cc nhn trn th gii. Kt ni t my tnh c nhn n Internet Kt ni cc LAN bi WAN to nn Internet

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4.6. INTRANET
L mng LAN c trin khai cc dch v trn Internet .

4.7. PHN BIT MT S C IM GIA MNG CC B V MNG DIN RNG

Mng cc b v mng din rng c th c phn bit bi: a phng hot ng, tc ng truyn v t l li trn ng truyn, ch qun ca mng, ng i ca thng tin trn mng, dng chuyn giao thng tin. - a phng hot ng: Lin quan n khu vc a l th mng cc b s l mng lin kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh. Khu vc c th bao gm mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh... iu hn ch bi khong cch ng dy cp c dng lin kt cc my tnh ca mng cc b (Hn ch cn l hn ch ca kh nng k thut ca ng truyn d liu). Ngc li mng din rng l mng c kh nng lin kt cc my tnh trong mt vng rng ln nh l mt thnh ph, mt min, mt t nc, mng din rng c xy dng ni hai hoc nhiu khu vc a l ring bit. - Tc ng truyn v t l li trn ng truyn: Mng cc b c th truyn d liu vi tc cao m ch chu mt t l li nh. Ngc li vi mng din rng do phi truyn nhng khong cch kh xa vi nhng ng truyn dn di c khi ln ti hng ngn km. Do vy mng din rng khng th truyn vi tc qu cao v khi t l li s tr nn kh chp nhn c. Mng cc b thng c tc truyn d liu t 4 n 16 Mbps v t ti 100 Mbps nu dng cp quang. Cn phn ln cc mng din rng cung cp ng truyn c tc thp hn nhiu nh T1 vi 1.544 Mbps hay E1 vi 2.048 Mbps. ( y bps (Bit Per Second) l mt n v trong truyn thng tng ng vi 1 bit c truyn trong mt giy, v d nh tc ng truyn l 1 Mbps tc l c th truyn ti a 1 Megabit trong 1 giy trn ng truyn ). Thng thng trong mng cc b t l li trong truyn d liu vo khong 1/107-108 cn trong mng din rng th t l vo khong 1/106 - 107 - T chc qun l v iu hnh ca mng: Khi xy dng mng din rng ngi ta thng s dng cc ng truyn c thu t cc cng ty vin thng hay cc nh cung cp dch v truyn s liu. Ty theo cu trc ca mng nhng ng truyn thuc c quan qun l khc nhau nh cc nh cung cp ng truyn ni ht, lin tnh, lin quc gia Cc ng truyn phi tun th cc quy nh ca chnh ph cc khu vc c ng dy i qua nh: tc , vic m ha Cn i vi mng cc b th cng vic n gin hn nhiu, khi mt c quan ci t mng cc b th ton b mng s thuc quyn qun l ca c quan .

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CHNG 5 : CC M HNH TRUYN THNG

5.1. S CN THIT PHI C M HNH TRUYN THNG
mt mng my tnh tr mt mi trng truyn d liu th n cn phi c nhng yu t sau: Mi my tnh cn phi c mt a ch phn bit trn mng. Vic chuyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc do mng thc hin thng qua nhng quy nh thng nht gi l giao thc ca mng. Khi cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau th mt qu trnh truyn giao d liu c thc hin hon chnh. V d nh thc hin vic truyn mt file gia mt my tnh vi mt my tnh khc cng c gn trn mt mng cc cng vic sau y phi c thc hin: My tnh cn truyn cn bit a ch ca my nhn. My tnh cn truyn phi xc nh c my tnh nhn sn sng nhn thng tin Chng trnh gi file trn my truyn cn xc nh c rng chng trnh nhn file trn my nhn sn sng tip nhn file. Nu cu trc file trn hai my khng ging nhau th mt my phi lm nhim v chuyn i file t dng ny sang dng kia. Khi truyn file my tnh truyn cn thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca my nhn cc thng tin c mng a ti ch.

Hnh 3.3 V d m hnh truyn thng n gin

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Chng ta hy xt trong v d (nh hnh v trn): gi s c ng dng c im tip cn giao dch 1 trn my tnh A mun gi thng tin cho mt ng dng khc trn my tnh B c im tip cn giao dch 2. ng dng trn my tnh A chuyn cc thng tin xung tng truyn d liu ca A vi yu cu gi chng cho im tip cn giao dch 2 trn my tnh B. Tng truyn d liu my A s chuyn cc thng tin xung tng tip cn mng my A vi yu cu chuyn chng cho my tnh B (Ch rng mng khng cn bit a ch ca im tip cn giao dch m ch cn bit a ch ca my tnh B). thc hin qu trnh ny, cc thng tin kim sot cng s c truyn cng vi d liu. u tin khi ng dng 1 trn my A cn gi mt khi d liu n chuyn khi cho tng vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn c th chia khi ra thnh nhiu khi nh ph thuc vo yu cu ca giao thc ca tng v ng gi chng thnh cc gi tin (packet). Mi mt gi tin s c b sung thm cc thng tin kim sot ca giao thc v c gi l phn u (Header) ca gi tin. Thng thng phn u ca gi tin cn c: a ch ca im tip cn giao dch ni n ( y l 3): khi tng vn chuyn ca my B nhn c gi tin th n bit c ng dng no m n cn giao. S th t ca gi tin, khi tng vn chuyn chia mt khi d liu ra thnh nhiu gi tin th n cn phi nh s th t cc gi tin . Nu chng i n ch nu sai th t th tng vn chuyn ca my nhn c th pht hin v chnh li th t. Ngoi ra nu c li trn ng truyn th tng vn chuyn ca my nhn s pht hin ra v yu cu gi li mt cch chnh xc. M sa li: m bo cc d liu c nhn mt cch chnh xc th trn c s cc d liu ca gi tin tng vn chuyn s tnh ra mt gi tr theo mt cng thc c sn v gi n i trong phn u ca gi tin. Tng vn chuyn ni nhn thng qua gi tr xc nh c gi tin c b li trn ng truyn hay khng. Bc tip theo tng vn chuyn my A s chuyn tng gi tin v a ch ca my tnh ch ( y l B) xung tng tip cn mng vi yu cu chuyn chng i. thc hin c yu cu ny tng tip cn mng cng to cc gi tin ca mnh trc khi truyn qua mng. Ti y giao thc ca tng tip cn mng s thm cc thng tin iu khin vo phn u ca gi tin mng.

Hnh 3.4: M hnh thit lp gi tin Trong phn u gi tin mng s bao gm a ch ca my tnh nhn, da trn a ch ny mng truyn gi tin ti ch. Ngoi ra c th c nhng thng s nh l mc u tin Nh vy thng qua m hnh truyn thng n gin chng ta cng c th thy c phng thc hot ng ca cc my tnh trn mng, c th xy dng v thay i cc giao thc trong cng mt tng.

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5.2. MT S M HNH CHUN HA 5.2.1. M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

M hnh OSI l mt c s dnh cho vic chun ho cc h thng truyn thng, n c nghin cu v xy dng bi ISO. Vic nghin cu v m hnh OSI c bt u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi mc tiu nhm ti vic ni kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau v phi hp cc hot ng chun ho trong cc lnh vc vin thng v h thng thng tin. Theo m hnh OSI chng trnh truyn thng c chia ra thnh 7 tng vi nhng chc nng phn bit cho tng tng. Hai tng ng mc khi lin kt vi nhau phi s dng mt giao thc chung. Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng: giao thc c lin kt (connection - oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless) Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao an ton trong truyn d liu. Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v mi gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n.

Hnh 3.5: M hnh 7 tng OSI Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn thng phi gm 3 giai on phn bit: Thit lp lin kt (logic)--> Truyn d liu --> Hy b lin kt (logic) i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu m thi. Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet) c hiu nh l mt n v thng tin dng trong vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh. Nhng thng ip (message) trao i gia cc my tnh trong mng, c to dng thnh cc gi tin my ngun. V nhng gi tin ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh thng ip ban u. Mt gi tin c th cha ng cc yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.

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Hnh 4.1: Phng thc xc lp cc gi tin trong m hnh OSI Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng tng mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc nng ny thc cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn u (header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn. Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no. Ch : Trong m hnh OSI phn kim li ca gi tin tng lin kt d liu t cui gi tin

5.2.2. M hnh SNA (Systems Netword Architecture)

Thng 9/1973, Hng IBM gii thiu mt kin trc mng my tnh SNA (System Network Architecture). n nm 1977 c 300 trm SNA c ci t. Cui nm 1978, s lng tng ln n 1250, ri c theo cho n nay c 20.000 trm SNA ang c hot ng. Qua con s ny chng ta c th hnh dung c mc quan trng v tm nh hng ca SNA trn ton th gii. Cn lu rng SNA khng l mt chun quc t chnh thc nh OSI nhng do vai tr to ln ca hng IBM trn th trng CNTT nn SNA tr thnh mt loi chun thc t v kh ph bin. SNA l mt c t gm rt nhiu ti liu m t kin trc ca mng x l d liu phn tn. N nh ngha cc quy tc v cc giao thc cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn (my tnh, trm cui, phn mm) trong mng.

5.3. CC CHC NNG CH YU CA CC TNG CA M HNH OSI.

Tng 1: Vt l (Physical) Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng di cng ca m hnh OSI l. N m t cc c trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp c dng ni cc thit b, cc loi u ni c dng , cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu v.v...

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V d: Tiu chun Ethernet cho cp xon i 10 baseT nh r cc c trng in ca cp xon i, kch thc v dng ca cc u ni, di ti a ca cp Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c phn u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit. Mt giao thc tng vt l tn ti gia cc tng vt l quy nh v phng thc truyn (ng b, phi ng b), tc truyn Cc giao thc c xy dng cho tng vt l c phn chia thnh phn chia thnh hai loi giao thc s dng phng thc truyn thng d b (asynchronous) v phng thc truyn thng ng b (synchronous). Phng thc truyn d b: khng c mt tn hiu quy nh cho s ng b gia cc bit gia my gi v my nhn, trong qu trnh gi tn hiu my gi s dng cc bit c bit START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng d liu cn truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i bt k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc . Phng thc truyn ng b: s dng phng thc truyn cn c ng b gia my gi v my nhn, n chn cc k t c bit nh SYN (Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hay n gin hn, mt ci "c " (flag) gia cc d liu ca my gi bo hiu cho my nhn bit c d liu ang n hoc n. Tng 2: Lin kt d liu (Data link) Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc, a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh, l phng thc "mt im mt im" v phng thc "mt im - nhiu im". Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l.

Hnh 4.2: Cc ng truyn kt ni kiu "mt im - mt im" v "mt im - nhiu im". Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm 2 loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu, cc th tc) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. Tng 3: Mng (Network)

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Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch. Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y: Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh. Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.

Hnh 4. 3: M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn bn, ho, hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cao nn vic pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm. Tng 4: Vn chuyn (Transport) Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn. n l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. N cng cc tng di cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phc v vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh ca mng chia s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht mi trm bng mt a ch duy nht v qun l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn cng chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Ngi ta chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc loi sau:

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Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng cn cung cp cc dch v phc hi hoc sp xp th t li. Mng loi B: C t sut li chp nhn c nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c. Mng loi C: C t sut li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra li v sp xp li th t cc gi tin.

Tng 5: Giao dch (Session) Tng giao dch (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng, n t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh xa gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. Mt giao dch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh. Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l: iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii phng (m?t cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn g?i l cc h?i tho?i - dialogues) Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s dng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn ng b ha trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/phc hi, dch v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu ang chuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi (token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi . Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau: Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s dng khc ca mt lin kt giao dch. Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu token . Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang mt ngi s? d?ng khc. Tng 6: Trnh din (Presentation)

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Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh din (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. Tng trnh din cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Tng 7: ng dng (Application) Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng. cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng, Ngi ta thit lp cc thc th ng dng (AE), cc thc th ng dng s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) ca chng. Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt (association) gi l i tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php tun t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE thnh t ca n.

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CHNG 6 : CC THIT B LIN KT MNG

6.1. REPEATER (B TIP SC)
Repeater l loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI. Repeater dng ni 2 mng ging nhau hoc cc phn mt mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater nhn c mt tn hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.

Hnh 6.1: M hnh lin kt mng ca Repeater. Repeater khng c x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khuch i tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.

Hnh 6.2: Hot ng ca b tip sc trong m hnh OSI Hin nay c hai loi Repeater ang c s dng l Repeater in v Repeater in quang. Repeater in ni vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n nhn tn hiu in t mt pha v pht li v pha kia. Khi mt mng s dng Repeater in ni cc phn ca mng li th c th lm tng khong cch ca mng, nhng khong cch lun b hn ch bi mt khong cch ti a do tr ca tn hiu. V d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th khong cch ti a l 2.8 km, khong cch khng th ko thm cho d s dng thm Repeater.

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Repeater in quang lin kt vi mt u cp quang v mt u l cp in, n chuyn mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s dng Repeater in quang cng lm tng thm chiu di ca mng. Vic s dng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua nn n ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token ring) nhng khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring). Thm na Repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca mng. Khi la chn s dng Repeater cn ch la chn loi c tc chuyn vn ph hp vi tc ca mng.

6.2. BRIDGE (CU NI)

Bridge l mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do. thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca ni gi v nhn v da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng v b xung bng a ch.

Hnh 6.3: Hot ng ca Bridge Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th Bridge t ng b xung bng a ch (c ch c gi l t hc ca cu ni). Khi c a ch ni nhn Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi chuyn sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.

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Hnh 6.4: Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta a ra hai khi nim : Lc v chuyn vn. Qu trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca Bridge. Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/giy trong th hin kh nng ca Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc. Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua V d : Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring. Khi Cu ni thc hin nh mt nt token ring trn mng Token ring v mt nt Enthernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token ring. Tuy nhin ch y cu ni khng th chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phi hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin trn mng Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng byte d s b cht b.

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Hnh 6.5: V d v Bridge bin dch Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau : M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi s l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc. Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge, khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc. ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh. V d : cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.

Hnh 6.6 : Lin kt mng vi 2 Bridge Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn ni dy v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card chuyn dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my tnh s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng ca Bridge.

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6.3. ROUTER (B TM NG)

Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.

Hnh 6.7: Hot ng ca Router. Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router (Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin n c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table). Da trn d liu v Router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c bng ch ng (Router table) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol dependent routers) v Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc (The protocol independent router) da vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router. Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia, Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng).

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Hnh 6.8: Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI

ngn chn vic mt mt s liu Router cn nhn bit c ng no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc. Cc l do s dng Router : Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. Router thng c s dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua cc ng dy thu bao t tin do n khng truyn d ln ng truyn. Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng c giao thc ring bit. Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v tt nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m bo hn. Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c th c ci t cc phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn.

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Hnh 6.9: V d v bng ch ng (Routing table) ca Router. Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router l phng thc m mt Router c th ni vi cc Router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin co. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc. Phng thc vc t khong cch : mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch ng ca mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng ch ng ca mnh. Phng thc trng thi tnh : Router ch truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay i trong mng vch khi cc Routerkhc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn. Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router RIP(Routing Information Protocol) c pht trin bi Xerox Network system v s dng SPX/IPX v TCP/IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vc t khong cch. NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) c pht trin bi Novell dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi Router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc bng ch ng gim i.. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng... OSPF-IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng...

6.4. GATEWAY (CNG NI)

Gateway dng kt ni cc mng khng thun nht chng hn nh cc mng cc b v cc mng my tnh ln (Mainframe), do cc mng hon ton khng thun nht nn vic chuyn i thc hin trn c 7 tng ca h thng m OSI. Thng c s dng ni cc mng LAN vo my tnh ln. Gateway c cc giao thc xc nh trc thng l nhiu giao thc, mt Gateway a giao thc thng c ch to nh cc Card c cha cc b x l ring v ci t trn cc my tnh hoc thit b chuyn bit.

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Hnh 6.10: Hot ng ca Gateway trong m hnh OSI Hot ng ca Gateway thng thng phc tp hn l Router nn thng sut ca n thng chm hn v thng khng dng ni mng LAN -LAN.

6.5. HUB (B TP TRUNG)

Hub thng c dng ni mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin kt vi cc my tnh di dng hnh sao. Ngi ta phn bit cc Hub thnh 3 loi nh sau sau : Hub b ng (Passive Hub) : Hub b ng khng cha cc linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. Khong cch gia mt my tnh v Hub khng th ln hn mt na khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh trn mng (v d khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh ca mng l 200m th khong cch ti a gia mt my tnh v hub l 100m). Cc mng ARCnet thng dng Hub b ng. Hub ch ng (Active Hub) : Hub ch ng c cc linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l cc tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qa trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca Hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi Hub b ng. Cc mng Token ring c xu hng dng Hub ch ng. Hub thng minh (Intelligent Hub): cng l Hub ch ng nhng c thm cc chc nng mi so vi loi trc, n c th c b vi x l ca mnh v b nh m qua n khng ch cho php iu khin hot ng thng qua cc chng trnh qun tr mng m n c th hot ng nh b tm ng hay mt cu ni. N c th cho php tm ng cho gi tin rt nhanh trn cc cng ca n, thay v pht li gi tin trn mi cng th n c th chuyn mch pht trn mt cng c th ni ti trm ch.

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CHNG 7 : GIAO THC TCP/IP

Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng. Hin nay cc my tnh ca hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP lin kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h thng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP thc cht l mt h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng.

7.1. GIAO THC IP 7.1.1. Tng qut

Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu. S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 a ch IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (dotted decimal notation) tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E). y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau: Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte. Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng. Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

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Hnh 7.1: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

Hnh 7.2: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring). Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

Hnh 7.3: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid

n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng

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Hnh 7.4: Dng thc ca gi tin IP ngha ca thng s nh sau: VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng version mi. IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny.

Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng D = 1 gi tin tr thp T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao. T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v T = 1 thng lng cao R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu R = 0 tin cy bnh thng R = 1 tin cy cao Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng. Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc. ngha c th ca trng Flags l:

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bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0. bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte. Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gim i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live: Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt. Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17 Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP. Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun. Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.

7.1.2. Cc giao thc trong mng IP

mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung, cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n chng khi cn. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thit. Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l. Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng) gia cc gateway hoc mt nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch ca n, hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n cho router hoc trm ch. 3. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP

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Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v bt u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn yu cu t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n. i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc hin cc bc sau y: To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c. Tnh checksum v ghp vo header ca gi tin. Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo. Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng. i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau: 1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin. 3) Ra quyt nh chn ng. 4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn. 5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live, Fragmentation v Checksum. 6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng. Cui cng khi mt datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi cc cng vic sau: 1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on) 3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn.

7.2. GIAO THC IU KHIN TRUYN D LIU TCP

TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) ca TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.

Hnh 7.5: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP

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Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp u ni TCP/IP. Mt u ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s dnh cho vic trao i d liu. Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) hoc b ng (passive). Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi n t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton) Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt u ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng c thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa .

Bng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin. S hiu cng 0 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 21 M t Reserved Remote job entry Echo Discard Systat Daytime Nestat Quotd (quote odd day ftp-data ftp (control) 23 25 37 53 102 103 104 111 139 160 - 223 Telnet SMTP Time Name Server ISO - TSAP X.400 X.400 Sending Sun RPC Net BIOS Session source Reserved

Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP.

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Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b (local connection name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c dng tham chiu ti lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp c lin kt yu cu th n phi gi tham s Open Failure thng bo.) Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny dc chuyn n trong c hai trng hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi mt lin kt c m, vic truyn d liu trn lin kt c th c thc hin. Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu: Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s dng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v receive. Hm Send: D liu c gi xung TCP theo cc khi (block). Khi nhn c mt khi d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (buffer). Nu c PUSH c dng th ton b d liu trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng c dng th d liu c gi li trong b m v s gi i khi c c hi thch hp (chng hn ch thm d liu na gi i vi hiu qu hn). Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn vi mi lin kt. Nu d liu c nh du vi mt c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m (k c cc d liu c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s dng. Cn nu d liu n khng c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu vi mc tiu tng hiu qu h thng. Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s dng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s dng th c th dng c URGENT v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn phi s l khn cp d liu . Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt: Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn thit c thc hin theo mt trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort. Hm Close: yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic truyn d liu trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP s truyn i tt c d liu cn trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt. Lu rng khi mt ngi s dng gi i mt hm Close th n vn phi tip tc nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo cho pha bn kia bit v vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s dng ca mnh. Hm Abort: Ngi s dng c th ng mt lin kt bt v s khng chp nhn d liu qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP xa bit rng lin kt c hy b v TCP xa s thng bo cho ngi s dng ca mnh. Mt s hm khc ca TCP: Hm Status: cho php ngi s dng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin kt c th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng. Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP v cc yu cu dch v bt hp l lin quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc hoc v cc li lin quan n mi trng. n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c cc tham s vi ngha nh sau:

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Hnh 7.5: Dng thc ca segment TCP

Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun. Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch. Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun. Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu). Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai Control bit (cc bit iu khin): URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc. ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. PSH: Chc nng PUSH. RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number). FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun. Window (16 bit): cp pht credit kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngun sn sng nhn. Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data) Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment. Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0.

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TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options.

7.3. GIAO THC UDP (USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt c s dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP. Khun dng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment.

Hnh 7.7: Dng thc ca gi tin UDP UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.

Hnh 7.8: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

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7.4. MI LIN QUAN GIA 2 M HNH OSI V TCP/IP :

OSI APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA PHYSICAL

TCP/IP APPLICATION TRANSPORT INTERNET NETWORK INTERFACE Telnet, FTP, DNS TCP, UDP IP WANs, TokenRing

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CHNG 8 : MT S H THNG MNG

Trn th gii c rt nhiu mng my tnh, chng c s dng phc v cho nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh nghin cu khoa hc, truyn d liu, kinh doanh V vy nn cc mng ny cng rt a dng v chng loi. Trong phn ny ta xem xt mt s mng LAN v WAN thng dng.

8.1. MNG NOVELL NETWARE

c a ra bi hng Novell t nhng nm 80 v c s dng nhiu trong cc mng cc b vi s lng c tnh hin nay vo khong 50 -60%. H iu hnh mng Novell NetWare l mt h iu hnh c an ton cao c bit l vi cc mng c nhiu ngi s dng. H iu hnh mng Netware kh phc tp lp t v qun l nhng n l mt h iu hnh mng ang c dng ph bin nht hin nay. H iu hnh mng Novell NetWare c thit k nh mt h thng mng client-server trong cc my tnh c chia thnh hai loi: Nhng my tnh cung cp ti nguyn cho mng gi l server hay cn gi l my ch mng. My s dng ti nguyn mng gi l clients hay cn gi l trm lm vic. Cc server (File server) ca Netware khng chy DOS m bn thn Netware l mt h iu hnh cho server iu gii phng Netware ra khi nhng hn ch ca DOS. Server ca Netware dng mt cu trc hiu qu hn DOS t chc cc tp tin v th mc, vi Netware, chng ta c th chia mi a thnh mt hoc nhiu tp a (volumes), tng t nh cc a logic ca DOS. Cc tp a ca Novell c tn ch khng phi l ch ci. Tuy nhin, truy cp mt tp a ca Netware t mt trm lm vic chy DOS, mt ch ci c gn cho tp a. Vi cc h iu hnh Netware 3.x v 4.x cc server phi c dnh ring, trong chng ta khng th dng mt file server lm thm vic ca Workstation, tuy iu tn km hn v phi mua mt my tnh lm server nhng n c hiu qu hn v my tnh server c th tp trung phc v mng. Cn vi Netware 2.x th c th la chn trong mt file server c th lm vic nh mt Workstation nh hai tin trnh Server v Workstation tch ti nhau hon ton. Cc trm lm vic trn mt mng Netware c th l cc my tnh DOS, chy OS/2 hoc cc my Macintosh. Nu mng va c my PC v Macintosh th Netware c th l s la chn tt. Tt c cc phin bn ca Netware u c c trng c gi l tnh chu ng sai hng ca h (System Fault Tolerance SFT) c thit k gi cho mng vn chy ngay c khi phn cng c sai hng. NetWare l mt h iu hnh nhng khng phi l mt h iu hnh a nng m tp trung ch yu cho cc ng dng truy xut ti nguyn trn mng, n c mt tp hp xc nh sn cc dch v dnh cho ngi s dng. Ti y Novell NetWare c mt h thng cc yu cu v tr li m Client v Server u hiu, n bao gm: Nhm chng trnh trn my ngi dng: H iu hnh trm, cc giao din cho php nhi s dng chi xut cc ti nguyn ca mng nh l cc ti nguyn ca my cc b, chng trnh truyn s liu qua mng. H iu hnh trn my my ch: Chng trnh thc hin t DOS, Lu cc thng s ca DOS, chuyn CPU ca server qua ch protectied mode, qun l vic s dng ti nguyn ca mng cho ngi s dng. Cc tin ch trn mng: dnh cho ngi s dng v ngi qun tr mng. Novell NetWare h tr cc giao thc c bn sau: Giao thc truy xut (Access Protocol) (Ethernet, Token Ring, ARCnet, ProNET-10, FDDI) Giao thc trao i gi tin trn mng (Internet Packet Exchange -IPX) Giao thc thng tin tm ng (Routing Information Protocol - RIP) Giao thc thng bo dch v (Sevice Advertising Protocol - SAP) Giao thc nhn NetWare (NetWare Core Protocol - NCP) cho php ngi dng truy xut vo file server Do nhu cu cn thch nghi vi nhiu kiu mng v d dng nng cp v qun l, Novell NetWare cng c chia thnh nhiu tng giao thc tng t cu trc 7 tng cu h thng m OSI.

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Hnh 8.1: Cu trc ca H iu hnh Novell NetWare

8.2. MNG WINDOWS NT

Mng dng h iu hnh Windows NT c a ra bi hng Microsoft vi phin bn mi nht hin nay l Windows NT 5.0, cm t windows NT c hiu l cng ngh mng trong mi trng Windows (Windows Network Technology). Hin mng Windows NT ang c nh gi cao v c ua vo s dng ngy mt nhiu. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh a nhim, a x l vi a ch 32 bit b nh. Ngoi vic ym tr cc ng dng DOS, Windows 3.x, Win32 GUI v cc ng dng da trn k t, Windows NT cn bao gm cc thnh phn mng, c ch an ton, cc cng c qun tr c kh nng mng din rng, cc phn mm truy cp t xa. Windows NT cho php kt ni vi my tnh ln, mini v my Mac. H iu hnh mng Windows NT c th chay trn my c mt CPU cng nh nhiu CPU. H iu hnh mng cn c a vo k thut gng a qua s dng tt h thng nhiu a nng cao nng lc hot ng. H iu hnh mng Windows NT m bo trnh c nhng ngi khng c php vo trong h thng hoc thm nhp vo cc file v chng trnh trn a cng. H iu hnh mng Windows NT cung cp cc cng c thit lp cc lp quyn dnh cho nhiu nhim v khc nhau lm cho php xy dng h thng an ton mt cch mm do. Windows NT c thit k dnh cho gii php nhm (Workgroup) khi bn mun c kim sot nhiu hn i vi mng ngang hng (nh Windows For Workgroup, LANtastic hay Novell lite). Ngoi ra chc nng mi ca Windows NT server l m hnh vng (Domain) c thit lp cho cc mng ln vi kh nng kt ni cc mng ton x nghip hay lin kt cc kt ni mng vi cc mng khc v nhng cng c cn thit iu hnh.

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Hnh 8.2: Cu trc ca H iu hnh Windows NT

8.3. MNG APPLE TALK

Vo u nhng nm 1980, khi cng ty my tnh Apple chun b gii thiu my tnh Macintosh, cc k s Apple thy rng mng s tr nn rt cn thit. H mun rng mng MAC cng l mt bc tin m trong cuc cch mng v giao din thn thin ngi dng do Apple khi xng. Vi nh nh vy, Apple xy dng mt giao thc mng cho h my Macintosh, v tch hp giao thc trn vo my tnh bn. Cu trc mng mi do Apple xy dng c gi l Apple Talk. Mc d Apple Talk l giao thc mng c quyn ca Apple, nhng Apple cng n hnh nhiu ti liu v Apple Talk trong c gng khuyn khch cc nh sn xut phn mm khc pht trin trn Apple Talk. Ngy nay c nhiu sn phm thng mi trn nn Apple Talk nh ca Novell, Microsoft Ban u AppleTalk ch ci t trn h thng cp ring ca hng l LocalTalk v c phm vi ng dng rt hn ch. Phin bn u ca Apple Talk c thit k cho nhm ngi dng cc b hay c gi l Apple Talk phase 1. Sau khi tung ra th trng 5 nm, s ngi dng vt qu 1,5 triu ngi ci t, Apple nhn thy nhng nhm ngi dng ln vt qu gii hn ca Apple Talk phase 1, nn h nng cp giao thc. Giao thc c ci tin c bit di ci tn Apple Talk phase 2, ci tin kh nng tm ng ca Apple Talk v cho php Apple Talk chy trn nhng mng ln hn.

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Hnh 8.3: Cu trc ca H iu hnh Appletalk Hng Apple thit k Apple Talk c lp vi tng lin kt d liu. Apple h tr nhiu loi ci t ca tng lin kt d liu, bao gm Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), v Local Talk. Trn Apple Talk, Apple xem Ethernet nh ethertalk, Token Ring nh tokentalk, v FDDI nh fdditalk. Cc giao thc chnh ca mng AppleTalk: LLAP (Local Talk Link Access) l giao thc do Apple pht trin hot ng vi cp ring ca hng (cng c gi l LocalTalk) d trn cp xon i bc kim (STP), thch hp vi cc mng nh, hiu nng thp. Tc ti a l 230,4 Kb/s v khong cch cc an cp c di gii hn l 300m, s lng trm ti a l 32. ELAP (Ethertalk Link Access) v TLAP (tokentalk Link Access) l cc giao thc cho php s dng cc mng vt l tng ng l Ethernet v Token Ring. AARP (AppleTalk Addresss Resolution Protocol) l cc giao thc cho php nh x gia cc a ch vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring, l giao din gia cc tng cao ca AppleTalk vi cc tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring. DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol) l giao thc tng Mng cung cp dch v theo phng thc khng lin kt gia 2 sockets ( ch 1 a ch dch v; mt t hp ca a ch thit b, a ch mng v socket s nh danh 1 cch duy nht cho mi tin trnh). DDP thc hin chc nng chn ng (routing) da trn cc bng chn ng cho RTMP bo tr. RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance protocol) cung cp cho DDP thng tin chn ng trn phng php vector khong cch tng t nh RIP (Routing Information Protocol) dng trong Netware IPX/SPX. NBP (Naming Binding Protocol): cho php nh danh cc thit b bi cc tn lgic (ngoi i ch ca chng). Cc tn ny n du i ch tng thp i vi ngi s dng v i vi cc tng cao hn. ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) l giao thc thc tng vn chuyn hot ng vi phng thc khng lin kt. Dich v vn chuyn ny c cung cp thng qua mt h thng cc thng bo nhn v truyn li. tin cy ca ATP d trn cc thao tc (transaction) (mt thao tc bao gm mt cp cc thao tc hi-p). ASP (AppleTalk Section Protocol) l giao thc tng giao dch ca AppleTalk, cho php thit lp, duy tr v hy b cc phin lin lc gia ngi yu cu dch v v ngi cung cp dch v.

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ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol) l mt giao thc ph c tng vn chuyn v tng giao dch, c th thay cho nhm giao thc dng vi ATP. ZIP (Zone Information Protocol) l giao thc c chc nng t chc cc thit b thnh cc vng (zone) lm gim phc tp ca 1 mng bng cch gii hn s tng tc ca ngi s dng vo ng cc thit b m anh ta cn. PAP (Printer Access protocol) cng l 1 giao thc ca tng giao dch tng t nh ASP. N khng ch cung cp cc dch v in nh tn gi m cn ym tr cc kiu lin kt gia ngi yu cu v ngi cung cp dch v. AFP (AppleTalk Filling Protocol) l giao thc cung cp dch v File v m nhn vic chuyn i c php d liu, bo v an ton d liu (tng t tng trnh by trong m hnh OSI).

8.4. MNG ARPANET

y l mng c thit lp ti M vo gia nhng nm 60 khi b quc phng M mun c mt mng dng ra lnh v kim sot m c kh nng sng cn cao trong trng hp c chin tranh ht nhn. Nhng mng s dng ng in thoi thng thng vo lc t ra khng an ton khi m mt ng dy hay mt tng i b ph hy cng c th dn n mi cuc ni chuyn hay lin lc thng qua n b gin on, vic cn i khi dn n ct ri lin lc. lm c iu ny khi b quc phng M a ra chng trnh ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) vi s tham gia ca nhiu trng i hc v cng ty di s qun l ca khi b quc phng M. Vo u nhng nm 1960 nhng tung ch yu ca chuyn mch gi c Paul Baran cng b v sau khi tham kho nhiu chuyn gia th chng trnh ARPA quyt nh mng tng lai ca khi b quc phng M s l mng chuyn mch gi v n bao gm mt mng lin kt v cc trm (host). Mng lin kt bao gm cc my tnh dng lin kt cc ng truyn d liu c gi l cc im trung chuyn thng tin (IMP - Interface Message Processor). Mt IMP s c lin kt vi t nht l hai IMP khc vi an ton cao, cc thng tin c chuyn trn mng lin kt di dng cc gi d liu tch ri, c ngha l khi c mt s ng v nt b ph hy th cc gi tin t ng c chuyn theo nhng ng khc. Mi nt mt my tnh ca h thng bao gm mt trm c c kt ni vi mt IMP trn mng, n gi thng tin ca mnh n IMP ri sau IMP s phn gi, ri ln lt gi cc gi tin theo nhng ng m n la chn n ch. Thng 10 nm 1968 ARPA quyt nh la chn hng BBN mt hng t vn ti Cambridge, Massachsetts lm tng thu. Lc BBN la chon my DDP-316 lm IMP, cc IMP c ni vi ng thu bao 56 Kbps t cc cng ty in thoi. Phn mm c chia lm hai phn: phn lin kt mng v phn cho nt, vi phn mm cho lin kt mng bao gm phn mm ti cc IMP u cui v cc IMP trung gian, cc giao thc lin kt IMP vi kh nng m bo an ton cao. Phn mm ti nt bao gm phn mm danh cho vic lin kt gia nt vi IMP, cc giao thc gia cc nt vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn d liu.

Hnh 9.4: Cu trc ban u ca mng ARPANET

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Vo thng 10 nm 1969 mng ARPANET bt u c a vo hot ng th nghim vi 4 nt l nhng trng i hc v trung tm nghin cu tham gia chnh vo d n, mng pht trin rt nhanh n thng 3 nm 1971 c 15 nt v thng 9 nm 1972 c ti 35 nt. Cc ci tin tip theo cho php nhiu trm c th lin kt vi mt IMP do vy s tit kim ti nguyn v mt trm c th lin kt vi nhiu IMP nhm trnh vic IMP h hng lm gin on lin lc. Cng vi vic pht trin cc nt ARPA cng dnh ngn khon cho pht trin cc mng truyn d liu dng k thut v tinh v dng k thut radio. iu cho php thit lp cc nt ti nhng im cc khong cch rt xa. V cc giao thc truyn thng th sau khi thy rng cc giao thc ca mnh khng chy c trn nhiu lin kt mng vo nm 1974 ARPA u t nghin cu h giao thc TCP/IP v da trn hp ng gia BBN v Trng i hc tng hp Berkeley - California cc nh nghin cu ca trng i hc vit rt nhiu phn mm, chng trnh qun tr trn c h iu hnh UNIX. Da trn cc phn mm mi v truyn thng trn c s TCP/IP cho php d dnh lin kt cc mng LAN vo mng ARPANET. Vo nm 1983 khi mng hot ng n ng th phn quc phng ca mng (gm khong 160 IMP vi 110 IMP ti nc M v 50 IMP nc ngoi, hng trm nt) c tch ra thnh mng MILNETv phn cn li vn tip tc hot ng nh l mt mng nghin cu. Trong nhng nm 1980 khi c nhiu mng LAN c ni vo ARPANET gim vic tm kim a ch trn mng ngi ta chia vng cc my tnh a tn cc my vo a ch IP v xy dng h qun tr c s phn tn cc tn cc trm ca mng H c s d liu gi l DNS (Domain Naming System) trong c chc mi thng tin lin quan n tn cc trm. Vo nm 1990 vi s pht trin ca nhiu mng khc m ARPANET l khi xng th ARPANET kt thc hot ng ca mnh, tuy nhin MILNET vn hot ng cho n ngy nay.

8.5. MNG NFSNET

Vo cui nhng nm 1970 khi Qu khoa hc quc gia Hoa k (NFS - The U.S. National Science Foundation) thy c s thu ht ca ARPANET trong nghin cu khoa hc m qua cc nh khoa hc c th chia s thng tin hay cng nhau nghin cu cc n. Tuy nhin vic s dng ARPANET cn thng qua b quc phng M vi nhiu hn ch v nhiu c s nghin cu khoa hc khng c kh nng . iu khin NFS thit lp mt mng o c tn l CSNET trong s dng cc my tnh ti cng ty BBN cho php cc nh nghin cu c th kt ni vo tip tc ni vi mng ARPANET hay gi th in t cho nhau. Vo nm 1984 NFS bt u nghin cu ti vic thit lp mt mng tc cao dnh cho cc nhm nghin cu khoa hc nhm thay th mng ARPANET, bc u NFS quyt nh xy dng c ng trc truyn s liu ni 6 my tnh ln (Supercomputer) ti 6 trung tm my tnh. Ti mi trung tm my tnh ln ti y c ni vi mt my mini loi LSI-11 v cc my mini c ni vi nhau bng ng thu bao 56 Kbps tng t nh k thut s dng mng ARPANET. ng thi NFS cng cung cp ngn khon cho khong 20 mng vng lin kt vi cc my tnh ln trn v qua ti cc my tnh ln khc. Ton b mng bao gm mng trc v cc mng vng c gi l NFSNET, mng NFS c c kt ni vi mng ARPANET. Mng NFS c pht trin rt nhanh, sau mt thi gian hot ng ng trc chnh c thay th bng ng cp quang 448 Kbps v cc my IBM RS6000 c s dng lm cng vic kt ni. n nm 1990 ng trc c nng ln n 1.5 Mbps. Vi vic pht trin rt nhanh v NFS thy rng chnh quyn khng c kh nng tip tc ti tr nhng do cc cng ty kinh doanh khng th s dng mng NFSNET (do bin cm theo lut) nn NFS ym tr cc cng ty MERIT, MCI, IBM thnh lp mt cng ty khng sinh li (nonprofit corporation) c tn l ANS (Advanced Networks and Services) nhm pht trin vic kinh doanh ha mng. ASN tip nhn mng NFSNET v bt u nng cp ng trc ln t 1.5 Mbps ln 45 Mbps thnh lp mng ANSNET. Vo nm 1995 khi cc cng ty cung cp dch v lin kt pht trin khp ni th mng trc ANSNET khng cn cn thit na v ANSNET c bn cho cng ty America Online. Hin nay cc mng vng ca NFS mua cc dch v truyn d liu lin kt vi nhau, mng NFS ang s dng dch v ca 4 mng truyn d liu l PacBell, Ameritech, MFS, Sprint m qua cc mng vng NFS c th la chn kt ni vi nhau.

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CHNG 9 : H IU HNH MNG WINDOWS NT SERVER

9.1. GII THIU V HOT NG CA WINDOWS NT SERVER

Khi khi ng Windows NT Server hp Begin logon s hin ra, server ch i chng ta bm Ctrl+Alt +Del c th tip tc hot ng. y c im khc vi cc h iu hnh DOS, Windows 95 l t hp Ctrl+Alt +Del khng phi l khi ng li my. Trong trng hp ny Windows NT loi b mi chng trnh Virus hay khng c php ang hot ng trc khi bc vo lm vic.

Hnh 10.4: Thng bo gia nhp mng Lc ny chng ta s thy hp Logon Information xut hin v yu cu chng ta phi nh ng tn v mt khu th mi c ng nhp vo Server. Nu l ngi dng mi th phi c ngi qun tr khai bo tn v mt khu trc khi ng nhp..

Hnh 10.5: Mn hnh gia nhp mng Cng ging nh mn hnh nn ca h iu hnh Windows 95 khi mun thc hin cc trnh, gi cc menu h thng chng ta dng nt Start cui mn hnh

Hnh 10.6: im khi u ca Windows Trc mun kt thc chng trnh v tt my chng ta phi bm phm Start ri chn ShutDown, mn hnh kt thc s hin ra cho chng ta la chon cng yu cu v tt hay khi ng li

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Hnh 10.7: Mn hnh thot khi Windows

9.2. H THNG QUN L CA MNG WINDOWS NT

Hu ht cc mng my tnh hin nay c thit k rt a dng v ang thc hin nhng ng dng trn nhiu lnh vc ca i sng x hi. iu c ngha l cc thng tin lu tr trn mng v cc thng tin truyn giao trn mng ngy cng mang nhiu gi tr c ngha sng cn. Do vy nhng ngi qun tr mng ngy cng phi quan tm n vic bo v cc ti nguyn ca mnh. Vic bo v an ton l qu trnh bo v mng khi b xm nhp hoc mt mt, khi thit k cc h iu hnh mng ngi ta phi xy dng mt h thng qun l nhiu tng v linh hot gip cho ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin nhng phng n v qun l t n gin mc thp cho n phc tp mc cao trong nhng mng c nhiu ngi tham gia. Thng qua nhng cng c qun tr c xy dng sn ngi qun tr c th xy dng nhng c ch v an ton ph hp vi c quan ca mnh. Thng thng h thng mng c nhng mc qun l chnh sau: - Mc qun l vic thm nhp mng (Login/Password): Mc qun l vic thm nhp mng (Login/Password) xc nh nhng ai v lc no c th vo mng. i vi ngi qun tr v ngi s dng mng, mc an ton ny dng nh kh n gin m theo mi ngi s dng (ngi s dng) c mt tn login v mt khu duy nht. - Mc qun l trong vic qun l s dng cc ti nguyn ca mng: Kim sot nhng ti nguyn no m ngi s dng c php truy cp, s dng v s dng nh th no. - Mc qun l vi th mc v file: Mc an ton ca file kim sot nhng file v th mc no ngi s dng c dng trn mng v c s dng mc no - Mc qun l vic iu khin File Server: Mc an ton trn my ch kim sot ai c th c thc hin cc thao tc trn my ch nh bt, tt, chy cc chng trnh khc Ngi ta cn c c ch nh mt khu bo v.

9.3. QUN L CC TI NGUYN TRONG MNG

Nh chng ta bit, mng LAN cung cp cc dch v theo hai cch: qua cch chia s ti nguyn theo nguyn tc ngang hng v thng qua nhng my ch trung tm. D bt c phng php no c s dng, vn cn phi gii quyt l l gip ngi s dng xc nh c cc ti nguyn c sn u c th s dng. Cc k thut sau y c s dng t chc ti nguyn mng my tnh: a. Qun l n l tng my ch (Stand-alone Services) Vi cch qun l ny trong mng LAN thng ch c mt vi my ch, mi my ch s qun l ti nguyn ca mnh, mi ngi s dng mun thm nhp nhng ti nguyn ca my ch no th phi khai bo v chu s qun l ca my ch . M hnh trn ph hp vi nhng mng nh vi t my ch v khi c trc trc trn mt my ch th ton mng vn hot ng. Cng v trong mng LAN ch c t my ch, do ngi s dng khng my kh khn tm cc tp tin, my in v cc ti nguyn khc ca mng (plotter, CDRom, modem...).

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Vic t chc nh vy khng cn nhng dch v qun l ti nguyn phc tp. Tuy nhin khi trong mng c t hai my ch tr ln vn tr nn phc tp hn v mi my ch ring l gi ring bng danh sch cc ngi s dng v ti nguyn ca mnh. Khi mi ngi s dng phi to lp v bo tr ti khon ca mnh hai my ch khc nhau mi c th ng nhp (logon) v truy xut n cc my ch ny. Ngoi ra vic xc nh v tr ca cc ti nguyn trong mng cng rt kh khn khi mng c qui m ln. b. Qun l theo dch v th mc (Directory Services) H thng cc dch v th mc cho php lm vic vi mng nh l mt h thng thng nht, ti nguyn mng c nhm li mt cch logic d tm hn. Gii php ny c th c dng cho nhng mng ln. y thay v phi ng nhp vo nhiu my ch, ngi s dng ch cn ng nhp vo mng v c cc dch v th mc cp quyn truy cp n ti nguyn mng, cho d c cung cp bi bt k my ch no. Ngi qun tr mng ch cn thc hin cng vic ca mnh ti mt trm trn mng mc d cc im nt ca n c th nm trn c th gii. H iu hnh Netware 4.x cung cp dch v ni ting v y u th cnh tranh ny vi tn gi Netware Directory Services (NDS). Gii php ny thch hp vi nhng mng ln. Cc thng tin ca NDS c t trong mt h thng c s d liu ng b, rng khp c gi l DIB (Data Information Base). C s d liu trn qun l cc d liu di dng cc i tng phn bit trn ton mng. Cc nh ngha i tng s c t trn cc tp tin ring ca mt s my ch c bit, mi i tng c cc tnh cht v gi tr ca mi tnh cht. i tng bao hm tt c nhng g c tn phn bit nh Ngi s dng, File server, Print server, group Mi loi i tng c nhng tnh cht khc nhau v d nh i tng Ngi s dng c tnh cht v nhm m ngi s dng thuc, cn nhm c cc tnh cht v ngi s dng m nhm cha. Vic thit lp cc dch v nh vy cn c lp k hoch, thit k rt cn thn, lin quan n tt c cc n v phng ban c lin quan. Loi mng ny c khuyt im l vic thit k, thit lp mng rt phc tp, mt nhiu thi gian nn khng thch hp cho cc mng nh. c. Qun l theo nhm (Workgroup) Cc nhm lm vic lm vic theo tng ngc li vi cc dch v th mc. Nhm lm vic da trn nguyn tc mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer network), cc ngi s dng chia s ti nguyn trn my tnh ca mnh vi nhng ngi khc, my no cng va l ch (server) va l khch (client). Ngi s dng c th cho php cc ngi s dng khc s dng tp tin, my in, modem... ca mnh, v n lt mnh c th s dng cc ti nguyn c cc ngi s dng khc chia s trn mng. Mi c nhn ngi s dng qun l vic chia s ti nguyn trn my ca mnh bng cch xc nh ci g s c chia s v ai s c quyn truy cp. Mng ny hot ng n gin: sau khi logon vo, ngi s dng c th duyt (browse) tm cc ti nguyn c sn trn mng. Workgroup l nhm logic cc my tnh v cc ti nguyn ca chng ni vi nhau trn mng m cc my tnh trong cng mt nhm c th cung cp ti nguyn cho nhau. Mi my tnh trong mt workgroup duy tr chnh sch bo mt v CSDL qun l ti khon bo mt SAM (Security Account Manager) ring mi my. Do qun tr workgroup bao gm vic qun tr CSDL ti khon bo mt trn mi my tnh mt cch ring l, mang tnh cc b, phn tn. iu ny r rng rt phin phc v c th khng th lm c i vi mt mng rt ln. Nhng workgroup cng c im l n gin, tin li v chia s ti nguyn hiu qu, do thch hp vi cc mng nh, gm cc nhm ngi s dng tng t nhau. Tuy nhin Workgroup da trn c s mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer), nn c hai tr ngi i vi cc mng ln nh sau: i vi mng ln, c qu nhiu ti nguyn c sn trn mng lm cho cc ngi s dng kh xc nh chng khai thc. Ngi s dng mun chia s ti nguyn thng s dng mt cch d hn chia s ti nguyn ch vi mt s hn ch ngi s dng khc. in hnh cho loi mng ny l Windws for Workgroups, LANtastic, LAN Manager... Window 95, Windows NT Workstation d. Qun l theo vng (Domain)

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Domain mn tng t th mc v nhm lm vic. Ging nh mt workgroup, domain c th c qun tr bng hn hp cc bin php qun l tp trung v a phng. Domain l mt tp hp cc my tnh dng chung mt nguyn tc bo mt v CSDL ti khon ngi dng (ngi s dng account). Nhng ti khon ngi dng v nguyn tc an ton c th c nhn thy khi thuc vo mt CSDL chung v c tp trung. Ging nh mt th mc, mt domain t chc ti nguyn ca mt vi my ch vo mt c cu qun tr. Ngi s dng c cp quyn logon vo domain ch khng phi vo tng my ch ring l. Ngoi ra, v domain iu khin ti nguyn ca mt s my ch, nn vic qun l cc ti khon ca ngi s dng c tp trung v do tr nn d dng hn l phi qun l mt mng vi nhiu my ch c lp. Cc my ch trong mt domain cung cp dch v cho cc ngi s dng. Mt ngi s dng khi logon vo domain th c th truy cp n tt c ti nguyn thuc domain m h c cp quyn truy cp. H c th d tm (browse) cc ti nguyn ca domain ging nh trong mt workgroup, nhng n an ton, bo mt hn. xy dng mng da trn domain, ta phi c t nht mt my Windows NT Server trn mng. Mt my tnh Windows NT c th thuc vo mt workgroup hoc mt domain, nhng khng th ng thi thuc c hai. M hnh domain c thit lp cho cc mng ln vi kh nng kt ni cc mng ton x nghip hay lin kt cc kt ni mng vi cc mng khc v nhng cng c cn thit iu hnh. Vic nhm nhng ngi s dng mng v ti nguyn trn mng thnh domain c li ch sau: M s ca ngi s dng c qun l tp trung mt ni trong mt c s d liu ca my ch, do vy qun l cht ch hn. Cc ngun ti nguyn cc b c nhm vo trong mt domain nn d khai thc hn. Qun l theo Workgroup v domain l hai m hnh m Windows NT la chn. S khc nhau cn bn gia Workgroup v domain l trong mt domain phi c t nht mt my ch (my ch) v ti nguyn ngi s dng phi c qun l bi my ch .

9.4. QUN L V KHAI THC FILE, TH MC TRONG MNG WINDOWS NT

Thng thng chng ta phi khai bo cc ti nguyn trc khi chng c ngi s dng khai thc. Ngoi ra ngi s dng cng c cung cp quyn s dng mt cch ph hp.

9.4.1. C ch an ton ca File v th mc trong Windows NT

Qu trnh truy cp tp tin (File hoc th mc) trong Windows NT: Vic truy xut tp tin (File hoc th mc) c qun l thng qua cc quyn truy cp (right), quyn s quyt nh ai c th truy xut v truy xut n tp tin vi mc gii hn no. Nhng Quyn l Read, Execute, Delete, Write, Set Permission, Take Ownership. Trong : Read (R): c c d liu, cc thuc tnh, ch quyn ca tp tin. Execute (X): c chy tp tin. Write (W): c php ghi hay thay i thuc tnh. Delete (D): c php xa tp tin. Set Permission (P): c php thay i quyn hn ca tp tin. Take Ownership (O): c t quyn ch s hu ca tp tin. Bng tm tt cc mc cho php Permission No Access R X W D P O

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Read Change Full Control Special Access

X X X ?

X X X ? X X ? X X ? X ? X ?

m bo an ton khi truy xut n tp tin (File v th mc), chng ta c th gn nhiu mc truy cp (permission) khc nhau n cc tp tin thng qua cc quyn c gn trn tp tin. C 5 mc truy cp c nh ngha trc lin quan n vic truy xut tp tin (File v th mc) l: No Access, Read, Change, FullControl, Special Access. Special Access c to bi ngi qun tr cho bt c vic chn t s kt hp ca R, X, W, D, P, O. Nhng ngi c quyn hn Full Control, P, O th h c quyn thay i vic gn cc quyn hn cho Special Access. Quyn s hu ca cc tp tin: Ngi to ra tp tin c th cho cc nhm khc hay ngi dng khc kh nng lm quyn s hu. Administrator lun c kh nng lm quyn s hu ca cc tp tin. Nu thnh vin ca nhm Administrator c quyn s hu mt tp tin th nhm nhng Aministrator tr thnh ch nhn. Nu ngi dng khng phi l thnh vin ca nhm Administrator c quyn s hu th ch ngi dng l ch nhn. Nhng ch nhn ca tp tin c quyn iu khin ca tp tin v c th lun lun thay i cc quyn hn. Trong File Manager, di Security Menu, sau khi xut hin hp thoi Owner, chng ta la chn tp tin, ch nhn hin thi v nhn nt Take Ownership, cho php lp quyn s hu nu c cp quyn . c quyn s hu mt tp tin chng ta cn mt trong nhng iu kin sau: C quyn Full Control. C nhng quyn Special Access bao gm Take Ownership. L thnh vin ca nhm Administrator.

9.4.2. Cc thuc tnh ca File v th mc

Archive: Thuc tnh ny c gn bi h iu hnh ch nh rng mt File c sa i t khi n c Backup. Cc phn mm Backup thng xa thuc tnh lu tr . Thuc tnh lu tr ny c th ch nh cc File c thay i khi thc thi vic Backup. Compress: Ch nh rng cc File hay cc th mc c nn hay nn c nn. Thng s ny ch c s dng trn cc partition loi NTFS. Hidden: Cc File v cc th mc c thuc tnh ny thng khng xut hin trong cc danh sch th mc. Read Only: Cc File v cc th mc c thuc tnh ny s khng th b xa hay sa i. System: Cc File thng c cho thuc tnh ny bi h iu hnh hay bi chng trnh OS setup. Thuc tnh ny t khi c sa i bi ngi qun tr mng hay bi cc User. Ngoi ra cc File h thng v cc th mc cn c c hai thuc tnh ch c v n. Lu : Vic gn thuc tnh nn cho cc File hay th mc m ta mun Windows NT nn s xy ra trong ch ngm (background). Vic nn ny lm gim vng khng gian i m File chim ch. C mt vi thao tc chu vic x l chm v cc File nn phi c gii nn trc khi s dng. Tuy nhin vic nn File thng xy ra thng xuyn nh l cc File d liu qu ln m c nhiu ngi dng chia s.

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9.4.3. Chia s Th mc trn mng

Khng c mt ngi s dng no c th truy xut cc File hay th mc trn mng bng cch ng nhp vo mng khi khng c mt th mc no c chia se. Vic chia s ny s lm vic vi bng FAT v NTFS file system. nng cao kh nng an ton cho vic chia s, chng ta cn phi gn cc mc truy cp cho File v Th mc. Khi chng ta chia s mt th mc, th chng ta s chia s tt c cc File v cc Th mc con. Nu cn thit phi hn ch vic truy xut ti mt phn ca cy th mc, chng ta phi s dng vic cp cc quyn cho mt user hay mt nhm i vi cc Th mc v cc File . chia s mt Th mc, ta phi Login nh mt thnh vin ca nhm qun tr mng hay nhm iu hnh server. Tt c cc th tc chia s th mc c thc thi trong Windows NT Explorer. chia s mt th mc ta phi thc hin cc bc sau: Right-click ln Th mc trong Windows NT Explorer. Hin ra menu

Click Properties trong Menu. Hin ra hp i thoi sau:

Chn Sharing tab hin ra hp i thoi sau: Chn Shared As kch hot vic chia s. a mt tn cn chia s vo hp Share name. Mc nhin tn Th mc c chn s hin ra. a dng ghi ch lin quan n vic chia s th mc vo hp Comment Thit lp gii hn s lng cc user bng cch g mt con s vo hp Allow Nu mun hn ch vic truy xut th click Permissions button. Click OK. Sau khi mt th mc c chia s Icon cho th mc c 1 bn tay ch nh rng th mc c chia s.

9.4.4. Thit lp quyn truy cp cho mt ngi s dng hay mt nhm

thit lp cc quyn truy cp i vi mt th mc c chia s cho mt ngi s dng hay mt nhm ta thc hin:

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Right-click ln th mc trong Windows NT Explorer. Click Properties trong menu rt gn. Chn Sharing tab hin cc tnh cht ca th mc Click button Permissions trong sharing tab . Hin ra Ca s The Access Through Share Permissions. Chn button Add, hin ra ca s Add User and group.

Chn mt tn trong hp Names v click button Add. Kt qu l tn c a vo hp Add Names. Chn quyn truy xut trong hp Type of Access cho cc tn chn . Click button OK. Khi chng ta to mt s chia s mi, quyn truy cp mc nhin cho nhm Everyone l y (Full Control). Gi s rng chng ta s gn gi tr mc nhin ny cho quyn truy cp ca th mc v File. Khi cn thit s hn ch vic truy xut ti th mc . y c mt vi ch : Cc ngi s dng thng ch c quyn c trong cc th mc cha cc chng trnh ng dng v h khng cn phi sa i cc File. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc chng trnh ng dng i hi cc user chia s mt th mc cho cc File tm thi. Nu th mc nm trong cng th mc cha trnh ng dng, chng ta c th cho php user to hay xa cc File trong th mc bng vic gn quyn Change. Thng thng cc ngi s dng cn quyn Change trong bt k th mc no cha cc Files d liu v ch trong cc th mc c nhn ca ho l c y cc quyn truy cp. sa i cc quyn truy cp i vi mt th mc c chia s ta thc hin:

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Right-click ln th mc c chia s trong Windows NT Explorer. Click Properties Click Sharing tab. Click button Permissions hin ra ca s Access Through Share Permissions sau:

Chn 1 tn trong hp Name Chn mt quyn khc trong hp Type of Access m ta mun gn. Click OK. Thng qua vic chia s mt th mc cho mt user hay mt nhm cng gp phn vo vic bo m an ton cho mt th mc khng cho user khc hay nhm khc truy xut th mc .

9.4.5. S dng cc th mc mng

Mun s dng cc th mc mng th trc ht th mc c cho php chia s, chng ta phi lin kt th mc mng vi tn mt ch ci tng ng nh mt tn a mng (E,F ,G ,H I,...). Sau khi th mc c chia s kt ni vi k t i mng ngi dng c th truy cp th mc c chia s, cc th mc v file con ca n nh l n ang trn my tnh ca mnh . C th dng Network Neighborhood thc hin cng vic trn nh sau : Click p trn Network Neighborhood m trnh duyt mng.

Duyt qua Network Neighborhood tm ni mun lin kt. Click phi vo th mc c chia s m chng ta mun truy cp v chn Map Network Drive trong thc n Options ta thy hp Map Network Drive hin ra

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Trong trng Drive ca hp thoi Map Network Drive, chn i mng chng mun lin kt vi th mc chia s. Nu thy cn, chn Path v g vo tn theo tng qut UNC (Universal Naming Convention xem cu trc phn di) sa li ng dn ti ti nguyn c chia s. (Vic ny ch thc hin khi s dng Network Neighborhood.) Nu chng ta khng c quyn truy cp vo ti nguyn chia s trn nhng trong cng v ngi dng khc th chng ta c quyn truy cp, trong trng hp hy g tn ngi dng vo trng Connect As. Kch hot hp kim tra Reconnect at Logon nu mun lin kt lu di, l loi kt ni c phc hi mi ln ch ta ng nhp vo mng. Chn OK lu cc thng tin trn. Ngoi ra ta c th dng lnh NET USE thc hin cc cng vic trn. Lnh NET USE dng Universal Naming Convention (UNC) truy cp cc ti nguyn dng chung. Tn UNC bt u bng mt du phn cch t bit \\, du ny ch s bt u ca tn UNC (tn UNC c dng "\\computer_name\share_name[\sub_directory]". NET USE c dng truy cp mt ngun ti nguyn dng chung. Lnh NET USE dng b hng dn mng (Network Redirector) trn my tnh NT thit lp s ni kt dng ngun ti nguyn chung. Chng ta c th xem ai dng cc file dng chung khi ta ang xem trng thi ca mt file dng chung, File Manager s cung cp cho ta cc thng tin bng dng chn Properties trong thc n File mc Total Opens Total Locks Open By For Locks File ID Ni dung Tng s cc user ang lm vic vi file Tng s cc kha trn file Tn ca ngi dng m file Loi truy xut m ngi dng m file Mt s kha m ngi dng t trn file Con s nhn din ca file

Khi chng ta dng Windows Explorer xem cc ti nguyn chng ta c th cc a mng xut hin v cho chng ta khai thc.

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9.5. S DNG MY IN TRONG MNG WINDOWS NT

Hin nay my in trn mng cng l mt ti nguyn vic chia s ca mng cho ngi s dng. Tuy cc my in ang ngy cng r i nhng vi nhu cu v cht lng ang ngy mt cao th vic chia s cc my in t tin trn mng vn ang cn thit. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh mng m bt k my tnh Windows NT no cng c th cung cp cc dch v in n cho ngi s dng trong mng. Khi chia s mt my in trn mng (cho nhiu ngi c th cng s dng) chng ta cn phi gii quyt nhng vn sau : My in khng lm c 2 vic mt lc, nu phi nhn cng mt lc th s c va chm, do vy mng phi c c ch sp xp cng vic sao cho my in c th thc hin mt cch ln lt cc cng vic in. Cc cng vic in c thc hin bi nhng ngi s dng khc nhau c th cn nhng mc u tin khc nhau v h thng quan l in cn c kh nng thc hin iu ny. 9.5.1. C ch in trong mng Windows NT Thng thng my in mng c qun l thng qua mt my ch m trn thc hin nhim v qun l cc cng vic in, my ch thng c gi l my ch in (Print server) v chy chng trnh qun l in. Windows NT cho php ci t my in ti bt c u trn mng, mi mt my c ci t Windows NT u c th thc hin nhim v my ch in. N c th qun l my in gn trc tip vo n hay mt my in gn vo my khc trn mng. gii quyt vn ny sinh vi my in trong mng Windows NT tin hnh phn bit gia my in vt l gi l Printing device v mt thc th logic ca my in gi l logic printer. My in logic c s dng kim sot cc tc v sau y : Cng vic in c gi i u. Cng vic in n gi i khi no. Th t u tin ca cc tc v in. Ngi s dng my in logic nh l my in ang c gn l my ca h nhng thc s cc d liu c in ra my in logic c chuyn cho mng v qua n my ch in trc khi c a ra my in mng.

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Hnh 14.1: My ch in v spool My ch in s lin kt cc my in logic vi my in vt l, n phi m bo cc cng vic in phi c a ng n my in vt l. Ti y c 3 trng hp c th i vi mi quan h gia my in logic v my in vt l Mt my in logic lin kt vi mt my in vt l. Nhiu my in logic lin kt vi mt my in vt l. Mt my in logic lin kt vi nhiu my in vt l.

Hnh 14.2: Lin kt gia my in Logic v my in vt l Nu Server cha ci t my in logic, ta phi ci t my in logic tng ng vi mt my in thc t cho Server. Vo menu Start, chn Settings, chn Printers, chn Add Printer nh:

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Hp sau hp hi thoi Add printer winzar hin ra

Chn My Computer nu my in ca chng ta khng c card mng v c ni trc tip vo Server. Chn Network printer server nu my in ca chng ta ni trc tip vo mng. Chn Next, chn cng ni vi my in (thng l LPT1). Chn tn hng sn xut v loi my in ta ang dng, chn Next, ta phi tr li thm vi cu hi ph nh ta c mun in trang test khng? C mun t my in ny l ngm nh khng? Sau khi ci t, chng ta s thy xut hin thm biu tng my in m va c ci t trong khung my in. Chng ta phi cho php dng chung my in nybng cch la chn my in Trong khung Printers

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Ta nhp chut phi vo tn my in , chn Sharing nh hnh sau:

Khung Printer properties hin ra cho chng ta nhp cc thng s nh: tn my in logic (Share namem), cc tnh cht khc nh v an ton m chng ta mun khi phc v mng.

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Cui cng chn OK, lc ny, ta s thy di biu tng my in c bn tay chng t my in ny c php dng chung. Nu trn Server ci t nhiu loi my in vi nhiu ch khc nhau, ta c th chn my in ngm nh bng cch nh du vo mc Set As Default. my trm c th in c qua Server, nu cha ci t chng ta phi ci my in nh sau: nhp p vo tn Server c ni vi my in, khung Shared Printers s hin ra danh sch cc my in ci trn Server, chng ta chn tn my in cn ni ri bm OK. Quay tr li khung mn hnh Print Manager chng ta nhn thy thng bo my in ny c php s dng. Thot ra khi Print Manager v chng ta c th in qua my in mng trn bt c mt phn mm no trn Windows nh Winword, Excel, v.v...

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PHN II : INTERNET V CC DCH V PH BIN

CHNG 10 : INTERNET
Cng vi s pht trin ca NFSNET v ARPANET nht l khi giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh giao thc chnh thc duy nht trn cc mng trn th s lng cc mng, nt mun tham gia kt ni vo hai mng trn tng ln rt nhanh. Rt nhiu cc mng vng c kt ni vi nhau v cn lin kt vi cc mng Canada, chu u Vo khong gia nhng nm 1980 ngi ta bt u thy c s hnh thnh ca mt h thng lin mng ln m sau ny c gi l Internet. S pht trin ca Internet c tnh theo cp s nhn, nu nh nm 1990 c khong 200.000 my tnh vi 3.000 mng con th nm 1992 c khong 1.000.000 my tnh c kt ni, n nm 1995 c hng trm mng cp vng, chc ngn mng con v nhiu triu my tnh. Rt nhiu mng ln ang hot ng cng c kt ni vo Internet nh cc mng SPAN, NASA network, HEPNET, BITNET, IBM network, EARN Vic lin kt cc mng c thc hin thng qua rt nhiu ng ni c tc rt cao. Hin nay mt my tnh c gi l thnh vin ca Internet nu my tnh c giao thc truyn d liu TCP/IP, c mt a ch IP trn mng v n c th gi cc gi tin IP n tt c cc my tnh khc trn mng Internet. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp thng qua mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ngi s dng kt ni my ca mnh vi my ch ca nh phc v v c cung cp mt a ch tm thi trc khi khai thc cc ti nguyn ca Internet. My tnh ca ngi c th gi cc gi tin cho cc my khc bng a ch tm thi v a ch s tr li cho nh cung cp khi kt thc lin lc. V my tnh ca ngi s dng trong thi gian lin kt vi Internet cng c mt a ch IP nn ngi ta vn coi my tnh l thnh vin ca Internet. Vo nm 1992 cng ng Internet ra i nhm thc y s pht trin ca Internet v iu hnh n. Hin nay Internet c 5 dch v chnh: Th in t (Email): y l dch v c t khi mng ARPANET mi c thit lp, n cho php gi v nhn th in t cho mi thnh vin khc trong mng. Thng tin mi (News): Cc vn thi s c chuyn thnh cc din n cho php mi ngi quan tm c th trao i cc thng tin cho nhau, hin nay hin nay c hng nghn di n v mi mt trn Internet. ng nhp t xa (Remote Login): Bng cc chng trnh nh Telnet, Rlogin ngi s dng c th t mt trm ca Internet ng nhp (logon) vo mt trm khc nu nh ngi c ng k trn my tnh kia. Chuyn file (File transfer): Bng chng trnh FTP ngi s dng c th chp cc file t mt my tnh trn mng Internet ti mt my tnh khc. Ngi ta c th chp nhiu phn mm, c s d liu, bi bo bng cch trn. Dch v WWW (World Wide Web): WWW l mt dch v c bit cung cp thng tin t xa trn mng Internet. Cc tp tin siu vn bn c lu tr trn my ch s cung cp cc thng tin v dn ng trn mng cho php ngi s dng d dng Truy cp cc tp tin vn bn, ha, m thanh.

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Hnh 9.5: V d mt trang Web cho php d dng khai thc cc trang Web khc Ngi s dng nhn c thng tin di dng cc trang vn bn, mt trang l mt n th nm trong my chu. y l dch v ang mang li sc thu ht to ln cho mng Internet, chng ta c th xy dng cc trang Web bng ngn ng HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) vi nhiu dng phong ph nh vn bn, hnh v, video, ting ni v c th c cc kt ni vi cc trang Web khc. Khi cc trang c t trn cc my ch Web th thng qua Internet ngi ta c th xem c s th hin ca cc trang Web trn v c th xem cc trang web khc m n ch n. Cc phn mm thng dng c s dng hin nay xy dng v duyt cc trang Web l Mosaic, Navigator ca Netscape, Internet Explorer ca Microsoft, Web Access ca Novell.

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CHNG 11: CC DCH V PH BIN

Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu dch v dnh cho vic chuyn thng tin t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc nhm lin kt cc mng LAN ca cc khu vc khc nhau li. c c nhng lin kt nh vy ngi ta thng s dng cc dch v ca cc mng din rng. Hin nay trong khi giao thc truyn thng c bn ca LAN l Ethernet, Token Ring th giao thc dng tng ni cc LAN thng thng da trn chun TCP/IP. Windows NT cho php dng giao thc Windows NT TCP/IP, vn l mt giao thc c s dng rt ph bin trn hu ht cc mng din rng v trn Internet. Giao thc TCP/IP dng tt cho nhiu dch v mng trn mi trng Windows NT.

11.1. INTERNET INFORMATION SERVER (IIS)

Internet Information Server l mt ng dng chy trn Windows NT, tch hp cht vi Windows NT, khi ci t IIS, IIS c a thm vo tin ch mn hnh kim sot (Performance monitor) mt s mc nh thng k s lng truy cp, s trang truy cp. Vic kim tra ngi dng truy cp cng da trn c ch qun l ngi s dng ca Windows NT. Sau khi ci t IIS, trong th mc InetSrv s c cc th mc gc tng ng cho tng dch v chn ci t. IIS bao gm 3 dch v: World Wide Web (WWW), chuyn file (FTP - File Transfer Protocol) v Gopher. C 3 dch v ny u s dng kt ni theo giao thc TCP/IP. a. Ci t dch v Internet Information Server Khi ci t h iu hnh Windows NT n phn mng Windows NT s hi chng ta xem c ci t dch v Internet Information Server hay khng vi hp hi thoi

Hnh 11.1: Mn hnh ci t ca IIS thc hin vic ci t chng ta Click vo phm Next v H thng s bt u ci t cc dch v Internet Information Server. b. Cc dch v trong IIS b.1. WWW (World Wide Web) :

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L mt trong nhng dch v chnh trn Internet cho php ngi s dng xem thng tin mt cch d dng, sinh ng. D liu chuyn gia Web Server v Web Client thng qua nghi thc HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Ngi qun tr c th xem cc thng tin nh cc ngi dng truy cp, cc trang c truy cp, cc yu cu c chp nhn, cc yu cu b t chi thng qua cc file c th c lu di dng c s d liu. b.2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) S dng giao thc TCP chuyn file gia 2 my v cng hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server, khi nhn c yu cu t client, u tin FTP Server s kim tra tnh hp l ca ngi dng thng qua tn v mt m. Nu hp l, FTP Server s kim tra quyn ngi dng trn tp tin hay th mc c xc nh trn FTP Server. Nu hp l v h thng file l NTFS th s c thm kim tra mc th mc, tp tin theo NTFS. Sau khi tt c hp l, ngi dng s c quyn tng ng trn tp tin, th mc . s dng FTP c nhiu cch: S dng Web Browser. S dng Command line. S dng t <Run> command trong Windows. b.3. Gopher L mt dch v s dng giao din menu Gopher Client tm v chuyn bt k thng tin no m Gopher Server c cu hnh. Gopher cng s dng kt ni theo giao thc TCP/IP.

11.2. DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL (DHCP) :

Trong mt mng my tnh, vic cp cc a ch IP tnh c nh cho cc host s dn n tnh trng lng ph a ch IP, v trong cng mt lc khng phi cc host hot ng ng thi vi nhau, do vy s c mt s a ch IP b tha. khc phc tnh trng , dch v DHCP a ra cp pht cc a ch IP ng trong mng. Trong mng my tnh NT khi mt my pht ra yu cu v cc thng tin ca TCPIP th gi l DHCP client, cn cc my cung cp thng tin ca TCPIP gi l DHCP server. Cc my DHCP server bt buc phi l Windows NT server. Cch cp pht a ch IP trong DHCP: Mt user khi log on vo mng, n cn xin cp 1 a ch IP, theo 4 bc sau : Gi thng bo n tt c cc DHCP server yu cu c cp a ch. Tt c cc DHCP server gi tr li a ch s cp n cho user . User chn 1 a ch trong s cc a ch, gi thng bo n server c a ch c chn. Server c chn gi thng bo khng nh n user m n cp a ch. Qun tr cc a ch IP ca DHCP server: Server qun tr a ch thng qua thi gian thu bao a ch (lease duration). C ba phng php gn a ch IP cho cc Worstation : Gn th cng. Gn t ng. Gn ng . Trong phng php gn a ch IP th cng th a ch IP ca DHCP client c gn th cng bi ngi qun l mng ti DHCP server v DHCP c s dng chuyn ti DHCP client gi tr a ch IP m c nh bi ngi qun tr mng Trong phng php gn a ch IP t ng DHCP client c gn a ch IP khi ln u tin n ni vo mng. a ch IP c gn bng phng php ny s c gn vnh vin cho DHCP client v a ch ny s khng bao gi uc s dng bi mt DHCP client khc Trong phng php gn a ch IP ng th DHCP server gn a ch IP cho DHCP client tm thi. Sau a ch IP ny s c DHCP client s dng trong mt thi gian c bit. n khi thi gian ny ht hn th a ch IP ny s b xa mt. Sau nu DHCP client cn ni kt vo mng th n s c cp mt a ch IP khc

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Phng php gn a ch IP ng ny c bit hu hiu i vi nhng DHCP client ch cn a ch IP tm thi kt ni vo mng. V d mt tnh hung trn mng c 300 users v s dng subnet l lp C. iu ny cho php trn mng c 253 nodes trn mng. Bi v mi computer ni kt vo mng s dng TCP/IP cn c mt a ch IP duy nht do tt c 300 computer khng th ng thi ni kt vo mng. V vy nu ta s dng phng php ny ta c th s dng li nhng IP m c gii phng t cc DHCP client khc. Ci t DHCP ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Login vo Server vi tn Administrator . Click hai ln vo icon Network . Ta s thy hp hi thoi Network dialog box

Hnh 15.2: Mn hnh ci t ca DHCP Chn tab service v click vo nt Add . Ta s thy mt lot cc service ca Windows NT server nm trong hp hi thoi Select Network Service. Chn Microsoft DHCP server t danh sch cc service c lit k pha di v nhn OK v thc hin cc yu cu tip theo ca Windows NT. cp nht v khai thc DHCP server chng ta chn mc DHCP manager trong Netwrok Administrator Tools.

11.3. DCH V DOMAIN NAME SERVICE (DNS)

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Hin nay trong mng Internet s lng cc nt (host) ln ti hng triu nn chng ta khng th nh ht a ch IP c, Mi host ngoi a ch IP cn c mt ci tn phn bit, DNS l 1 c s d liu phn tn cung cp nh x t tn host n a ch IP. Khi a ra 1 tn host, DNS server s tr v a ch IP hay 1 s thng tin ca host . iu ny cho php ngi qun l mng d dng trong vic chn tn cho host ca mnh

DNS server c dng trong cc trng hp sau : Chng ta mun c 1 tn domain ring trn Interner c th to, tch ri cc domain con bn trong n. Chng ta cn 1 dch v DNS iu khin cc b nhm tng tnh linh hot cho domain cc b ca bn. Chng ta cn mt bc tng la bo v khng cho ngi ngoi thm nhp vo h thng mng ni b ca mnh C th qun l trc tip bng cc trnh son tho text to v sa i cc file hoc dng DNS manager to v qun l cc i tng ca DNS nh: Servers, Zone, Cc mu tin, cc Domains, Tch hp vi Win, Ci t DNS ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Login vo Server vi tn Administrator. Click hai ln vo icon Network. Ta s thy hp hi thoi Network dialog box tng t nh trn v la chn Microsoft DNS Server. cp nht v khai thc DNS server chng ta chn mc DNS manager trong Netwrok Administrator Tools. Hp hi thoi sau y s hin ra

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Hnh 15.3: Mn hnh DNS Manager Mi mt tp hp thng tin cha trong DNS database c coi nh l Resourse record. Nhng Resourse record cn thit s c lit k di y: Tn Record A (Address) M t Dn ng mt tn host computer hay tn ca mt thit b mng khc trn mng ti mt a ch IP trong DNS zone To mt tn Alias cho tn mt host computer trn mng nh ngha mt s trao i mail cho host computer (name nh ngha tn server DNS cho DNS domain

CNAME () MX () NS server)

PTR (Pointer)

Dn ng mt a ch IP n tn host trong DNS server zone

SOA (Start of Hin th rng tn server DNS ny th cha nhng thng tin tt nht authority)

11.4. REMOTE ACCESS SERVICE (RAS)

Ngoi nhng lin kt ti ch vi mng cc b (LAN) cc ni kt t xa vo mng LAN hin ang l nhng yu cu cn thit ca ngi s dng. Vic lin kt cho php mt my t xa nh ca mt ngi s dng ti nh c th qua ng dy in thoi thm nhp vo mt mng LAN v s dng ti nguyn ca n. Cch thng dng nht hin nay l dng modem c th truyn trn ng dy in thoi. Windows NT cung cp Dch v Remote access Service cho php cc my trm c th ni vi ti nguyn ca Windows NT server thng qua ng dy in thoi. RAS cho php truyn ni vi cc server, iu hnh cc user v cc server, thc hin cc chng trnh khai thc s liu, thit lp s an ton trn mng .

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My trm c th c ni vi server c dch v RAS thng qua modem hoc pull modem, cable null modem (RS232) hoc X.25 network Khi ci t dch v RAS, cn phi m bo quyn truy nhp t xa cho ngi s dng bng tin ch remote access amind gn quyn hoc c th ng k ngi s dng remote access server. RAS cng c c ch m bo an ton cho ti nguyn bng cch kim sot cc yu t sau: quyn s dng, kim tra m s, xc nhn ngi s dng, ng k s dng ti nguyn v xc nhn quyn gi li.

Hnh 15.4: M hnh truy cp t xa bng dch v RAS ci t RAS chng ta la chn yu cu hp Windows NT server setup hin ra lc ci t h iu hnh Windows NT.

Vi RAS tt c cc ng dng u thc hin trn my t xa, thay v kt ni vi mng thng qua card mng v ng dy mng th my xa s lin kt qua modem ti mt RAS Server. Tt c d liu cn thit c truyn qua ng in thoi, mc d tc truyn qua modem chm hn so vi qua card mng nhng vi nhng tc v ca LAN khng phi bao gi d liu cng truyn nhiu. Vi nhng kh nng to ln ca mnh trong cc dch v mng, h iu hnh Windows NT l mt trong nhng h iu hnh mng tt nht hin nay. H iu hnh Windows NT va cho php giao lu gia cc my trong mng, va cho php truy nhp t xa, cho php truyn file, va p ng cho mng cc b (LAN) va p ng cho mng din rng (WAN) nh Intranet, Internet. Vi nhng kh nng nh vy hin nay h iu hnh Windows NT c nhng v tr vng chc trong vic cung cp cc gii php mng trn th gii.

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MC LC
PHN 1 : TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH..............................................................................................3 CHNG 1 : CC KHI NIM C BN V MNG MY TNH.............................................................3 CHNG 2 : NG DNG CA MNG MY TNH...................................................................................4 CHNG 3: CC THNH PHN C BN TRONG MNG MY TNH.................................................6 CHNG 4 : GII THIU MT S THUT NG V MNG................................................................12 CHNG 5 : CC M HNH TRUYN THNG........................................................................................14 CHNG 6 : CC THIT B LIN KT MNG.........................................................................................22 CHNG 7 : GIAO THC TCP/IP................................................................................................................30 CHNG 8 : MT S H THNG MNG.................................................................................................40 CHNG 9 : H IU HNH MNG WINDOWS NT SERVER ............................................................47 PHN II : INTERNET V CC DCH V PH BIN ...................................................................................61 CHNG 10 : INTERNET..............................................................................................................................61 CHNG 11: CC DCH V PH BIN...................................................................................................63

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