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Bai giang

FHONG FHAF FHAN T H HAN


c _ 1rinh /nh 'goc
I9ZOO9
i
Moc dcb
Sinh vien nam duoc noi dung cua phuong phap phan tu huu han
(l1HH).
Sinh vien liet ap dung phuong phap l1HH de giai so cac lai toan xuat
hien trong khoa hoc va ky thuat, dac liet, trong co hoc va vat ly.
Sinh vien co the tu doc cac sach, lai lao ve l1HH.
Noi dong
I. Cioi thieu
Z. Ly thuyet co lan
J. l1HH trong co hoc
Tai Iico doc tbcm
T.A. Ngoc, H. Ma.'a' 'an .|/ Ju, ZOO9.
kao S.S., T|e J|n|.e e'emen. me.|J |n en|neer|n, lergamon lress, I9o9.
Strang G., Fix G.)., ^n ana'ys|s J .|e J|n|.e e'emen. me.|J, lrentice-Hall, Inc.,
Lnglewood Cliffs, '.|., I97J.
Cap nhat: 9ZOII
ii
Tan |. '|n p|a| 'a Ba |an,
Tan |. 'a !an |au, !u+| p|u. tu .ua .a. '|a |.
(Ma.|ema.|.s |s a sertan., 'u. n. a queen).
'hu tat ca chung ta deu liet, hau het cac ly thuyet toan deu co nguon
goc tu co hoc va vat ly, dong luc phat trien cua no (cac ly thuyet toan) la ap
dung vao (phuc vu cho) cac nganh khoa hoc co the rat xa toan hoc. \iec
hoc toan, lam toan, v the, khong the tach roi cac nganh khoa hoc ma toan
hoc huong toi. 1rong tai lieu nay hau het cac thi du duoc trnh lay lay tu
nguon cac lai toan xuat hien trong co hoc va vat ly. Lieu nay lan dau co
the lam nan long cac lan sinh vien chon cac huong giai tich, dai so, . . . ;
tuy nhien, voi viec tm hieu them cac ly thuyet co hoc, vat ly tuong ung, viec
hoc toan se tro nen thuan loi hon, va nhat la kien thuc toan cua nguoi hoc
se tro nen toan dien hon.
Tr(n| ^n| !.
ang ky bico
nn so nut
ne so phan tu
x
(e)
i
nut thu i (thu tu dia phuong) cua phan tu e
x
i
nut thu i (thu tu toan cuc)
LA ma tran lap ghep
COORD ma tran toa do
[x
(e)
1
, x
(e)
2
] phan tu e
u
e
= u
e
1
, u
e
2

T
vecto chuyen dich nut phan tu e
u = u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
nn

T
vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
[N
e
] ma tran ham dang cua phan tu e
[N] ma tran ham dang toan cuc
[K
e
] ma tran do cung cua phan tu e
[K] ma tran do cung toan cuc
[M
e
] ma tran khoi luong cua phan tu e
[M] ma tran khoi luong toan cuc
p
e
vecto tai phan tu e
p vecto tai toan cuc
iii
iv
Cboong 1
Gioi tbico
1.1 Dan nbap
Fboong pbap FTHH la mot phuong phap giai so tm nghiem xap xi
cua cac phuong trnh dao ham rieng xuat hien trong khoa hoc va ky
thuat. Khac voi phuong phap sai phan huu han, xap xi truc tiep phuong
trnh dao ham rieng (xap xi dao ham), phuong phap phan tu huu han
dung cong thuc lien phan cua lai toan lien (dang tich phan cua lai
toan). 1rong phuong phap l1HH Mien cua lai toan (mien xac dinh
cua phuong trnh dao ham rieng) duoc phan hoach thanh cac mien con
goi la phan tu huu han, va nghiem cua phuong trnh dao ham rieng
duoc xap xi lang cac da thuc don gian tren moi phan tu.
kicn tboc can bict: 1oan hoc cao cap (giai tich, dai so tuyen tinh),
phuong trnh vat ly toan, co hoc ket cau
I)
.
Fboong ticn tnb toan: phan mem Matlal
Z)
.
t|cb so coa FTHH
Cong thuc l1HH dau tien duoc phat trien nhu la phuong phap ma
tran cua co hoc ket cau.
Courant (I9+J) dua ra he gom cac phan tu tam giac (triangular ele-
ments) lap ghep voi nhau va cuc tieu the nang (potential energy) de
I)
Hai mon hoc cuoi khong lat luoc phai hoc truoc, sinh vien co the tham khao them khi
can.
Z)
Sinh vien khong yeu cau phai liet ve Matlal, cach su dung Matlal se duoc gioi thieu
dan trong giao trnh.
I
Z CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
giai xap xi lai toan xoan (cf. R. Courant, \ariational methods for the
solution of prollems of equililrium and vilrations, Bulletin of /merican
Mathematical Society, +9, I-ZJ,(I9+J)).
Clough de nghi ten goi phan tu huu han (cf. M.|. 1urner, R.W.
Clough, H.C. Martin and L.|. 1opp, Stiffness and deflection analysis of
complex stuctures, |ournal of /eronautical Sciences, ZJ, oO5-oZ+ (I95o)).
lhat trien lan dau cua phuong phap duoc thuc hien loi cac ky su
trong lanh vuc co hoc ket cau; ve sau co so toan hoc duoc thiet lap cho
l1HH, tu do mo rong ap dung l1HH cho cac lanh vuc khac.
1.2 Fbcp tnb bicn pban
Le don gian ta xet truong hop ham mot lien.
Cho phiem ham (functional) F(x, u, u

) voi u = u(x) va u

= du/dx.
B|en p|an (variation) cua u, ky hieu u, la mot ham lieu dien lien
thien cua u
u + u
tuong tu nhu so gia x lieu dien lien thien cua x
x + x.
'eu u duoc cho truoc tai mot diem (thuong la dieu kien lien) th lien
phan cua u phai lang khong tai do, thi du
u(x
0
) = u
0
u(x
0
) = 0.
\ lien phan u triet tieu tai cac diem duoc cho truoc, nhung lay gia tri tuy
y tai cac diem khac nen u con duoc goi la '|en .||en a.
1uong tu nhu phep tinh vi phan cua ham nhieu lien, lien phan cap
mot cua phiem ham F tai u duoc dinh nghIa la
F = lim
0
F(x, u + u, u

+ u

) F(x, u, u

. (I.I)
Dung cong thuc vi phan toan phan cho F(x, u+v, u

+v

) tai (x, u, u

) voi
x co dinh,
F(x, u + u, u

+ u

) F(x, u, u

)
F
u
u +
F
u

,
l.2. IHLI Tl!H BlL! IH^! J
ta co
F =
F
u
u +
F
u

. (I.Z)
Chu y su tuong tu giua lien phan cap mot voi vi phan toan phan cua ham F
dF =
F
x
dx +
F
u
u +
F
u

.
\oi phep tinh lien phan x khong thay doi khi u lien thien thanh u + u
nen dx = 0 va su tuong tu giua F va dF tro nen ro rang. 'ghIa la, .an .u
'|en p|an .a. 1n n|u .an .u t| p|an 1| t+| .a. '|en p|u .|u..
1a co cac cong thuc sau:
I. (F G) = F G.
Z. (FG) = FG+ FG.
J.
_
F
G
_
=
FGFG
G
2
.
+. (F)
n
= nF
n1
F.
5.
d
dx
(u) =
_
du
dx
_
.
o.
_
b
a
u(x)dx =
_
b
a
u(x)dx.
Tb do 1.1. lhiem ham nang luong cua dam chiu uon:
I(w) =
_
l
0
_
b
2
_
d
2
w
dx
2
_
2
+ wf
_
dx
dw
dx
(l)M
0
+ CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
Su dung cac cong thuc tren ta co
I(w) =
_
l
0
_
b
d
2
w
dx
2
d
2
w
dx
2
+ wf
_
dx
dw
dx
(l)M
0
.

Nban xct 1.1. 1rong co hoc moi truong lien tuc, ta co hai khai niem quan
trong: .|uyen J(.| '|a J| va .|uyen J(.| a. Boi dinh nghIa, chuyen dich kha dI
la chuyen dich lat ky thoa dieu kien lien dong hoc, chuyen dich ao la hieu
cua hai chuyen dich kha dI. 'hu vay chuyen dich ao thoa dieu kien lien
dong hoc thuan nhat. 'eu goi w la mot chuyen dich kha dI, u la chuyen
dich thuc (mot truong hop cua chuyen dich kha dI) th chuyen dich ao la
u = wu. 'oi khac di, chuyen dich ao chinh la lien phan cua chuyen dich
thuc u, hay chuyen dich kha dI la tong cua chuyen dich thuc voi chuyen dich
ao, w = u + u.

Nban xct 1.2. Su tuong tu giua phep tinh lien phan voi phep tinh vi phan:
lhep tinh vi phan lhep tinh lien phan
Ham so f(x) lhiem ham I(u)
Loi so - x (so thuc) Loi so - u (ham so)
So gia vo cung le dx Bien phan u
\i phan cua ham so, df Bien phan cua phiem ham, I
Lieu kien dat cuc tri cua ham so Lieu kien dat cuc tri cua phiem ham
df = 0 voi moi dx I = 0 voi moi u

1.3 Cac pboong pbap so


l1HH duoc xay dung tren co so phuong phap lien phan (variational method).
Muc nay gioi thieu mot so the hien cua no.
1.3.1 Fboong pbap kitz
Ciai lai toan cuc tieu hoa phiem ham I(v), v V (trong cac lai toan co hoc
th V la tap hop tat ca cac chuyen dich kha dI).
l.. C^C IHlO!C IH^I SO 5
lhuong phap Ritz tm nghiem xap xi duoi dang tong huu han
u
N
=
N

j=1
c
j

j
+
0
, (I.J)
trong do
i
, i = 0, 1, . . . , N, la cac ham chon truoc; cac he so c
j
, goi la he so
Ritz, duoc chon sao cho
I(c
1
, . . . , c
N
) := I(u
N
) min (I.+)
Lieu kien can de I(c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
N
) dat cuc tri la cac dao ham rieng cua
no doi voi moi he so Ritz triet tieu:
I
c
1
=
I
c
2
= =
I
c
N
= 0. (I.5)
1rong cac lai toan tuyen tinh, he (I.5) gom N phuong trnh dai so tuyen tinh
voi N an c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
N
.
Tnb cbat coa cac bam
i
(i = 0, 1, . . . , N)
Ham
0
duoc chon thoa 1|eu '|en '|en .. yeu (dieu kien lien Dirichlet)
cua lai toan.
Cac ham
i
, i = 1, 2, . . . , N, thoa dieu kien lien cot yeu thuan nhat.
Hon nua, cac
i
can thoa them cac dieu kien sau:
(i) I(u
N
) duoc xac dinh tot,
(ii) \oi N lat ky, tap hop
i
la doc lap tuyen tinh,
(iii)
i
la day du.
Cac yeu cau (i) -- (iii) lao dam, voi cac lai toan tuyen tinh, su hoi tu cua
nghiem Ritz toi nghiem chinh xac khi N tang. Su hoi tu duoc hieu theo
nghIa sau
I(u
N
) I(u
M
) khi N M. (I.o)
1.3.2 Fboong pbap do so co trong
lhuong phap du so co trong la mot tong quat hoa cua phuong phap Ritz.
Cho L la toan tu dao ham, xet phuong trnh toan tu
Lu = f trong , (I.7)
o CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
ngoai ra ham u (nghiem) con thoa cac dieu kien lien.
1rong phuong phap du so co trong, nghiem u duoc xap xi theo cach
giong nhu phuong phap Ritz
u
N
=
N

j=1
c
j

j
+
0
, (I.o)
trong do
0
phai thoa moi dieu kien lien chi dinh cua lai toan, va
i
phai
thoa dang thuan nhat cua cac dieu kien chi dinh. Cung nhu phuong phap
Ritz, voi muc dich xap xi, cac ham
i
cung phai co cac tinh chat (i) -- (iii).
1hay xap xi (I.o) vao phuong trnh toan tu (I.7) ket qua la du so
E = Lu
N
f ,= 0. (I.9)
'gay khi
0
va cac
i
da duoc chon, E la ham cua cac lien doc lap va cac
tham so c
j
. 1rong phuong phap du so co trong, cac tham so duoc xac dinh
lang cach dat tich phan cua tich du so co trong voi cac ham trong luong lang
O,
_

i
(x, y)E(x, y, c
j
)dxdy = 0, (I.IO)
trong do
i
la cac ham trong luong. Hien nhien
i
phai la tap doc lap
tuyen tinh.
'oi chung, cac ham trong luong
i
khong giong cac ham
i
. 1uy theo
cach chon
i
ta co cac phuong phap khac nhau:
Fboong pbap GaIcrkin
i
=
i
. l1HH duoc thiet lap tren co so
phuong phap nay. Khi toan tu L la toan tu dao ham tuyen tinh cap chan, th
phuong phap Calerkin dan ve phuong phap Ritz.
Fboong pbap Fctrov - GaIcrkin
i
,=
i
.
1.3.3 Fboong pbap bnb pboong toi tbico
lhuong phap lnh phuong toi thieu (least-squares method) tm nghiem o dang
(I.o) va xac dinh cac tham so lang cach cuc tieu hoa tich phan cua lnh
phuong du so. Lieu kien cuc tieu:

c
i
_

E
2
(x, y, c
j
)dxdy = 0
l.. C^C IHlO!C IH^I SO 7
hay
_

E
c
i
Edxdy = 0. (I.II)
1.3.4 Fboong pbap dong v|
lhuong phap dong vi (collocation) hay phuong phap chon diem tm nghiem
xap xi u
N
cua phuong trnh (I.7) o dang (I.o) lang cach doi hoi du so trong
phuong trnh triet tieu tai N diem chon truoc x
i
= (x
i
, y
i
) (i = 1, 2, . . . , N)
trong mien :
E(x
i
, y
i
, c
j
) = 0 i = 1, 2, . . . , N (I.IZ)
Su chon lua cac diem x
i
la cot yeu de nhan duoc mot he phuong trnh chinh
(well-conditional) va cho nghiem xap xi tot. lhuong phap dong vi la mot
truong hop dac liet cua (I.IO) voi
i
(x) = (x x
i
), trong do la ham delta
Dirac
_

f(x

)(x x

)dx

= f(x).
Tb do 1.2. Cho lai toan lien: tm ham u(x), 0 < x < 1, thoa phuong trnh
vi phan
u

+ f = 0, (I.IJ)
va cac dieu kien lien
u(1) = g, (I.I+)
u

(0) = h, (I.I5)
trong do f(x) la ham va g, h la cac hang so cho truoc.
Lieu kien lien (I.I+) la dieu kien lien cot yeu, dieu kien lien (I.I5) la
dieu kien lien tu nhien.
Le ap dung phuong phap l1HH giai lai toan nay ta can phat lieu lai
toan duoi dang lien phan.
Cong tboc bicn pban (yco)
Ky hieu:
o CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
S = s[s H
1
(0, 1), s(1) = g la tap hop cac ham thu (tuong tu nhu tap
hop cac chuyen dich kha dI);
V = v[v H
1
(0, 1), v(1) = 0 la tap hop cac ham trong luong (tuong tu
nhu tap hop cac chuyen dich ao)
J)
. Ky hieu H
1
(0, 1) chi khong gian Sololev
cac ham cung voi dao ham cap I (dao ham suy rong) lnh phuong kha tich
(thuoc L
2
(0, 1)).
'han hai ve phuong trnh (Z.IIo) voi ham trong luong v V lat ky, lay
tich phan tu O den I, ta duoc
_
1
0
(u

+ f)vdx = 0. (I.Io)
Dung cong thuc tich phan tung phan, sau mot so lien doi, ta duoc
_
1
0
u

(x)v

(x)dx =
_
1
0
f(x)v(x)dx + hv(0). (I.I7)
Coi
0
la ham thuoc S thoa dieu kien lien cot yeu
0
(1) = g th u =
0
+w,
w V , va phuong trnh tren thanh
_
1
0
w

(x)v

(x)dx =
_
1
0
f(x)v(x)dx + hv(0)
_
1
0

0
(x)v

(x)dx. (I.Io)
1ren V dua vao dang song tuyen tinh (doi xung) a : V V R,
a(w, v) =
_
1
0
w

(x)v

(x)dx (I.I9)
va dang tuyen tinh l : V R
l(v) =
_
1
0
f(x)v(x)dx + hv(0)
_
1
0

0
(x)v

(x)dx, (I.ZO)
J)
1rong truong hop g ,= 0, V la khong gian vecto con S th khong.
l.. C^C IHlO!C IH^I SO 9
lai toan lien (Z.IIo)-(I.I5) dan ve lai toan lien phan tuyen tinh: 1m w V
thoa phuong trnh lien phan
a(w, v) = l(v) (I.ZI)
voi moi v V .
Fboong pbap GaIcrkin
1m nghiem xap xi duoi dang tong huu han (I.o). Ham
0
thoa dieu
kien (I.I+), cac ham
i
thoa dieu kien thuan nhat,
i
V .
'eu dung phuong phap Calerkin,
i
=
i
(i = 1, . . . , N), th ta co lai
toan xap xi
N

i=1
c
i
_
1
0

i
(x)

j
(x)dx =
_
1
0
f(x)
j
(x)dx + h
j
(0)
_
1
0

0
(x)

j
(x)dx(I.ZZ)
voi j = 1, . . . , N.
Fboong pbap kitz
Le y rang, ham v trong phuong trnh (I.I7) la lien phan cua u, nen co
the lien doi nhu sau.
_
1
0
u

(x)(u)

(x)dx
_
1
0
f(x)u(x)dx hu(0) = 0

_
1
2
_
1
0
(u

(x))
2
dx
_
1
0
f(x)u(x)dx hu(0)
_
= 0
I(u) = 0, (I.ZJ)
trong do
I(u) =
1
2
_
1
0
(u

(x))
2
dx
_
1
0
f(x)u(x)dx hu(0) (I.Z+)
la phiem ham nang luong (energy functional) lien ket voi lai toan.
1u phuong trnh (I.ZJ) ta co the ket luan: n||em u .ua 'a| .an '|en
(2.ll8)-(l.l5) 'a 1|em .u. .r( .ua p||em |am I. lhuong phap Ritz duoc ap dung tu
day.

IO CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|


Nban xct 1.3. Cach trnh lay cong thuc lien phan trong thi du I.Z la theo
ly thuyet lien phan trong giai tich ham. 1heo ly thuyet nay, lai toan lien
phan tuyen tinh truu tuong duoc dinh nghIa nhu sau.
Cho V la khong gian Hiller, cho a : V V R la dang song tuyen
tinh tren V , : V R la dang tuyen tinh tren V . Bai toan: 1m u V thoa
a(u, v) = (v) (I.Z5)
voi moi v V duoc goi la lai toan lien phan tuyen tinh.
Lieu kien ton tai nghiem cua lai toan lien phan duoc cho trong dinh
ly Lax - Milgram:
|nb Iy 1.1 (Lax - Milgram). C| V 'a '|n |an H|''er. t+| ./.| t |u+n (, )
ta .|uan .u+n un | |. !eu
(|) a : V V R 'a Jan sn .uyen ./n| '|en .u. .ren V , '|an .u, n||a 'a
.n .a| |an s > 0 sa .|
a(v, v) |v|
2
t+| m| v V .
(||) : V R 'a Jan .uyen ./n| '|en .u. .ren V .
T|| 'a| .an '|en p|an (l.25) .n .a| ta Juy n|a. n||em.
Chung minh dinh ly Lax - Milgram dua tren dinh ly lieu dien Riesz.
|nb Iy 1.2 (Riesz). C| V 'a '|n |an H|''er. t+| ./.| t |u+n (, ). !eu
: V R 'a Jan .uyen ./n| '|en .u. .ren V , .|| .n .a| Juy n|a. te..+ w V sa
.|.
(v) = (w, v), v V.
C|un m|n| 1(n| 'y lax - M|'ram. Do a(, ) la dang song tuyen tinh lien tuc
va khang tu tren V nen co the xem no la tich vo huong (moi) xac dinh tren
V voi chuan tuong ung:
|v|

=
_
a(v, v).
\ dang song tuyen tinh a(, ) lien tuc nen ton tai M > 0 sao cho voi moi
v V ,
|v|
2
a(v, v) M|v|
2

|v| |v|

M|v|,
nghIa la chuan | |

tuong duong voi chuan | | tren V .


1u gia thiet () lien tuc tren V voi chuan | | ta suy ra no cung lien
tuc tren V voi chuan moi. /p dung dinh ly Riesz, ton tai u V sao cho
(v) = a(u, v), v V ;
l.+. ^I D|!C C|^ IHlO!C IH^I ITHH II
nghIa la lai toan lien phan (I.Z5) co nghiem.
'eu lai toan (I.Z5) co hai nghiem u
1
, u
2
th
a(u
1
u
2
, v) = 0 |u
1
u
2
|

= 0 |u
1
u
2
| = 0;
nghIa la u
1
= u
2
. 'hu vay, nghiem cua lai toan (I.Z5) la duy nhat.
1rong truong hop a doi xung th lai toan lien phan tuong duong voi
lai toan toi uu, doi tuong cua phuong phap Ritz: 1m u V cuc tieu hoa
phiem ham
I(v) =
1
2
a(v, v) l(v). (I.Zo)

1.4 Ap dong coa pboong pbap FTHH


1.4.1 Tong qoan
Qua trnh giai quyet mot lai toan trong khoa hoc va ky thuat lang phuong
phap l1HH duoc the hien lang so do mo ta tren hnh I.I gom hai giai doan.
Hnh I.I: So do giai mot lai toan khoa hoc va ky thuat.
Ciai doan I -- Ciai quyet -- Bai toan vat ly duoc toan hoc hoa lang
mo hnh toan hoc. Mo hnh toan hoc, sau do, duoc roi rac hoa va giai lang
phuong phap l1HH.
Ciai doan Z -- Lanh gia -- Kiem tra do tin cay cua ket qua l1HH.
Cac loai sai so: (I) sai so mo hnh (mo hnh toan hoc, mo hnh l1HH); (Z) sai
IZ CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
so thuat toan; (J) sai so lam tron (lieu dien so trong may tinh). Hieu chinh
(neu can).
1rong co hoc moi truong lien tuc phuong phap l1HH co the duoc dung
cho nhieu loai phan tich:
-- lhan tich tuyen tinh, tInh.
-- lhan tich tuyen tinh, dong.
-- lhan tich tri rieng ve cong huong.
-- lhan tich lien dang lon.
-- Mo phong phuc vu thiet ke.
Loi tuong cua mon hoc: /p dung phuong phap l1HH cho cac lai toan
lien (phuong trnh dao ham rieng), dac liet, cac lai toan xuat hien trong co
hoc, tap trung vao giai doan I -- mo hnh l1HH va giai so.
1.4.2 Mot so bai toan co boc va vat Iy
Mot so lai toan co hoc va vat ly se duoc dung den trong giao trnh.
I. 1ruyen nhiet (I-chieu)
lhuong trnh truyen nhiet trong thanh chieu dai L, tiet dien A = A(x)

x
_
kA
T
x
_
+ qA = c
T
t
, 0 < x < L, (I.Z7)
trong do T = T(x, t) la nhiet do (tuyet doi), q toc do phat sinh nhiet tren
don vi the tich (do nguon nhiet), c la nhiet dung, la mat do khoi.
Cac truong hop dac liet:
a) 'eu q = 0 ta co phuong trnh lourier

x
_
kA
T
x
_
= c
T
t
. (I.Zo)
l) 'eu qua trnh dung ta co phuong trnh loisson

x
_
kA
T
x
_
+ qA = 0. (I.Z9)
l.+. ^I D|!C C|^ IHlO!C IH^I ITHH IJ
c) 'eu qua trnh dung va q = 0 ta co phuong trnh Laplace.

x
_
kA
T
x
_
= 0. (I.JO)
Z. Dong chay I-chieu
d
dx
(Au) = 0, (I.JI)
trong do la mat do khoi, A la dien tich tiet dien ngang, u la van toc dong
chay.
'eu dong chay khong nhot th ton tai ham (x), goi la the van toc, sao
cho
u =
d
dx
(I.JZ)
va phuong trnh (I.JI) thanh
d
dx
_
A
d
dx
_
= 0. (I.JJ)
J. 1hanh chieu dai L chiu tai doc truc
AE
u
x
= luc tac dung, 0 < x < L, (I.J+)
trong do E la modun Young, A la dien tich tiet dien ngang, u la chuyen dich
doc truc.
'eu luc tac dung la hang th phuong trnh thanh

x
_
AE
u
x
_
= 0. (I.J5)
I+ CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
Lieu kien lien cua cac lai toan tren thuoc mot trong cac loai: Dirichlet
(cho gia tri ham can tm), 'eumann (cho gia tri dao ham cua ham can tm),
va Rolin (to hop ca hai dieu kien Dirichlet va 'eumann). 'goai ra, voi cac
lai toan phu thuoc thoi gian can phai cho ca dieu kien dau.
1.S Cac van dc toan boc Iicn qoan
1ruoc khi di vao ly thuyet cua phuong phap l1HH ta xet mot thi du tong
ket cac van de da trnh lay trong cac muc tren, dong thoi neu lat cac van
de ly thuyet can xet khi ap dung phuong phap l1HH cho lai toan khoa hoc
ky thuat. Cac van de duoc trnh lay lang ngon ngu giai tich ham voi muc
dich goi y cac nghien cuu sau hon ve ly thuyet l1HH.
Ba| .an '|en

d
2
u
dx
2
= f trong (0, 1) (I.Jo)
u(0) = 0, u

(1) = 0. (I.J7)
Ba| .an '|en p|an ta su .n .a| n||em yeu
'eu u la nghiem va v la ham lat ky (du tron) sao cho v(0) = 0, th tich
phan tung phan cho
a(u, v) = (f, v), (I.Jo)
trong do
a(u, v) :=
_
1
0
u

(x)v

(x)dx, (I.J9)
(f, v) :=
_
1
0
f(x)v(x)dx. (I.+O)
Lua vao khong gian ham
V = v H
1
(0, 1) : v(0) = 0, (I.+I)
trong do H
1
(0, 1) la khong gian Sololev cac ham cung voi dao ham cap I
(dao ham suy rong) lnh phuong kha tich (thuoc L
2
(0, 1)). 1h ta co the noi
l.5. C^C V^! DL TO^! HOC llL! _|^! I5
nghiem u cua (I.Jo)-(I.J7) duoc dac trung loi
u V sao cho a(u, v) = (f, v) v V, (I.+Z)
phat lieu nay duoc goi cong thuc lien phan hay cong thuc yeu cua lai toan
(I.Jo)-(I.J7). 'ghiem cua no goi la n||em yeu (weak solution) cua lai toan cho.
Su ton tai va duy nhat nghiem yeu cua lai toan dang xet duoc suy ra ngay
nho dinh ly Lax-Milgram.
Mot van de quan trong thuong duoc xet: nghiem cua (I.+Z) co la nghiem
cua lai toan (I.Jo)-(I.J7) hay khong! \an de nay lien quan den ./n| .|/n| quy
cua nghiem yeu. \oi lai toan dang xet ta co ket qua sau.
|nb Iy 1.3. C|a su f C
0
([0, 1]) ta u C
2
([0, 1]) .|a (l.+2). T|| u .|a
(l.o)-(l.).
C|un m|n|. Cho v V C
1
([0, 1]). 1h cong thuc tich phan tung phan cho
(f, v) = a(u, v) =
_
1
0
(u

)vdx + u

(1)v(1). (I.+J)
\ay, (f (u

), v) = 0 voi moi v V C
1
([0, 1]) sao cho v(1) = 0. Lat
w = f +u

C
0
([0, 1]). 'eu w , 0 th w co mot dau xac dinh trong khoang
[x
0
, x
1
] [0, 1] nao do. Chon v = (x x
0
)
2
(x x
1
)
2
trong [x
0
, x
1
] va v 0
len ngoai khoang [x
0
, x
1
]. 1h (w, v) ,= 0 mau thuan. \ay u

= f. Bay gio
ap dung (I.+J) voi v = x ta co ngay u

(1) = 0. 1at nhien, u V nen u(0) = 0,


vay u thoa (I.Jo)-(I.J7).
Ba| .an xap x/ Ca'er'|n ta su .n .a| n||em xap x/
Cho S V la khong gian con huu han chieu lat ky. 1a xet lai toan
(I.+Z) voi V duoc thay loi S, cu the la
u
S
S sao cho a(u
S
, v) = (f, v) v S. (I.++)
|nb Iy 1.4. C| .ru+. f L
2
(0, 1), 'a| .an (l.5) . n||em Juy n|a..
C|un m|n|. \iet (I.5) theo cac ham co so
i
: 1 i n cua S. Cho
u
S
=

n
j=1
U
j

j
, K
ij
= a(
j
,
i
), F
i
= (f,
i
) voi i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n. Lat
= [U
j
], k = [K
ij
] va F = [F
i
]. 1h (I.5) tuong duong voi phuong trnh ma
tran
k = F. (I.+5)
Io CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
\ cac ham co so
i
la doc lap tuyen tinh nen (I.+5) duy nhat nghiem, suy ra
ton tai nghiem va dinh ly duoc chung minh.
Dan| |a sa| s
1ruoc het ta xet he thuc truc giao co lan giua u va u
S
. 1ru (I.5) cho
(I.+Z) ta duoc
a(u u
S
, w) = 0 w S. (I.+o)
Bay gio dinh nghIa chuan nang luong cua v V la
|v|
E
=
_
a(v, v).
Lay la chuan tuong duong voi chuan trong H
1
(0, 1). Linh ly duoi day chi ra
rang voi chuan nang luong sai so la toi uu.
|nb Iy 1.S.
|u u
S
|
E
= min|u v|
E
: v S. (I.+7)
C|un m|n|. \oi v S lat ky
|u u
S
|
2
E
= a(u u
S
, u u
S
)
= a(u u
S
, u v) + a(u u
S
, v u
S
)
= a(u u
S
, u v) (do w = v u
S
S va (1.46))
|u u
S
|
E
|u v|
E
.
'eu |u u
S
|
E
,= 0 th |u u
S
|
E
|u v|
E
. 'eu |u u
s
|
E
= 0 lat dang
thuc la tam thuong. Lay inf tren v S ta co
|u u
S
|
E
inf
S
|u v|
E
.
\ u
S
S nen ta cung co
|u u
S
|
E
inf
S
|u v|
E
|u u
S
|
E
.
\ay dinh ly duoc chung minh.
\e sau, thuong ta phai danh gia sai so tren co so xap xi l1HH duoc
dung (cach chon S). Le minh hoa, ta xet sai so theo chuan trong L
2
(0, 1).
l.5. C^C V^! DL TO^! HOC llL! _|^! I7
Muon danh gia |u u
S
| ta dung cach chung minh doi ngau. Cho w la
nghiem cua
w

= u u
S
tren [0, 1] voi w(0) = w

(1) = 0.
'ho tich phan tung phan, ta duoc
|u u
S
|
2
= (u u
S
, u u
S
)
= (u u
S
, w

)
= a(u u
S
, w) (v (u u
S
)(0) = w

(1) = 0)
= a(u u
S
, w v) (do (1.46)
voi moi v S. 1u lat dang thuc Schwarz cho chuan nang luong ta suy ra
|u u
S
| |u u
S
|
E
|w v|
E
/|u u
S
|
|u u
S
|
E
|w v|
E
/|w

|.
Bay gio lay inf tren v S ta co
|u u
S
| |u u
S
|
E
inf
vV
|w v|
E
/|w

|.
\ay, ta thay chuan L
2
(0, 1) cua sai so co the nho hon chuan nang luong rat
nhieu, mien la w co the xap xi tot loi mot ham nao do trong S. Co ly de
gia su rang ta co the lay v S gan w, nghIa la gia su
inf
vV
|w v|
E
|w

| (I.+o)
voi le. /p dung (I.+o) ta duoc
|u u
S
| |u u
S
|
E
.
/p dung (I.+o) mot lan nua voi w thay lang u, va dung dinh ly I.5 ta duoc
|u u
S
|
E
|u

|.
1o hop cac danh gia tren ta duoc
|nb Iy 1.6.
|u u
S
| |u u
S
|
E

2
|u

| =
2
|f|. (I.+9)
1a thay |u u
S
|
E
cap trong khi |u u
S
| cap
2
.
Io CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
1.6 kbong gian SoboIcv
Le trnh lay phuong phap l1HH ta can den cac khong gian ham Sololev.
1.6.1 kbong gian tcbcsgoc
Cho tap mo R
d
co lien tron tung manh. 1heo ly thuyet tich phan
Lelesgue mot menh de phu thuoc x duoc goi la dung hau het (h.h.)
tren neu no dung voi moi x ngoai tru cac x thuoc mot tap co do do khong
(khong dang ke). 1a dong nhat hai ham lang nhau h.h.
\oi 1 q , ta dinh nghIa khong gian Lelesgue, L
q
(), la tap hop
cac ham thuc v xac dinh tren sao cho |v|
L
q
()
< , trong do |v|
L
q
()
duoc
dinh loi
|v|
L
q
()
=
__

[v(x)[dx
_
1/q
khi 1 q < ,
|v|
L

()
= ess sup [v(x)[ : x := infC : [v(x)[ C h.h.
khi q = .
/nh xa v |v|
L
q
()
thoa dinh nghIa ve chuan tren L
q
(). Hon nua,
khong gian L
q
() voi chuan | |
L
q
()
la khong gian Banach.
Ba. 1an .|u. H o'Jer
\oi 1 p, q sao cho 1/p + 1/q = 1,
|uv|
L
1
()
|u|
L
p
()
|v|
L
q
()
u L
p
(), v L
q
(). (I.5O)
Khi p = q = 1, lat dang thuc nay con duoc goi la 'a. 1an .|u. Cau.|y hay
'a. 1an .|u. S.|uarz.
Bat dang thuc tam giac ap dung cho L
q
() duoc goi la 'a. 1an .|u.
M|n'us'|:
|u + v|
L
q
()
|u|
L
q
()
+|v|
L
q
()
u, v L
q
(). (I.5I)
1.6.2 ao bam soy rong (dao bam yco)
Cho v la ham lien tuc xac dinh tren , gia (support) cua v la lao dong cua
tap v : v(x) ,= 0, x . 'eu tap nay la compact (li chan), th v duoc goi la
co gia compact trong .
l.o. lHO!C Cl^! SOBOlLV I9
Ky hieu T() hay C

0
() la tap hop cac ham co gia compact trong .
Le dinh nghIa dao ham yeu, ta dua vao khong gian ham:
L
1
loc
() = v : v L
1
(K) voi moi compact K trong .
Chu y rang L
1
loc
() chua tat ca cac ham thuoc lop C
0
().
Ky hieu duoi day duoc dung de chi mot dao ham rieng cua ham v
D

v =

||
v
x

1
1
x

2
2
x

d
d
,
trong do = (
1
,
2
, . . . ,
d
) la mot da chi so, voi
1
,
2
, . . . ,
d
la cac so
nguyen khong am, va [[ =
1
+
2
+ +
d
la do dai cua .
Ham v L
1
loc
() duoc goi la co dao ham suy rong, D

w
v, neu ton tai
ham u L
1
loc
() sao cho
_

u()(x)dx = (1)
||
_

v(x)D

(x)dx T().
'eu u ton tai ta viet D

w
v = u.
'eu v C
||
(), th dao ham suy rong D

w
v ton tai va lang D

v.
1.6.3 kbong gian SoboIcv
\oi r = 1, 2, . . . va v L
1
loc
(), gia su cac dao ham suy rong D

v ton tai voi


moi [[ r. 1a dinh nghIa chuan Sololev
|v|
W
r,q
()
=
_
_

||r
|D

v|
q
L
q
()
_
_
1/q
khi 1 q < . Khi q = , dinh nghIa
|v|
W
r,
()
= max
||r
|D

v|
L

()
.
Khong gian Sololev duoc dinh nghIa loi
W
r,q
() = v L
1
loc
() : |v|
W
r,q
()
< , 1 q .
ZO CHlO!C l. ClOl THlL|
| |
W
r,q
()
thoa dinh nghIa chuan. Hon nua, W
r,q
() la khong gian Banach
voi chuan nay.
Ky hieu W
r,q
0
() la day du hoa cua T() doi voi chuan | |
W
r,q
()
.
\oi co lien tron va v W
1,q
(), han che tren lien , v
|
, co the
duoc lieu dien nhu la ham trong L
q
(), 1 q . Lieu nay khong khang
dinh gia tri tung diem cua v tren co nghIa. 1u tinh chat nay ta co
W
r,q
0
() = v W
r,q
() : D

v
|
= 0 trong L
2
(), [[ < r.
1rong cac phat lieu ve sau ta con dung cac nua chuan:
[v[
W
r,q
()
=
_
_

||=r
|D

v|
q
L
q
()
_
_
1/q
, 1 q <
[v[
W
r,
()
= max
||=r
|D

v|
L

()
.
\oi q = 2 ta dung cac ky hieu:
H
r
() = W
r,2
(), H
r
0
() = W
r,2
0
(), r = 1, 2, . . .
Mot so lao ham thuc thong dung:
'eu r k, 1 q , th
W
r,q

() W
r,q
(). (I.5Z)
'eu li chan, 1 q q

, th
W
k,q
() W
r,q
(). (I.5J)
Ba. 1an .|u. I|n.are
Cho R
d
la tap mo voi lien tron tung manh, neu v H
1
() triet
tieu tren mot phan lien cua co do do duong, th ton tai hang so C > 0,
phu thuoc chi vao , sao cho
|v|
L
2
()
C[v[
H
1
()
. (I.5+)
'eu li chan, lat dang thuc nay am chi nua chuan [ [
H
1
()
tuong duong
voi chuan | |
H
1
()
. 1ong quat, | |
H
r
()
tuong duong voi chuan | |
H
1
()
.
Ba| .ap .|u+n l ZI
Xet khong gian L
q
(), 1 q < . \oi f L
p
(), trong do 1/p+1/q =
1, dat
L(v) =
_

f(x)v(x)dx, v L
q
().
1heo lat dang thuc H older, L la dang tuyen tinh li chan theo chuan L
q
():
L(v) |f|
L
p
()
|v|
L
q
()
, v L
q
().
'hu vay f L
p
() co the xem nhu phiem ham tuyen tinh lien tuc tren
L
q
(). Do Linh ly lieu dien Riesz L
p
() la khong gian doi ngau cua L
q
().
Chi so p goi la chi so doi ngau cua q.
\oi 1 q va r la so nguyen duong, khong gian doi ngau cua
khong gian Sololev W
r,q
() duoc ky hieu loi W
r,p
(), trong do p la chi so
doi ngau cua q. Chuan:
|L|
W
r,p
()
= sup
0=vW
r,q
()
L(v)
|v|
W
r,q
()
, L W
r,p
().
ai tap cboong 1
1.1. Cho phiem ham I(u) dinh loi
I =
1
2
_
1
0
[(u

)
2
+ u
2
+ 2xu]dx.
1inh lien phan cap mot I cua phiem ham I.
LS:
I =
_
1
0
[u

(u)

+ (u + x)u]dx.
1.2. Cho lai toan lien: tm ham u thoa phuong trnh vi phan
u

+ u + x = 0, 0 < x < 1,
ZZ Ba| .ap .|u+n l
voi cac dieu kien lien
u(0) = u(1) = 0
a) 1m phiem ham nang luong lien ket voi lai toan.
l) Ciai lai toan lang phuong phap Calerkin hoac Ritz voi

0
(x) = 0,
1
(x) = sin(x),
2
(x) = sin(2x),
3
(x) = sin(3x).
HD: S = V = v H
1
(0, 1), v(0) = v(1) = 0. Bai toan lien phan:
_
1
0
[u

+ uv + xv]dx = 0
voi moi v V .
a) Le tm phiem ham nang luong lien ket voi lai toan, thay v lang ky
hieu lien phan u cua u.
l) 'ghiem xap xi dang:
u
3
= c
1

1
+ c
2

2
+ c
3

3
= c
1
sin(x) + c
2
sin(2x) + c
3
sin(3x).
1hay vao phuong trnh lien phan ta duoc he:
_
_
_
c
1
(
3
) 2 = 0
c
2
(4
3
) + 1 = 0
c
3
(27
3
3) 2 = 0
Ciai:
c
1
=
2
(
2
1)
, c
2
=
1
(4
2
1)
, c
3
=
2
3(9
2
1)
.
\ay,
u
3
=
2 sin(x)
(
2
1)

sin(2x)
(4
2
1)
+
2 sin(3x)
3(9
2
1)
.
So sanh ket qua voi nghiem chinh xac u
cx
=
sinx
sin1
x, hnh I.Z.
Ba| .ap .|u+n l ZJ
Hnh I.Z: 'ghiem chinh xac va nghiem xap xi.
1.3. Cho phiem ham I(u) dinh loi
I(u) =
_
b
a
F(x, u, u
x
, u
xx
)dx,
trong do u = u(x), x [a, b], cac ky hieu u
x
, u
xx
de chi dao ham cap mot va
hai cua u theo lien x.
a) 1inh I.
l) 1m dieu kien can de I dat cuc tri.
LS:
a) I =
_
b
a
_
F
u
u +
F
u
x
u
x
+
F
u
xx
u
xx
_
dx.
l) I = 0. Bien doi I,
I =
_
b
a
_
F
u

d
dx
_
F
u
x
_
+
d
2
dx
2
_
F
u
xx
__
udx
+
_
F
u
x
u
d
dx
_
F
u
xx
_
u
_
b
a
+
__
F
u
xx
_
u
x
_
b
a
.
Z+ Ba| .ap .|u+n l
Do lien phan u tuy y, tu dieu kien I = 0 suy ra
F
u

d
dx
_
F
u
x
_
+
d
2
dx
2
_
F
u
xx
_
= 0, (I.55)
_
F
u
x
u
d
dx
_
F
u
xx
_
u
_
b
a
= 0, (I.5o)
__
F
u
xx
_
u
x
_
b
a
= 0. (I.57)
lhuong trnh (I.55) duoc goi la phuong trnh Luler hay phuong trnh Luler-
Lagrange; cac phuong trnh (I.5o), (I.57) cho dieu kien lien.
1.4. Xet lai toan lien
L[u] :=
d
dx
_
p(x)
du
dx
_
+ q(x)u = f(x), 0 < x < 1, (I.5o)
u(0) = u(1) = 0. (I.59)
a) Dung phuong phap du so co trong tm nghiem xap xi voi

j
(x) = (x) = sinjx, j = 1, 2, . . . , N.
l) Chung to rang: neu dung (I.IO) voi

j
(x) = (x x
j
), j = 1, 2, . . . , N,
trong do (x) la ham delta Dirac thoa
(x) = 0, x ,= 0;
_

(x)dx = 1,
va
0 < x
1
< x
2
< . . . < x
N
< 1.
th ta duoc ket qua cua phuong phap dong vi; nghIa la, nghiem thoa phuong
trnh vi phan (I.5o) tai cac diem x
j
.
Ba| .ap .|u+n l Z5
Hnh I.J: Bai tap I.5.
1.S. Lo vong cua dam chieu dai L, chiu uon duoi tac dung cua tai trong phan
lo deu p, thoa phuong trnh
EI
d
4
w
dx
4
p = 0, (I.oO)
trong do E la modun Young, I la momen quan tinh cua dam.
Bang phuong phap Calerkin, tm do vong cua dam voi cac dieu kien
lien (ngam):
w(0) = w(L) = 0, (I.oI)
EI
dw
dx
(0) = EI
dw
dx
(L) = 0. (I.oZ)
Zo Ba| .ap .|u+n l
Cboong 2
ty tboyct co ban
Lun 'un . .a.| '|eu J|en .. |+n!
Ba. .|u+. r| san .a.
Lay la chuong dai nhat trnh lay: cac y tuong co lan cua phuong phap
l1HH, cach ap dung l1HH giai lai toan khoa hoc ky thuat, con goi la mo
hnh hoa l1HH. \oi dinh huong ung dung l1HH giai cac lai toan khoa hoc
ky thuat, cach thuc mo hnh hoa va ca lap trnh tinh toan l1HH duoc trnh
lay cho mot lai toan co hoc ket cau don gian - lai toan keo thanh doc truc.
Do cach trnh lay van de co dong, dung ngon ngu ma tran, nen cong viec
cua nguoi doc kha nang ne. Hay doc ky cho thau dao va kiem tra can than
cac luoc lang giay lut.
2.1 FTHH nbo Ia pboong pbap xap x bam
Y tuong co lan cua l1HH la xap xi ham. Lac diem cua phep xap xi nay la
gia tri xap xi cua ham tai mot diem chi phu thuoc vao gia tri (cho truoc) cua
ham tai vai diem kha gan no.
Cho ham f(x) xac dinh tren mien R
d
(d = 1, 2, 3).
2.1.1 Fbcp pban boacb FTHH
Xap xi ham lat dau lang su phan hoach thanh cac mien con
(e)
, goi la
p|an .u |uu |an (finite element), co hnh hoc don gian. Cac phan tu huu han
Z7
Zo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
duoc xac dinh nho cac diem, goi la nu. (node) ||n| |.. 'oi chung, phep phan
hoach phai thoa hai dieu kien:
I) Hoi cac phan tu tao thanh mien
h
xap xi mien ,

h
=
_
e

(e)
;
Hnh Z.I: Xap xi l1HH mien .
Z) Cac phan tu huu han khac nhau khong dam len nhau. Ciua hai
phan tu co chung nhau hon hai nut hnh hoc, th phan lien cua chung di
qua cac diem chung nay phai trung nhau. 'oi khac di, phep phan hoach
l1HH khong lam xuat hien cac lo hong.
Hnh Z.Z: 1inh chat cua phep phan hoach.
2.1.2 Cac Ioai pban to boo ban
1uy theo thu nguyen d cua mien va so diem nut (cua phan tu) ta co cac
loai phan tu huu han khac nhau. \iec chon loai phan tu gop phan chi dinh
cach xap xi ham trong phan tu ay.
I) lhan tu I-chieu la cac doan thang hay cong (hnh Z.J)
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M Z9
Hnh Z.J: lhan tu huu han I-chieu.
Hnh Z.+: lhan tu huu han Z-chieu.
Z) lhan tu Z-chieu la cac tam giac hoac tu giac voi cac canh la duong
cong lac nhat, lac hai hay lac la (hnh Z.+).
J) lhan tu J-chieu la cac khoi tu dien, luc dien (hnh Z.5).
2.1.3 Fban to tbam cbico
Mot dac diem quan trong cua xap xi phan tu huu han la tinh dia phuong cua
phep xap xi. Xap xi cua ham tren moi phan tu chi phu thuoc vao cac gia tri
cua ham tai cac nut, goi la nu. n| suy, nam trong phan tu ay. \ vay ta co the
xay dung phep xap xi tren mot phan tu dac thu (cung loai, don gian)
r
goi
la p|an .u .|am .||eu. Xap xi cua ham tren mot phan tu thuc
(e)
lat ky co
JO CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Hnh Z.5: lhan tu huu han J-chieu.
the nhan duoc nho phep lien doi (song anh)
(e)
lien phan tu tham chieu
thanh phan tu thuc.
Tb do 2.1. Fban to tbam cbico 1-cbico la doan
r
= [0, 1] tren truc toa do
voi cac nut
1
= 0 va
2
= 1. \oi phan tu thuc
(e)
tren truc toa do x voi
cac nut tuong ung x
i
, x
j
, phep lien doi
(e)
: x, lien
r
thanh
(e)
, la
anh xa affine

(e)
() = a + b,
trong do cac hang so a, b duoc xac dinh loi cac tuong ung:
_

(e)
(
1
) = x
i
,

(e)
(
2
) = x
j

_
a = x
j
x
i
,
b = x
i
'hu vay, phep tuong ung giua diem
r
voi diem x
(e)
:
x = (1 )x
i
+ x
j
(0 1). (Z.I)
Nban xct 2.1. 1rong hnh hoc affine, diem x nam tren doan thang noi hai
diem x
i
, x
j
duoc lieu dien duoi dang mot to hop tuyen tinh cua hai diem nay
x =
1
x
i
+
2
x
j
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M JI
Hnh Z.o: lhep lien doi
(e)
.
voi
1
,
2
0 va
1
+
2
= 1. Khi do, (
1
,
2
) goi la .a 1 .rn .am
(larycentric coordinates) cua x doi voi hai diem x
i
, x
j
.
So sanh voi cong thuc lien doi (Z.I), ta co:

1
= 1 ,
2
= .
Hai ham nay xac dinh phep lien doi
(e)
: [0, 1] [x
i
, x
j
].

Nban xct 2.2. Cac ham


1
,
2
la cac da thuc lac nhat theo , trong do cac
he so duoc xac dinh tu 1|eu '|en lrne.'er
i
(
k
) =
ik
.

Tb do 2.2. Fban to tbam cbico 2-cbico tam giac la tam giac


r
voi cac dinh

1
= (0, 0),
2
= (1, 0),
3
= (0, 1) trong mat phang toa do . lhan tu tam
giac lat ky
(e)
voi cac nut x
i
= (x
i
, y
i
), x
j
= (x
j
, y
j
), x
k
= (x
k
, y
k
) trong mat
phang toa do xy duoc lien doi tu phan tu tham chieu nho phep lien doi
x = A + B, (Z.Z)
trong do
A =
_
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
_
, B =
_
b
1
b
2
_
(Z.J)
JZ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
la ma tran va vecto hang duoc xac dinh loi cac he thuc:
_
_
_
x
i
= A
1
+ B,
x
j
= A
2
+ B,
x
k
= A
3
+ B,
Ciai ra, ta duoc
A =
_
x
j
x
i
x
k
x
i
y
j
y
i
y
k
y
i
_
, B =
_
x
i
y
i
_
. (Z.+)
'hu vay, su tuong ung giua diem va diem x:
_
x
y
_
= (1 )
_
x
i
y
i
_
+
_
x
j
y
j
_
+
_
x
k
y
k
_
(Z.5)
hay
x = (1 )x
i
+ x
j
+ x
k
. (Z.o)
Cac ham

1
= 1 ,
2
= ,
3
= . (Z.7)
la cac toa do trong tam cua x doi voi la diem x
i
, x
j
, x
k
.
Hnh Z.7: lhan tu tham chieu tam giac J nut.
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M JJ
1ong quat, trong R
d
l1HH don gian nhat la d-1+n ||n| - lao loi cua
d + 1 diem x
i
(i=I,Z,. . . ,dI) doc lap tuyen tinh trong R
d
. d-don hnh tham
chieu co cac dinh:

1
= (0, 0, . . . , 0),

2
= (1, 0, . . . , 0),

3
= (0, 1, . . . , 0),

d+1
= (0, 0, . . . , 1).
Ky hieu:
x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
d
) la diem thuoc phan tu thuc;
= [
1
,
2
, . . . ,
d
]
T
la diem thuoc phan tu tham chieu.
x
i
= [x
i,1
, x
i,2
, . . . , x
i,d
]
T
la cac dinh cua phan tu thuc.
lhep lien doi /ffine giua phan tu tham chieu va phan tu thuc:
x = A + B. (Z.o)
1u dieu kien A
i
+ B = x
i
ta co ngay
B = x
1
=
_

_
x
1,1
x
1,2
.
.
.
x
1,d
_

_
, A(:, i) = x
i+1
x
1
=
_

_
x
i+1,1
x
1,1
x
i+1,2
x
1,2
.
.
.
x
i+1,d
x
1,d
_

_
, (i = 1, . . . , d).
lhep lien doi:
x =
_
1
d

k=1

k
_
x
1
+
1
x
2
+
2
x
3
+ +
d
x
d+1
=
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+
3
x
3
+ +
d+1
x
d
,
trong do
i
la toa do trong tam cua x:

1
= 1
d

k=1

k
,
2
=
1
,
3
=
2
, . . . ,
d+1
=
d
.
J+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Tb do 2.3. Fban to tbam cbico 2-cbico to giac. Xet phan tu tu giac lat ky

(e)
voi cac nut x
i
= (x
i
, y
i
), x
j
= (x
j
, y
j
), x
k
= (x
k
, y
k
), x
l
= (x
l
, y
l
) trong
mat phang toa do xy, dua vao he toa dia phuong co cac duong toa do , la
hai ho duong thang phan deu lon canh cua tu giac (hnh Z.oa)). Lay diem
trung tam cua hai ho nay lam goc lang cach dat = = 0, ve cac truc ,
theo huong tang cua ,, dong thoi lay gia tri tren lon canh la 1, th ta thu
duoc hnh vuong
r
voi cac dinh:

1
= (1, 1),
2
= (1, 1),
3
= (1, 1),
4
= (1, 1)
trong he toa do (hnh Z.ol)). Hnh vuong
(e)
la phan tu tham chieu
Z-chieu tu giac.
Hnh Z.o: lhan tu huu han tu giac.
Le xay dung phep lien doi tu phan tu tham chieu
r
sang phan tu thuc

(e)
ta can den mot so khai niem cua ly thuyet noi suy sieu han.
|nb ngbia 2.1. Cho L la khong gian vecto va

L la khong gian con dong cua
no. Mot anh xa tuyen tinh P : L

L co tinh chat luy dang (idempotent),
nghIa la
P P = P,
duoc goi la phep chieu tu L len

L.
Cho L la khong gian cac ham (hai lien) lien tuc xac dinh tren
r
, va

L la khong gian cac ham lien tuc tren


r
, sao cho dao ham theo ton tai va
la hang so. Xet phep chieu P : L

L xac dinh loi
P

(f) =
1
2
f(1, ) +
+ 1
2
f(1, ). (Z.9)
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M J5
1a thay, P(f) giu nguyen gia tri cua ham f doc theo cac canh thang dung
= 1 cua phan tu tham chieu, va noi suy tuyen tinh gia tri cua no giua
= 1 va = 1 doc theo cac canh nam ngang = const.
1uong tu cho cac duong nam ngang = 1
P

(f) =
1
2
f(, 1) +
+ 1
2
f(, 1). (Z.IO)
1ich cua hai phep chieu F

va F

,
F

(f) =
(1 )(1 )
4
f(1, 1) +
(1 + )(1 )
4
f(1, 1)
+
(1 + )(1 + )
4
f(1, 1) +
(1 )(1 + )
4
f(1, 1)
=
(1 )(1 )
4
f(
1
) +
(1 + )(1 )
4
f(
2
)
+
(1 + )(1 + )
4
f(
3
) +
(1 )(1 + )
4
f(
4
), (Z.II)
cung la mot phep chieu. Bang cach kiem truc tiep, dung (Z.9) - (Z.II), co the
chi ra rang
F

(f) + F

(f) F

(f) =
=
1
2
f(1, ) +
+ 1
2
f(1, )
+
1
2
f(, 1) +
+ 1
2
f(, 1)

(1 )(1 )
4
f(
1
)
(1 + )(1 )
4
f(
2
)

(1 + )(1 + )
4
f(
3
)
(1 )(1 + )
4
f(
4
) (Z.IZ)
noi suy ham f chinh xac tren ca lon canh cua hnh vuong
r
.
Jo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Bay gio, ta xay dung phep lien doi phan tu tham chieu
r
thanh phan
tu thuc
(e)
,
_
x = x(, ),
y = y(, ).
Le y rang cac diem (1, ), 1 1 (tren canh
2

3
), tuong ung voi cac
diem (x, y) tren canh x
2
x
3
; do do,
x(1, ) =
x
2
+ x
3
2
+
x
3
x
2
2
. (Z.IJ)
1uong tu voi cac canh con lai, ta co:
x(1, ) =
x
1
+ x
4
2
+
x
4
x
1
2
, (Z.I+)
x(, 1) =
x
4
+ x
3
2
+
x
3
x
4
2
, (Z.I5)
x(, 1) =
x
2
+ x
1
2
+
x
2
x
1
2
. (Z.Io)
Dung cong thuc (Z.IZ) voi f thay lang x, sau mot so lien doi, ta thu duoc:
x = x
1
(1 )(1 )
4
+ x
2
(1 + )(1 )
4
+x
3
(1 + )(1 + )
4
+ x
4
(1 )(1 + )
4
. (Z.I7)
Do tinh doi xung, lang cach thay x, x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
, tuong ung, lang y, y
1
, y
2
, y
3
, y
4
trong cong thuc tren ta thu duoc cong thuc lien doi cho thanh phan tung
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M J7
do. Lat:
N
1
(, ) =
(1 )(1 )
4
, (Z.Io)
N
2
(, ) =
(1 + )(1 )
4
, (Z.I9)
N
3
(, ) =
(1 + )(1 + )
4
, (Z.ZO)
N
4
(, ) =
(1 )(1 + )
4
. (Z.ZI)
Khi do cong thuc lien doi co the viet duoi dang vecto:
x =
4

i=1
x
i
N
i
(). (Z.ZZ)
Nban xct 2.3. lhep chieu (Z.9) co the de dang duoc tong quat hoa thanh noi
suy ham f chinh xac doc theo m+ 1 duong thang dung =
i
,
1 =
0
<
1
< . . . <
m
= 1,
F
v
(f) =
m

i=0
f(
i
, )
v
i
(), (Z.ZJ)
trong do

v
i
() =

j=i

j

j
,
i = 0, 1, . . . , m la nhung ham noi suy Lagrange co so. 1rong khuon kho ly
thuyet noi suy sieu han (transfinite interpolation), cac ham
v
i
duoc goi la cac
ham uon (llending function). \ ca hai ham so F(f) va F
v
(f) trung voi f tai
Jo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
mot so khong dem duoc cac diem nen chung co ten goi la n| suy s|eu |an,
toan tu tuong ung duoc goi la toan tu noi suy sieu han.
Cong thuc tuong tu (Z.ZJ) cho cac duong nam ngang =
j
,
1 =
0
<
1
< . . . <
n
= 1,
F
h
(f) =
n

j=0
f(,
j
)
h
j
(), (Z.Z+)
trong do

h
j
() =

j=i

i

i
, = 0, 1, . . . , n.
1ich cua hai phep chieu F
v
va F
h
:
F
h
F
v
(f) =
m

i=0
n

j=0
f(
i
,
j
)
v
i
()
h
j
(). (Z.Z5)
1oan tu tich F
h
F
v
cung la mot phep chieu, va F
h
F
v
(f) noi suy ham f
chinh xac tai (m+1)(n+1) diem (
i
,
j
), i = 0, 1, . . . , m, j = 0, 1, . . . , n. Ham
F
h
F
v
(f) duoc goi la n| suy larane 'u+n 1a .|u. cua ham f tai cac diem
(
i
,
j
).
lhep chieu F
h
F
v
khong la noi suy sieu han. 1a co mot cach to hop
hai toan tu F
v
va F
h
de co duoc mot toan tu noi suy sieu han ma tap chinh
xac chua toan lo cac duong =
i
, =
j
. Lo la tong Boolean
F
v
F
h
= F
v
+ F
v
F
v
F
h
. (Z.Zo)
|nb Iy 2.1. C| .a. .an .u F
v
ta F
h
. T|| (F
v
F
h
)(f) n| suy |am f .|/n|
xa. J. .|e .a. 1u+n =
i
, =
j
, i = 0, 1, . . . , m, j = 0, 1, . . . , n.
Ham (F
v
F
h
)(f) duoc goi la n| suy larane |a| .||eu s|eu |an.

Nban xct 2.4. 1a co the tm cong thuc lien doi duoi dang mot da thuc lac
nhat theo tung lien:
x = a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
.
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M J9
\oi cach chon nay th khi = const (hay = const) da thuc tro thanh lac
nhat theo y (hay x), tuong ung voi duong thang.

2.1.4 Xap x bam trcn pban to boo ban


lhep xap xi ham lang phan tu huu han su dung cac ham noi suy Lagrange.
Bac toi da cua da thuc xap xi qui dinh loai phan tu huu han va so nu. n| suy
I)
can thiet.
Tb do 2.4. Troong bop 1-cbico, da tboc bac nbat. Cac da thuc p
1
(x) = 1,
p
2
(x) = x lap thanh co so cua khong gian cac da thuc lac 1. Ham xap xi
cua u = u(x) co the lieu dien duoi dang
u
h
(x) = [p
1
(x) p
2
(x)]
_
a
1
a
2
_
= [p(x)]a. (Z.Z7)
day ta su dung cac ky hieu thu gon:
[p(x)] = [p
1
(x) p
2
(x)], a = a
1
a
2

T
.
1u yeu cau ham xap xi va ham chinh xac co gia tri lang nhau tai cac nut
noi suy x
i
, x
j
, ta co:
[p(x
i
)]a = u
i
, [p(x
j
)]a = u
j
hay duoi dang ma tran
_
p
1
(x
i
) p
2
(x
i
)
p
1
(x
j
) p
2
(x
j
)
_ _
a
1
a
2
_
=
_
u
i
u
j
_
_
1 x
i
1 x
j
_ _
a
1
a
2
_
=
_
u
i
u
j
_
.
I)
lhan liet voi nut hnh hoc.
+O CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Ciai ra ta duoc
a
1
=
u
i
x
j
u
j
x
i
x
j
x
i
,
a
2
=
u
j
u
i
x
j
x
i
.
Suy ra
u
h
(x) = u
i
x
j
x
x
j
x
i
+ u
j
x x
i
x
j
x
i
.
Lua vao cac ky hieu:
N
i
(x) =
x
j
x
x
j
x
i
, N
j
(x) =
x x
i
x
j
x
i
,
ta co the viet lai
u
h
(x) = u
i
N
i
(x) + u
j
N
j
(x) = [N]u.
Cac ham N
i
(x), N
j
(x) duoc goi la cac |am Jan (shape function), [N] la ma
.ran |am Jan.
Nban xct 2.S. Cac ket qua tren co the tm duoc khoi di tu phan tu tham
chieu. Ham xap xi:
u
h
() = [1 ]
_
a
1
a
2
_
.
Chu y, dau ganh tren dau ham xap xi de chi no la ham xac dinh tren phan
tu tham chieu. Cac ham u(), u
h
() lien he voi u
(
x), u
h
(x) qua phep doi lien
(thi du Z.I),
u(x()) = u(), u
h
(x()) = u
h
().
1huc hien cac luoc tinh toan tuong tu, ta duoc:
u
h
() = u
1

N
1
() + u
2

N
2
() = [

N] u,
trong do

N
1
() = 1 ,

N
2
() = .
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M +I
Cac ham dang trung voi cac ham toa do trong tam cua x. 'hung phan
tu huu han voi phep xap xi co tinh chat nay duoc goi la phan tu huu han
1an .|am s (isoparametric).

Tong qoat -- xap x bang da tboc bac N. Cac da thuc co so cua khong
gian cac da thuc lac N: p
1
(x) = 1, p
2
(x) = x, . . . , p
N+1
(x) = x
N
. Le
xay dung xap xi ta can N + 1 nut noi suy. 1rong truong hop nay ngoai hai
nut o lien (nut hnh hoc) ta can dua vao N 1 nut nam len trong phan
tu. Le don gian, ta ky hieu x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
N+1
la cac nut noi suy cua phan tu,
u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
N+1
la gia tri cua ham u(x) tai cac nut tuong ung. Dua vao thi du
Z.+ ta thiet lap cac ham dang nhu sau.
Ham xap xi
u
h
(x) = [p
1
(x) p
2
(x) . . . p
N+1
(x)]
_

_
a
1
a
2
.
.
.
a
N+1
_

_
= [p(x)]a, (Z.Zo)
trong do
[p(x)] = [p
1
(x) p
2
(x) . . . p
N+1
(x)], a = a
1
a
2
. . . a
N+1

T
. (Z.Z9)
1u dieu kien ham xap xi va ham chinh xac co gia tri lang nhau tai cac
nut noi suy, ta co he phuong trnh dai so tuyen tinh xac dinh a
1
, . . . , a
N+1
_

_
p
1
(x
1
) p
2
(x
1
) . . . p
N+1
(x
1
)
p
1
(x
2
) p
2
(x
2
) . . . p
N+1
(x
2
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
p
1
(x
N+1
) p
2
(x
N+1
) . . . p
N+1
(x
N+1
)
_

_
_

_
a
1
a
2
.
.
.
a
N+1
_

_
=
_

_
u
1
u
2
.
.
.
u
N+1
_

_
_

_
1 x
1
. . . x
N
1
1 x
2
. . . x
N
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 x
N
. . . x
N
N
_

_
_

_
a
1
a
2
.
.
.
a
N+1
_

_
=
_

_
u
1
u
2
.
.
.
u
N+1
_

_
Pa = u, (Z.JO)
+Z CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
trong do
P =
_

_
1 x
1
. . . x
N
1
1 x
2
. . . x
N
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 x
N
. . . x
N
N
_

_
, u =
_

_
u
1
u
2
.
.
.
u
N+1
_

_
. (Z.JI)
Ciai phuong trnh (Z.JO) ta duoc
a = P
1
u,
roi thay vao (Z.Zo) ta thu duoc cac ham dang
u
h
= ([p(x)]P
1
)u = [N(x)]u (Z.JZ)
voi
[N(x)] = [N
1
(x) N
2
(x) . . . N
N+1
(x)] = [p(x)]P
1
(Z.JJ)
la ma tran cac ham dang.
Nban xct 2.6. Do cac da thuc p
1
(x), p
2
(x), . . . , p
N+1
(x) doc lap tuyen tinh
nen cac ham dang N
1
(x), N
2
(x), . . . , N
N+1
(x) cung doc lap tuyen tinh. 1heo
ngon ngu dai so tuyen tinh, cac gia tri nut u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
N+1
co the xem la toa
do cua vecto u
h
(x) trong co so gom cac ham dang; con cac tham so a
1
, a
2
, . . . ,
a
N+1
la toa do cua u
h
(x) trong co so gom cac da thuc p
1
(x), p
2
(x), . . . , p
N+1
.
1heo do, ta goi u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
N+1
la cac .|am s nu., con a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
N+1
la cac
.|am s suy rn, xap xi theo cong thuc (Z.Zo) goi la xap x/ p|| nu..

Tb do 2.S. Troong bop 2-cbico, da tboc bac nbat. Xap xi ham u(x, y)
lang da thuc lac nhat th phan tu thich hop la tam giac J nut. Cac da thuc
p
1
(x, y) = 1, p
2
(x, y) = x, p
3
(x, y) = y lap thanh co so cua khong gian cac da
thuc hai lien co lac 1. Ky hieu:
[p(x, y)] = [p
1
(x, y) p
2
(x, y) p
3
(x, y)], a = a
1
a
2
a
3

T
.
Ham xap xi u
h
(x, y) duoc lieu dien duoi dang:
u
h
(x, y) = [p(x, y)]a. (Z.J+)
He phuong trnh xac dinh a
Pa = u, (Z.J5)
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M +J
trong do
P =
_
_
1 x
1
y
1
1 x
2
y
2
1 x
3
y
3
_
_
, a =
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
3
_
_
_
, u =
_
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
_
.
Ciai he phuong trnh (Z.J5), roi thay vao (Z.J+) ta thu duoc
u
h
(x, y) = [N(x, y)]u
trong do
N
1
(x, y) =
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
+ x(y
3
+ y
2
) y(x
3
+ x
2
)
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
,
N
2
(x, y) =
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x(y
3
+ y
1
) + y(x
3
+ x
1
)
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
,
N
3
(x, y) =
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
+ x(y
2
+ y
1
) y(x
2
+ x
1
)
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
.
Nban xct 2.7. \iec tm cac ham dang tuy don gian nhung rat de sai sot khi
tinh toan lang tay chan. 1a co the dung Matlal de thuc hien cac tinh
toan nay. Script file hd2D3N.m duoi day tm cac ham dang trong thi du tren
hd2D3N.m
% xay dung ham dang cho PTHH 2-D, 3 nut
clear all
syms x y x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 a1 a2 a3
% da thuc co so
p=[1 x y];
% cac he so
a=[a1; a2; a3];
% da thuc xap xi
uh=p*a
syms u1 u2 u3
% ma tran gia tri da thuc co so tai cac nut
PP(1,:)=subs(p,x,y,x1,y1);
PP(2,:)=subs(p,x,y,x2,y2);
++ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
PP(3,:)=subs(p,x,y,x3,y3);
% gia tri nut
u=[u1;u2;u3];
% tinh cac he so
aa=inv(PP)*u;
% xac dinh cac ham dang
kq=simplify(subs(uh,a,aa))
N1=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u1))
N2=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u2))
N3=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u3))

Nban xct 2.8. lhuong phap xay dung ham dang trong cac thi du tren co the
tong quat hoa cho truong hop ham can xap xi xac dinh trong R
d
. Coi M la
so chieu cua khong gian cac da thuc tren R
d
co lac N, T
N
(R
d
). Le xay
dung cac ham dang day du ta can M nut noi suy. Ky hieu:
x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
d
) la diem trong R
d
;
p
1
(x), p
2
(x), . . . , p
M
(x) la mot co so cua T
N
(R
d
);
x
i
(i = 1, 2, . . . , M) la cac nut noi suy.
So do tbict Iap cac bam dang
I. [p(x)] = [p
1
(x) p
2
(x) . . . p
M
(x)];
Z. P =
_

_
p
1
(x
1
) p
2
(x
1
) . . . p
M
(x
1
)
p
1
(x
2
) p
2
(x
2
) . . . p
M
(x
2
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
p
1
(x
M
) p
2
(x
M
) . . . p
M
(x
M
)
_

_
;
J. [N] = [N
1
(x) N
2
(x) . . . N
M
(x)] = [p(x)]P
1
.

2.1.S ao bam va tcb pban tbco toa do tbam cbico


1rong cac lai toan co hoc, vat ly, thuong cac ham can tm va cac dao ham
cua no co mat trong phuong trnh xac dinh. 'eu dung ham xap xi tren cac
phan tu thuc
(e)
se rat phuc tap (khong thuan tien). Bang cach dua vao khai
niem phan tu tham chieu
r
va anh xa
(e)
, ham va cac dao ham cua no
duoc tinh toan tren phan tu tham chieu. Duoi day ta xet truong hop Z-chieu.
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M +5
Coi u
h
la ham xap xi cua u tren phan tu tham chieu, ta co
u
h
(, ) = [

N(, )] u.
1u cong thuc lien doi:
x =
(e)
() x = x(, ), y = y(, ) (Z.Jo)
va cong thuc dao ham ham hop ta co:
_

_
=
_

_
x

_
T
_

y
_

_
=
_

_
= )
T
_

x
_
, (Z.J7)
trong do ) la ma tran |acoli cua phep lien doi
(e)
,
) =
_

_
x

_
.
1u cong thuc (Z.J7) ta suy ra
_

y
_

_
=
_

y
_

_
_

_
hay
_

x
_
= )
T
_

_
. (Z.Jo)
va ta co cong thuc tinh dao ham cua ham u trong he toa do thuc lang cac
dao ham cua u trong he toa do tham chieu:
_

_
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

y
_

_
_

_
u

_
= )
T
_

_
u

_
. (Z.J9)
Cong thuc doi lien (Z.Jo) cho phep ta chuyen tich phan cua mot ham
u tren phan tu thuc
(e)
thanh tich phan tren phan tu tham chieu
r
don
+o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
gian hon:
_

(e)
u(x, y)dxdy =
_

r
u(, )[)[dd, (Z.+O)
trong do [)[ ky hieu tri tuyet doi dinh thuc cua ma tran |acoli.
Tb do 2.6. Cho phan tu tam giac voi cac dinh x
1
= (1, 1), x
2
= (3, 2),
x
3
= (2, 3) (trong toa do xy). Cho u = x+y, v = xy la hai ham xac dinh tren
.
I) 1hiet lap cong thuc doi toa do, lien phan tu tham chieu
r
, tam giac
voi cac dinh
1
= (0, 0),
2
= (1, 0),
3
= (0, 1) (toa do ), thanh tam giac .
Xac dinh ) va )
1
.
Z) Dung u va v kiem tra lai cong thuc (Z.J9).
J) 1inh
_

u vd.
Giai. I) 'hu trong thi du Z.Z, duoc lien doi tu
r
nho phep lien doi
_
x = 1 + 2 + ,
y = 1 + + 2
Ma tran |acoli va dinh thuc cua no:
) =
_
2 1
1 2
_
, det ) = 3.
1u day suy ra
)
1
=
1
3
_
2 1
1 2
_
.
Z) Bieu dien u va v theo toa do :
u = u(x(, ), y(, )) = 2 + 3( + ),
v = v(x(, ), y(, )) = 1 + 3( + ) + 5 + 2(
2
+
2
).
2.l. ITHH !Hl l^ IHlO!C IH^I X^I XI H^M +7
Lao ham u va v trong toa do xy
u
x
=
u
y
= 1,
v
x
= y,
v
y
= x.
Lao ham u va v trong toa do
u

=
u

= 3,
v

= 3 + 5 + 4,
v

= 3 + 5 + 4.
Kiem cong thuc (Z.J9) truong hop ham u:
\e trai:
_
1
1
_
.
\e phai:
1
3
_
2 1
1 2
_ _
3
3
_
=
_
1
1
_
.
Kiem cong thuc (Z.J9) truong hop ham v:
\e trai:
_
y
x
_
=
_
1 + + 2
1 + 2 +
_
.
\e phai:
1
3
_
2 1
1 2
_ _
3 + 5 + 4
3 + 5 + 4
_
=
_
1 + + 2
1 + 2 +
_
.
J) 1u ket qua tren ta co
u v = (1, 1)(1 + + 2, 1 + 2 + )
T
= 2 + 3( + ).
+o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
/p dung cong thuc doi lien so trong tich phan (Z.+O)
_

u vd =
_

r
(2 + 3( + ))[3[dd
= 3
_
1
0
d
_
1
0
(2 + 3( + ))d
= 3
_
1
0
_
(2 + 3) +
3
2

1
0
_
d
= 3
_
1
0
_
7
2
2
3
2

2
_
d =
21
2
3
2

3
2

1
0
= 6.
2.2 Cac booc tbict Iap mo bnb FTHH
Muc nay trnh lay cach thiet lap mo hnh l1HH cho cac lai toan khoa hoc
ky thuat. 1a se tm hieu chi tiet cac luoc thiet lap, lao gom co so ly thuyet
va cach thuc thuc hien. \an de duoc trnh lay thong qua mot lai toan don
gian cua co hoc ket cau nham lam ro ly do va y nghIa cua cac luoc thuc hien.
'hu se thay, sau do, cach ap dung l1HH cho cac lai toan lien cung tuong
tu.
2.2.1 Fban tcb ong soat coa tbanb nbico nac
Tb do 2.7. 1m ung suat phan lo trong thanh nhieu nac doi xung truc,
li ngam chat mot dau, dau con lai li keo loi luc doc truc p. 1hanh co
cac dien tich tiet dien ngang A
(1)
= 2cm
2
, A
(2)
= 1cm
2
tren cac doan dai
l
(1)
= l
(2)
= 10cm. Cho modun Young E
(1)
= E
(2)
= E = 2 10
6
kg/cm
2
,
p = 1kg.
Cong tboc bicn pban
Z)
1heo ly thuyet thanh chiu keo nen doc truc, lien dang cua thanh duoc
xac dinh loi chuyen dich q = q(x) tai cac diem thuoc no. 1a co cac he thuc
sau:
Z)
'guoi doc khong quen voi co hoc ket cau co the chap nhan cac cong thuc duoc gioi
thieu o day.
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH +9
Hnh Z.9: 1hanh nhieu nac.
Bien dang (do gian tuong doi)
=
dq
dx
. (Z.+I)
Lng suat
= E = E
dq
dx
, (Z.+Z)
trong do E la modun Young (dinh luat Hooke).
1he nang toan phan cua thanh
I = 'ang luong lien dang Cong cua luc ngoai
= W
p
, (Z.+J)
trong do
=
_
L
0
_
A(x)
1
2
(x)(x)dAdx, (Z.++)
W
p
= pq(L). (Z.+5)
Bai toan duoc giai dua tren nguyen ly cong ao: .|uyen J(.| .|u. 'a .|uyen
J(.| 'am .u. .|eu |a .|e nan .an p|an .ua .|an|.
Ky hieu:
L = l
(1)
+ l
(2)
la chieu dai thanh;
S = q[q H
1
(0, L), q(0) = 0 la tap hop cac chuyen dich kha dI (ham
thu);
5O CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
V = s[s H
1
(0, L), s(0) = 0 la khong gian cac chuyen dich ao (ham
trong luong). Do dieu kien lien cot yeu la thuan nhat nen V = S.
Dung cac cong thuc (Z.+I), (Z.+Z) cho lieu thuc the nang (Z.+J)-(Z.+5) ung
voi chuyen dich kha dI q, ta duoc
I(q) =
_
L
0
_
A(x)
E
2
_
dq
dx
_
2
dAdx pq(L). (Z.+o)
Nban xct 2.9. \e phuong dien toan hoc, lai toan phan tich ung suat cua
thanh nhieu nac o day la lai toan toi uu: tm ham q(x), 0 x L, lam cuc
tieu phiem ham I(q) xac dinh loi (Z.+o).

Ap dong FTHH
Bu+. l - I|an |a.|
1hanh duoc xem nhu mot ket cau gom Z phan tu: phan tu thu nhat la
phan thanh gioi han loi cac tiet dien x
1
= 0, x
2
= 10, phan tu thu hai la
phan thanh gioi han loi cac tiet dien x
2
= 10, x
3
= 20 (ve phuong dien toan
hoc, doan [0, L] duoc phan hoach thanh cac doan con [x
1
, x
2
], [x
2
, x
3
]).
Hnh Z.IO: lhan tu thanh [x
i
, x
i+1
], luc tac dung len phan tu.
Bu+. 2 - Xap x/ |am .ren .un p|an .u
Chuyen dich (ham q(x)) tren moi phan tu duoc xap xi loi da thuc lac
nhat (phan tu e)
q
(e)
= q
(e)
1
N
(e)
1
(x) + q
(e)
2
N
(e)
2
(x) = [N]
(e)
q
(e)
. (Z.+7)
trong do [N]
(e)
= [N
(e)
1
(x) N
(e)
2
(x)] la ma tran ham dang, [q]
(e)
= q
(e)
1
q
(e)
2

T
goi la chuyen dich nut phan tu
J)
.
J)
Ky hieu u
(e)
chi nham muc dich nhan manh no la thu hep cua ham u tren phan tu e.
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH 5I
Nban xct 2.10. Do dieu kien ngam cua chuyen dich (dieu kien lien cua lai
toan), q
(1)
1
= 0, nen ham N
(1)
1
(x) khong co mat trong lieu thuc xap xi cua
q. 1uy nhien, de thuan tien, trong thuc hanh ta van tinh den q
(1)
1
trong qua
trnh thiet lap phuong trnh xap xi. \iec khu q
(1)
1
khoi phuong trnh se duoc
thuc hien sau.

Bien dang va ung suat tren moi phan tu duoc xap xi loi

(e)
=
d
dx
[N]
(e)
q
(e)
= [B]
e
q
(e)
, (Z.+o)

(e)
= E
(e)
[B]
e
q
(e)
, (Z.+9)
trong do [B]
e
= (d/dx)[N]
(e)
(dao ham cua mot ma tran la ma tran voi cac
phan tu la dao ham cua phan tu tuong ung trong ma tran dau).
Bu+. - T||e. 'ap p|u+n .r|n| ITHH
'eu xet rieng tung phan tu th the nang cua phan tu duoc tinh theo
cong thuc (tuong tu nhu the nang toan phan)
I
(e)
(q
(e)
1
, q
(e)
2
) =
E
(e)
A
(e)
2
_
x
e+1
xe
_
dq
(e)
dx
_
2
dx p
(e)
2
q
(e)
2
+ p
(e)
1
q
(e)
1
, (Z.5O)
trong do p
(e)
1
, p
(e)
2
la luc tac dung len cac dau mut cua phan tu. day ta quy
uoc huong duong cua luc tac dung len phan tu huong ra ngoai phan tu (hnh
Z.IO)
Do tinh chat cong tinh cua nang luong, cong thuc the nang toan phan
co the viet:
I =
2

e=1
I
(e)
=
2

e=1
_
E
(e)
A
(e)
2
_
x
e+1
xe
_
dq
(e)
dx
_
2
dx p
(e)
2
q
(e)
2
+ p
(e)
1
q
(e)
1
_
.
Lua vao ky hieu p
(e)
= p
e
1
p
e
2

T
, goi la te..+ .a| p|an .u, va dung cong
5Z CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
thuc (Z.+7) ta co
I =
2

e=1
_
E
(e)
A
(e)
2
_
x
e+1
xe
_
d[N]
(e)
dx
q
(e)
_
2
dx q
(e)T
p
(e)
_
. (Z.5I)
Le y rang,
d[N]
(e)
dx
q
(e)
= [B]
(e)
q
(e)
la vo huong nen ta co the viet
_
d[N]
(e)
dx
q
(e)
_
2
= q
(e)T
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
q
(e)
.
'eu lay lien phan ta se duoc:

_
d[N]
(e)
dx
q
(e)
_
2
= q
(e)T
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
q
(e)
+q
(e)T
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
q
(e)
= 2q
(e)T
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
q
(e)
Lang thuc cuoi nhan duoc tu nhan xet: cac vo huong q
(e)T
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
q
(e)
,
q
(e)T
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
q
(e)
la chuyen vi cua nhau.
Lieu kien cuc tri cho phiem ham I:
I = 0
2

e=1
q
(e)T
__
E
(e)
A
(e)
_
x
e+1
xe
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
dx
_
q
(e)
p
(e)
_
= 0
2

e=1
q
(e)T
_
[k]
(e)
q
(e)
p
(e)
_
= 0, (Z.5Z)
trong do ma tran
[k]
(e)
= E
(e)
A
(e)
_
x
e+1
xe
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
dx, (Z.5J)
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH 5J
duoc goi la ma .ran 1 .un p|an .u.
Lua vao te..+ .|uyen J(.| .an .u., lien phan cua no va te..+ .a| .an .u.
co thanh phan la chuyen dich, lien phan cua chuyen dich va noi luc tai cac
nut cua toan lo thanh
q = q
1
q
2
q
3

T
, q = q
1
q
2
q
3

T
, p = p
1
p
2
p
3

T
,
ta co the viet
2

e=1
q
(e)T
[k]
(e)
q
(e)
= q
T
[K]q,
2

e=1
q
(e)T
p
(e)
= q
T
p,
va phuong trnh (Z.5Z) thanh
q
T
([K]q +p) = 0, (Z.5+)
trong do [K] co dang
[K] =
_
_
K
11
K
12
K
13
K
21
K
22
K
23
K
31
K
32
K
33
_
_
,
goi la ma .ran 1 .un .an .u.. 1ru nut thu nhat do dieu kien rang luoc
q
1
= 0, cac lien phan con lai q
2
, q
3
la tuy y, lang cac lay cac lien phan
nay lan luot lang I, ta suy ra:
0 K
11
q
1
+ K
12
q
2
+ K
13
q
3
= 0 p
1
K
21
q
1
+ K
22
q
2
+ K
23
q
3
= p
2
K
31
q
1
+ K
32
q
2
+ K
33
q
3
= p
3
lhuong trnh thu nhat tuong duong voi 0 = 0. He phuong trnh suy lien, can
phai loai phuong trnh nay khoi he. 1a se tro lai van de nay sau.
'hu vay, noi chung, v lien phan la tuy y, phuong trnh (Z.5+) thanh
[K] q = p. (Z.55)
lhuong trnh (Z.55) duoc goi la p|u+n .r|n| ITHH. Do hai phan tu ke
nhau co chung nhau mot diem nut nen phep lay tong trong cac phuong trnh
(Z.5+) phai duoc hien theo mot cach dac liet, goi la p|ep 'ap |ep.
5+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
1ruoc khi tien hanh cac luoc tiep theo ta cu the hoa cac luoc I-J qua
do gioi thieu so do tinh toan l1HH.
1ruoc het, trong thuc hanh, viec phan hoach o luoc I duoc thuc hien
lang cach dua vao hai ma tran:
* Ma tran toa do cac nut CRD
CRD = [x
1
, x
2
, x
3
] = [0, 10, 20].
* Ma tran lap ghep L/ mo ta su lien ket giua cac phan tu. Ma tran nay
gom Z dong (so phan tu) va Z cot (so nut hnh hoc cua phan tu). Moi dong
cua L/ ung voi mot phan tu, L/(e, 1) va L/(e, 2) la thu tu cua nut I va Z
trong cach danh so toan cuc.
L/ =
_
1 2
2 3
_
.
Buoc thu Z va J duoc thuc hien nhu nhau cho moi phan tu (day la dac
diem cua l1HH). 1hanh gom J nut nen chuyen dich xap xi duoc xac dinh
loi vecto chuyen dich toan cuc (toan lo thanh),
q =
_
_
_
q
1
q
2
q
3
_
_
_
.
1rong khi do moi phan tu chi co hai nut, nen vecto chuyen dich phan tu, thi
du phan tu e, co dang
q
(e)
=
_
q
(e)
1
q
(e)
2
_
.
'han xet tuong tu voi vecto tai toan cuc va vecto tai phan tu,
p =
_
_
_
p
1
p
2
p
3
_
_
_
, p
(e)
=
_
p
(e)
1
p
(e)
2
_
.
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH 55
Ma tran do cung phan tu, duoc tinh nhu sau.
[N]
(e)
=
_
x
e+1
x
x
e+1
x
e
,
x x
e
x
e+1
x
e
_
,
[B]
(e)
=
1
x
e+1
x
e
[1, 1] [B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
=
1
(x
e+1
x
e
)
2
_
1 1
1 1
_
,
[k]
(e)
=
E
(e)
A
(e)
l
e
_
1 1
1 1
_
.
'hu da noi o tren, de thiet lap phuong trnh l1HH ta phai lay tong
hay lap ghep cac phan tu ca liet lai voi nhau. lhep lap ghep ma tran do cung
va vecto tai phan tu duoc thuc hien nhu sau. 1ruoc het khoi tao ma tran do
cung va vecto tai toan cuc
[K] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, [p] =
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
.
lhan tu thu nhat duoc ghep vao dua tren lien he giua thu tu dia phuong va
thu tu toan cuc theo ma tran lap ghep,
thu tu dia phuong I Z
thu tu toan cuc I Z

k
(1)
11
K
11
k
(1)
12
K
12
p
(1)
1
p
1
k
(1)
21
K
21
k
(1)
22
K
22
p
(1)
2
p
2
(mui ten am chi su cong vao). Do do
[K] =
_
_
k
(1)
11
k
(1)
12
0
k
(1)
21
k
(1)
22
0
0 0 0
_
_
, p =
_
_
_
p
(1)
1
p
(1)
2
0
_
_
_
.
1uong tu voi phan tu thu hai
thu tu dia phuong I Z
thu tu toan cuc Z J

k
(2)
11
K
22
k
(2)
12
K
23
p
(2)
1
p
2
k
(2)
21
K
32
k
(2)
22
K
33
p
(2)
2
p
3
5o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
[K] =
_

_
k
(1)
11
k
(1)
12
0
k
(1)
21
k
(1)
22
+ k
(2)
11
k
(2)
12
0 k
(2)
12
k
(2)
22
_

_
, [p] =
_

_
p
(1)
1
p
(1)
2
p
(2)
1
p
(2)
2
_

_
.
Cho den lay gio gia tri cua tai dat tai cac nut van chua duoc lan toi.
1hat ra, theo du lieu cua lai toan, ta chi liet gia tri cua tai dat tai nut thu
la, p
(2)
2
= p. 1uy nhien, dua vao nguyen ly tac dung tuong ho ta co ngay
p
(1)
2
= p
(2)
1
, nghIa la
[p] =
_
_
_
p
(1)
1
0
p
_
_
_
voi p
(1)
1
la tai (chua liet) tac dung tai nut li ngam (nut cho dieu kien lien
cot yeu). 'hu se thay trong luoc ke tiep phuong trnh co chua p
1
se duoc
khu mat, con p se duoc gan gia tri luc cho truoc. \ vay, trong tinh toan thuc
hanh, ta co the dat
p =
_
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
_
,
nghIa la khong can lap ghep vecto tai phan tu (xem so do khoi, hnh Z.II).
Bu+. + - l|u 1|eu '|en '|en (1|eu '|en .|uyen J(.| ta 'u.)
Lieu kien chuyen dich: do nut I duoc cho truoc chuyen dich, q
1
= 0,
phuong trnh thu nhat tuong duong voi 0 = 0 nen de he phuong trnh khong
suy lien ta phai khu an q
1
va loai phuong trnh tuong ung khoi he phuong
trnh.
Cach khu an da liet va loai phuong trnh tuong ung ma khong lam thay
doi kich thuoc cua cac ma tran tham gia trong he phuong trnh (!!). Le lam
ro phuong phap ta trnh lay cho truong hop tong quat, phuong trnh l1HH
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH 57
co dang
K
11
q
1
+ K
12
q
2
+ . . . + K
1d
q
d
+ . . . + K
1n
q
n
= p
1
K
21
q
1
+ K
22
q
2
+ . . . + K
2d
q
d
+ . . . + K
2n
q
n
= p
2
.
.
.
K
d1
q
1
+ K
d2
q
2
+ . . . + K
dd
q
d
+ . . . + K
dn
q
n
= p
d
.
.
.
K
n1
q
1
+ K
n2
q
2
+ . . . + K
nd
q
d
+ . . . + K
nn
q
n
= p
n
trong do q
d
= g duoc cho truoc. 1hay q
d
lang g vao cac phuong trnh tru
phuong trnh thu d, roi chuyen so hang da liet sang ve hai th ve hai tro
thanh
p
j
K
jd
g (j ,= d);
rieng phuong trnh d duoc thay lang phuong trnh 1q
d
= g; cuoi cung ta co:
K
11
q
1
+ K
12
q
2
+ . . . + 0 q
d
+ . . . + K
1n
q
n
= p
1
K
1d
g
K
21
q
1
+ K
22
q
2
+ . . . + 0 q
d
+ . . . + K
2n
q
n
= p
2
K
2d
g
.
.
.
0 q
1
+ 0 q
2
+ . . . + 1 q
d
+ . . . + 0 q
n
= g
.
.
.
K
n1
q
1
+ K
n2
q
2
+ . . . + 0 q
d
+ . . . + K
nn
q
n
= p
n
K
nd
g
\oi cach lam nay th ma tran do cung [K] chuyen thanh ma tran nhan
duoc tu no lang cach cho cac phan tu dong d va cot d lang khong, rieng
phan tu o dong d, cot d cho lang I
_

_
K
11
K
12
. . . 0 . . . K
1n
K
21
K
22
. . . 0 . . . K
2n
.
.
.
0 0 . . . 1 . . . 0
.
.
.
K
n1
K
n2
. . . 0 . . . K
nn
_

_
.
Cac thanh phan cua vecto tai duoc hieu chinh theo cong thuc tren, rieng
phan tu o dong d duoc lay lang g.
5o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Lieu kien luc: do nut J cho truoc luc keo p, ta cong them p(3) =
p(3) + p.
Bu+. 5 - C|a| |e p|u+n .r|n| DSTT.
Bu+. o - Hau xu 'y
1inh ung suat trong cac phan tu nho cong thuc (Z.+9).
Cac luoc tinh toan l1HH co the tom luoc lang so do tren hnh Z.II.
2.2.2 tap trnb tnb toan FTHH
'hu mot thi du ve cach lap trnh tinh toan l1HH, duoi day la chuong trnh
thanhnn.m duoc viet lang ngon ngu Matlal. 1at nhien, nhu cau cham ngon
o dau chuong, day khong phai la chuong trnh tot nhat de thuc hien muc
dich - phan tich ung suat thanh nhieu nac; chuong trnh duoc viet theo sat
cac luoc chung cua viec mo hnh hoa l1HH de nguoi moi lat dau de theo
doi, lat chuoc roi sang tao cac chuong trnh tinh khac.
Soo Iico cboong trnb tbanbnn.m
+)
Mu. 1/.|. phan tich ung suat thanh nhieu nac.
Ten. . . . . . .
!ay .ap n|a.. . . . . . .
B|en - M .a '|en
nn tong so nut
ne tong so phan tu
coord vecto toa do cac nut
la ma tran lap ghep
para ma tran cac tham so hnh hoc va vat lieu
dcond dieu kien chuyen dich
fcond dieu kien luc
ke ma tran do cung phan tu
gk ma tran do cung toan cuc
gp vecto tai toan cuc
q vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
sigma vecto ung suat cac phan tu
+)
Suu lieu chuong trnh la phan khong the thieu khi lap trnh, no cung cap nhung thong
tin can thiet de chuyen giao chuong trnh cho nguoi su dung. 1huong lon muc dau duoc
dua vao trong phan dau cua chuong trnh.
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH 59
Hnh Z.II: So do khoi mo hnh hoa l1HH.
oO CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Cau .ru. Ju '|eu .ua te..+, ma .ran
I) \ecto toa do cac nut coord, kich thuoc Inn,
coord(i) = toa do nut toan cuc thu i.
Z) Ma tran lap ghep la, kich thuoc neZ
la(e,1) = thu tu toan cuc cua nut thu nhat cua phan tu e,
la(e,2) = thu tu toan cuc cua nut thu hai cua phan tu e.
J) Ma tran cac tham so hnh hoc va vat lieu para, kich thuoc neJ
para(e,1) = chieu dai cua phan tu e,
para(e,2) = dien tich tiet dien cua phan tu e,
para(e,3) = modun Young cua phan tu e.
+) Lieu kien chuyen dich dcond, kich thuoc IZ
dcond(1) = thu tu toan cuc cua nut cho truoc chuyen dich,
dcond(2) = gia tri cua chuyen dich.
5) Lieu kien luc fcond, kich thuoc IZ
fcond(1) = thu tu toan cuc cua nut cho luc ngoai,
fcond(2) = gia tri cua luc.
Cboong trnb tbanbnn.m
thann.m
% chuong trinh phan tich ung suat cua thanh nhieu nac
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 25/9/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% para ..... ma tran cac tham so hinh hoc va vat lieu
% dcond .... dieu kien chuyen dich
% fcond .... dieu kien luc
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH oI
% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
% sigma .... vecto ung suat phan tu
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
nn=3;
ne=2;
coord=[0 10 20];
la=[1 2; 2 3];
para=[10 2 2*10^6; 10 1 2*10^6];
fcond=[3 1000];
dcond=[1 0];
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
% tinh ma tran do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
x1=coord(i);
x2=coord(j);
le=para(e,1);
ae=para(e,2);
ee=para(e,3);
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=ae*ee/le*[1 -1; -1 1];
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke(1,1);
gk(i,j)=gk(i,j)+ke(1,2);
gk(j,i)=gk(j,i)+ke(2,1);
gk(j,j)=gk(j,j)+ke(2,2);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=[0; 0];
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
end;
% dua vao dieu kien nut
for i=1:size(fcond,1)
gp(fcond(i,1))=gp(fcond(i,1))+fcond(i,2);
oZ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
end
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
for j=1:nn
gp(j)=gp(j)-gk(j,dcond(i))*dcond(i,2);
end
for j=1:nn
gk(dcond(i,1),j)=0.0;
gk(j,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
disp(sprintf(n %s,KET QUA))
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(n %s,CHUYEN DICH CUA CAC NUT))
disp(sprintf(%s,nut))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%dtt %f,i,q(i)))
end
% xuat ung suat cua cac phan tu
disp(ung suat trong cac phan tu (kg/cm^2));
for e=1:ne
sigma(e)=para(e,3)*(q(la(e,2))-q(la(e,1)))/para(e,1);
end
disp(sprintf(n %s,UNG SUAT CUA CAC PHAN TU))
disp(sprintf(%s,phan tu))
for e=1:ne
disp(sprintf(%dtt%f,e,sigma(e)))
end
Ket qua chay chuong trnh:
KET QUA
CHUYEN DICH CUA CAC NUT
nut
1 0.000000
2 0.002500
3 0.007500
ung suat trong cac phan tu (kg/cm

2)
UNG SUAT CUA CAC PHAN TU
2.2. C^C BlOC THlLT l^I MO HI!H ITHH oJ
phan tu
1 500.000000
2 1000.000000
2.2.3 Mot cacb ticp can kbac
Khi thiet lap mo hnh l1HH cua lai toan phan tich ung suat cua thanh
nhieu nac ta da dung cach dat lai toan theo nguyen ly nang luong (nguyen
ly cong ao) cua co hoc ket cau phat lieu cho thanh chiu keo nen. Cac phan
tu huu han theo cach dat nay la cac doan thanh cau thanh thanh nhieu nac,
chung co y nghIa vat ly cu the. Bay gio ta xet lai toan theo cach dat moi
cua ly thuyet cac lai toan lien.
/p dung phuong trnh vi phan mo ta lien dang cua thanh chiu tai doc
truc, lo qua luc khoi tac dung len thanh, phuong trnh (I.J5), ta duoc cac
phuong trnh vi phan xac dinh chuyen dich cua thanh nhieu nac
d
dx
_
A
(1)
E
dq
dx
_
= 0, 0 < x < l
(1)
, (Z.5o)
d
dx
_
A
(2)
E
dq
dx
_
= 0, l
(1)
< x < L. (Z.57)
1heo gia thiet cua lai toan dieu kien lien cho nghiem:
q(0) = 0, (Z.5o)
E
dq
dx
(L) =
p
A
(2)
. (Z.59)
'goai ra, chuyen dich q con phai thoa dieu kien lien tuc va tuong tac tai
diem phan cach x = l
(1)
q(l
(1)
) = q(l
(1)+
), (Z.oO)
A
(1)
E
dq
dx
(l
(1)
) = A
(2)
E
dq
dx
(l
(1)+
). (Z.oI)
Lua vao khong gian ham V = s[s H
1
(0, L), s(0) = 0. Lay s V
tuy y, nhan hai ve phuong trnh (Z.5o) (hay phuong trnh (Z.57)) voi s, lay tich
o+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Hnh Z.IZ: Cac ham co so.
phan tu 0 den L
A
(1)
E
_
l
(1)
0
d
2
q
dx
2
sdx + A
(2)
E
_
L
l
(1)
d
2
q
dx
2
sdx = 0.
1ich phan tung phan, dung cac dieu kien (Z.59)-(Z.oI), ta duoc
A
(1)
E
_
l
(1)
0
dq
dx
ds
dx
dx + A
(2)
E
_
L
l
(1)
dq
dx
ds
dx
dx ps(L) = 0. (Z.oZ)
Bai toan lien phan: tm q V thoa (Z.oZ) voi moi s V . Dung phuong
phap Calerkin, luu y den nhan xet Z.IO, voi cac ham co so (hnh Z.IZ)

1
(x) =
_
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
neu 0 = x
1
x x
2
0 neu x
2
< x x
3
= L
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! o5

2
(x) =
_
xx
1
x
2
x
1
neu x
1
x x
2
x
3
x
x
3
x
2
neu x
2
< x x
3

3
(x) =
_
0 neu x
1
x x
2
xx
2
x
3
x
2
neu x
2
< x x
3
1hay
q
3

i=1
q
i

i
=
2

e=1
[N]
(e)
q
(e)
vao (Z.oZ) voi s lay lan luot la
j
(j = 1, 2, 3) ta duoc
2

e=1
_
E
(e)
A
(e)
_
x
e+1
xe
[B]
(e)T
[B]
(e)
dx
_
q
(e)
p = 0
2

e=1
[k]
e
q
(e)
p = 0
[K] q = p,
trong do p = 0 0 p
T
.
Sau khi khu dieu kien lien cot yeu ta nhan lai duoc phuong trnh l1HH
trong thi du Z.7.
2.3 Ap dong FTHH cbo cac bai toan bicn
'hu da trnh lay o tren, phuong phap phan tu huu han co the ap dung
cho cac lai toan lien. Cac thanh phan chinh cua phuong phap l1HH cho
nghiem cua lai toan lien:
i. lhat lieu lien phan hay phat lieu yeu lai toan; va
ii. Ciai xap xi phuong trnh lien phan nho l1HH.
Muc nay gioi thieu cach tm nghiem xap xi l1HH cua lai toan lien thong
qua mot so thi du, qua do gioi thieu cach nhn van de theo quan diem giai
tich ham.
oo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
2.3.1 ai toan 1-cbico
Tb do 2.8. Ky hieu = (0, 1). Ciai phuong trnh vi phan cho u:
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f = 0, x , (Z.oJ)
thoa cac dieu kien lien
u(1) = g, (Z.o+)

du
dx
(0) = h. (Z.o5)
day f :

R la ham cho truoc, con g, h la cac so thuc cho truoc. Lay
la lai toan trong thi du I.Z, chuong I.
Bai toan nay co nghiem giai tich:
u(x) = g + (1 x)h +
_
1
x
__
y
0
f(z)dz
_
dy. (Z.oo)
Ky hieu:
S = s[s H
1
(), s(1) = g la tap hop cac ham thu ;
V = v[v H
1
(), v(1) = 0 la tap hop cac ham trong luong.
Bai toan lien phan:
Cho f, g, h nhu truoc. 1m u S sao cho voi moi w V
_
1
0
dw
dx
du
dx
dx =
_
1
0
wfdx + w(0)h. (Z.o7)
Duoi day, de don gian ta goi lai toan lien (Z.oJ) - (Z.o5) la lai toan (S), con
lai toan lien phan (Z.o7) la lai toan (W)
5)
. \e phuong dien toan hoc (tinh
chat che) ta can chung minh:
5)
S la chu dau cua Strong, am chi phat lieu (hay dang) manh cua lai toan. W la chu dau
cua Weak, am chi phat lieu (hay dang) yeu cua lai toan.
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! o7
|nb Iy 2.2. Du+| .a. |a .||e. .|/.| |+p .a ..
(a) !eu u 'a n||em .ua (S) .|| u .un 'a n||em .ua (\).
(') !eu u 'a n||em .ua (\) .|| u .un 'a n||em .ua (S).
C|un m|n|
(a) \ u la nghiem cua (S) nen
0 =
_
1
0
w
_
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f
_
dx
voi moi w V . 1ich phan tung phan ve phai,
0 =
_
1
0
dw
dx
du
dx
dx
_
1
0
wfdx w
du
dx

1
0
.
Dung dieu kien lien (Z.o5) va w(1) = 0, ta duoc:
_
1
0
dw
dx
du
dx
dx =
_
1
0
wfdx + w(0)h. (Z.oo)
Hon nua, v u la nghiem cua (S) nen no thoa u(1) = g va v vay u S. Cuoi
cung, v u thoa (Z.oo) voi moi w V nen u thoa dinh nghIa nghiem yeu cho
loi (W).
(l) Bay gio gia su u la nghiem yeu. \ay u S, suy ra u(1) = g, va
_
1
0
dw
dx
du
dx
dx =
_
1
0
wfdx + w(0)h
voi moi w V . 1ich phan tu phan ve trai va dung w(1) = 0, ta duoc
0 =
_
1
0
w
_
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f
_
dx + w(0)
_
du
dx
(0) + h
_
. (Z.o9)
Le chung minh u la nghiem cua (S) chi can chung minh rang (Z.o9) dan den:
oo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
(i)
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f = 0 tren ; va
(ii)
du
dx
(0) + h = 0.
Lau tien ta chung minh (i). Linh nghIa w trong (Z.o9) loi
w =
_
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f
_
,
trong do tron; > 0 voi moi x ; va (0) = (1) = 0. Chang han, ta co
the lay (x) = x(1 x). Do w(1) = 0 nen w V . 1hay w vao (Z.o9) th duoc
0 =
_
1
0

_
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f
_
2
. .
0
dx + 0.
Suy ra (i) phai duoc thoa.
Dung (i) trong (Z.o9) de chung minh (ii), cu the la
0 = w
_
du
dx
(0) + h
_
.
1a co the chon w V sao cho w(0) ,= 0. \ay (ii) cung duoc chung minh
Lat:
a(w, u) =
_
1
0
dw
dx
du
dx
dx, (Z.7O)
(w, f) =
_
1
0
wfdx (Z.7I)
lan luot la dang song tuyen tinh doi xung lien tuc, dang tuyen tinh lien tuc
tren V . lhuong trnh lien phan (W) co the viet lai:
a(w, u) = (w, f) + w(0)h. (Z.7Z)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! o9
/p dung l1HH cho lai toan lien phan la xay dung cac xap xi |uu |an
.||eu cua S va V , ky hieu S
h
va V
h
tuong ung. Chi so tren h lien he voi
luoi hay phep phan hoach mien xac dinh cua lai toan thanh cac phan tu
huu han. 1hong thuong ta muon S
h
S va V
h
V , xap xi nhu vay goi la
xap x/ .rn. 1u dieu kien lien ta thay neu u
h
S
h
, w
h
V
h
th u
h
(1) = g,
w
h
(1) = 0. Cho truoc ham g
h
S
h
. Moi ham u S
h
co the lieu dien duoi
dang u
h
= v
h
+ g
h
, trong do v
h
V
h
. 1u phuong trnh (Z.7Z), ta co phuong
trnh
a(w
h
, u
h
) = (w
h
, f) + w
h
(0)h (Z.7J)
xac dinh nghiem yeu xap xi u
h
thoa (Z.7J) voi moi w
h
V
h
; hay xac dinh
v
h
V
h
(u
h
= v
h
+ g
h
) thoa
a(w
h
, v
h
) = (w
h
, f) + w
h
(0)h a(w
h
, g
h
) (Z.7+)
1om lai, ta co dang Calerkin cua lai toan (xap xi), ky hieu (C), duoc
phat lieu nhu sau: Cho truoc f, g, h nhu tren, tm u
h
= v
h
+ g
h
, v
h
V
h
, sao
cho voi moi w
h
V
h
a(w
h
, v
h
) = (w
h
, f) + w
h
(0)h a(w
h
, g
h
).
Cho den day, ta co lai toan xap xi cua lai toan lien lan dau. /p dung
l1HH cho lai toan, thuc chat, la xay dung khong gian xap xi V
h
lang l1HH
(xap xi ham).
Xay dong kbong gian xap x V
h
bang FTHH
Mien duoc chia thanh ne phan tu huu han (doan con) loi nn = ne+1
diem nut:
0 = x
1
< x
2
< . . . < x
nn
,
phan tu thu e la doan [x
e
, x
e+1
], chieu dai h
e
= x
e+1
x
e
.
Ham w
h
V
h
(khong gian xap xi) la da thuc lac nhat tren tung phan
tu
w
h
= c
(e)
1
N
(e)
1
(x) + c
(e)
2
N
(e)
2
(x) = [N]
(e)
c
(e)
x
e
< x < x
e+1
. (Z.75)
\oi cach xap xi nay ta co ho ham tuyen tinh tu manh: N
1
, N
2
, . . . , N
nn
, goi
la ham dang toan cuc, xac dinh nhu sau:
N
1
lien ket voi nut I:
N
1
(x) =
_
x
2
x
h
1
neu 0 = x
1
x x
2
0 neu x > x
2
7O CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
N
i
(2 i nn 1) lien ket voi nut i (nut trong):
N
i
(x) =
_
_
_
xx
i1
h
i1
neu x
i1
x x
i
x
i+1
x
h
i
neu x
i
< x x
i+1
0 neu x < x
i1
hay x > x
i+1
N
nn
lien ket voi nut nn:
N
nn
(x) =
_
0 neu x < x
nn1
xx
nn1
h
nn1
neu x
nn1
x x
nn
Cac ham dang N
i
la su lap ghep ham dang cua cac phan tu co chung nut
Hnh Z.IJ: Cac ham dang toan cuc.
i. De thay cac ham N
i
thoa dieu kien kronecker
N
i
(x
j
) =
ij
va v vay ho ham nay doc lap tuyen tinh. Do w
h
(1) = 0, ta dinh nghIa:
V
h
=< N
1
, N
2
, . . . , N
nn1
>. Lieu nay co nghIa la neu w
h
V
h
th ton tai
cac hang so thuc c
i
, i = 1, 2, . . . , nn 1 sao cho
w
h
= c
1
N
1
+ c
2
N
2
+ . . . + c
nn1
N
nn1
=
nn1

i=1
c
i
N
i
= [N]c, (Z.7o)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 7I
trong do [N] = [N
1
N
2
. . . N
nn1
], c
T
= c
1
c
2
. . . c
nn1
.
Le xac dinh cac ham u
h
S
h
ta dua vao ham g
h
dinh nghIa nhu sau
g
h
= gN
nn
, khi do neu u
h
S
h
th ton tai cac so thuc q
i
, i = 1, 2, . . . , nn 1,
sao cho
u
h
=
nn1

i=1
q
i
N
i
+ gN
nn
= [N]q + gN
nn
, (Z.77)
trong do q
T
= q
1
q
2
. . . q
nn1
.
Bay gio thay (Z.7o) va (Z.77) vao phuong trnh Calerkin (Z.7+), roi dung
tinh song tuyen tinh cua a, va tinh tuyen tinh cua cac lieu thuc con lai, ta
duoc:
nn1

i,j=1
c
i
a(N
i
, N
j
)q
j
=
nn1

i=1
c
i
(N
i
, f) + h
nn1

i=1
c
i
N
i
(0) g
nn1

i=1
c
i
a(N
i
, N
nn
).
\ phuong trnh tren thoa voi moi w
h
V
h
nen no thoa voi cac c
i
tuy y, suy
ra:
nn1

j=1
a(N
i
, N
j
)q
j
= (N
i
, f) + hN
i
(0) ga(N
i
, N
nn
) (Z.7o)
voi moi i = 1, 2, . . . , nn.
Ky hieu: K
ij
= a(N
i
, N
j
), p
i
= (N
i
, f) + hN
i
(0) ga(N
i
, N
nn
) th (Z.7o)
tro thanh:
nn1

j=1
K
ij
q
j
= p
i
. (Z.79)
hay duoi dang ma tran
[K]q = p,
trong do [K] = [K
ij
], q = q
1
q
2
. . . q
nn

T
, p = p
1
p
2
. . . p
nn

T
, doi
chieu voi muc truoc, lan luot la ma tran do cung toan cuc, vecto chuyen dich,
vecto tai toan cuc (sau khi khu dieu kien lien).
7Z CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Nban xct 2.11. Loi trnh lay o day, theo quan diem toan cuc, neu lat y
tuong co lan cua l1HH la xap xi khong gian ham V lang khong gian huu
han chieu V
h
. 1uy nhien, trong thuc hanh giai cac lai toan lien nguoi ta
tien hanh theo quan diem dia phuong.

Tbict Iap pboong trnb FTHH (GaIcrkin) tbco qoan dicm d|a pboong
Sau khi da phan hoach mien (luoc I), chon da thuc noi suy cho tung
phan tu (luoc Z). Buoc J, thiet lap phuong trnh l1HH duoc thuc hien lang
cach xet phuong trnh (Z.oJ) tren phan tu huu han
(e)
= (x
e
, x
e+1
). 1huc
hien tinh toan tuong tu nhu khi thiet lap cong thuc lien phan,
_
x
e+1
xe
_
d
2
u
dx
2
+ f
_
wdx.
1ich phan tung phan:
_
x
e+1
xe
dw
dx
du
dx
dx =
_
x
e+1
xe
wfdx +
du
dx
(x
e+1
)w(x
e+1
)
du
dx
(x
e
)w(x
e
).
Dung cac ky hieu
a
(e)
(w, u) =
_
x
e+1
xe
dw
dx
du
dx
dx, (w, f)
(e)
=
_
x
e+1
xe
wfdx,
cong thuc tren co the viet lai:
a
(e)
(w, u) = (w, f)
(e)
+
du
dx
(x
e+1
)w(x
e+1
)
du
dx
(x
e
)w(x
e
).
1heo cach xap xi ham tren
(e)
, w
h
= [N]
(e)
c
(e)
va u
h
= [N]
(e)
q
(e)
, th
2

,=1
c
(e)

a
(e)
(N
(e)

, N
(e)

)q
(e)

=
2

=1
c
(e)

(N
(e)

, f)
(e)
+
2

=1
c
(e)

_
du
(e)
dx
(x
e+1
)N
(e)

(x
e+1
)
du
(e)
dx
(x
e
)N
(e)

(x
e
)
_
.
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 7J
Do cac c
(e)

la tuy y nen
2

=1
a
(e)
(N
(e)

, N
(e)

)q
(e)

=
(N
(e)

, f)
(e)
+
_
du
(e)
dx
(x
e+1
)N
(e)

(x
e+1
)
du
(e)
dx
(x
e
)N
(e)

(x
e
)
_
.
Ky hieu:
k
(e)

= a
(e)
(N
(e)

, N
(e)

),
p
(e)

= (N
(e)

, f)
(e)
+
_
du
(e)
dx
(x
e+1
)N
(e)

(x
e+1
)
du
(e)
dx
(x
e
)N
(e)

(x
e
)
_
. .
so hang lien quan den lien phan tu
,
phuong trnh thanh:
[k]
(e)
q
(e)
= p
(e)
,
trong do [k]
(e)
= [k
(e)

] va p
(e)
= [p
(e)

] lan luot la ma tran do cung va vecto


tai phan tu. Cu the, trong tinh toan thuc hanh, ma tran do cung phan tu
duoc tinh loi cong thuc:
[k]
(e)
=
1
h
e
_
1 1
1 1
_
;
con vecto tai phan tu, xap xi l1HH ham f cung kieu, duoc tinh nhu sau.
p
(e)

= (N
(e)

, f)
(e)
) =
_
x
e+1
xe
N
(e)

fdx =
2

=1
__
x
e+1
xe
N
(e)

N
(e)

dx
_
f(x
(e)

),
suy ra
p
(e)
=
h
e
6
_
2f(x
e
) + f(x
e+1
)
f(x
e
) + 2f(x
e+1
)
_
.
7+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Chu y, o day ta khong dua vao so hang lien quan den lien cua phan tu, v no
se li triet tieu (khu lan nhau) khi lap ghep neu lien nam len trong, hoac se
duoc xac dinh tu dieu kien lien lai toan neu lien nam tren lien cua mien.
1rong lai toan dang xet, tai nut dau (phan tu thu nhat),

du
dx
(x
1
)N
(1)
1
(x
1
) = h,
du
dx
(x
1
)N
(1)
2
(x
1
) = 0.
Do do, ta chi can cong them h vao thanh phan thu nhat (ung voi nut I)
cua vecto tai toan cuc (xem chuong trnh pthhZo.m).
lhan con lai duoc thuc hien tuong tu nhu da trnh lay trong muc truoc.
Cboong trnb ptbb28.m
Chuong trnh duoc viet cho thi du Z.o voi cac so lieu cu the: f(x) = 6x,
g = 1, h = 2. 'ghiem chinh xac: u = x
3
+ 2x 4. 'guoi doc nen doi
chieu voi chuong trnh thanhnn.m de thay cac thanh phan chung cua cac
chuong trnh l1HH.
pthh28.m
% chuong trinh thi du 2.8, f=-6x, g=-1, h=-2
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 25/9/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
% fcond .... dieu kien Neumann
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
% chuong trinh goi function ffunc - ham f
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
ne=10;
nn=ne+1;
coord=0:1/ne:1;
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 75
for e=1:ne
la(e,1)=e;
la(e,2)=e+1;
end
fcond=[1 -2];
dcond=[nn -1];
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
% tinh ma tran do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
x1=coord(i);
x2=coord(j);
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=1/abs(x2-x1)*[1 -1; -1 1];
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke(1,1);
gk(i,j)=gk(i,j)+ke(1,2);
gk(j,i)=gk(j,i)+ke(2,1);
gk(j,j)=gk(j,j)+ke(2,2);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=abs(x2-x1)/6*[2*ffunc(x1)+ffunc(x2); ffunc(x1)+2*ffunc(x2)];
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
end;
% dua vao dieu kien nut
for i=1:size(fcond,1)
gp(fcond(i,1))=gp(fcond(i,1))+fcond(i,2);
end
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
for j=1:nn
gp(j)=gp(j)-gk(j,dcond(i,1))*dcond(i,2);
end
for j=1:nn
gk(dcond(i,1),j)=0.0;
gk(j,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
7o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
disp(sprintf(n %s, KET QUA SO VOI NGHIEM CX))
% nghiem chinh xac u=x^3+2*x-4
ucx=coord.^3+2*coord-4;
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(%s,nut uxx ucx))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%dtt%ft%f,i,q(i),ucx(i)))
end
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(q-transpose(ucx)))))
Ham duoc goi trong thi du Z.o:
ffunc.m
function v=ffunc(x)
% ham duoc goi trong thi du 2.6
v=-6*x;
Ket qua chay chuong trnh:
KET QUA SO VOI NGHIEM CX
nut uxx ucx
1 -4.000000 -4.000000
2 -3.592000 -3.592000
3 -3.136000 -3.136000
4 -2.584000 -2.584000
5 -1.888000 -1.888000
6 -1.000000 -1.000000
sai so cuc dai: 1.776357e-015
C|u .|/.| te 'ap .r|n| Ma.'a'
(I) Mot vecto X voi cac thanh phan nguyen duong duoc Matlal xem
nhu anh xa tu N vao N,
1 X(1), 2 X(2), . . . , n X(n).
Matlal cho phep thuc hien phep toan hop noi hai anh xa kieu G(X) mien
sao G la vecto co chieu dai lon hon cac X(i). 1hi du:
>> X=[2 3]
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 77
X =
2 3
>> G=[0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4; 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5; 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6]
G =
0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000
0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000
0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000
>> G(1,X)
ans =
0.2000 0.3000
>> G(X,1)
ans =
0.2000
0.3000
>> G(X,X)
ans =
0.3000 0.4000
0.4000 0.5000
1u nhan xet nay doan ma trong vong lap theo phan tu cua chuong trnh
tren co the viet:
i=la(e,:);
x=coord(i);
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=1/abs(x(2)-x(1))*[1 -1; -1 1];
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke;
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=abs(x(2)-x(1))/6*[2*ffunc(x(1))+ffunc(x(2));
ffunc(x(1))+2*ffunc(x(2))];
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe;
(Z) Dung ky tu gop ':' doan ma khu dieu kien lien Dirichlet co the viet:
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
gp(:)=gp(:)-gk(:,dcond(i,1))*dcond(i,2);
gk(dcond(i,1),:)=0.0;
gk(:,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
7o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
2.3.2 ai toan 2-cbico
Tb do 2.9. Cho la tap mo li chan trong R
2
voi lien , xet lai toan
lien elliptic:
u = f(x), x , (Z.oO)
u = 0 tren , (Z.oI)
trong do f = f(x), x = (x, y)), la ham cho truoc thuoc lop L
2
().
I|u+n .r|n| 1a |am r|en .rn 'a| .an .ren | 'a p|u+n .r|n| I|ssn.
! 'a m ||n| .an |. .ua n||eu 'a| .an ap .rn ta. 'y. T|/ Ju, | u 'a n||e.
1 p|an ' .rn ta. .|e .||em m|en R
3
. !eu qua .r|n| Jan n||e. 'a Jun .a
. .a. |e .|u. sau.
q
i
= k
i
(x)
u
x
i
, x , i = 1, 2, 3 (1(n| 'ua. Fur|er), (Z.oZ)
_ q = f, x (1(n| 'ua. 'a .an nan 'u+n), (Z.oJ)
+ 1ay q = (q
1
, q
2
, q
3
), q
i
'y ||eu Jn n||e. .|e |u+n x
i
, k
i
(x) 'a 1 Jan n||e.
.a| x .|e |u+n x
i
, f(x) 'a ma. 1 nun n||e. .a| x. !eu k
i
(x) 1, x ,
i = 1, 2, 3, '|u q
i
.rn (2.82) - (2.8) .a 1u+. u = f .rn .
I|a. '|eu yeu
Lua vao khong gian ham H
1
0
() = v H
1
()[ v = 0 tren . Lay
w H
1
0
() tuy y, tich vo huong w voi hai ve phuong trnh (Z.oO),

w udx =
_

wfdx. (Z.o+)
\
w u =

x
_
w
u
x
_
+

y
_
w
u
y
_

w
x
u
x

w
y
u
y
,
_

_

x
_
w
u
x
_
+

y
_
w
u
y
__
dx =
_

w
u
n
d = 0,
(trong lien doi cuoi ta da dung cong thuc Causs voi n la vecto phap tuyen
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 79
don vi ngoai nen (Z.o+) tro thanh
_

_w _udx =
_

wfdx +
_

w
u
n
d. (Z.o5)
Dung dieu kien w = 0 tren , cuoi cung, ta duoc cong thuc lien phan cua
lai toan lien:
_

_w _udx =
_

wfdx. (Z.oo)
Lua vao dang song tuyen tinh (doi xung) a(, ) va dang tuyen tinh () tren
H
1
0
() dinh loi:
a(w, u) =
_

_w _udx, (Z.o7)
(w) =
_

wfdx; (Z.oo)
lai toan lien phan tuong ung: tm u H
1
0
() sao cho
a(w, u) = (w) w H
1
0
(). (Z.o9)
Su .n .a| ta Juy n|a. .ua n||em yeu
1rong nhan xet I.J ngay sau thi du I.Z, chuong I, ta da thong lao: su
ton tai va duy nhat nghiem (yeu) cua lai toan lien phan duoc chung minh
nho dinh ly Lax - Milgram, va trong truong hop dang song tuyen tinh a(, )
doi xung th lai toan lien phan tuong duong voi lai toan toi uu. Bay gio,
truoc khi ap dung l1HH cho lai toan dang xet, ta se chung minh su ton tai
nghiem, su tuong duong voi lai toan toi uu cua lai toan nay.
o dc 2.1 (loincare -lredrichs). C|a su R
n
'a .ap m+ '( .|an t+| '|en
1u .r+n ta .| u H
1
0
(), .|| .n .a| m. |an s c(), 1. 'ap 1| t+| u sa .|
_

[u(x)[
2
dx c()
n

i=1
_

u
x
i
(x)

2
dx. (Z.9O)
oO CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
C|un m|n|. \ moi ham u H
1
0
() la gioi han trong H
1
() cua mot day
u
m

m=1
C

0
(), nen chi can chung minh lat dang thuc nay voi u
C

0
().
Le don gian, ta trnh lay chung minh cho truong hop = (a, b)(c, d)
R
2
. Chung minh cho tong quat la tuong tu.
Hien nhien,
u(x, y) = u(a, y) +
_
x
a
u
x
(, y)d =
_
x
a
u
x
(, y)d, c < y < d.
Roi, loi lat dang thuc Cauchy - Schwarz,
_

[u(x, y)[
2
dxdy =
_
b
a
_
d
c

_
x
a
u
x
(, y)d

2
dxdy

_
b
a
_
d
c
(x a)
_
_
x
a

u
x
(, y)

2
d
_
dxdy

_
b
a
(x a)dx
_
b
a
_
d
c

u
x
(, y)

2
ddy

1
2
(b a)
2
_

u
x
(x, y)

2
dxdy.
1uong tu,
_

[u(x, y)[
2
dxdy
1
2
(d c)
2
_

u
y
(x, y)

2
dxdy.
Cong hai lat dang thuc vua tm, ta duoc
_

[u(x, y)[
2
dxdy c()
_

u
x
(x, y)

2
+

u
y
(x, y)

2
_
dxdy,
trong do c() = (
2
(ba)
2
+
2
(dc)
2
)
1
.
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! oI
De dang kiem tra lai toan lien phan (Z.o9) thoa cac dieu kien cua dinh
ly Lax - Milgram nen co nghiem (yeu) duy nhat (dung lat dang thuc loincare
-lredrichs).
Ba| .an .u. .|eu |a (.| uu)
Do tinh doi xung cua dang song tuyen tinh a(, ) nen lai toan lien phan
(Z.o9) co the phat lieu lai nhu la lai toan cuc tieu hoa. Le chinh xac hon,
ta dinh nghIa phiem ham toan phuong (quadratic functional) J : H
1
0
() R
loi
J(v) =
1
2
a(v, v) (v), v H
1
0
(). (Z.9I)
o dc 2.2. C| u 'a n||em yeu (Juy n|a.) .ua (2.89) .rn H
1
0
() ta |a su ran
a(, ) 'a Jan sn .uyen ./n| 1| xun .ren H
1
0
(), .|| u 'a .a| .u. .|eu |a Juy
n|a. .ua J() .ren H
1
0
().
C|un m|n|. Cho u la nghiem yeu duy nhat cua (Z.o9) trong H
1
0
() va voi
v H
1
0
(), xet J(v) J(u):
J(v) J(u) =
1
2
a(v, v)
1
2
a(u, u) + (v u)
=
1
2
a(v, v)
1
2
a(u, u) a(u, v u)
=
1
2
[a(v, v) 2a(u, v) + a(u, u)]
=
1
2
[a(v, v) a(v, u) a(u, v) + a(u, u)] (do tinh doi xung)
=
1
2
a(v u, v u).
\ (Z.9O) nen ton tai hang so duong c
0
sao cho a(v u, v u) c
0
|v u|
H
1
()
.
\ay,
J(v) J(u) c
0
|v u|
H
1
()
0 J(v) J(u) v H
1
0
();
nghIa la u cuc tieu hoa J() tren H
1
0
().
oZ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Hon nua, de thay u la cai cuc tieu hoa duy nhat.
De dang chung minh J() loi, nghIa la
J((1 )v + w) (1 )J(v) + J(w) [0, 1], v, w H
1
0
().
jDung dong nhat thuc
(1 )J(v) + J(w) = J((1 )v + w) +
1
2
(1 )a(v w, v w)
va lat dang thuc a(v w, v w) 0.|
Hon nua, neu u cuc tieu hoa J() th J() co mot diem dung (stationary
point) tai u; cu the,
J

(u)v = lim
0
J(u + v) J(u)

= 0
voi moi v H
1
0
(). \
J(u + v) J(u)

= a(u, v) (v) +

2
a(v, v),
ta ket luan rang neu u cuc tieu hoa J() th
lim
0
[a(u, v) (v) +

2
a(v, v)] = a(u, v) (v) = 0 v H
1
0
(),
dieu nay chung minh lo de duoi day.
o dc 2.3. C|a su u H
1
0
() .u. .|eu |a J() .ren H
1
0
(), .|| u 'a n||em (Juy
n|a.) .ua 'a| .an (2.89). Ba| .an (2.89) 1u+. | 'a p|u+n .r|n| Lu'er - 'arane
.| 'a| .an .u. .|eu |a nay.
Bo de nay la dao cua lo de truoc. Ca hai lo de lieu dien su tuong
duong cua lai toan (Z.o9) voi lai toan cuc tieu hoa: tm u H
1
0
() sao cho
J(u) J(v) v H
1
0
(). (Z.9Z)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! oJ
Xap x/ ITHH
Bay gio ta ap dung l1HH de xap xi lai toan lien phan (Z.o9), dung
phan tu tam giac voi noi suy tuyen tinh.
Bu+. l. phan hoach mien loi luoi cac tam giac
e
.
Bu+. 2. xap xi ham lang da thuc lac nhat tren tung phan tu (phan tu
tam giac J nut ), voi phan tu
e
la tam giac voi cac nut duoc danh so thu tu
dia phuong nguoc chieu kim dong ho
o)
x
i
= (x
i
, y
i
), i = 1, 2, 3,
u
(e)
= [N]
(e)
q
(e)
trong do N = [N
(e)
1
(x, y) N
(e)
2
(x, y) N
(e)
3
(x, y)],
N
(e)
1
(x, y) =
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
+ x(y
3
+ y
2
) y(x
3
+ x
2
)
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
,
N
(e)
2
(x, y) =
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x(y
3
+ y
1
) + y(x
3
+ x
1
)
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
,
N
(e)
3
(x, y) =
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
+ x(y
2
+ y
1
) y(x
2
+ x
1
)
x
2
y
3
y
2
x
3
x
1
y
3
+ y
1
x
3
+ x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
.
q
(e)
= q
(e)
1
q
(e)
2
q
(e)
3

T
voi q
(e)
i
= u
(e)
(x
i
), i = 1, 2, 3.
Bu+. . tu phuong trnh
u = f(x), x
e
ta co cong thuc lien phan cua lai toan phat lieu cho phan tu
e
voi lien

e
:
_

_w _udx =
_

e
wfdx +
_

e
w
u
n
d
e
. (Z.9J)
Ky hieu nhu trong thi du truoc,
a
(e)
(w, u) =
_

_w _udx, (w, f)
(e)
=
_

e
wfdx,
o)
Cach danh so nay nham muc dich phep lien doi tu phan tu
e
sang phan tu tham chieu
(xem thi du Z.Z) co |acolian duong.
o+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
cong thuc tren co the viet lai:
a
(e)
(w, u) = (w, f)
(e)
+
_

e
w
u
n
d
e
.
1uong tu nhu thi du truoc, tinh ma tran do cung phan tu,
k
(e)

= a
(e)
(N
(e)

, N
(e)

) =
_

e
_N
(e)

(_N
(e)

)
T
dx, , = 1, 2, 3.
'hung de tinh tich phan tren
e
th, khac voi thi du truoc, ta can doi lien
de lien doi mien
e
thanh mien don gian hon giong nhau cho moi phan tu.
Mot cach tu nhien, mien don gian duoc chon la phan tu tham chieu Z-chieu
(xem thi du Z.Z), tam giac
r
voi cac dinh
1
= (0, 0),
2
= (1, 0),
3
= (0, 1)
trong mat phang toa do , lan luot tuong ung voi cac nut x
1
, x
2
, x
3
. lhep
lien doi tuong ung giua diem = (, ) voi diem x = (x, y):
x = (1 )x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
. (Z.9+)
Ma tran |acoli cua phep lien doi:
J =
_

_
x

_
=
_
x
2
x
1
x
3
x
1
y
2
y
1
y
3
y
1
_
. (Z.95)
Linh thuc |acoli (|acolian):
J = det J = (x
2
x
1
)(y
3
y
1
) (x
3
x
1
)(y
2
y
1
). (Z.9o)
Le lien doi ham duoi dau tich phan, ta dung cong thuc dao ham ham
hop,

x
=

x
+

x
, (Z.97)

y
=

y
+

y
, (Z.9o)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! o5
trong do = (x, y),

= (x(, ), y(, )). Duoi day, dau dat tren dau
mot lieu thuc de chi lieu thuc duoc viet trong he toa do dia phuong . Dang
ma tran:
_

x
_

_
=
_

y
_

_
_

_
=
_

y
_

_
T
_

_
.
'eu thay trong (Z.97), (Z.9o) lan luot lang x, y, ta nhan duoc he thuc:
_

_
x

_
_

y
_

_ = I
3

y
_

_
= J
1
=
1
J
_
y
3
y
1
(x
3
x
1
)
(y
2
y
1
) x
2
x
1
_
; (Z.99)
tu do suy ra:
_

x
_

_
= J
T
_

_
, (Z.IOO)
hay
_ = _
r

J
1
,
trong do _ = [/x, /y], _
r
= [/, /].
Nban xct 2.12 (lhep lien doi dao ham). Cac cong thuc (!!), (Z.IOO) cho phep
ta tinh cac dao ham /x, /y theo cac dao ham cua doi voi , . Cac
cong thuc nay co the mo rong cho truong hop J-chieu, voi phep lien doi
mien (song anh) lat ky, va ca cac dao ham cap cao.
oo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Cho
e
la mien trong khong gian xyz va
r
la mien trong khong gian
. Coi :
r

e
la song anh tuong ung moi diem = (, , )
r
voi
diem x = (x, y, z)
e
, x = () hay
_
_
_
x = x(, , )
y = y(, , )
z = z(, , )
(Z.IOI)
Ma tran |acoli cua phep lien doi:
J =
_

_
x

_
. (Z.IOZ)
Cia su la ham xac dinh tren
e
. /p dung cong thuc dao ham ham hop, ta
co
_

z
_

_
=
_

z
_

_
_

_
= J
T
_

_
.
day

(, , ) = (x(, , ), y(, , ), z(, , )).

/p dung cong thuc doi lien so trong tich phan hai lop
k
(e)

=
_

r
_
r

N
(e)

(J
1
J
T
)(_
r

N
(e)

)
T
Jdd
= J
_
1
0
d
_
1
0
_
r

N
(e)

(J
1
J
T
)(_
r

N
(e)

)
T
d,
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! o7
trong do cac ham dang trong he toa do tham chieu:
[

N]
(e)
= [1 , , ].
Bieu thuc cu the cua k
(e)

co the tm duoc nho Matlal, script file:


mtdc2D.m
clear all
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
syms x y x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2 x_3 y_3
Jmat=[x_2-x_1 x_3-x_1; y_2-y_1 y_3-y_1]; % ma tran jacobi
J=abs(det(Jmat)); % jacobian
Jinv=inv(Jmat); % ma tran dao cua ma tran jacobi
syms xi eta
N=[1-xi-eta xi eta];
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
ke(i,j)=simplify(J*int(int([diff(N(i),xi) diff(N(i),eta)] ...
*Jinv*transpose(Jinv) ...
*transpose([diff(N(j),xi) diff(N(j),eta)]),eta,0,1-xi),xi,0,1));
end
end
oo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Ket qua:
k
(e)
11
=
1
2J
(y
2
3
2y
2
y
3
2x
2
x
3
+ x
2
3
+ y
2
2
+ x
2
2
),
k
(e)
12
=
1
2J
(y
2
3
y
3
y
1
y
2
y
3
+ y
2
y
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
2
x
1
+ x
2
3
x
3
x
1
),
k
(e)
13
=
1
2J
(y
2
y
3
+ y
3
y
1
+ y
2
2
y
2
y
1
+ x
2
2
x
2
x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
3
x
1
),
k
(e)
21
=
1
2J
(y
2
3
y
3
y
1
y
2
y
3
+ y
2
y
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
2
x
1
+ x
2
3
x
3
x
1
),
k
(e)
22
=
1
2J
(y
2
3
2y
3
y
1
+ y
2
1
+ x
2
3
2x
3
x
1
+ x
2
1
),
k
(e)
23
=
1
2J
(y
2
y
3
+ y
3
y
1
+ y
2
y
1
y
2
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
3
x
1
+ x
2
x
1
x
2
1
),
k
(e)
31
=
1
2J
(y
2
y
3
+ y
3
y
1
+ y
2
2
y
2
y
1
+ x
2
2
x
2
x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
3
x
1
),
k
(e)
32
=
1
2J
(y
2
y
3
+ y
3
y
1
+ y
2
y
1
y
2
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
3
x
1
+ x
2
x
1
x
2
1
),
k
(e)
33
=
1
2J
(y
2
2
2y
2
y
1
+ y
2
1
+ x
2
2
2x
2
x
1
+ x
2
1
).
\oi vecto tai phan tu, cung nhu thi du truoc, ta lo qua so hang lien
quan den lien cua phan tu,
_

e
N
(e)

u
n
d
e
,
va xap xi ham f tren phan tu voi cung mot kieu l1HH, ta duoc:
p
(e)

= (N
(e)

, f)
(e)
=
3

=1
f
(e)
(x

)
_

e
N
(e)

N
(e)

dx. (Z.IOJ)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! o9
/p dung cong thuc doi lien trong tich phan hai lop:
p
(e)

=
3

=1

f
(e)

_
1
0
d
_
1
0

N
(e)

N
(e)

Jd, (Z.IO+)
trong do ky hieu

f
(e)

=

f
(e)
(

), = 1, 2, 3.
1hay lieu thuc cua cac ham dang trong toa do tham chieu, cuoi cung
ta duoc:
p
(e)
=
J
24
_
_
_
2f
1
+ f
2
+ f
3
f
1
+ 2f
2
+ f
3
f
1
+ f
2
+ 2f
3
_
_
_
. (Z.IO5)
Ket qua nay thu duoc tu script file:
vttai2D.m
clear all
% tinh vecto tai phan tu
syms x y x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2 x_3 y_3
Jmat=[x_2-x_1 x_3-x_1; y_2-y_1 y_3-y_1]; % ma tran jacobi
J=abs(det(Jmat)); % jacobian
syms xi eta f_1 f_2 f_3
N=[1-xi-eta xi eta];
F=[f_1; f_2; f_3];
pe=simplify(J*int(int(N*F*transpose(N),eta,0,1-xi),xi,0,1));
Bu+. +. v dieu kien lien cua lai toan la dieu kien Dirichlet nen cac
so hang lien quan den lien cua phan tu (trong lieu thuc tinh vecto tai
dia phuong) duoc ap dat lang 0 khi x

, do do vecto tai trong toan


cuc khong can hieu chinh
7)
(xem nhan xet Z.I+). \iec khu dieu kien lien
Dirichlet tuong tu nhu trong thi du truoc. 1hong tin ve dieu kien Dirichlet
duoc chua dung trong mang Z cot dcond co cau truc nhu sau:
7)
1hat ra cac ham dang N
(e)

ung voi nut x

khong co mat trong co so cua khong


gian ham xap xi V
h
.
9O CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
Hnh Z.I+: Lo thi ham u = x
2
(1 x)y(1 y)
2
(thi du Z.9).
11 nut Cia tri
nut I gia tri I
nut Z gia tri Z
.
.
.
.
.
.
So dong cua mang nay lang so diem nut nam tren lien.
'oi dung cua luoc +, 5 khong khac thi du truoc.
Cboong trnb ptbb29.m
Chuong trnh duoc viet cho thi du Z.9 voi = [0, 1] [0, 1], f(x, y) =
(6y 4)x
2
(x 1) + 2y(1 y)
2
(3x 1). 'ghiem chinh xac cua lai toan:
u = x
2
(1 x)y(1 y)
2
.
T|u .u. 1an| s nu. ta p|an .u
\e nguyen tac viec danh so thu tu phan tu, thu tu nut toan cuc (tuong
ung dia phuong) la tuy y, mien la hai phan tu (tuong ung nut) khac nhau duoc
danh so khac nhau. 1hong thuong, trong cac lai toan phuc tap, sau khi chia
luoi l1HH nguoi ta danh so phan tu, nut lang tay, roi nhap du lieu duoi
dang file du lieu. 1rong cac lai toan minh hoa trong chuong nay, do mien
xac dinh cua lai toan co dang don gian nen ta co the dua ra thu tuc danh
so phan tu, nut, tham chi ca toa do cua chung. Duoi day la thu tuc (tu dong)
de nghi thuc hien cong doan nay.
Hnh vuong [0, 1] [0, 1] duoc phan hoach lang luoi cac tam giac. Coi
m
a
va m
b
lan luot la so duong toa do x = const (doc) va y = const (ngang)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 9I
phan hoach mien. \iec danh so nut duoc thuc hien tuan tu tu duoi len tren,
tu trai qua phai. 1heo cach nay th nut o giao diem duong doc thu i voi
duong ngang thu j co thu tu la (j 1)m
a
+ i. 1ong so nut la nn = m
a
m
b
.
Hnh Z.I5: Canh danh so nut va phan tu.
Cach danh so phan tu cung duoc thuc hien tuong tu. Cac dai gioi han
loi hai duong toa do song song ke nhau duoc danh so tu duoi len tren (doi
voi dai ngang), tu trai qua phai (doi voi dai doc). lhan giao cua dai doc thu
i voi dai ngang thu j, duoc goi la o, gom hai tam giac, tam giac len duoi co
thu tu la 2(j 1)(m
a
1) +i, con (2j 1)(m
a
1) +i la thu tu cua tam giac
tren. 1ong so phan tu cua phep phan hoach la ne = 2(m
a
1)(m
b
1).
Quy uoc danh so cac nut trong mot phan tu (thu tu dia phuong) nguoc
chieu kim dong ho, lat dau tu nut la dinh vuong, thu tuc xay dung ma tran
lap ghep duoc thuc hien theo tung o (hai phan tu huu han). 1hu tu dia
phuong cua cac nut duoc cho tren hnh Z.I5.
pthh29.m
% chuong trinh thi du 2.9, f=(6*y-4)*x^2*(x-1)+2*y*(1-y)^2*(3*x-1)
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 28/9/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nx ....... so nut tren truc x
% ny ....... so nut tren truc y
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
9Z CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
% chuong trinh goi cac function: stiff27 (mtdc phan tu), load27
% (vtt phan tu), ffunc27 (ham f)
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
nx=20;
ny=20;
ne=2*(nx-1)*(ny-1);
nn=nx*ny;
for j=1:ny
for i=1:nx
nut=(j-1)*nx+i;
coord(nut,1)=(i-1)/(nx-1);
coord(nut,2)=(j-1)/(ny-1);
end
end
for j=1:ny-1
for i=1:nx-1
e1=2*(j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
e2=(2*j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
la(e1,1)=(j-1)*nx+i;
la(e1,2)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
la(e1,3)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,1)=j*nx+i+1;
la(e2,2)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,3)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
end
end
%
dn=0;
for n=1:nn
if coord(n,1)==0.0|coord(n,1)==1.0|coord(n,2)==0.0|coord(n,2)==1.0
dn=dn+1;
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 9J
dcond(dn,1)=n;
dcond(dn,2)=0;
end
end
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(n,1);
% tinh ma tran do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
k=la(e,3);
x1=coord(i,1);
y1=coord(i,2);
x2=coord(j,1);
y2=coord(j,2);
x3=coord(k,1);
y3=coord(k,2);
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=stiff27(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke(1,1);
gk(i,j)=gk(i,j)+ke(1,2);
gk(i,k)=gk(i,k)+ke(1,3);
gk(j,i)=gk(j,i)+ke(2,1);
gk(j,j)=gk(j,j)+ke(2,2);
gk(j,k)=gk(j,k)+ke(2,3);
gk(k,i)=gk(k,i)+ke(3,1);
gk(k,j)=gk(k,j)+ke(3,2);
gk(k,k)=gk(k,k)+ke(3,3);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=load27(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
gp(k)=gp(k)+pe(3);
end;
% dua vao dieu kien nut
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
for j=1:nn
gp(j)=gp(j)-gk(j,dcond(i,1))*dcond(i,2);
9+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
end
for j=1:nn
gk(dcond(i,1),j)=0.0;
gk(j,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
disp(sprintf(n %s, KET QUA SO VOI NGHIEM CX))
% nghiem chinh xac x^2(1-x)y(1-y)^2
ucx=coord(:,1).^2.*(1-coord(:,1)).*coord(:,2).*(1-coord(:,2)).^2;
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(%s,nut x y uxx
ucx))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%dtt %ftt %ftt %ftt %f,i,coord(i,1),
coord(i,2),q(i),ucx(i)))
end
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(q-ucx))))
% ve do thi chuyen dich
x=0:1/(nx-1):1;
y=0:1/(ny-1):1;
for j=1:nx
for i=1:ny
z(i,j)=q((i-1)*nx+j);
end
end
surf(x,y,z);
Nban xct 2.13. 1rong chuong trnh pthh29.m doan ma tinh ma tran do cung
phan tu, vecto tai phan tu duoc viet duoi dang function va duoc goi tu chuong
trnh chinh. Lieu nay lam chuong trnh de doc hon.
stiff29.m
function ke=stiff29(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2,x_3,y_3)
% ham tra ve ma tran do cung phan tu (thi du 2.7)
Jmat=[x_2-x_1 x_3-x_1; y_2-y_1 y_3-y_1]; % ma tran jacobi
J=abs(det(Jmat)); % jacobian
ke = [1/2*(-2*y_2*y_3+y_3^2-2*x_2*x_3+x_3^2+y_2^2+x_2^2)/J, ...
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 95
Hnh Z.Io: Lo thi nghiem xap xi (thi du Z.9).
-1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_2*y_1+y_3^2-y_3*y_1-x_2*x_3+x_2*x_1+x_3^2-x_3*x_1)/J, ...
-1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_3*y_1+y_2^2-y_2*y_1-x_2*x_3+x_3*x_1+x_2^2-x_2*x_1)/J; ...
-1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_2*y_1+y_3^2-y_3*y_1-x_2*x_3+x_2*x_1+x_3^2-x_3*x_1)/J, ...
1/2*(y_3^2-2*y_3*y_1+y_1^2+x_3^2-2*x_3*x_1+x_1^2)/J, ...
1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_3*y_1+y_2*y_1-y_1^2-x_2*x_3+x_3*x_1+x_2*x_1-x_1^2)/J; ...
-1/2*(-y_3*y_2+y_3*y_1-y_1*y_2-x_3*x_2+x_3*x_1-x_1*x_2+y_2^2+x_2^2)/J, ...
1/2*(-y_3*y_2+y_3*y_1+y_1*y_2-y_1^2-x_3*x_2+x_3*x_1+x_1*x_2-x_1^2)/J, ...
1/2*(y_2^2-2*y_1*y_2+y_1^2+x_2^2-2*x_1*x_2+x_1^2)/J];
load29.m
function pe=load29(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2,x_3,y_3)
% ham tra ve vecto tai phan tu (thi du 2.7)
J=abs((x_2-x_1)*(y_3-y_1)-(x_3-x_1)*(y_2-y_1)); % jacobian
f_1=ffunc27(x_1,y_1);
f_2=ffunc27(x_2,y_2);
f_3=ffunc27(x_3,y_3);
pe=J*[2*f_1+f_2+f_3; f_1+2*f_2+f_3; f_1+f_2+2*f_3]/24;
Ham f duoc cho loi function ffunc29.m
ffunc29.m
function v=ffunc29(x,y)
% ham duoc goi trong thi du 2.7
v=(6*y-4)*x^2*(x-1)+2*y*(1-y)^2*(3*x-1);
lhan lieu dien nghiem ta dung ham surf de ve mat cong lieu dien
9o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
nghiem xap xi. Cu phap don gian goi ham nay la surf(x,y,z) voi hai doi so
dau la vecto, tuong ung la hoanh do va tung do cac diem nut, doi so con lai la
mang chua gia tri cua ham can ve. Cac diem tren mat la lo la (x(j),y(i),
z(i,j)). Chu y, x tuong ung voi cac cot cua z va y tuong ung voi cac dong.
1rong chuong trnh pthh27.m doan ma cuoi nham chuyen doi vecto chuyen
dich thanh dang ma tran.

Nban xct 2.14. 1rong lai toan lien cua thi du Z.9, neu cua mien , =

D

N
gom hai phan tach liet
D
va
N
. Lieu kien lien duoc cho o ca
hai loai Dirichlet lan 'eumann,
u = 0, tren
D
, (Z.IOo)
u
n
= g, tren
N
, (Z.IO7)
voi g :
N
R la ham cho truoc. Khi do, ta phai cong them vao vecto tai
so hang lien quan den lien cua phan tu.
Cia su x
i
x
j
la canh cua phan tu e nam tren phan lien 'eumann, huong
doc theo lien nay. Cac nut i, j (thu tu toan cuc) tuong ung voi cac nut ,
(thu tu dia phuong) trong phan tu e. 1ham so hoa doan x
i
x
j
,
x = x
i
+ l(x
j
x
i
), l [0, 1].
\oi l [0, 1], dat:
g(l) = g(x
i
+ l(x
j
x
i
)),

N
(e)

(l) = N
(e)

(x

+ l(x

)),

N
(e)

(l) = N
(e)

(x

+ l(x

))
voi moi l [0, 1]. Do tinh chat cua ham dang, hai ham

N
(e)

(l), = , ,
trung voi hai ham dang (lac nhat) cua doan x
i
x
j
. Cu the la:

N
(e)

(l) = 1 l,

N
(e)

(l) = l. (Z.IOo)
So hang lien quan den lien cua phan tu gom cac tich phan:
_
x
i
x
j
N
(e)

gd x
i
x
j
, , .
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 97
'eu tren doan nay ta xap xi ham g loi da thuc lac nhat th:
g(l) g(x
i
)

N
(e)

(l) + g(x
j
)

N
(e)

(l)
va
_
x
i
x
j
N
(e)

gd x
i
x
j
g(x
i
)L
ij
_
1
0

N
(e)

N
(e)

dl + g(x
j
)L
ij
_
1
0

N
(e)

N
(e)

dl,
trong do L
ij
la chieu dai canh x
i
x
j
.
Qua trnh cong them duoc tien hanh lan luot tai cac canh nam tren

N
. 'eu = th ta cong them vao thanh phan p
i
(i tuong ung voi ) cua
vecto tai toan cuc luong:
g(x
i
)L
ij
_
1
0
(

N
(e)

)
2
dl + g(x
j
)L
ij
_
1
0

N
(e)

N
(e)

dl =
L
ij
6
[2g(x
i
) + g(x
j
)];
con neu = th cong them vao p
j
luong:
L
ij
6
[g(x
i
) + 2g(x
j
)].
Do phan tich tren, thong tin luu tru dieu kien lien 'eumann duoc to chuc
khac cach luu tru dieu kien lien Dirichlet (da noi o tren). 1hay v luu tru
theo nut, o day ta luu tru theo canh. Mang fcond gom + cot, hai cot dau chua
thu tu toan cuc cua nut dau va cuoi cua canh, hai cot con lai luu gia tri tuong
ung cho truoc.
11 nut dau 11 nut cuoi Cia tri nut dau Cia tri nut cuoi
nut dau canh I nut cuoi canh I gia tri nut dau I gia tri nut cuoi I
nut dau canh Z nut cuoi canh Z gia tri nut dau Z gia tri nut cuoi Z
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
So dong cua mang lang so canh nam tren lien
N
.

9o CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!


Hnh Z.I7: Mien va cac dieu kien lien (thi du Z.IO).
Tb do 2.10. Cho la tap mo li chan trong R
2
voi lien =
D

N
, xet
lai toan lien elliptic:
u = f(x), x , (Z.IO9)
u = 0 tren
D
, (Z.IIO)
u
n
= g tren
N
, (Z.III)
trong do f(x, y) = 4
2
(x
2
+y
2
) sin(2xy), ham g xac dinh tren hai canh x = 1
va y = 1,
g(x, y) =
_
2y cos(2y), x = 1
2x cos(2x), y = 1
(hnh Z.Io). 'ghiem chinh xac: u = sin(2xy).
Cach thuc tien hanh tuong tu nhu thi du Z.9, cac ket qua chinh (chi tiet
thuc hien danh cho nguoi doc):
Khong gian ham V = v H
1
()[v = 0 tren
D
.
Cong thuc lien phan:
_

_w _udx =
_

wfdx +
_

N
wgd
N
.
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! 99
Dang song tuyen tinh a(, ) va dang tuyen tinh ():
a(w, u) =
_

_w _udx,
(w) =
_

wfdx +
_

N
wgd
N
.
Bai toan lien phan: tm u V sao cho
a(u, v) = (v), v V.
Xap xi l1HH (nguoi doc nen thuc hien chi tiet cac luoc).
Cboong trnb ptbb210.m
Chuong trnh duoi day la mot sua doi cua chuong trnh trong thi du
Z.9, pthh29.m. Hai doan ma duoc them vao gom: doan nhap dieu kien lien
'euman, va doan khu dieu kien lien loai nay.
pthh210.m
% chuong trinh thi du 2.10, f=4pi^2(x^2+y^2)sin(2pi xy), g=2pi x cos(2p x)
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 5/10/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nx ....... so nut tren truc x
% ny ....... so nut tren truc y
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% fcond .... dieu kien Neumann
% dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
% chuong trinh goi cac function: stiff29 (mtdc phan tu), load210
% (vtt phan tu), ffunc210 (ham f), gfunc210 (dk bien)
clear all
IOO CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
% TIEN XU LY
nx=20;
ny=20;
ne=2*(nx-1)*(ny-1);
nn=nx*ny;
for j=1:ny
for i=1:nx
nut=(j-1)*nx+i;
coord(nut,1)=(i-1)/(nx-1);
coord(nut,2)=(j-1)/(ny-1);
end
end
for j=1:ny-1
for i=1:nx-1
e1=2*(j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
e2=(2*j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
la(e1,1)=(j-1)*nx+i;
la(e1,2)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
la(e1,3)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,1)=j*nx+i+1;
la(e2,2)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,3)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
end
end
% dieu kien bien Neumann
% canh 1 (ben trai)
fn=0; % counter dem so canh cho dieu kien Neumann
for j=1:ny-1
fn=fn+1;
fcond(fn,1)=j*nx;
fcond(fn,2)=(j+1)*nx;
fcond(fn,3)=gfunc28(coord(fcond(fn,1),2));
fcond(fn,4)=gfunc28(coord(fcond(fn,2),2));
end
% canh 2 (ben tren)
for j=1:nx-1
fn=fn+1;
fcond(fn,1)=nn-j+1;
fcond(fn,2)=nn-j;
fcond(fn,3)=gfunc28(coord(fcond(fn,1),1));
fcond(fn,4)=gfunc28(coord(fcond(fn,2),1));
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! IOI
end
% dieu kien bien Dirichlet
dn=0; % counter dem so nut cho dieu kien Dirichlet
for n=1:nn
if coord(n,1)==0.0|coord(n,2)==0.0
dn=dn+1;
dcond(dn,1)=n;
dcond(dn,2)=0;
end
end
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
% tinh ma tran do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
k=la(e,3);
x1=coord(i,1);
y1=coord(i,2);
x2=coord(j,1);
y2=coord(j,2);
x3=coord(k,1);
y3=coord(k,2);
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=stiff27(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke(1,1);
gk(i,j)=gk(i,j)+ke(1,2);
gk(i,k)=gk(i,k)+ke(1,3);
gk(j,i)=gk(j,i)+ke(2,1);
gk(j,j)=gk(j,j)+ke(2,2);
gk(j,k)=gk(j,k)+ke(2,3);
gk(k,i)=gk(k,i)+ke(3,1);
gk(k,j)=gk(k,j)+ke(3,2);
gk(k,k)=gk(k,k)+ke(3,3);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=load28(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
IOZ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
gp(k)=gp(k)+pe(3);
end;
% khu dieu kien bien Neumann
for nc=1:size(fcond,1)
i=fcond(nc,1);
j=fcond(nc,2);
x1=coord(i,1);
y1=coord(i,2);
x2=coord(j,1);
y2=coord(j,2);
lij=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2);
gp(i)=gp(i)+lij*(2*fcond(nc,3)+fcond(nc,4))/6;
gp(j)=gp(j)+lij*(fcond(nc,3)+2*fcond(nc,4))/6;
end
% khu dieu kien bien Dirichlet
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
for j=1:nn
gp(j)=gp(j)-gk(j,dcond(i,1))*dcond(i,2);
end
for j=1:nn
gk(dcond(i,1),j)=0.0;
gk(j,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
% nghiem chinh xac sin(2pi xy)
ucx=sin(2*pi*coord(:,1).*coord(:,2));
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(q-ucx))));
% ve do thi chuyen dich
x=0:1/(nx-1):1;
y=0:1/(ny-1):1;
for j=1:nx
for i=1:ny
z(i,j)=q((i-1)*nx+j);
z1(i,j)=ucx((i-1)*nx+j);
end
end
subplot(1,2,1)
2.. ^I D|!C ITHH CHO C^C B^l TO^! BlL! IOJ
Hnh Z.Io: Lo thi nghiem xap xi va nghiem chinh xac (thi du Z.IO).
surf(x,y,z);
subplot(1,2,2)
surf(x,y,z1);
Cac function duoc goi, khong ke stiff29.m:
load210.m
function pe=load210(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2,x_3,y_3)
% ham tra ve vecto tai phan tu (thi du 2.7)
J=abs((x_2-x_1)*(y_3-y_1)-(x_3-x_1)*(y_2-y_1)); % jacobian
f_1=ffunc210(x_1,y_1);
f_2=ffunc210(x_2,y_2);
f_3=ffunc210(x_3,y_3);
pe=J*[2*f_1+f_2+f_3; f_1+2*f_2+f_3; f_1+f_2+2*f_3]/24;
ffunc210.m
function v=ffunc210(x,y)
% ham duoc goi trong thi du 2.10
v=4*pi^2*(x^2+y^2)*sin(2*pi*x*y);
gfunc210.m
function v=gfunc210(x)
% ham duoc goi trong thi du 2.10
v=2*pi*x*cos(2*pi*x);
IO+ CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
2.4 Mot bai toan pbo tbooc tboi gian
Muc nay trnh lay phuong phap phan tu huu han ap dung cho lai toan khong
dung. Xet lai toan lien-gia tri dau: 1m ham u(x, t) thoa phuong trnh
u
t
= au
xx
+ f, 0 < x < 1, 0 < t < T, (Z.IIZ)
cung voi cac dieu kien lien
u(0, t) = h
0
(t), u(1, t) = h
1
(t), t > 0 (Z.IIJ)
va dieu kien dau
u(x, 0) = g(x), 0 < x < 1. (Z.II+)
day, a la hang so duong, f(x, t), h
0
(t), h
1
(t), g(x) la cac ham cho truoc.
2.4.1 Fbat bico bicn pban noa yco (scmi-wcak)
Xem t nhu la tham so. Lua vao khong gian ham V = H
1
0
(0, 1). \oi v V
lat ky, nhan hai ve phuong trnh (Z.IIZ) voi v roi tich phan tu 0 den 1. Dung
tich phan tung phan ta duoc:
d
dt
_
1
0
u(t)vdx =
_
1
0
u
x
v
x
dx +
_
1
0
fvdx. (Z.II5)
day, ky hieu u(t) chi anh xa tu (0, T) vao H
1
(0, 1).
2.4.2 koi rac tbco bicn kbong gian - FTHH
lhan hoach [0, 1] thanh cac l1HH lang luoi cac nut x
i
:
0 = x
1
< x
2
< < x
nn
= 1,
1ren moi phan tu [x
(e)
1
, x
(e)
2
] xap xi nghiem can tm duoi dang
u
(e)
h
= u
(e)
1
(t)N
(e)
1
(x) + u
(e)
2
(t)N
(e)
2
(x) = [N
(e)
]u
(e)
. (Z.IIo)
2.+. MOT B^l TO^! IH| TH|OC THOl Cl^! IO5
1hay u
(e)
h
vao phuong trnh lien phan phat lieu cho phan tu [x
(e)
1
, x
(e)
2
],
d
dt
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
u(t)vdx = u
x
(x
(e)
2
, t)v(x
(e)
2
) u
x
(x
(e)
1
, t)v(x
(e)
1
)
. .
SHB: so hang lien quan toi dieu kien lien

_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
u
x
v
x
dx +
_
1
0
fvdx, (Z.II7)
Chu y, voi v = u,
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
u(t)udx = u
(e)

T
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
[N
(e)
]
T
[N
(e)
]dxu
(e)

= u
(e)

T
[M
(e)
]u
(e)
,
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
u
x
u
x
dx = u
(e)

T
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
d
dx
[N
(e)
]
T
d
dx
[N
(e)
]dxu
(e)

= u
(e)

T
[K
(e)
]u
(e)
,
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
fudx = u
(e)

T
_
x
(e)
2
x
(e)
1
f[N
(e)
]
T
dx
= u
(e)

T
p
(e)
,
phuong trnh (Z.II7) thanh
u
(e)
([M
(e)
] u
(e)
+ [K
(e)
]u
(e)
p
(e)
) = [SHB].
day, [M
(e)
], [K
(e)
], p
(e)
lan luot la ma tran khoi luong, do cung va vecto
tai phan tu.
Bang thu tuc lap ghep ta duoc:
u([M] u + [K]u p) = 0,
[M], [K], p lan luot la ma tran khoi luong, do cung va vecto tai toan cuc.
IOo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
\ u la tuy y nen phuong trnh l1HH:
[M] u + [K]u p = 0
hay
u = [M]
1
([K]u +p). (Z.IIo)
Kho doo kon bon
Cac dieu kien lien (Z.IIJ) cho:
u
1
(t) = h
1
(t), u
nn
(t) = h
2
(t). (Z.II9)
Lat [A] = [M]
1
[K], b = [M]
1
p, phuong trnh vi phan (Z.IIo) duoc viet
lai:
u = [A]u +b
hay o dang tuong minh
_

h
1
= A
11
h
1
+ A
12
u
2
+ + A
1,nn1
u
nn1
+ A
1,nn
h
2
+ b
1
u
2
= A
21
h
1
+ A
22
u
2
+ + A
2,nn1
u
nn1
+ A
2,nn
h
2
+ b
2
.
.
.
u
nn1
= A
nn1,1
h
1
+ A
nn1,2
u
2
+ + A
nn1,nn1
u
nn1
+ A
nn1,nn
h
2
+ b
nn1

h
2
= A
nn,1
h
1
+ A
nn,2
u
2
+ + A
nn,nn1
u
nn1
+ A
nn,nn
h
2
+ b
nn
Le khong lam thay doi cau truc, ta thay phuong trnh dau va phuong trnh
cuoi lang
u
1
=

h
1
, u
nn
=

h
2
,
dong thoi nhom cac so hang da liet lai. He phuong trnh vi phan tren thanh:
_

_
u
1
= 0u
1
+ 0u
2
+ + 0u
nn1
+ 0u
nn
+

h
1
u
2
= 0u
1
+ A
22
u
2
+ + A
2,nn1
u
nn1
+ 0u
nn
+b
2
+A
21
h
1
+ A
2,nn
h
2
.
.
.
u
nn1
= 0u
1
+ A
nn1,2
u
2
+ + A
nn1,nn1
u
nn1
+ 0u
nn
+b
nn1
+A
nn1,1
h
1
+ A
nn1,nn
h
2
u
nn
= 0u
1
+ 0u
2
+ + 0u
nn1
+ 0u
nn
+

h
2
2.+. MOT B^l TO^! IH| TH|OC THOl Cl^! IO7
Dang ma tran:
u = [

A]u +

b, (Z.IZO)
trong do:
[

A] =
_

_
0 0 0 0
0 A
22
A
2,nn1
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 A
nn1,2
A
nn1,nn1
0
0 0 0 0
_

_
,

b =
_

_
0
b
2
.
.
.
b
nn1
0
_

_
+
_

h
1
A
21
h
1
+ A
2,nn
h
2
.
.
.
A
nn1,1
h
1
+ A
nn1,nn
h
2

h
2
_

_
u toun Cuochy cho ho phoong trnh v phun
Lieu kien dau (Z.II+) cho:
u
i
(0) = g(x
i
), i = 1, 2, . . . , nn. (Z.IZI)
Lay cung la dieu kien dau cua he phuong trnh vi phan. lhuong trnh vi
phan vecto (Z.IZO) cung voi dieu kien dau (lai toan Cauchy):
u = [

A]u +

b, (Z.IZZ)
u(0) = g. (Z.IZJ)
2.4.3 koi rac tbco bicn tboi gian - Tboat toan FoIcr
Bai toan Cauchy duoc giai lang thuat toan Luler. Lua vao luoi cac nut thoi
gian cach deu h
0 = t
1
< t
2
< < t
nt
= T,
ta co thuat toan lap:
u
(1)
= g, (Z.IZ+)
u
(n+1)
= u
(n)
+ d([

A]u
(n)
+

b
(n)
), (Z.IZ5)
IOo CHlO!C 2. lY TH|YLT CO B^!
trong do u
(n)
la gia tri xap xi cua u(t
n
) va

b
(n)
=
_

_
0
b
2
(t
n
)
.
.
.
b
nn1
(t
n
)
0
_

_
+
_

h
1
(t
n
)
A
21
h
1
(t
n
) + A
2,nn
h
2
(t
n
)
.
.
.
A
nn1,1
h
1
(t
n
) + A
nn1,nn
h
2
(t
n
)

h
2
(t
n
)
_

_
.
2.4.4 Cboong trnb va kct qoa so
Chuong trnh duoc viet cho truong hop: a = 1, f(x, t) = e
t
(x
2
x + 2),
h
0
(t) = h
1
(t) 0, g(x) = x(1 x). 'ghiem chinh xac: u
cx
= x(1 x)e
t
.
% chuong trinh giai phuong trinh nhiet
% u_t=u_xx+exp(-t)*(x^2-x+2) 0<x<1, 0<t<T
% dieu kien dau: u(x,0)=x*(1-x)
% dieu kien bien: u(0,t)=u(1,t)=0
% nghiem chinh xac: u_cx=exp(-t)*(x-x^2)
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 11/11/2011
% bien - mo ta
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% nt ....... tong so nut thoi gian
% me ....... ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
% gm ....... ma tran khoi luong toan cuc
% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% U ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
% tham so
T=1; % khoang thoi gian khao sat
% roi rac khong gian - PTHH
nn=10;
2.+. MOT B^l TO^! IH| TH|OC THOl Cl^! IO9
ne=nn-1;
coord=0:1/ne:1;
for e=1:ne
la(e,:)=[e,e+1];
end
% roi rac thoi gian
nt=500;
d=T/(nt-1);
t=0:d:T;
% XU LY
gm=zeros(nn,nn);
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
U=zeros(nn,nt);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
% tinh ma tran khoi luong, do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
gi=la(e,:); % thu tu toan cuc
x1=coord(gi(1));
x2=coord(gi(2));
% ma tran khoi luong
me=(x2-x1)/6*[2 1; 1 2];
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=1/(x2-x1)*[1 -1; -1 1];
% vecto tai
pe=(x2-x1)/12*[3*x1^2+2*x1*x2-4*x1+x2^2-2*x2+12; ...
x1^2+2*x1*x2-2*x1+3*x2^2-4*x2+12];
% lap ghep
gk(gi,gi)=gk(gi,gi)+ke;
gm(gi,gi)=gm(gi,gi)+me;
gp(gi)=gp(gi)+pe;
end
invgm=inv(gm);
A=-invgm*gk;
b=invgm*gp;
% khu dieu kien bien
A(1,:)=0.0;
A(nn,:)=0.0;
A(:,1)=0.0;
A(:,nn)=0.0;
b(1)=0.0;
IIO Ba| .ap .|u+n 2
b(nn)=0.0;
% thuat toan Euler
for i=1:nn
U(:,1)=transpose(coord-coord.^2);
end
for it=2:nt
U(:,it)=U(:,it-1)+d*(A*U(:,it-1)+exp(-t(it-1))*b);
end
% HAU XU LY
tt=t(1:20:nt);
UU=U(:,1:20:nt);
surf(coord,tt,UU);
xlabel(x);
ylabel(t);
zlabel(u_h);
title(Nghiem xap xi u_h)
Hnh Z.I9 la do thi nghiem xap xi.
Cho thch: \iec chon luoi khong va thoi gian can thoa deu kien on dinh
t
x
C,
trong do C la hang so phu thuoc lai toan.
1rong phan Hau xu ly, cac lenh:
tt=t(1:20:nt);
UU=U(:,1:20:nt);
nham giam lot so diem ve tren truc t.
ai tap cboong 2
2.1. 1rong he toa do , khoi tu dien voi cac dinh (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1) duoc chon lam phan tu tham chieu. Hay thiet lap phep lien doi
affine lien phan tu tham chieu nay thanh khoi tu dien lat ky trong he
toa do xyz.
2.2. Xay dung va ve do thi cac ham dang cho l1HH I-chieu voi cac truong
hop:
Ba| .ap .|u+n 2 III
Hnh Z.I9: Lo thi nghiem xap xi.
a) la nut (quadratic);
l) lon nut (culic).
H.D. a) Coi x
1
, x
2
la hai nut noi suy o lien, x
3
la nut noi suy len trong. Le
xac dinh ham dang ta dung script file:
hd1D3N.m
% xay dung ham dang cho PTHH 1-D, 3 nut
clear all
syms x x1 x2 x3 a1 a2 a3
% da thuc co so
p=[1 x x^2];
% cac he so
a=[a1; a2; a3];
% da thuc xap xi
uh=p*a
syms u1 u2 u3
% ma tran gia tri da thuc co so tai cac nut
PP(1,:)=subs(p,x,x1);
PP(2,:)=subs(p,x,x2);
PP(3,:)=subs(p,x,x3);
% gia tri nut
u=[u1;u2;u3];
IIZ Ba| .ap .|u+n 2
% tinh cac he so
aa=inv(PP)*u;
% xac dinh cac ham dang
kq=simplify(subs(uh,a,aa))
N1=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u1))
N2=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u2))
N3=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u3))
Ket qua:
N
1
=
(x x
3
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
2
)(x
3
+ x
1
)
,
N
2
=
(x x
3
)(x
1
+ x)
(x
1
x
2
)(x
3
+ x
2
)
,
N
3
=
(x x
2
)(x
1
+ x)
(x
3
+ x
2
)(x
3
+ x
1
)
.
2.3. Xay dung cac ham dang cho l1HH tam giac Z-chieu voi cac truong hop:
a) sau nut;
l) chin nut.
2.4. Xay dung cac ham dang cho l1HH tu dien J-chieu lon nut.
2.S. 1m ung suat phan lo trong thanh tru doi xung truc co tiet dien thay
doi nhu hnh ve, li ngam chat mot dau, dau con lai li keo loi luc doc truc
p. 1hanh dai 20cm. 1iet dien li ngam co lan kinh r
1
= 2.5cm, tiet dien o
dau con lai co lan kinh r
2
= 1cm. Cho E = 2 10
6
kg/cm
2
, p = 1kg.
Hnh Z.ZO: 1hanh co tiet dien thay doi (lai tap Z.5).
H.D. Chia (xap xi) thanh tru thanh cac l1HH co tiet dien khong doi.
2.6. Ciai lai toan trong thi du Z.o voi du lieu: g = 0, h = 1, f(x) = sinx.
Dung phan tu huu han J-nut.
Ba| .ap .|u+n 2 IIJ
2.7. Xet lai toan lien
d
4
u
dx
4
= f, 0 < x < 1,
u(0) = u

(0) = u(1) = u

(1) = 0.
(Z.IZo)
day u lieu dien, chang han, do vong cua mot dam li ngam duoi tac dung
cua luc ngang mat do f (hnh Z.ZI).
Hnh Z.ZI: Dam li ngam duoi tac dung cua luc phan lo.
a) 1rong co hoc lai toan dam nay thuong duoc phat lieu nhu sau:
M = u

, 0 < x < 1, (Z.IZ7)


M

= f, 0 < x < 1, (Z.IZo)


u(0) = u

(0) = u(1) = u

(1) = 0. (Z.IZ9)
M la dai luong g trong co hoc! Cac phuong trnh (Z.IZ7) - (Z.IZ9) co y nghIa
co hoc g!
l) Chung to lai toan lien phan cua (Z.IZo) co the phat lieu: tm u
H
2
0
(0, 1) sao cho
(u

, v

) = (f, v) v H
2
0
(0, 1). (Z.IJO)
j1ruong hop tong quat, R
n
la tap mo li chan voi lien chinh quy, H
2
0
()
la khong gian cac ham v L
2
(), co dao ham den cap hai thuoc L
2
() va
v = v/n = 0 tren . Khong gian nay la khong gian Hillert voi tich vo
huong xac dinh loi:
< v, w >=
_

vwd +

||2
_

vD

wd,
trong do = (
1
, . . . ,
n
), [[ =
1
+ . . . +
n
, D

=
||
/x

1
1
x
n
1
.|
II+ Ba| .ap .|u+n 2
c) /p dung l1HH giai lai toan lien phan (Z.IJO).
H.D. c) Dung noi suy Hermite. Ham dang:
syms x x1 x2
p=[1 x x^2 x^3];
pp=sym(zeros(4));
pp(1,:)=subs(p,x,x1);
pp(2,:)=subs(diff(p),x,x1);
pp(3,:)=subs(p,x,x2);
pp(4,:)=subs(diff(p),x,x2);
H=simplify(p*inv(pp));
H
1
(x) =
2x
3
3(x
1
+ x
2
)x
2
+ 6x
1
x
2
x + x
2
2
(x
2
3x
1
)
(x
1
x
2
)
3
,
H
2
(x) =
x
3
(x
1
+ 2x
2
)x
2
+ x
2
(x
2
+ 2x
1
)x x
2
2
x
1
(x
1
x
2
)
2
,
H
3
(x) =
2x
3
3(x
1
+ x
2
)x
2
+ 6x
1
x
2
x + x
2
1
(x
1
3x
1
)
(x
1
x
2
)
3
,
H
2
(x) =
x
3
(x
1
+ 2x
2
)x
2
+ x
1
(x
1
+ 2x
2
)x x
2
1
x
2
(x
1
x
2
)
2
.
Ma tran do cung phan tu:
B=simplify(diff(H,2));
ke=simplify(int(transpose(B)*B,x,x1,x2));
[k]
(e)
=
_

_
12/h
3
6/h
2
12/h
3
6/h
2
6/h
2
4/h 6/h
2
2/h
12/h
3
6/h
2
+12/h
3
6/h
2
6/h
2
2/h 6/h
2
4/h
_

_
,
trong do h = x
2
x
1
.
\ecto tai phan tu (truong hop f(x) = f (const):
Ba| .ap .|u+n 2 II5
syms f
pe=simplify(f*int(transpose(H),x,x1,x2))
p
(e)
= f
_

_
h/2
h
2
/12
h/2
h
2
/12
_

_
1rong lai tap nay ta dung noi suy Hermite nen tai moi nut co Z lac tu
do: gia tri ham va gia tri dao ham tai nut. Moi dong cua ma tran lap ghep
(ung voi mot phan tu) v the se co dang:
cot I cot Z cot J cot +
LA(e,:)=
l.t.d. l.t.d. l.t.d. l.t.d.
thu nhat thu hai thu nhat thu hai
cua nut I cua nut I cua nut Z cua nut Z
Le mo rong pham vi ap dung chuong trnh dua vao lien ndof, dof (so
lac tu do cua nut, so lac tu do toan cuc).
'ghiem chinh xac u(x) =
1
24
fx
2
(x 1)
2
.
% chuong trinh cho bai tap 2.7
% bien - mo ta
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ndof ..... bac tu do nut (=2)
% dof ...... bac tu do (nn*ndof)
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% gi ....... bac tu do toan cuc cua phan tu
% dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc (ca dao ham)
% d ........ vecto chuyen dich tai cac nut
IIo Ba| .ap .|u+n 2
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
f=1;
ndof=2;
ne=10;
nn=ne+1;
dof=ndof*nn;
coord=0:1/ne:1;
% ma tran lap ghep
for e=1:ne
for k=1:ndof
la(e,k)=(e-1)*ndof+k; % nut thu nhat
la(e,k+ndof)=ndof*e+k; % nut thu hai
end
end
% dieu kien bien
dcond=[1 0; 2 0; 2*nn-1 0; 2*nn 0];
% XU LY
gk=zeros(dof);
gp=zeros(dof,1);
% tinh ma tran do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
x1=coord(e);
x2=coord(e+1);
gi=la(e,:); % bac tu do toan cuc cua phan tu e
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=mtdc_dam(x1,x2);
% vector tai phan tu
pe=vtt(x1,x2);
% lap ghep
gk(gi,gi)=gk(gi,gi)+ke;
gp(gi)=gp(gi)+f*pe;
end;
% khu dieu kien Dirichlet
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
gp=gp-dcond(i,2)*gk(:,dcond(i,1));
gk(dcond(i,1),:)=0.0;
gk(:,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
Ba| .ap .|u+n 2 II7
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
% rut trich chuyen dich tai cac nut
for i=1:nn
d(i)=q(2*(i-1)+1);
end
disp(sprintf(n %s, KET QUA SO VOI NGHIEM CX))
% nghiem chinh xac
ucx=f*coord.^2.*(1-coord).^2/24;
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(%s,nut uxx ucx))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%dtt%ft%ft%f,i,d(i),ucx(i)))
end
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(d-ucx))))
plot(coord,d)
nut uxx ucx
1 0.000000 0.000000
2 0.000338 0.000338
3 0.001067 0.001067
4 0.001837 0.001838
5 0.002400 0.002400
6 0.002604 0.002604
7 0.002400 0.002400
8 0.001837 0.001838
9 0.001067 0.001067
10 0.000337 0.000337
11 0.000000 0.000000
sai so cuc dai: 1.084202e-017
2.8. Cho la tap mo li chan trong R
2
voi lien . Xet lai toan lien:
u +
1
u
x
+
2
u
y
+ u = f, trong , (Z.IJI)
u = 0, tren , (Z.IJZ)
trong do > 0,
i
la cac hang so cho truoc. Lay la mot thi du cua lai toan
doi luu - khuech tan (convection - diffusion prollem); so hang Laplace tuong
IIo Ba| .ap .|u+n 2
Hnh Z.ZZ: Chuyen dich (lai tap Z.7).
ung su khuech tan voi he so khuech tan , cac dao ham cap mot tuong ung
su doi luu theo huong = (
1
,
2
).
a) Cia su = 1, [[ vua phai, thiet lap lai toan lien phan tuong ung.
l) /p dung l1HH giai lai toan lien phan.
2.9. Cho la tap mo li chan trong R
2
voi lien . Xet lai toan lien:

2
u = f, trong , (Z.IJJ)
u =
u
n
= 0, tren , (Z.IJ+)
Lay la lai toan uon tam mong voi lien ngam duoi tac dung cua tai trong
ngang f.
a) 1hiet lap lai toan lien phan.
l) Ciai lai toan lien phan lang l1HH.
Cboong 3
Fban to boo ban trong Iy tboyct
dan boi
l1HH lan dau xuat hien nhu la mot phuong phap tinh trong co hoc ket cau
-- phuong phap luc. Xet ket cau dan phang gom la thanh lien ket khop voi
nhau tai cac nut 1, 2, 3 (hnh J.I). Bang cach ly tuong hoa ta xem cac thanh
chi chiu keo nen doc truc cua chung, gia su cac luc va chuyen dich co lien
quan den la nut vua ke. Coi (u
1
, v
1
), (u
2
, v
2
), (u
3
, v
3
) la chuyen dich cua cac
nut 1, 2, 3 va (X
1
, Y
1
), (X
2
, Y
2
), (X
3
, Y
3
) la cac luc dat tai nut tuong ung. Le
tm moi lien he giua luc va chuyen dich tai cac nut, ta gia thiet cac thanh la
dan hoi tuyen tinh, theo do, luc ti le voi chuyen dich.
Hnh J.I: Dan phang
Cia su ta can tm he luc tac dung len dan gay ra do chuyen dich u
1
,= 0
voi cac chuyen dich con lai lang khong. Hien nhien, luc X
1
la can thiet de
u
1
ton tai, hon nua no ti le voi u
1
, va ta co the viet
X
1
= K
xx
11
u
1
II9
IZO CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
o day K
xx
11
la hang so ti le, y nghIa cac chi so se duoc lam ro sau nay. Do lien
ket khop, noi chung, Y
1
cung ton tai (dieu nay co the dan den v
1
,= 0 '), ta
viet
Y
1
= K
yx
11
u
1
.
Duoi tac dung cua cac luc X
1
, Y
1
tai cac nut 2 va 3 se chiu cac luc tuong ung
de he can lang. 1a viet
X
2
= K
xx
21
u
1
, Y
2
= K
yx
21
u
1
X
3
= K
xx
31
u
1
, Y
3
= K
yx
31
u
1
.
Lap luan tuong tu voi cac nut ta cung co cac ket qua tuong tu. 1om lai, dich
chuyen u
i
(tai nut i) se sinh luc X
j
voi he so ti le K
xx
ji
va luc Y
j
voi he so
ti le K
yx
ji
(tai nut j). /p dung dieu kien can lang luc (nguyen ly D'/lamlert)
ta co he phuong trnh
_

_
X
1
Y
1
X
2
Y
2
X
3
Y
3
_

_
=
_

_
K
xx
11
K
xy
11
K
xx
12
K
xy
12
K
xx
13
K
xy
13
K
yx
11
K
yy
11
K
yx
12
K
yy
12
K
yx
13
K
yy
13
K
xx
21
K
xy
21
K
xx
22
K
xy
22
K
xx
23
K
xy
23
K
yx
21
K
yy
21
K
yx
22
K
yy
22
K
yx
23
K
yy
23
K
xx
31
K
xy
31
K
xx
32
K
xy
32
K
xx
33
K
xy
33
K
yx
31
K
yy
31
K
yx
32
K
yy
32
K
yx
33
K
yy
33
_

_
_

_
u
1
v
1
u
2
v
2
u
3
v
3
_

_
.
Lay cung chinh la phuong trnh l1HH.
1heo cach xay dung o day ta thay ve phai cua moi phuong trnh la lieu
thuc cua luc dat tai nut tuong ung tren phuong tuong ung. 1hi du, ve phai
cua phuong trnh thu nhat la lieu thuc xac dinh luc dat tai nut I tren phuong
x, ve phai cua phuong trnh thu hai la lieu thuc xac dinh luc dat tai nut I
tren phuong y.
Mot cach tiep can khac xay dung phuong trnh l1HH cho cac lai toan
co hoc ket cau la phuong phap nang luong. 'hu da liet, co so ly luan cua
co hoc ket cau la ly thuyet dan hoi. Le cung cap mot cai nhn tong quat ve
cach tiep can nang luong, duoi day, cac van de duoc trnh lay trong khung
canh cua ly thuyet dan hoi. 1ruoc het, ta on lai mot so ket qua cua ly thuyet
dan hoi.
3.1 Tom tat vc Iy tboyct dan boi
\at the duoc cau thanh loi cac diem vat chat phan lo lien tuc (mo hnh
moi truong lien tuc). Duoi tac dung cua luc vat the li lien dang (thay doi
.l. TOM T^T VL lY TH|YLT D^! HOl IZI
hnh dang, kich thuoc).
Xet vat the B chiem mien R
3
(thay doi theo thoi gian). Coi M B
la diem lat ky.
Troong cboycn d|cb. Cia su truoc khi li lien dang vi tri cua M la
( x, y, z), sau lien dang M o vi tri (x, y, z). \ecto chuyen dich o = (u
x
, u
y
, u
z
)
cua M:
u
i
= x
i
x
i
i = x, y, z. (J.I)
/nh xa (x, y, z) o goi la truong chuyen dich cua vat the. 1ruong chuyen
dich co the xem la ham vecto theo cac lien Lagrange x, y, z, t hay lien Luler
x, y, z, t.
Troong bicn dang. Le mo ta lien dang trong lan can diem M, xet
diem vat chat N B vo cung gan M. Cia su truoc lien dang M va N o
cac vi tri

P va

Q co vecto lan kinh lan luot la r va r + dr. Sau lien dang
chung den vi tri P va Q, chuyen dich tuong ung cua chung lang o va o +do.
Chuyen dich N gom hai thanh phan: o va do (hnh J.Z). 1hanh phan thu
nhat lang dung chuyen dich cua M (chuyen dong tinh tien) nen khong the
hien su lien dang, dai luong dac trung cho lien dang chua dung trong thanh
phan thu hai,
Hnh J.Z: Bien dang trong lan can diem M.
du
x
= u
x,x
dx + u
x,y
dy + u
x,z
dz
du
y
= u
y,x
dx + u
y,y
dy + u
y,z
dz
du
z
= u
z,x
dx + u
z,y
dy + u
z,z
dz
IZZ CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
hay duoi dang vecto
_
_
du
x
du
y
du
z
_
_
=
_
_
u
x,x
u
x,y
u
x,z
u
y,x
u
y,y
u
y,z
u
z,x
u
z,y
u
z,z
_
_
_
_
dx
dy
dz
_
_
do = T dr.
lhan tich T thanh tong hai ma tran doi xung va phan doi xung. Do thanh
phan phan doi xung dac trung cho chuyen dong quay nen lien dang duoc
dac trung loi thanh phan con lai,
F = [
ij
] =
_
_
u
x,x
1
2
(u
x,y
+ u
y,x
)
1
2
(u
x,z
+ u
z,x
)
1
2
(u
y,x
+ u
x,y
) u
y,y
1
2
(u
y,z
+ u
z,y
)
1
2
(u
z,x
+ u
x,z
)
1
2
(u
z,y
+ u
y,z
) u
z,z
_
_
(J.Z)
Ma tran [
ij
] goi la tenxo lien dang. 1u tren ta co lien he giua cac thanh
phan tenxo lien dang voi chuyen dich (phuong trnh Cauchy)

ij
=
1
2
(u
i,j
+ u
j,i
). (J.J)
'eu cho truoc sau thanh phan tenxo lien dang, de xac dinh la thanh phan
chuyen dich, th cac thanh phan tenxo lien dang phai thoa cac phuong trnh
tuong thich lien dang:

mq,np
+
np,mq

nq,mp

mp,nq
= 0, (J.+)
voi (mnpq) = xyxy, xzxz, yzyz, xyxz, yxyz, zxzy.
Troong ong soat. Khi vat li lien dang len trong vat xuat hien luc
chong lai su lien dang goi la ung suat. Lng suat tai mot diem duoc xac dinh
loi mot ma tran doi xung,
S = [
ij
] =
_
_

xx

xy

xz

yx

yy

yz

zx

zy

zz
_
_
, (J.5)
goi la tenxo ung suat.
.l. TOM T^T VL lY TH|YLT D^! HOl IZJ
Hnh J.J: Cac thanh phan ung suat.
Luc tac dung len mot mat di qua mot diem M B co vecto phap tuyen
n = (n
x
, n
y
, n
z
) duoc xac dinh loi
T
n
= S n (J.o)
hay
t
i
=
ij
n
j
.
|nb Ioat Hookc soy rong. 1rong ly thuyet dan hoi tuyen tinh (lien
dang nho), tenxo ung suat va lien dang lien he voi nhau qua dinh luat Hooke,

ij
= C
ijmn

mn
, (J.7)
trong do C
ijmn
la tenxo cac he so dan hoi hang lon. 'eu vat the la dong
chat, dang huong th

ij
=

ij
+ 2
ij
, (J.o)
trong do , la cac hang so Lame phu thuoc vat lieu, = u
k,k
.
lhuong trnh chuyen dong cua vat the lien dang cung duoc suy ra tu
dinh luat thu hai cua 'ewton, phuong trnh dong luong,

ji,j
+ f
i
= u
i
, (J.9)
trong do f
i
la luc the tich tac dung len B.
3.1.1 ai toan bicn coa Iy tboyct dan boi (dang manb)
Xet vat the dan hoi B, chiem mien voi lien , chiu lien dang duoi tac
dung cua luc ngoai. Bo qua anh huong cua luc quan tinh u
i
, phuong trnh
dong luong la phuong trnh can lang:

ji,j
+ f
i
= 0. (J.IO)
IZ+ CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
'ghiem cua (J.IO) phai thoa cac dieu kien lien. 1ren phan lien
u
chuyen
dich duoc cho truoc:
u
i
= u
i
. (J.II)
lhan lien con lai
t
chiu tai trong (luc mat), t
i
=
ji
n
j
:

ji
n
j
=

t
i
(J.IZ)
lhuong phap phan tu huu han duoc xay dung tu phat lieu yeu hoac
phat lieu lien phan cua lai toan.
3.1.2 Cacb pbat bico yco
Lua vao tap hop cac truong chuyen dich kha dI
| = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) [ u
i
H
1
(), u
i
= u
i
tren
u
(J.IJ)
va khong gian cac truong chuyen dich ao
= (w
1
, w
2
, w
3
) [ w
i
H
1
(), w
i
= 0 tren
u
(J.I+)
Coi w
i
la truong chuyen dich ao lat ky, tich vo huong he phuong trnh
can lang voi w
i
, lay tich phan tren , ta duoc:
_

(
ji,j
+ f
i
)w
i
d = 0. (J.I5)
\
ji,j
w
i
= (
ji
w
i
)
,j

ji
w
i,j
nen (ap dung cong thuc Causs-strogradski)
_

ji,j
w
i
d =
_

(
ji
n
j
)w
i
d
_

ji
w
i,j
d =
_
t

t
i
w
i
d
_

ji
w
i,j
d.
1hay vao (J.I5) ta thu duoc phat lieu yeu cua lai toan lien
_

ji
w
i,j
d =
_

f
i
w
i
d +
_
t

t
i
w
i
d, (J.Io)
voi moi w
i
.
.2. IH^! TlCH lLT C^| D^! lHO!C Cl^! IZ5
lhuong trnh (J.Io) la noi dung cua nguyen ly cong ao cho vat the dan
hoi o trang thai can lang. 'eu dat lai toan theo chuyen dich, dung cac he
thuc (J.o), phuong trnh (J.Io) thanh
_

[u
k,k

ji
+ (u
j,i
+ u
i,j
)]w
i,j
d =
_

f
i
w
i
d +
_
t

t
i
w
i
d, (J.I7)
3.1.3 Cacb pbat bico bicn pban
'goai dang yeu, phuong phap phan tu huu han con co the xay dung tren co
so dang lien phan cua mo hnh toan hoc.
Lua vao phiem ham
I =
1
2
_

ij

ij
d
_

f
i
u
i
d
_
t

t
i
u
i
d (J.Io)
goi la the nang toan phan cua vat the. 1u phuong trnh nguyen ly cong ao
ta co the chung minh:
|nb Iy 3.1 (1he nang cuc tieu). Trn .a. .a .a. .|uyen J(.| '|a J| .|a man
1|eu '|en '|en ||n| |., .|| .|uyen J(.| .|u. .u+n un t+| .|e nan .u. .|eu.
lhuong phap phan tu huu han duoc ap dung cho phuong trnh Luler
(dieu kien cuc tri) cua the nang toan phan.
3.2 Fban tcb kct cao dan kbong gian
l1HH duoc ap dung rong rai trong co hoc ket cau. Ket cau dan khong gian
la mot thi du dien hnh. Dan la ket cau gom cac thanh dan hoi khop noi voi
nhau. \oi ket cau nay cac thanh chi li keo hoac nen doc truc.
3.2.1 Fban to tbanb
lhan tu tham chieu cua phan tu thanh chieu dai la doan
r
= [0, ] tren
truc . Chuyen dich doc truc duoc xap xi loi cac da thuc lac nhat:
q = [1 ]
_
a
1
a
2
_
. (J.I9)
IZo CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
Hnh J.+: lhan tu dan tham chieu (trai), phan tu dan trong khong gian (phai).
Coi q
1
, q
2
la chuyen vi tai hai nut dau cuoi (dau gach len tren lieu thuc
chi thi lieu thuc duoc viet trong khong gian tham chieu), tu gia thiet xap xi
nut ta suy ra:
q = [

N
1
()

N
2
()]
_
q
1
q
2
_
= [

N] [ q], (J.ZO)
trong do
[ q] =
_
q
1
q
2
_
(J.ZI)
la vecto chuyen dich phan tu tham chieu,

N
1
() =

,

N
2
() =

(J.ZZ)
la cac ham dang.
Chuyen vi la doc truc nen tenxo lien dang chi co thanh phan =

:
=
d q
d
=
1

[1 1]
_
q
1
q
2
_
= [B][ q], (J.ZJ)
.2. IH^! TlCH lLT C^| D^! lHO!C Cl^! IZ7
trong do
[B] =
1

[1 1].
1heo dinh luat Hooke, ung suat chi co thanh phan =

= E = [D][B][ q], (J.Z+)


trong do [D] = E la modun cua phan tu dang xet.
Fbcp bicn doi pban to tbam cbico tbanb pban to tboc
Cia su phan tu dan khong gian
(e)
la thanh tiet dien A
(e)
, chieu dai L
(e)
,
voi hai diem dau cuoi (co thu tu toan cuc la i va j) la x
(e)
i
= (x
(e)
i
, y
(e)
i
, z
(e)
i
)
va x
(e)
j
= (x
(e)
j
, y
(e)
j
, z
(e)
j
).
lhep lien doi
(e)
:
r

(e)
duoc xac dinh loi:
_

_
x =
(e)
() = x
(e)
i
+
(x
(e)
j
x
(e)
i
)
L
(e)
y =
(e)
() = y
(e)
i
+
(y
(e)
j
y
(e)
i
)
L
(e)
z =
(e)
() = z
(e)
i
+
(z
(e)
j
z
(e)
i
)
L
(e)
hay duoi dang vecto
x =
(e)
() = x
i
+

L
(e)
(x
j
x
i
), [0, L
(e)
]. (J.Z5)
Quan he nguoc (dung (x
(e)
j
x
(e)
i
)
2
+(y
(e)
j
y
(e)
i
)
2
+ (z
(e)
j
z
(e)
i
)
2
= L
(e)
)
=
(x
(e)
x
(e)
i
)(x
(e)
j
x
(e)
i
) + (y
(e)
y
(e)
i
)(y
(e)
j
y
(e)
i
) + (z
(e)
z
(e)
i
)(z
(e)
j
z
(e)
i
)
L
(e)
IZo CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
hay duoi dang vecto
=
_
x
(e)
j
x
(e)
i
L
(e)
y
(e)
j
y
(e)
i
L
(e)
z
(e)
j
z
(e)
i
L
(e)
_
_

_
x
(e)
x
(e)
i
y
(e)
y
(e)
i
z
(e)
z
(e)
i
_

_
= [
ij

ij

ij
](x x
i
)
T
, (J.Zo)
trong do

ij
=
x
(e)
j
x
(e)
i
L
(e)
,
ij
=
y
(e)
j
y
(e)
i
L
(e)
,
ij
=
z
(e)
j
z
(e)
i
L
(e)
. (J.Z7)
1u (J.Z5), (J.Zo) ta rut ra
x =

L
(e)
(x
j
x
i
), (J.Zo)
= [
ij

ij

ij
]x
T
; (J.Z9)
nghIa la mot chuyen dich x trong he toa do khong gian xyz tuong ung voi
chuyen dich trong he toa do tham chieu . 'hu vay, cac chuyen dich nut
q
1
va q
2
tuong ung voi cac chuyen dich (khong gian) tai nut i va j,
[q
(e)
i
] = [q
(e)
i,1
q
(e)
i,2
q
(e)
i,3
]
T
, [q
(e)
j
] = [q
(e)
j,1
q
(e)
j,2
q
(e)
j,3
]
T
;
theo cong thuc
q
1
= [
ij

ij

ij
][q
(e)
i
], q
2
= [
ij

ij

ij
][q
(e)
j
] (J.JO)
(chu y moi chuyen dich nut co la thanh phan v vay lac tu do tai moi nut
la J).
1a co the viet (J.JO) duoi dang vecto
_
q
1
q
2
_
=
_

ij

ij

ij
0 0 0
0 0 0
ij

ij

ij
_
_
[q
(e)
i
]
[q
(e)
j
]
_
[ q] = [
(e)
][q
(e)
], (J.JI)
.2. IH^! TlCH lLT C^| D^! lHO!C Cl^! IZ9
trong do
[q
(e)
] =
_
[q
(e)
i
]
[q
(e)
j
]
_
=
_
q
(e)
i,1
q
(e)
i,2
q
(e)
i,3
q
(e)
j,1
q
(e)
j,2
q
(e)
j,3
_
T
(J.JZ)
goi la vecto chuyen dich phan tu,
[
(e)
] =
_

ij

ij

ij
0 0 0
0 0 0
ij

ij

ij
_
, (J.JJ)
goi la ma tran lien doi cua
(e)
.
\ vecto chuyen dich phan tu co sau thanh phan nen lac tu do cua
phan tu dan khong gian la o.
1hay vao (J.ZJ) va (J.Z+) ta duoc lien dang va ung suat trong toa do
toan cuc:

(e)
= [B][
(e)
][q
(e)
], (J.J+)

(e)
= [D][B][
(e)
][q
(e)
]. (J.J5)
Ky hieu
[p
(e)
] =
_
p
(e)
i,1
p
(e)
i,2
p
(e)
i,3
p
(e)
j,1
p
(e)
j,2
p
(e)
j,3
_
T
(J.Jo)
la vecto voi cac thanh phan la luc theo cac huong x, y, z dat tai cac nut dau
cuoi, goi la vecto tai phan tu.
Bieu thuc the nang cua phan tu
(e)
:

(e)
=
1
2
_

(e)

(e)T

(e)
d
(e)
[q
(e)
]
T
[p
(e)
]
=
A
(e)
L
(e)
2
[q
(e)
]
T
([
(e)
]
T
[B]
T
[D][B][
(e)
])[q
(e)
] [q
(e)
]
T
[p
(e)
]
=
1
2
[q
(e)
]
T
[k
(e)
][q
(e)
] [q
(e)
]
T
[p
(e)
], (J.J7)
IJO CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
trong do:
[k
(e)
] =
A
(e)
E
(e)
L
(e)
_

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij
_

_
(J.Jo)
goi la ma tran do cung phan tu.
Cac luoc thuc hien phuong phap phan tu huu han cho ket cau dan
khong gian, cung nhu cac lai toan cua ly thuyet dan hoi, tuong tu nhu trong
thi du truoc day. Luu do cua chuong trnh tinh toan phan tu huu han duoc
cho tren hnh J.5.
Hnh J.5: Luu do chuong trnh tinh toan phan tu huu han.
.2. IH^! TlCH lLT C^| D^! lHO!C Cl^! IJI
3.2.2 Ap dong
Xet ket cau dan phang nhu hnh J.o. So lieu cua lai toan duoc cho tren lang
sau:
lhan tu 1iet dien Chieu dai Modun Y
e A
(e)
(cm
2
) L
(e)
(cm) E
(e)
(kg/cm
2
)
I 2, 0 50

2 2 10
6
Z 2, 0 50

2 2 10
6
J 1, 0 100

2, 5 2 10
6
+ 1, 0 100

2 2 10
6
Hnh J.o: Bai toan.
Do Iico nbap Do ket cau la phang nen cac ket qua trnh lay trong muc truoc
lot di mot chieu lien quan den cao do (thanh phan tren truc z). Cong thuc
ma tran do cung phan tu
[k
(e)
] =
A
(e)
E
(e)
L
(e)
_

2
ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

2
ij

2
ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

ij

ij

2
ij

ij

ij

2
ij
_

_
va ma tran lien doi
[
(e)
] =
_

ij

ij
0 0
0 0
ij

ij
_
,
IJZ CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
trong do

ij
=
x
(e)
j
x
(e)
i
L
(e)
,
ij
=
y
(e)
j
y
(e)
i
L
(e)
.
1hong tin ve phep phan hoach duoc cho loi cac lien nhap nn -- so
nut, ne -- so phan tu va cac mang:
CRD chua toa do cac nut, moi dong cho mot nut, cot I la hoanh do,
cot Z la tung do. 1hi du, neu (xi,yi) la toa do nut thu i th CRD(i,I)=xi,
CRD(i,Z)=yi.
L/ la ma tran lap ghep, chua thu tu toan cuc cua hai nut dau cuoi trong
cac phan tu, moi dong cho mot phan tu, cot I la thu tu nut dau, cot Z la thu
tu nut cuoi. 1hi du, neu i, j lan luot la nut dau va cuoi cua phan tu thu e th
L/(e,I)=i, L/(e,Z)=j.
Cac tham so ve dien tich tiet dien, modun dan hoi cua cac phan tu duoc
luu tru trong mang l/R/. Moi dong cua mang nay ung voi mot phan tu, cot
I la dien tich tiet dien, cot Z chieu dai, cot J la modun Young cua phan tu.
Le tien dua vao cac chuyen dich va luc cho truoc ta dung mang DC'D
(chuyen dich), va lC'D (luc). Moi mang gom J cot, moi dong cua mang
ung voi mot nut cho truoc chuyen dich (hay luc). Cot I la thu tu toan cuc cua
nut, cot Z va J tuong ung la thanh phan hoanh do va tung do cua chuyen dich
(hay luc) tai nut. 1hi du, neu nut dau tien duoc cho truoc luc co thu tu toan
cuc la k va cac thanh phan cua luc cho truoc lang fI, fZ th lC'D(I,I)=k,
lC'D(I,Z)=fI, lC'D(I,J)=fZ.
'goai ra, do so lac tu do tai moi nut la Z nen so lac tu do cua toan
he la Z*nn. Moi nut se lien he voi hai dong va hai cot cua ma tran do cung
toan cuc, cung vay voi hai dong cua vecto tai toan cuc. Lien he giua nut thu
i (thu tu toan cuc) voi hai lac tu do nay la Z*i-I va Z*i. Cach dua vao cac
dieu kien co khac so voi cac lai toan truoc day (xem danZd.m) do dac diem
nay. Moi dieu kien duoc dua vao se lam thay doi hai dong, hai cot cua ma
tran do cung toan cuc cung nhu vecto tai toan cuc. 1ham khao chi tiet thuc
hien trong chuong trnh danZd.m (phu luc) phan tich ket cau dan phang.
kct qoa tnb toan Ticn xo Iy
Du lieu
nn=+; ne=+; dof=o (lac tu do cua he).
CRD=jO O; IOO O; 5O 5O; ZOO IOO|.
L/=jI J; J Z; J +; Z +|.
.2. IH^! TlCH lLT C^| D^! lHO!C Cl^! IJJ
l/R/=jZ 5O*sqrt(Z) Z*IO
6
; Z 5O*sqrt(Z) Z*IO
6
; I IOO*sqrt(Z.5) Z*IO
6
;
I IOO*sqrt(Z) Z*IO
6
|.
DC'D=jI O.O O.O; Z O.O O.O|.
lC'D=j+ O.O -IOOO|.
Xo Iy
Khoi tao ma tran do cung va vecto tai
K =
_

_
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_

_
, l =
_

_
0
0
0
0
_

_
.
Lap theo phan tu. lhan tu I
[k
(1)
] = 10
4
_

_
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
_

_
;
lap ghep
[K] = 10
4
_

_
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_

_
.
lhan tu Z
[k
(2)
] = 10
4
_

_
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
_

_
;
IJ+ CHlO!C . IH^! Tl Hl| H^! TnO!C lY TH|YLT D^! HOl
lap ghep
[K] = 10
4
_

_
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 5.6569 0 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0 5.6569 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_

_
.
lhan tu J
[k
(3)
] = 10
4
_

_
1.1384 0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
0.3795 0.1265 0.3795 0.1265
1.1384 0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
0.3795 0.1265 0.3795 0.1265
_

_
;
lap ghep
[K] = 10
4
_

_
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 6.7953 0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0.3795 5.7833 0.3795 0.1265
0 0 0 0 1.1384 0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
0 0 0 0 0.3795 0.1265 0.3795 0.1265
_

_
.
lhan tu +
[k
(4)
] = 10
3
_

_
7.0711 7.0711 7.0711 7.0711
7.0711 7.0711 7.0711 7.0711
7.0711 7.0711 7.0711 7.0711
7.0711 7.0711 7.0711 7.0711
_

_
;
.2. IH^! TlCH lLT C^| D^! lHO!C Cl^! IJ5
lap ghep
[K] = 10
4
_

_
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0 0 3.5355 2.1213 2.8284 2.8284 0.7071 0.7071
0 0 2.1213 3.5355 2.8284 2.8284 0.7071 0.7071
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 6.7953 0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 2.8284 0.3795 5.7833 0.3795 0.1265
0 0 0.7071 0.7071 1.1384 0.3795 1.8455 1.0866
0 0 0.7071 0.7071 0.3795 0.1265 1.0866 0.8336
_

_
.
\ecto tai
[P] = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000]
T
.
Khu dieu kien cot yeu, ma tran do cung thanh
[K] = 10
4
_

_
0.0001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.0001 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.0001 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.0001 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 6.7953 0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
0 0 0 0 0.3795 5.7833 0.3795 0.1265
0 0 0 0 1.1384 0.3795 1.8455 1.0866
0 0 0 0 0.3795 0.1265 1.0866 0.8336
_

_
;
vecto tai khong doi.
1a co q
1
= q
2
= q
3
= q
4
= 0. Ciai he phuong trnh
6.7953q
5
+ 0.3795q
6
1.1384q
7
0.3795q
8
= 0,
0.3795q
5
+ 5.7833q
6
0.3795q
7
0.1265q
8
= 0,
1.1384q
5
0.3795q
6
+ 1.8455q
7
+ 1.0866q
8
= 0,
0.3795q
5
0.1265q
6
+ 1.0866q
7
+ 0.8336q
8
= 0.1
ta duoc cac chuyen dich con lai:
q
5
= 0.0265, q
6
= 0.0088, q
7
= 0.3479, q
8
= 0.5600.
Hao xo Iy
IJo Ba| .ap .|u+n
1inh ung suat cua cac phan tu
[] = 10
3
[1.4142 1.4142 1.9799 2.1213].
ai tap cboong 3
3.1. 1rong cac tinh toan ky thuat, tenxo lien dang, ung suat thuong duoc
viet duoi dang vecto. Cu the:
= [
xx
,
yy
,
zz
,
yz
,
zx
,
xy
]
T
= [
xx
,
yy
,
zz
,
yz
,
zx
,
xy
]
T
trong do
ij
= 2
ij
, (i ,= j), hay don gian:
= [s
1
, s
2
, s
3
, s
4
, s
5
, s
6
]
T
= [e
1
, e
2
, e
3
, e
4
, e
5
, e
6
]
T
.
1enxo cac he so dan hoi C duoc viet duoi dang ma tran:
C =
_

_
C
1111
C
1122
C
1133
C
1123
C
1113
C
1112
C
2211
C
2222
C
2233
C
2223
C
2213
C
2212
C
3311
C
3322
C
3333
C
3323
C
3313
C
3312
C
2311
C
2322
C
2333
C
2323
C
2313
C
2312
C
1311
C
1322
C
1333
C
1323
C
1313
C
1312
C
1211
C
1222
C
1233
C
1223
C
1213
C
1212
_

_
hay
C =
_

_
C
11
C
12
C
13
C
14
C
15
C
16
C
21
C
22
C
23
C
24
C
25
C
26
C
31
C
32
C
33
C
34
C
35
C
36
C
41
C
42
C
43
C
44
C
45
C
46
C
51
C
52
C
53
C
54
C
55
C
56
C
61
C
62
C
63
C
64
C
65
C
66
_

_
Khi do, dinh luat Hooke: = C (nhan ma tran).
a) Hay xac dinh ma tran C cho vat the dan hoi dong chat dang huong.
l) \iet cac phuong trnh (J.Io), (J.I7) va cong thuc (J.Io) duoi dang ma
tran.
Ba| .ap .|u+n IJ7
Hnh J.7: Bai tap Z.Z
3.2. 1inh ung suat trong cac thanh cua dan phang nhu hnh J.7. Biet AE =
10
6
kg, h = 100 cm, P = 10 kg.
3.3. lhuong trnh vi phan cho do vong w(x) cua dam (leam), co tiet dien
khong doi va doi xung truc, chiu uon trong mat phang xz co dang:
EI
d
4
w
dx
4
= M
trong do E la modun Young, I la momen quan tinh doi voi truc y.
Hay thu thiet lap phan tu huu han cho dam va tinh ma tran do cung
phan tu tuong ung.
IJo Ba| .ap .|u+n
Fbo Ioc A
Cao pboong Gaoss
A.1 Cao pboong 1-cbico
1u cong thuc cau phuong
_
1
1
f()d =
n

i=1
wif(
i
) + E, (/.I)
lhep cau phuong Causs I-chieu duoc thiet lap lang cach chon cac diem cau
phuong
i
va cac trong luong w
i
tuong ung sao cho sai so E = 0 khi f(x) = x
d
voi lac d lon nhat co the. 1hi du, truong hop n = 2, cong thuc (/.I) la
_
1
1
f()d =
2

i=1
wif(
i
) + E.
1hay f(x) = 1 (da thuc lac O):
2 = [
1
1
= w
1
+ w
2
.
1hay f(x) = x (da thuc lac I):
0 =
1
2

1
1
= w
1

1
+ w
2

2
.
IJ9
I+O IH| l|C ^. C^| IHlO!C C^|SS
1hay f(x) = x
2
(da thuc lac Z):
2
3
=
1
3

1
1
= w
1

2
1
+ w
2

2
2
.
1hay f(x) = x
3
(da thuc lac J):
0 =
1
4

1
1
= w
1

3
1
+ w
2

3
2
.
Ciai ra ta duoc:
12
= 1/

3, w
1
= w
2
= 1. \ay, cong thuc cau phuong Causs
Z diem:
_
1
1
f()d f(1/

3) + f(1/

3). (/.Z)
Bang cac diem cau phuong va trong luong voi n = 1 : 6
n
i
w
i
I O.OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO Z.OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO
Z O.577J5 OZo9I o9oZo I.OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO
J O.OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO O.ooooo ooooo oooo9
O.77+59 ooo9Z +I+oJ O.55555 55555 5555o
+ O.JJ99o IO+J5 o+o5o O.o5ZI+ 5I5+o oZ5+o
O.ooIIJ oJII5 9+O5J O.J+7o5 +o+5I J7o5+
5 O.OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO O.5oooo ooooo oooo9
O.5Joo+ 9JIOI O5ooJ O.+7ooZ oo7O+ 99Joo
O.9OoI7 9o+59 Jooo+ O.ZJo9Z ooo5O 5oIo9
o O.ZJooI 9IooO oJI97 O.+o79I J9J+5 7Zo9I
O.ooIZO 9Joo+ ooZo5 O.JoO7o I57JO +oIJ9
O.9JZ+o 95I+Z OJI5Z O.I7IJZ ++9ZJ 79I7O
Khi phai tinh tich phan tren doan [a, b], ta dung phep doi lien:
x =
b a
2
+
a + b
2
de chuyen khoang lay tich phan ve doan [1, 1].
^.2. C^| IHlO!C 2-CHlL| I+I
A.2 Cao pboong 2-cbico
Loi voi truong hop Z-chieu, doi voi ham f(, ) xac dinh tren hnh vuong
[1, 1] [1, 1], dung tich phan lap roi cau phuong Causs cho truong hop
I-chieu:
_
1
1
_
1
1
f(, )dd
_
1
1
n

i=1
w
i
f(
i
, )d =
n

i=1
w
i
_
1
1
f(
i
, )d
Cuoi cung ta duoc:
_
1
1
_
1
1
f(, )dd
n

i,j=1
w
i
w
j
f(
i
,
j
). (/.J)
A.3 tap trnb MatIab
function [point,weight]=gaussqd1(n)
% Muc dich
% xac dinh diem cau phuong va trong luong
% cua quy tac cau phuong Gauss 1-chieu
% Cu phap:
% [point,weight]=gaussqd1(n)
% Mo ta bien:
% n - so diem cau phuong
% point - vecto chua cac diem cau phuong
% weight - vecto chua cac trong luong
%
% khoi tao
%
point=zeros(n,1);
weight=zeros(n,1);
%
% diem cau phuong va trong luong tuong ung
%
if n==1 % quy tac 1 diem
point(1)=0.0;
I+Z IH| l|C ^. C^| IHlO!C C^|SS
weight(1)=2.0;
elseif n==2 % quy tac 2 diem
point(1)=0.577350269189626;
point(2)=-point1(1);
weight(1)=1.0;
weight(2)=weight1(1);
elseif n==3 % quy tac 3 diem
point(1)=-0.774596669241483;
point(2)=0.0
point(3)=-point1(1);
weight(1)=0.555555555555556;
weight(2)=0.888888888888889;
weight(3)=weight1(1);
elseif n==4 % quy tac 4 diem
point(1)=-0.861136311594053;
point(2)=-0.339981043584856;
point(3)=-point1(2);
point(4)=-point1(1);
weight(1)=0.347854845137454;
weight(2)=0.652145154862546;
weight(3)=weight1(2);
weight(4)=weight1(1);
elseif n==5 % quy tac 5 diem
point(1)=-0.906179845938664;
point(2)=-0.538469310105683;
point(3)=0.0;
point(4)=-point1(2);
point(5)=-point1(1);
weight(1)=0.236926885056189;
weight(2)=0.478628670499366;
weight(3)=0.568888888888889;
weight(4)=weight1(2);
weight(5)=weight1(1);
end
end
function [point,weight]=gaussqd2(nx,ny)
% Muc dich
% xac dinh diem cau phuong va trong luong
% cua quy tac cau phuong Gauss 2-chieu
% Cu phap:
% [point,weight]=gaussqd2(nx,ny)
^.. l^I TnI!H M^Tl^B I+J
% Mo ta bien:
% nx - so diem cau phuong tren truc x
% ny - so diem cau phuong tren truc y
% point - vecto chua cac diem cau phuong
% weight - vecto chua cac trong luong
%
% xac dinh gia tri lon nhat cua nx, ny
%
if nx > ny
n=nx;
point=zeros(n,1);
else
n=ny;
end
%
% khoi tao
%
point=zeros(n,2);
weight=zeros(n,2);
%
% diem cau phuong va trong luong tuong ung
%
[pointx,weightx]=gaussqd1(nx);
[pointy,weighty]=gaussqd1(ny);
%
for intx=1:nx
point(intx,1)=pointx(intx);
weight(intx,2)=weightx(intx);
end
%
for inty=1:ny
point(inty,2)=pointy(inty);
weight(inty,2)=weighty(inty);
end
end
I++ IH| l|C ^. C^| IHlO!C C^|SS
Fbo Ioc
ico dicn dang tbam so
.1 Gioi tbico
lhan tu tam giac tuyen tinh la phan tu dang tham so. Cac phuong trnh cha
khoa:
_
_
_
1
x
y
_
_
_
=
_
_
1 1 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
y
1
y
2
y
3
_
_
_
_
_

3
_
_
_
, (B.I)
u
x
= u
x1
N
e
1
+ u
x2
N
e
2
+ u
x3
N
e
3
= u
x1

1
+ u
x2

2
+ u
x3

3
u
y
= u
y1
N
e
1
+ u
y2
N
e
2
+ u
y3
N
e
3
= u
y1

1
+ u
y2

2
+ u
y3

3
hay
_
u
x
u
y
_
=
_
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
_
_

_
N
(e)
1
N
(e)
2
N
(e)
3
_

_
(B.Z)
an Ioan: 1oa do trong tam (toa do tam giac), (
1
,
2
,
3
), xac dinh hnh hoc
phan tu (B.I). Khai trien cua chuyen dich loi cac ham dang (B.Z) tro thanh
khai trien theo toa do trong tam. Hien nhien hnh hoc va chuyen dich khong
duoc doi xu nhu nhau. 'eu ta tien hanh phan tu cap cao hon nhung van giu
cac canh thang, chi co khai trien cua chuyen dich duoc lam min trong khi
dinh nghIa hnh hoc van giu nguyen. Cac phan tu xay dung theo cach nay
goi la sieu tham so (superparametric).
I+5
I+o IH| l|C B. BlL| DlL! D^!C TH^M SO
.2 ang boa bnb boc va cboycn d|cb
'oi (B.Z) vao (B.I)
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
y
1
y
2
y
3
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
_

_
_
_
_

3
_
_
_
. (B.J)
Dang nay nhan manh rang hnh hoc va chuyen dich duoc lieu dien tham so
lang cung mot cach.
Y tuong cha khoa la p|a| Jun .a. |am Jan 1e '|eu J|en .a ||n| |.
'an .a. an |am .ua 'a| .an (trong co hoc ket cau la chuyen dich). lhan tu
huu han nhu vay goi la phan tu dang tham so (isoparametric element, viet tat
iso-l element). 1inh chat nay co the tong quat hoa cho cac phan tu tuy y.
Duoi su tong quat hoa nay, .a 1 .u n||en, xuat hien nhu tham so xac dinh
cac ham dang. Cac ham dang noi ket hnh hoc voi chuyen dich.
.3 Cong tboc dang tbam so tong qoat
_uan |e ||n| |..
1 =
n

i=1
N
e
i
, x =
n

i=1
x
i
N
e
i
, y =
n

i=1
y
i
N
e
i
. (B.+)
!| suy .|uyen J(.|.
u
x
=
n

i=1
u
xi
N
e
i
, u
y
=
n

i=1
u
yi
N
e
i
. (B.5)
B.+. IH^! Tl T^M Cl^C I+7
Hai he phuong trnh tren co the to hop lai duoi dang ma tran:
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 . . . 1
x
1
x
2
. . . x
n
y
1
y
2
. . . y
n
u
x1
u
x2
. . . u
xn
u
y1
u
y2
. . . u
yn
_

_
_

_
N
e
1
N
e
2
.
.
.
N
e
n
_

_
(B.o)
Ba phuong trnh dau trong (B.o) lieu dien dinh nghIa hnh hoc, hai phuong
trnh cuoi la khai trien chuyen dich. Chu y rang cac dong phu them duoc
them vao ma tran lieu dien neu co nhieu lien hon duoc noi suy lang cung
ham dang. Chang han, gia su rang ca do day h va truong nhiet do T duoc
noi suy tu n gia tri nut:
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
h
T
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 . . . 1
x
1
x
2
. . . x
n
y
1
y
2
. . . y
n
u
x1
u
x2
. . . u
xn
u
y1
u
y2
. . . u
yn
h
1
h
2
. . . h
n
T
1
T
2
. . . T
n
_

_
_

_
N
e
1
N
e
2
.
.
.
N
e
n
_

_
. (B.7)
Chu y, vecto cot cac ham dang khong doi.
.4 Fban to tam giac
Le minh hoa viec dung khai niem dang tham so, ta xet cac phan tu dang
tham so dac liet ZD. Chung duoc tach thanh tam giac va tu giac v toa do tu
nhien duoc dung khac nhau.
I+o IH| l|C B. BlL| DlL! D^!C TH^M SO
Hnh Z.I: 1am giac tuyen tinh J-nut.
.4.1 Tam giac toycn tnb
Bieu dien dang tham so:
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
y
1
y
2
y
3
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
_

_
_
_
_
N
e
1
N
e
2
N
e
3
_
_
_
. (B.o)
Cac ham dang don gian la toa do tam giac
N
e
1
=
1
, N
e
2
=
2
, N
e
3
=
3
. (B.9)
1am giac tuyen tinh la phan tu tam giac duy nhat sieu tham so va dang tham
so.
.4.2 Tam giac toan pboong
Hnh Z.Z: 1am giac toan phuong o-nut: (a) sieu tham so, canh thang; (l) dang
tham so.
B.5. IH^! Tl Tl Cl^C I+9
Bieu dien dang tham so:
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 1 1 1 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5
y
6
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
u
x4
u
x5
u
x6
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
u
y4
u
y5
u
y6
_

_
_

_
N
e
1
N
e
2
N
e
3
N
e
4
N
e
5
N
e
6
_

_
. (B.IO)
Cac ham dang:
N
e
1
=
1
(2
1
1), N
e
2
=
2
(2
2
1), N
e
3
=
3
(2
3
1)
N
e
4
= 4
1

2
, N
e
5
= 4
2

3
, N
e
6
= 4
3

1
. (B.II)
lhan tu co the co canh cong xac dinh loi cac nut giua +, 5, o.
.S Fban to to giac
.S.1 Toa do to giac va anb xa dang tbam so
Hnh Z.J: 1oa do tu giac.
1oa do tu nhien cho phan tu tam giac la toa do tam giac
1
,
2
,
3
. 1oa
do tu nhien cho tu giac la va , xem hnh Z.J, cho ca tu giac canh thang va
canh cong. Chung duoc goi la toa do tu giac.
I5O IH| l|C B. BlL| DlL! D^!C TH^M SO
Hnh Z.+: 1u giac song tuyen tinh +-nut.
.S.2 To giac song toycn tnb
Bieu dien dang tham so:
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 1 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
u
x4
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
u
y4
_

_
_

_
N
e
1
N
e
2
N
e
3
N
e
4
_

_
. (B.IZ)
Cac ham dang:
N
e
1
=
1
4
(1 )(1 ), N
e
2
=
1
4
(1 + )(1 ),
N
e
3
=
1
4
(1 + )(1 + ), N
e
4
=
1
4
(1 )(1 + ). (B.IJ)
Cac ham nay thay doi tuyen tinh doc theo cac duong toa do = const va
= const, nhung khong la cac da thuc tuyen tinh nhu trong truong hop cua
tam giac J-nut.
B.5. IH^! Tl Tl Cl^C I5I
Hnh Z.5: 1u giac cap cao: (a) tu giac song toan phuong 9-nut; (l) tu giac
o-nut.
.S.3 To giac song toan pboong
1u giac 9-nut tren hnh Z.5 (a) duoc xac dinh loi
_

_
1
x
y
u
x
u
y
_

_
=
_

_
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
x
8
x
9
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5
y
6
y
7
y
8
y
9
u
x1
u
x2
u
x3
u
x4
u
x5
u
x6
u
x7
u
x8
u
x9
u
y1
u
y2
u
y3
u
y4
u
y5
u
y6
u
y7
u
y8
u
y9
_

_
_

_
N
e
1
N
e
2
N
e
3
N
e
4
N
e
5
N
e
6
N
e
7
N
e
8
N
e
9
_

_
.(B.I+)
Cac ham dang:
N
e
1
=
1
4
(1 )(1 ), N
e
2
=
1
4
(1 + )(1 ), . . .
N
e
5
=
1
2
(1
2
)(1 ), N
e
6
=
1
2
(1 + )(1
2
), . . .
N
e
9
= (1
2
)(1
2
). (B.I5)
Cac ham nay thay doi toan phuong doc theo cac duong toa do = const va
= const. Ham dang lien ket voi nut o tam goi la ham lot (lullle function).
I5Z IH| l|C B. BlL| DlL! D^!C TH^M SO
Fbo Ioc C
Cac nba toan boc
WaItcr kitz (Io7o-I9O9) sinh o Switzerland, con trai cua hoa sI Raphael Ritz.
ng theo hoc tai Zurich, Switzerland, va Cottingen, Cermany, o do ong nhan
hoc vi tien sI vao nam I9OZ. Sau do, ong lam viec tai Leyden, laris, va
1 ulingen. 'am I9Oo, ong tro lai Cottingen va mat dot ngot o do.
oris Grigoricvicb GaIcrkin (Io7I-I9+5) la ky su nguoi 'ga, tot nghiep Hoc
vien Ky thuat leterslurg. ng giang day tai nhieu dai hoc o vung St. le-
terslurg, gom Lai hoc 1ong hop Leningrad, o do ong tro thanh truong khoa
khoa ky thuat ket cau. ng dong gop vao nhieu van de kho, chang han do
cong cua tam mong. Loi giai xap xi cua ong cho cac phuong trnh vi phan
ngay nay duoc dung de giai nhieu lai toan co hoc ap dung.
Gcorgii lvanovicb Fctrov sinh nam I9IZ tai linega (vung /rkkangel'sk), noi
cha me ong li luu day. 'gay sau thang IO nam I9I7 gia dnh ong tro ve que
cha o tinh Ivanovo, tai day, nam Io tuoi ong di lam o xuong det. 'am I9JO
ong thuc hien duoc uoc mo cua mnh la vao Lai hoc 1ong hop Moscow. 'am
I9J5 ong tot nghiep khoa co hoc thuy khi, noi ma sau nay ong lam truong
khoa thay the vien sI \.\. Colulev qua doi. Khi con la sinh vien nam thu
tu, letrov da lat dau hoat dong khoa hoc tai \ien nghien cuu dong luc thuy
khi trung uong (1s/CI). Su gap go, hoc tap, trao doi voi cac nha khoa hoc gia
(\.l. \etchinkin, \.B. Colulev, L.S. Leilenzon, va /.I. 'ekrasov), tre (nhu
M.B. Keldysh, '.L. Kochin, M./. Lavrentev, L.I. Sedov, L.'. Sretenskii, . . . ) o
vien nay giup ong nhanh chong tro thanh nha khoa hoc xuat sac. 1hoi gian
nay nganh hang khong 'ga khuech truong manh me va Ceorgii Ivanovich li
cuon hut vao cac lai toan ly thuyet cung nhu ung dung cua hoat dong nay.
1rong nhung nam truoc chien tranh thanh tuu khoa hoc xuat sac cua letrov
la tong quat hoa va chinh xac hoa toan hoc kha nang ap dung phuong phap
Bulnov-Calerkin vao cac he khong lao toan ma cac gia tri rieng cua chung
khong co cac tinh chat cuc tri. ng da di dau ap dung phuong phap nay de
I5J
I5+ IH| l|C C. C^C !H^ TO^! HOC
nghien cuu tinh on dinh cua cac dong chay nhot khong nen duoc. lhuong
phap nay, goi la phuong phap Calerkin-letrov, la mot trong cac phuong phap
hieu qua va hua hen trong ly thuyet on dinh khi dong va cac lai toan quan
trong khac cua co hoc, vat ly, thien van.
Scrgci tvovicb SoboIcv (I9Oo-I9o9) la nha toan hoc Lien xo chuyen ve giai
tich toan hoc va phuong trnh dao ham rieng. ng sinh tai St. leterslurg, va
chet o Moscow.
Hcnri tcon tcbcsgoc (Io75-I9+I) la nha toan hoc nguoi lhap noi tieng voi ly
thuyet tich phan mang ten ong.
Stcfan anacb (Io9Z-I9+5) la nha toan hoc nguoi Ba lan song tai vung dat
li Lien xo chiem dong. ng duoc xem la mot trong so cac nha toan hoc
co anh huong quan trong den su phat trien toan hoc trong the ky ZO. 1uy
chi la mot nguoi tu hoc toan, nhung Banach da sang lap giai tich ham hien
dai. Cac khai niem toan hoc mang ten ong: nghich ly Banach-1arski, dinh
ly HahnBanach theorem, dinh ly Banach-Steinhaus, tro choi Banach-Mazur,
va khong gian Banach.
Otto todwig HoIdcr (Io59-I9J7) la nha toan hoc nguoi Luc. ng tung theo
hoc voi Leopold Kronecker, Karl Weierstra, va Lrnst Kummer. Cac khai
niem va ket qua mang ten ong: lat dang thuc H older, dieu kien H older, dinh
ly |ordan-H older, va dinh ly H older.
Aogostin-toois Caocby (I7o9-Io57) sinh vao thoi ky chinh lien trong lich su
nuoc lhap. /ugustin-Louis Cauchy duoc danh de khoi dau mot cuoc cach
mang cua rieng ong - trong toan hoc. \oi nhieu dong gop nen tang, nhung
dac liet voi nhung no luc cua ong trong viec lam ro su kho hieu cua toan
hoc va khong ngung doi hoi cac dinh nghIa phu hop va chung minh chat
che cac dinh ly, Cauchy thuong duoc goi la cha de cua giai tich hien dai.
Mot nguoi viet nhieu, Cauchy viet khoang oOO lai lao ve thien van hoc,
vat ly hoc va toan hoc. ng la nguoi phat trien khai niem hoi tu cua chuoi
va ly thuyet ham mot lien phuc. Cung mot tri tue luon luon rong mo don
nhan va tm toi trong khoa hoc va toan hoc lai hep hoi va mu quang trong
cac lanh vuc khac. 1ruc tinh va ngao man, Cauchy soi noi ve chinh tri va
cac van de ton giao. ng giu nguyen cac quan diem ve cac van de nay lam
nhieu cong su ghet lo.
karI Hcrmann Amandos Scbwarz (Io+J-I9ZI) la nha toan hoc nguoi Luc noi
tieng nho cac cong trnh ve giai tich phuc. ng sinh ra o Hermsdorf, Silesia
(thuoc Ba lan) va qua doi tai Berlin. ng cuoi Marie Kummer con gai cua nha
toan hoc Lrnst Lduard Kummer. Ho co voi nhau o nguoi con. Schwarz lan
dau hoc hoa nhung Kummer and Weierstra thuyet phuc ong chuyen sang
hoc toan. ng chuyen ve ly thuyet ham, hnh hoc vi phan va phep tinh lien
phan. Cac nha toan hoc noi tieng Lipot lejer, laul Koele va Lrnst Zermelo
I55
la hoc tro ong.
Hcrmann Minkowski (Ioo+-I9O9) la toan hoc Luc goc Litva. ng la nguoi
sang tao va phat trien hnh hoc cac so va da dung cac phuong phap hnh hoc
de giai cac lai toan kho trong ly thuyet so, vat ly toan, va ly thuyet tuong
doi.
tconbard FoIcr (I7O7-I7oJ) la nguoi co tri nho phi thuong va kha nang tap
trung ky la, Luler quan tam ve moi thu; ong la nha than hoc, vat ly hoc,
thien van hoc, ngon ngu hoc, sinh ly hoc, nghien cuu kinh dien, va truoc
het la nha toan hoc. Luler duoc xem la mot thi du ve vi than dich thuc cua
thoi dai. \e toan hoc ong co nhung dong gop ton tai len vung cho dai so,
luong giac, hnh hoc giai tich, phep tinh vi tich phan, phep tinh lien phan,
phuong trnh vi phan, lien phuc, ly thuyet so va topo (vi tuong hoc). Khoi
luong do so cac cong trnh ve toan cua ong hau nhu khong li anh huong loi
su quay ray cua IJ dua con hay viec ong li mu hoan toan trong I7 nam cuoi
doi. Luler viet tren 7OO lai lao va JZ cuon sach ve toan va la cha de cua
nhieu ky hieu (nhu e, va i =

1) va cac ky hieu van con dung hien nay


(nhu f(x),

, sinx va cos x). Luler sinh tai Basel, Switzerland, ngay I5 thang
1u nam I7O7, va chet dot ngot o St. leterslurg ngay Io thang Chin nam I7oJ,
khi dang chau nu hoang 'ga Catherine vI dai.
)oscpb-toois tagrangc (I7Jo-IoIJ) la mot nha toan hoc va thien van hoc, sinh
ra tai 1urin, liedmont, mot phan doi song o lho va mot phan o lhap. ng
co nhieu dong gop co y nghIa cho tat ca cac lInh vuc cua giai tich, ly thuyet
so, co hoc co dien va co hoc thien the. ng duoc chon cat tai lantheon va
ten ong duoc khac ghi tren thap Liffel.
FaoI Adricn Maoricc Dirac (I9OZ-I9o+) la mot nha vat ly ly thuyet nguoi /nh
co nhung dong gop co lan cho su phat trien lan dau cua co hoc luong tu
va dien dong luc hoc luong tu. 1rong so nhung kham pha khac, ong da xay
dung phuong trnh Dirac, trong do mo ta hanh vi cua cac fermion, va du
doan su ton tai cua phan vat chat. 'am I9JJ, cung voi Lrwin Schrodinger,
ong nhan giai 'olel ve vat ly nho cac kham pha ve cac dang san sinh moi
cua ly thuyet nguyen tu.
I5o IH| l|C C. C^C !H^ TO^! HOC
Tai Iico tbam kbao
jI| /insworth, M. and den, |.1., ^ Is.er|r| Lrrr Ls.|ma.|n |n F|n|.e L'emen.
^na'ys|s, 'ew York: |ohn Wiley (ZOOO).
jZ| |. L. /kin, F|n|.e L'emen. ^na'ys|s u|.| Lrrr Ls.|ma.rs - ^n ln.rJu..|n
. .|e FLM anJ ^Jap.|te Lrrr ^na'ys|s Jr Ln|neer|n S.uJen.s, Llsevier,
Butterworth, Heinemann, ZOO5.
jJ| Lang Lnh /ng, 1rinh /nh 'goc, 'go 1hanh lhong, !|ap mn .+ |.,
'XB Lai hoc Quoc gia 1l HCM, ZOOJ.
j+| Bathe K-|., F|n|.e e'emen. pr.eJures, lrentice-Hall International, Inc., I99o.
j5| Becker L.B., Carey C.l., den |.1., F|n|.e e'emen.s - ^n |n.rJu..|n, \ol. I,
lrentice-Hall, Inc., Lnglewood Cliffs, '.|., I9oI.
jo| Susanne C. Brenner L. Ridgway Scott, T|e Ma.|ema.|.a' T|ery J F|n|.e
L'emen. Me.|Js, 1hird Ldition, Springer ScienceBusiness Media, LLC,
ZOOo.
j7| Lao Huy Bich, ly .|uye. 1an ||, 'XB Lai hoc c 1rung hoc Chuyen
nghiep, Ha noi, I979.
jo| Brauchli, H.|. and den, |.1., On .|e Ca'.u'a.|n J Cns|s.en. S.ress D|s.r|-
'u.|n |n F|n|.e L'emen. ^pp'|.a.|ns, Int. |.' um. Meth. Lng., J,p p. JI7-JZ5
(I97I).
j9| Dhatt C., 1ouzot C., |ne presen.a.|n Je 'a me.|Je Jes e'emen.s J|n|s, Mal-
oine S./. Lditeur, laris, I9o+.
jIO| llaherty |.L., F|n|.e L'emen. ^na'ys|s, Lecture 'otes, Spring ZOOO.
jII| Hou-Cheng-Huang, S.a.|. anJ Dynam|. ^na'yses J I'a.es anJ S|e''s
I57
I5o T^l llL| TH^M lH^O
jIZ| Hughes 1.|.R., T|e J|n|.e e'emen. me.|J - l|near s.a.|. anJ Jynam|. J|n|.e
e'emen. ana'ys|s, lrentice-Hall, Inc., Lnglewood Cliffs, '.|., I9o7.
jIJ| den, |.1., F|n|.e L'emen.s J !n'|near Cn.|nua, 'ew York: McCraw-Hill
(I97Z).
jI+| Rao S.S., T|e J|n|.e e'emen. me.|J |n en|neer|n, lergamon lress, I9o9.
jI5| lavel
v
Solin, Karel Segeth, Ivo Dole
v
zel, H||er-OrJer F|n|.e L'emen. Me.|Js,
CH/lM/' c H/LLCRC, ZOO+.
jIo| Strang C., lix C.|., ^n ana'ys|s J .|e J|n|.e e'emen. me.|J, lrentice-Hall,
Inc., Lnglewood Cliffs, '.|., I97J.
jI7| Zhu, |.Z. and Zienkiewicz, .C., Super.nteren.e ne.tery Te.|n|ques anJ
^I s.er|r| Lrrr Ls.|ma.rs, Int. |.' um. Meth. Lng., JO,p p. IJZI-IJJ9
(I99O).
jIo| Zienkiewicz .C., Cheung Y.K., T|e J|n|.e e'emen. me.|J |n s.ru..ura' anJ
.n.|nuum me.|an|.s, McCraw-Hill, London, I9o7.
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Chichester: |ohn Wiley (I9oJ).
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Is.er|r| Lrrr Ls.|ma.es. Iar. 2. Lrrr Ls.|ma.es anJ ^Jap.|t|.y, Int. |.'um.
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Moc Ioc
Bang ky hieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
1 Gioi tbico 1
I.I Dan nhap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
I.Z lhep tinh lien phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
I.J Cac phuong phap so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
I.J.I lhuong phap Ritz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
I.J.Z lhuong phap du so co trong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I.J.J lhuong phap lnh phuong toi thieu . . . . . . . . . . . . o
I.J.+ lhuong phap dong vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
I.+ /p dung cua phuong phap l1HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
I.+.I 1ong quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
I.+.Z Mot so lai toan co hoc va vat ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZ
I.5 Cac van de toan hoc lien quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+
I.o Khong gian Sololev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io
I.o.I Khong gian Lelesgue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io
I.o.Z Lao ham suy rong (dao ham yeu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io
I.o.J Khong gian Sololev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I9
Bai tap chuong I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZI
2 ty tboyct co ban 27
Z.I l1HH nhu la phuong phap xap xi ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z7
Z.I.I lhep phan hoach l1HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z7
Z.I.Z Cac loai phan tu huu han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zo
Z.I.J lhan tu tham chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z9
Z.I.+ Xap xi ham tren phan tu huu han . . . . . . . . . . . . . J9
Z.I.5 Lao ham va tich phan theo toa do tham chieu . . . . . ++
I59
IoO M|C l|C
Z.Z Cac luoc thiet lap mo hnh l1HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +o
Z.Z.I lhan tich ung suat cua thanh nhieu nac . . . . . . . . . +o
Z.Z.Z Lap trnh tinh toan l1HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5o
Z.Z.J Mot cach tiep can khac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oJ
Z.J /p dung l1HH cho cac lai toan lien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o5
Z.J.I Bai toan I-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo
Z.J.Z Bai toan Z-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7o
Z.+ Mot lai toan phu thuoc thoi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO+
Z.+.I lhat lieu lien phan nua yeu (semi-weak) . . . . . . . . IO+
Z.+.Z Roi rac theo lien khong gian - l1HH . . . . . . . . . . IO+
Z.+.J Roi rac theo lien thoi gian - 1huat toan Luler . . . . . IO7
Z.+.+ Chuong trnh va ket qua so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOo
Bai tap chuong Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIO
3 Fban to boo ban trong Iy tboyct dan boi 119
J.I 1om tat ve ly thuyet dan hoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZO
J.I.I Bai toan lien cua ly thuyet dan hoi (dang manh) . . . IZJ
J.I.Z Cach phat lieu yeu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZ+
J.I.J Cach phat lieu lien phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZ5
J.Z lhan tich ket cau dan khong gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZ5
J.Z.I lhan tu thanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZ5
J.Z.Z /p dung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IJI
Bai tap chuong J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IJo
A Cao pboong Gaoss 139
/.I Cau phuong I-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IJ9
/.Z Cau phuong Z-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+I
/.J Lap trnh Matlal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+I
ico dicn dang tbam so 14S
B.I Cioi thieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+5
B.Z Lang hoa hnh hoc va chuyen dich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+o
B.J Cong thuc dang tham so tong quat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+o
B.+ lhan tu tam giac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+7
B.+.I 1am giac tuyen tinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+o
M|C l|C IoI
B.+.Z 1am giac toan phuong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+o
B.5 lhan tu tu giac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+9
B.5.I 1oa do tu giac va anh xa dang tham so . . . . . . . . . I+9
B.5.Z 1u giac song tuyen tinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I5O
B.5.J 1u giac song toan phuong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I5I
C Cac nba toan boc 1S3
1ai lieu tham khao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I55
Muc luc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IoI

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