Bai giảng Hoa học thực phẩm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm
CHNG I PROTEIN I. VAI TR V GI TR CA PROTEIN TRONG DINH DNG V TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM 1. Vai tr sinh hc ca protein Protein l thnh phn khng th thiu c ca tt c cc c th sng. Protein l nn tng v cu trc v chc nng ca c th sinh vt. Di y l mt s chc nng quan trng ca protein. 1.1 Xc tc Cc protein c chc nng xc tc cc phn ng gi l enzyme. Hu ht cc phn ng ca c th sng t nhng phn ng n gin nh phn ng hydrat ha, phn ng kh nhm carboxyl n nhng phn ng phc tp nh sao chp m di truyn u do enzyme xc tc. 1.2 Vn ti Mt s protein c vai tr nh nhng xe ti vn chuyn cc cht trong c th. V d: hemoglobin, myoglobin ( ng vt c xng sng), hemoxiamin ( ng vt khng xng sng) kt hp vi oxy ri ti oxy n khp m v c quan trong c th. Nh cc cht ti ny, mc d oxy c ha tan trong nc thp vn m bo tha mn c nhu cu oxy ca c th. 1.3 Chuyn ng Nhiu protein trc tip tham gia vo quas trnh chuyn ng nh: co c, chuyn v tr ca nhim sc th trong qu trnh phn bo. ng vt c xng sng c s co c vn c thc hin nh chuyn ng trt ln nhau ca hai loi si protein: si to cha protein myosin v si mnh cha cc protein actin, troponiosin v troponin. 1.4 Bo v Cc khng th trong ng vt c xng sng l nhng protein c bit c kh nng nhn bit v bt nhng cht l xm nhp vo c th nh protein l, virus, vi khun hoc t bo l. Nh vy y ta thy protein nh nhng lnh gc nhn bit c nhng vt l loi tr chng ra khi c th. Cc interferon l nhng protein do t bo ng vt c xng sng tng hp v tit ra chng li s nhim virus, Tc dng ca cc interferon rt mnh ch cn nng 10-11M c hiu qu khng virus r rt. Interferon kt hp vo mng nguyn sinh cht ca cc t bo khc trong c th v cm ng trng thi khng virus ca chng.
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Cc protein tham gia trong qu trnh ng mu c vai tr bo v cho c th sng khi b mt mu. mt s thc vt c cha cc protein c tc dng c i vi ng vt, ngay c liu lng rt thp chng cng c tc dng bo v thc vt khi s ph hi ca ng vt. 1.5 Truyn xung thn kinh Mt s protein c vai tr trung gian cho phn ng tr li ca t bo thn kinh i vi cc kch thch c bit. V d: vai tr ca cht mu th gic rodopsin mng li mt. 1.6 iu ha Mt s protein c chc nng iu ha qu trnh truyn thng tin di truyn, iu ha qu trnh trao i cht. 2. Gi tr dinh dng ca protein - Protein l hp phn ch yu, quyt nh ton b cc c trng ca khu phn thc n. Ch trn nn tng protein cao th tnh cht sinh hc ca cc cu t khc mi th hin y . - Khi thiu protein trong ch n hng ngy s dn n nhiu biu hin xu cho sc khe nh suy dinh dng, st cn mau, chm ln (i vi tr em), gim kh nng min dch, kh nng chng ca c th i vi mt s bnh. - Thiu protein s gy nh hng xu n hot ng bnh thng ca nhiu c quan chc nng nh gan, tuyn ni tit v h thn kinh. - Thiu protein cng s lm thay i thnh phn ha hc v cu trc hnh thi ca xng (lng canxi gim, lng magie tng cao). Do vy mc protein cao cht lng tt (protein cha y cc acid amin khng thay th) l cn thit trong thc n cho mi la tui. 3. Vai tr ca protein trong cng ngh thc phm Ngoi gi tr sinh hc v dinh dng trong cng ngh sn xut thc phm, protein cng c vai tr rt quan trng: - Protein l cht c kh nng to cu trc, to hnh khi, to trng thi cho cc sn phm thc phm. Nh kh nng ny mi c quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ra cc sn phm tng ng t cc nguyn liu giu protein. V d: nh c protein ca t c tht, c mi to ra c cu trc gel cho cc sn phm nh ch gi,. Cng ngh sn xut bnh m l da trn c s tnh cht to hnh, tnh cht c kt v tnh cht gi kh ca hai protein c hu trong bt m l gliadin v glutenin.
Nh c cc protein ha tan ca malt m bt CO2 (mt thnh t quan trng ca cht lng bia) trong bia mi gi c bn. Nh tnh cht c th casein trong sa mi ch to ra c 2000 loi phomat hin nay trn th gii. Gelatin ca da c kh nng to ra gel v gi gel bn bng lin kt hydro nn mi c cng ngh to ra mng bc ko v bao cc vin thuc (m khi cho vo ming th vi nhit c th ph v lin kt hydro v gel tan chy. - Protein cn gin tip to ra cht lng cho cc thc phm Cc acid amin (t protein phn gii) c kh nng tng tc vi ng khi gia nhit to ra c mu vng nu cng nh hng thm c trng ca bnh m gm 70 cu t thm. Cc protein cn c kh nng c inh mi tc l kh nng gi hng c lu bn cho cc thc phm. II. ACID AMIN 1. Cng thc chung
nh ngha: Acid amin l nhng hp cht hu c mch thng hoc mch vng m (trong phn t c cha t nht mt nhm amin (-NH2) v mt nhm carboxyl COOH). 2. Phn loi acid amin C nhiu cch phn loi cc acid amin. Tuy nhin do mch R l yu t quyt nh cc tng tc ni phn t v tng tc gia cc phn t nn ngi ta thng da vo tnh cht ca gc R phn loi cc acid amin thnh:
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Nhng acid amin c gc R khng phn cc v khng tch in: isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenyl-alanine, proline, valine, tryptophan, glycine, alanine trong ba acid amin cui mang tnh trung gian gia khng phn cc v phn cc trung tnh, c ho tan km hn cc acid amin phn cc. Hot tnh k nc tng khi chiu du ca gc R tng. Cc acid amin c gc R phn cc nhng khng tch in, c cc nhm chc trung tnh v phn cc, c kh nng to cc lien kt hydro vi mt s phn t nh nc. S phn cc ca serine, threonine, tyrosine l do nhm OH, ca asparagines, glutamine l do nhm amide (CO-NH2), ca cystein l do nhm SH. Cc acid amin c gc R tch in dng pH 7 nh histidine, lysine (do nhm NH2) v arginine (do nhm guanidin). Cc acid amin c gc R tch in m pH 7 do cc nhm carboxyl COOH nh acid aspartic v acid glutamic. Da trn gi tr dinh dng v vai tr sinh l, ngi ta chia cc acid amin thnh nhm khng thay th: valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenyl-alanine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, histidine; bn thay th: lysine, arginine v acid amin thay th: glycine, alanine, proline, serine, cystein. Tyrosine, asparagines, glutamine, acid aspartic v acid glutamic. 3. Tnh cht ca acid amin 3.1 Tnh cht vt l - S phn ly ca acid amin Acid amin c nhm carboxyl (-COOH) th hin tnh acid (cho proton), ng thi c nhm amin (-NH2) th hin tnh baz (nhn proton) Mi acid amin trong dung dch nc, pH trung tnh s tn ti dng: Ctct Tu thuc vo iu kin pH, trong dung dch nc acid amin c th dng cation, anion hoc trung tnh. Qu trnh ny c trng bi hng s phn ly pK, im ng in pI. Nh vy, acid amin l cc phn t mang tnh lng tnh. im ng in pI, tng in tch ca cc acid amin trong dung dch bng 0. - Cu trc v hot tnh quang hc Tt c cc acid amin trong protein u cc cu hnh khng gian dng L. Acid amin dng D t ph bin tuy cng xut hin trong t nhin mt s peptide ca vi sinh vt. Acid amin dng D khng c tiu ho trong c th ngi. Hin tng quay quang hc v gc quay ca acid amin trong dung dch ph thuc vo pH v nhit . Acid
amin dng D c th c to ra trong qu trnh tng hp ho hc hoc trong cc qu trnh ch bin thc phm. loi acid amin dng D, ngi ta thng kt tinh chn lc cc L acid amin bng phng php enzyme hoc phng php sc k. - ho tan ho tan trong nc ca cc acid amin rt khc nhau. Proline, hydroxyl-proline, glycine, alanine tan tt trong dung dich, cystein v tyrosine hu nh khng tan cn cc acid amin khc c ho tan thp. Thm acid hoc baz c th lm tng ho tan ca acid amin, acid amin trong hp phn vi cc acid amin khc tan tt hn khi ch c ring mt mnh. ho tan ca acid amin trong dung mi hu c thp do chng c tnh phn cc. Tt c cc acid amin u khng tan trong eter, mt s t tan trong ethanol. 3.2 Tnh cht ho hc Phn ng ca nhm carboxyl -COOH Phn ng ester ho y l phn ng c s dng bo v cc nhm COOH trong qu trnh tng hp peptide. Cc ester t do ca acid amin c xu hng to vng di-peptide hoc polypeptide mch h. R-COOH + R-OH Phn ng kh c s dng nhn dng acid amin u mch protein. Pt Phn ng kh carboxyl (phn ng decarboxyl ho) Phn ng ny c th xy ra di tc dng ca enzyme, nhit, acid hoc kim Pt Phn ng to amide Acid amin phn ng vi NH3 to thnh cc amide. Asparagine v glutamine l nhng amide ca acid aspartic v glutamic c mt trong thnh phn ca protein. Pt Phn ng to peptide Pt Phn ng ca nhm amine -NH2
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Mt trong nhng phn ng c trng nht ca nhm amin l s tc dng tng h vi ninhydrin. y l phn ng c th s dng nh lng acid amin c trong dung dch nng khng ln lm. Khi pH ca phn ng cao hn 5 th qu trnh xy ra hai giai on: Giai on mt: ninhydrin kh c to thnh do s desamin ha oxy ha acid amin, ng thi xy ra s kh CO2 ca n: Ptpu Giai on hai: NH3 c to thnh giai on trn phn ng vi lng tng ng mol ca ninhydrin oxy ha v ninhydrin kh, to nn sn phm mu tm xanh, c bc sng hp thu cc i l 580nm. Cng mu t l thun vi lng acid amin c trong dung dch. Proline v oxyproline c cc nhm -amin thay th, chng to vi ninhydrin nhng dn xut nhum mu vng (bc sng hp thu cc i 440nm) v khng to NH3. Ngi ta ng dng phn ng vi ninhydrin trong sc k pht hin cc acid amin, nh lng acid amin bng cch o mu ca n qua my phn tch t ng. Phn ng vi fomaldehyde Khi thm mt lng d formaldehyde trung tnh vo dung dch acid amin th formaldehyde s tc dng vi nhm NH2 ca acid amin. Nh phn ng ny, nhm NH2 b km hm do m ta c th nh lng acid amin bng chun nhm COOH bng NaOH chun. ptpu III. PEPTIDE Peptide l nhng protein gm t hai n vi chc acid amin ni vi nhau bng lin kt petide v c trng lng phn t nh hn 6000 D. Trong t nhin di dng t do vi hot tnh sinh hc nht nh hoc chng l sn phm thy phn d dang ca protein. Peptide n gin thng c 2,3,4 gc acid amin (s acid amin nh hn 10). Theo quy c mt mch peptide c hai u tn cng: u N tn cng bn tri v u C tn cng bn phi. Peptide c to thnh t cc acid amin qua lin kt NH-CO- (lin kt peptide). Khi thy phn peptide thu c cc acid amin. CTCT
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Lin kt peptide c to nn t nhm COOH ca acid amin u kt hp vi nhm NH2 ca acid amin sau v tch ra mt phn t nc. c im cu to ca lin kt peptide: Cc nguyn t tham gia cu to lin kt peptide khng phn b theo ng thng m to gc. Tt c 4 nguyn t ca lin kt peptide (C, H, O, N) v 2 nguyn t carbon nm trn mt mt phng. Oxy ca nhm carboxyl v hydro ca NH2 ca lin kt peptide thng xuyn dng trans v dng trans bn hn dng cis 2 Kcal/mol. Cu to Cc acid amin trong phn t peptide ni vi nhau bng lin kt peptide. y l lin kt c bn nht trong phn t peptide v protein. Bn cht ca n l lin kt amid (lin kt ng ha tr) tc l lin kt c to do s kt hp gia nhm COOH ca acid amin ny vi nhm NH2 ca acid amin kia loi i mt phn t nc. Cch gi tn Gi tn theo acid amin - Dipeptide (2 acid amin) - Tripeptide (3 acid amin) - Polypeptide ch cc peptide c 10 acid amin tr ln nhng cch gi tn peptide theo cc gc acid amin. Bt u t acid amin N tn, ln lt ti acid amin C tn. Theo nguyn tc gi nguyn C tn, thay ui tn cc acid amin khc bng ui yl. V d: Chui peptide gm cc acid amin sau: Alanine Serine Methionine Valine Glycine biu th thnh phn v th t cc acid amin trong phn t peptide: Trc ht dng k hiu 3 ch (hoc 1 ch nu chui polypeptide di) ca acid amin vit lin nhau theo th t c xc nh t acid amin N tn n acid amin C tn. V d: Seryl Glycyl Tyrosyl Alanine Ser Gly Tyr Ala Tnh cht ca peptide
Tnh cht vt l Trong dung dch nc, ty thuc vo pH, cc peptide c th phn ly dng cation, anion hoc trung tnh vi hng s phn ly c trng pK v im ng in pI. C th dng phng php in di xc nh thnh phn cc acid amin trong chui peptide. Tnh cht cm quan Ngoi tr dipeptide ca acid amin aspartic c v ngt, cc peptide cn li c v ng hoc khng v. V ca peptide khng ph thuc vo cu hnh D hoc L. Cng v cng ph thuc vo tnh k ca cc on mch R v khng ph thuc vo trnh t ca acid amin. V ng ca peptide c th xut hin khi thy phn mt phn protein (phomat khi chn cha hon ho c th b ng). Cn ch khi s dng protein trong bin tnh protein. Ha tnh Peptide cho phn ng mu Biure, c th nh lng phc mu Biure bng quang ph k. Cc nhm NH2, COOH ca peptide c tnh cht ging nh acid amin t do trong mch R, tnh cht acid, baz ca peptide thp hn so vi acid amin t do. VI. PROTEIN nh ngha Protein c to thnh t hng trm n hng ngn cc acid amin ni vi nhau bng lin kt peptide, c trng lng phn t ln hn 6000. Lin kt peptide l lin kt ch yu ca protein, ngoi ra trong phn t protein cn c cc lin kt khc nh lin kt cu disulfite S-S, lin kt hydro Hnh dng C 2 loi: protein hnh si v protein hnh cu Protein hnh si: thng gp keratin ca bng, fibroin ca t, myosin ca c. Nhng protein hnh si chng c chiu di gp hng trm hng ngn chiu rng. a s cc protein ny khng tan trong nc v dung dch mui long. Cc chui polypeptide ca protein hnh si nm dc theo mt trc thnh nhng si di. Protein hnh cu c t l trc ln trn trc nh b/a khong 4.3 n 20.1. Protein hnh cu thng gp trong albumin ca trng, globin ca sa, hemoglobin ca huyt thanh. Cc protein ny thng tan trong nc hoc dung dch mui long. Trong mt iu kin nht nh protein hnh cu chuyn thnh protein hnh si v ngc li.
Cu trc phn t protein Cu trc ca protein c xc nh da trn hai c tnh ch yu: bn cht, v tr ca cc acid amin trong mch polypeptide (gc R ca acid amin); cc tnh cht ha hc v hnh hc ca lin kt peptide. Su nguyn t gm hai C gn nhau, nhm C=O v NH lin kt vi nhau v cng nm trong mt mt phng vi cu hnh kiu trans. S chuyn vn lin hp in t a n s phn cc in v xut hin in tch (+) H (nhm NH) v in tch (-) O (nhm C=O). Cc nguyn t ny c xu hng to nn lin kt hydro (hydrogen bond) vi cc phn t ca cc lin kt khc. Cc lin kt hydro ng vai tr quan trng i vi cu trc bc 2 ca protein nh xon kp , tm xp gp v c i vi cu trc bc 3. Trong dung dch nc, cc lin kt hydro c th to thnh gia phn t protein vi cc phn t nc v ng vai tr nht nh i vi tnh ha tan ca mt s protein. Cu trc bc 1 Cu trc bc 1 c hiu l s lng v trnh t cc acid amin trong mch polypeptide v v tr ca cc lin kt disulfide. Lin kt c bn ca cu trc bc mt trong protein l lin kt peptide. Lin kt ny kh nghim ngt nn tnh linh ng cu hnh b hn ch. Lin kt peptide l lin kt bn vng nn kh b b gy v ph v so vi cc lin kt khc trong chui protein. Mch peptide c nhm amin t do trn mt u (u N) cn u kia l nhm carboxyl (u C). Cu trc bc 1 l cu trc thng l cu trc c s ca protein. Tnh cht c trng ca tng loi protein ph thuc vo cu trc bc 1. Quan trng l trnh t sp xp gia cc acid amin. Trnh t ny do AND quyt nh. Nu thay i trnh t sp xp s dn n nhng ri lon v sinh l. Gio trnh sinh ha Phm Thu Cc Cu trc bc 1 c hiu l s lng v trnh t cc acid amin trong mch polypeptide. Mt s protein bit rt ngn (nh glucagon, secretin) ch cha 20 100 acid amin; a phn cc protein cha t 100 500 acid amin; ch c rt t acid amin cha vi ngn gc acid amin. Lin kt peptide rt bn (400J/mol), do phn ct lin kt ny bng thy phn cn nhiu nng lng v xc tc hoc thi gian di. Xc nh trnh t acid amin ca protein Trnh t acid amin c phn tch sau khi thy phn bng acid hoc sau khi chuyn thnh cc dng dn xut ca acid amin v xc nh cc dn xut .
Trng lng phn t (MW) ca protein c th c xc nh bng phng php sc k, siu lc, hoc SDS-Page (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacryamide). Protein c th cha mt chui polypeptide hoc nhiu chui lin kt vi nhau qua cc cu disulfide hoc cc lin kt khng ng ha tr. Thng thng, chng s gy bin tnh bng cch thay i pH, nhit , gy bin tnh bng cc tc nhn ha hc nh SDS, guanidine hydrochloride. Ha hc thc phm Hong Kim Anh Cu trc bc 2 Cu trc bc 2 l s tng tc khng gian gia cc acid amin gn nhau trn cng mt mch polypeptide hoc trn hai chui polypeptide khc k nhau. Do cc nguyn t carbon c th quay t do xung quanh trc to thnh bi cc lin kt ng ha tr n lm cho chui polypeptide c rt nhiu hnh th. Tuy nhin trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, c bit l pH v nhit th mt chui protein c mt hnh th c trng gi l hnh th t nhin. V phng din nhit ng hc, hnh th tng ng vi mt h thng bn, c t chc v c nng lng t do l cc tiu. ng nhin, c c mt hnh th nh th l ty thuc vo c cc, k nc v cng knh khng gian ca cc mch bn R. Trong cc protein, ngi ta pht hin thy cc cu trc bc 2 ch yu sau: - Cu trc xon c: xon , xon - Cu trc gp np : cu trc t giy xp, cu trc mt cong . Cu trc xon Cu trc xon l cu trc c trt t, rt bn vng, tng t nh l xo. Mi vng xon c c 3,6 gc acid amin (18 gc th to c 5 vng). Cc nguyn t carbon nm trn ng sinh ca hnh tr. Cc mch bn R hng ra pha ngoi. Xon c c gi cht bi mt s lin kt hydro ti a. Cc lin kt hydro gn nh song song vi trc ca xon c v ni nhm NH- ca lin kt peptide ny vi nhm CO- ca lin kt peptide th ba k . C mi nhm CONH- to c 2 lin kt hydro vi hai nhm CONH- khc. Xon rt ph bin trong mi protein. C protein c t l xon ln n 75% nh trong hemoglobin v myoglobin nhng cng c protein c t l xon rt thp. Cu trc gp np Cu trc gp np l mt cu trc hnh ch chi. Xon c th chuyn thnh cu trc gp np khi khng cn cc lin kt hydro.
Cc mch dui ra s lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt gia cc phn t to ra cu trc t giy gp xp. Cc mch polypeptide c th song song hoc i song song . Cc gc bn R c th trn hoc di mt phng ca t giy do tch in hoc cng knh khng gian ca chng t c nh hng n s tn ti ca cu trc ny. Cu trc bc 3 Cu trc bc 3 tng ng vi s sp xp khng gian 3 chiu ca mch polypeptide c cu trc bc 2 cc on khc nhau. C 2 dng cu trc bc 3 chnh: cu trc dng si v cu trc hnh cu. keratin ca len, fibrion si l nhng v d in hnh ca protein dng si. to thnh protein hnh cu, mch polypeptide s cun li ngu nhin trong mt cu trc hnh cu. T l cu trc ny trong casein l 20-30%, trong lysozyme l 45% v trong myoglobin l 75%. Cc lin kt trong cu trc bc 3 ca protein gm c lin kt tnh in v disulfide, nhng ch yu l lin kt hydro v lin kt k nc. Cu trc bc 4 Mt phn t protein c th c mt hoc nhiu tiu n v v chng c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt khi nh cc lin kt khng ng ha tr. Cc tiu n v c th cng loi hoc khc loi v lin kt vi nhau khng bt buc phi cn i hnh hc. Cc lin kt to thnh cu trc bc 4 cng chnh l cc lin kt to thnh cu trc bc 3 (ngoi tr cc cu ng ha tr disulfide). Cu trc bc 4 s th hin hot tnh sinh hc ca cc protein chc nng. Tnh cht ca protein Tnh cht vt l Phn t lng: protein c trng lng phn t ln hn 6000. Kch thc ln hn 0.001m, khuch tn rt chm trong dung dch v khng qua c mng thm tch. Trng thi keo: khi ha tan protein to thnh dung dch keo a nc v n c y tnh cht ca mt hp cht keo. Trng thi keo ca protein bn vng l nh vo cc yu t nh: lp v thy ha, s tch in ca phn t protein v nhit . S khuch tn: protein khuch tn chm trong dung dch v do kch thc ln nn khng i qua c mng bn thm nh cellophan, mng t bo Nu cho dung dch protein vo mt ti lm bng mng bn thm ri nhng vo mt cc nc th cc phn t nh nh NaCl c th qua mng bn thm ra ngoi nc, cn phn t protein khng qua c. l s thm tch, mng bn thm khi c gi l mng thm tch. Ngi ta dng phng php thm tch loi mui ra khi dung dch protein.
Lp v thy ha: cc phn t nc bm vo cc nhm a nc: -NH2, -COOH, Sc cng tnh in: do s tch in ca protein, mi phn t protein mang in tch tng ng, nn trong dung dch chng s y nhau theo quy tc cng du trong lc tnh in. Tnh lng tnh v im ng in ca protein Ging nh cc acid amin, peptide, protein cng l cht in ly lng tnh. Tnh cht in ly lng tnh ca protein l do nhm amin, carboxyl t do thuc mch bn R ca mch polypeptide quyt nh, cc protein cha nhiu histidin arginine lysine thng c tnh kim cn cc protein trong phn t cha nhiu acid aspactic glutamic thng c tnh acid. Trong mi trng acid, i vi im ng in, s phn ly ca cc nhm acid t do b kim hm, protein tc dng nh mt baz, chng tch in dng trong in trng chng chuyn v cc m. Trong mi trng kim so vi im ng in s phn ly ca cc nhm baz b kim hm, protein tc dng nh mt acid, chng tch in m v chuyn dch v cc dng trong in trng. mt tr s pH no m in tch m v in tch dng ca phn t protein bng khng (trung ha in), protein khng di chuyn trong in trng th gi l im ng in ca protein. V k hiu l pI. im ng in ca protein thng ngoi im trung ha in v: + Kh nng phn ly ca cc nhm acid v baz khng bng nhau, nhm carboxyl c kh nng phn ly mnh hn nhm amin. + S lng nhm amin v nhm carboxyl trong phn t protein khng nh nhau. im ng in, tng in tch m v dng ca phn t protein bng khng, khi dung dch km bn vng v protein kt ta nht. Nu dung dch protein c pH = pI m c acid ha mnh (HCl) th s phn ly ca nhm carboxyl s b kim hm v kh nng tch in m ca phn t protein b gim v acid (HCl) tc dng vi nhm NH2 to thnh mui clorua protein. Mui clorua protein l mui ca acid mnh v baz yu nn n phn ly n cng . V vy trong mi trng acid i vi im ng in mui ca protein tch in dng (+). Nu kim ha dung dch protein bng mt baz mnh NaOH, NaOH s km hm s phn ly ca nhm NH2, protein b gim kh nng tch in dng mt khc NaOH tc dng vi nhm COOH to thnh mui natri. Mui natri protein l mui ca baz mnh vi acid yu, nn phn ly n cng. V vy trong mi trng kim i vi im ng in mui ca protein tch in m. S c mt ca in tch cng du l yu t lm cho dung dch protein bn vng, hn ch s va chm v kt t ca cc phn t protein. V vy dung dch protein c
acid ha hay kim ha s khng b kt ta khi un nng. kt ta protein cn ph v hai yu t lm dung dch bn vng l lp v o nc hydrat ha v v in tch. t c mc ch c th un nng dung dch protein im ng in. Tnh cht quang hc ca protein Bc sng t 180-220nm L vng hp th ca lin kt peptide trong phn t protein v hp th cc i bc sng 190nm. Do lin kt peptide c nhiu trong phn t protein nn hp th kh cao, cho php nh lng tt c cc loi protein vi nng thp. Tuy nhin vng hp th ca cc lin kt peptide trong protein c th dch chuyn v pha c bc sng di hn khi c mt s tp cht khc ln trong dung dch protein. Mt khc chnh cc tp cht ny cng hp th nh sng t ngoi cng bc sng. Bc sng t 250-300nm L vng hp th ca cc acid amin thm nh phenyl, tyrosine, tryptophan c trong phn t protein, cc i hp th bc sng 280nm. C th s dng phng php o hp th ca protein bc sng 280nm nh tnh v nh lng protein c cha acid amin vng thm. Tm li cc phng php o hp th vng t ngoi thng c dng nh lng protein tinh sch hoc xc nh protein trong cc phn on nhn c khi sc k tch cc protein qua ct. S ha tan v kt ta (Tnh tan ca protein) a s protein c bn cht a nc, chng tan tt trong dung dch nc. Tnh tan ca chng, nh nhng cht cao phn t khc, tnh tan ca n c xc nh bng bn cht ca cc nhm, m cc nhm ny c sn trn b mt ca phn t, c sn trong s sp xp khng gian ca n, trong cu hnh nguyn th. Phn ln b mt ca phn t protein to nn cc nhm c kh nng hydrat ha. Tnh tan ca protein ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau: Ph thuc vo thnh phn v trt t phn b ca cc acid amin trong phn t protein. Trong phn t protein ng thi c nhm k nc (gc alkyl .) lm cho phn t protein khng tan, v cc nhm a nc (.) lm cho phn t protein c kh nng tan trong nc. Kh nng kt hp nc khng ng nht nh nhm OH kt hp c 3 phn t nc cn COOH kt hp c 4 phn t nc. Tnh tan ca protein cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca dung mi: khi thm nhng cht lm tng hng s in mi ca nc nh glycin dn n lm tng kh nng ion ha
protein. Nu thm nhng cht lm gim hng s in mi ca nc nh alcol, aceton th lm gim kh nng tan ca protein trong nc. Tnh tan ca protein cn ph thuc vo nng mui trung tnh, pH, nhit ca dung dch. Mui trung tnh c nh hng hai mt ln tnh tan ca protein, khi thm mt lng nh mui, c tc dng lm tan ng k protein, k c nhng protein kh tan hoc hon ton khng tan trong nc nguyn cht. Khi nng mui thp cc ion mui kt hp vi cc nhm ion ca protein, c tc dng lm tng tnh c cc do tng tnh tan ca protein. Khi nng mui cao a s protein kt ta. Khi nng mui cao, xy ra s cnh tranh dung mi gia phn t protein v cc phn t mui, kt qu protein b mt lp v o nc v kt dnh li vi nhau v ta xung. Tnh tan ca protein ph thuc vo kh nng tch in ca cc nhm do khi thay i pH ca mi trng th kh nng ha tan ca protein cng thay i. im ng in th kh nng ha tan ca protein km nht. i vi nhit , trong gii hn cha gy bin tnh protein th kh nng ha tan ca a s protein tng khi nhit tng, khi protein b bin tnh do nhit gy ra th protein khng tan trong nc. S bin tnh ca protein S bin tnh ca protein ngi ta hiu rng y l s phn hy cu trc khng gian nguyn th ca phn t protein, dn n s gim mt phn hay mt ton b tnh tan ca protein, n dn n s thay i tnh cht l hc v ha hc ca protein, lm mt hot tnh sinh hc c hiu ca protein (nh enzyme mt hot tnh xc tc, hormon mt kh nng iu chnh, hemoglobin mt kh nng lin kt vi oxy. S bin tnh km theo s t lin kt cng ha tr trong b sn mch polypeptide (lin kt peptide). Xy ra s phn hy cu disulfit, lin kt k nc, lin kt ion, lin kt hydro. Kt qu l cu trc bc ba nguyn thy v phn ln cu trc bc hai b ph hy. Protein b bin tnh km theo cc hin tng sau: Bin i hot tnh quang hc v hnh dng kch thc ca phn t protein (hnh cu sang hnh si) Nhng protein b bin tnh th mt kh nng ha tan trong nc v n mt kh nng kt tinh cng nh mt mt s tnh cht l hc ha hc khc: lm tng cc nhm chc ha hc m khi cha b bin tnh khng c hoc lm tng them cc nhm chc tiol, amin, carboxyl. nht v sc cng b mt cng tng. Hay xut hin cc yu t khng nguyn mi v tr nn d b phn gii hn bi cc enzyme tiu ha. Cc tc nhn l hc (tia t ngoi, sng siu m, tc nhn c hc) v cc tc nhn ha hc (acid, baz mnh, mui kim loi mnh, tanin) chng kch thch s bin tnh phn t protein. C ch s tc dng bin tnh ca cc tc nhn ha hc c xc nh bng cu to ca chng . V d: ure, guanidinclorit, formamid nh s hin din ca
nhm amid chng cnh tranh vi nhm peptide ca protein v cc lin kt hydro, chuyn chng sang cho bn thn. Nhng tc nhn ny chng phn hy nhng tng tc k nc. S nh hng bin tnh ti a ca ure v nhiu amid khc biu hin trong nng n ln (6-10). S un nng l nhng yu t vt l tc dng bin tnh chung nht. S tng chuyn ng nhit ca mch polypeptide dn n s lm t cc lin kt hydro v ph hy cc tng tc k nc. Tc bin tnh bi nhit ch yu ph thuc vo phn ng hot ha ca mi trng, s c mt ca mui v nng ca chng. S bin tnh bi nhit km theo s sa xung ca chng trong dng cn (ta) S bin tnh c th l mt qu trnh thun nghch. protein b bin tnh iu kin t nhin tng ng th cu trc t nhin ca n c th khi phc tr li nh ban u gi l bin tnh thun nghch (s phc hi). S bin tnh cng nh bao nhiu ngha l s b gy cc lin kt th cp quy nh cu trc bc 2, bc 3 v bc 4 cng t bao nhiu th s phc hi cng d dng by nhiu. Trong qu trnh tch v lm sch protein, trnh hin tng bin tnh cn tin hnh iu kin nhit thp, chit bng dung dch m c nng v pH thch hp c th thm ng n gin, ru a chc. Sn phm thu c thng em sy thng hoa, ct gi trng thi kh nhit thp. Tnh cht chc nng ca protein Protein c th c mt trong thc phm trng thi rn hoc lng, dng thun nht hoc hn hp. N l hp phn c sn hoc a vo to gi tr dinh dng, to hnh v to kt cu c trng cho thc phm. Trong cc iu kin cng ngh nht nh, protein c th tng tc vi nhau, vi nc, glucid, lipid to ra do, trong, to bt, to xp cho sn phm. Cc tnh cht chc nng p dng cho mt thnh phn thc phm l cc tnh cht khng phi dinh dng, nh hng n tnh kh dng ca thnh phn trong mt thc phm: to tnh cm quan (trc ht l cu trc), trng thi vt l ca thc phm trong chuyn ha, ch bin, bo qun. Cc tnh cht chc nng ca protein chnh l cc tnh cht ha l to nn cc c tnh mong mun ca thc phm cha protein. Cc tnh cht chc nng ca protein c chia thnh 3 nhm: - Hydrat ha (ph thuc vo lin kt protein nc) nh kh nng ht m, gi nc, trng n, do dnh, phn tn, ha tan v to nht - Cc tnh cht do lin kt gia protein protein nh kh nng ng t, kt ta, to gel v to cc cu trc khc (nh to si, to mng, to bt nho)
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- Cc tnh cht b mt lin quan n sc cng b mt nh kh nng to nh tng, to bt Tuy nhin cc nhm tnh cht ny cng khng c ranh gii phn chia r rng, nh kh nng to gel lin quan n phn ng protein protein v c protein nc. Bng: Nhng tnh cht chc nng ca protein v ng dng ca chng trong thc phm Tnh cht Ha tan Hydrat ha nht To gel Nh ha ng dng ung, canh sp Bt nho (bnh), tht bm Cc dng ung, bt nho Gi ch, u h, bt nho, phomai, n nh dng gel Sa ng ha, b, kem, mayonaise, c ph sa, trn salad, xc xch.. Bt bia, bnh xp Cc sn phm tht gi t protein thc vt
To bt To kt cu
Mt s tnh cht chc nng thng dng ca protein Kh nng to gel Khi cc phn t protein b bin tnh tp hp li to thnh mt mng li khng gian c trt t c gi l s to gel. Cc protein l nhng dung dch keo a nc, trong phn t ca chng ngoi cc lieenkeets CO-NH, cn cha cc nhm bn khc nhau (cc gc carbuahydro, cc vng benzen, imidazol.) Kh nng to gel l mt tnh cht chc nng quan trng ca nhiu protein. N ng vai tr ch yu trong ch bin nhiu loi thc phm. Mt s sn phm sa nh phomai, gel lng trng trng, sn phm tht c dng nghin (gi, ch), gel keratin, gel protein u nnh, bt nho lm bnh m, protein thc vt c to cu trc bng n nhit do hay ko si (cc tht gi) l nhng sn phm c cu trc gel. To gel protein c s dng khng ch to thnh cc gel cng, do nht m cn ng thi ci thin c tnh cht hp th nc, tnh cht c chc (to dy), ci thin lc lin kt ca cc tiu phn (tnh bm dnh) v lm bn cc h nh tng, h bt thc phm. Gel protein in hnh lm ming u h c sn xut t protein u nnh.
iu kin to gel Trong phn ln cc trng hp gia cng nhit l cn thit cho vic to gel. Lm lnh bn trong c th cn thit v acid ha nh i khi c li. i khi cho thm mui c bit l ion Ca2+ c th cn thit lm tng tc to gel, hoc tng cng ca gel (i vi trng hp ca protein u nnh, lactoserum, serum albumin). Tuy nhin, nhiu protein c th to gel m khng cn un nng, ch nh thy phn nh bng enzyme (mixen casein, lng trng trng, fibrin); n gin cho thm Ca2+ (mixen casein) hay t mi trng kim a v pH trung tnh hoc pI ng in (nh sn xut u ph). Trong khi nhiu gel c hnh thnh t protein trong dung dch nh lng trng trng, sa u nnh, mt s h phn tn trong nc hoc trong dung dch mui n ca protein t tan hoc khng tan trong nc cng c th to thnh gel nh collagen, actomyosin). V vy tnh tan ca protein khng phi lun cn thit cho s to gel. C ch to gel Qu trnh to gel c thc hin qua 2 giai on: Giai on bin tnh v gin mch; giai on tng tc c trt t gia cc phn t protein v tp hp protein. Khi protein b bin tnh, cc cu trc bc 2, bc 3 b ph v, cc mch protein b dui hon ton, tip xc v lin kt vi nhau qua cc nhm chc , mi v tr tip xc ca mch l mt nt, phn cn li to thnh mng li khng gian v nh hnh, rn trong cha y pha phn tn l nc. Cc lin kt tham gia cu trc to gel + Lin kt k nc: tng tc ny c tng cng khi nhit tng, nc b y ra. Cc mch c xu hng lin kt vi nhau hn lm khi gel cng hn. + Lin kt hydro + Lin kt tnh in Kh nng to bt ca protein nh ngha: Bt thc phm Cc h bt thc phm gm cc bt kh phn tn trong pha lin tc l lng hoc bn rn c cht hot ng b mt ha tan. C rt nhiu loi thc phm c dng bt nh bnh xp, kem, bt ca bia Trong nhiu trng hp, kh to bt l khng kh, mt s khc l CO2 cn pha lin tc l mt dung dch hoc huyn ph nc c cha protein. Mt s h bt thc phm l h keo phc tp.
V d: Kem l mt h nh tng (hoc huyn ph) ca cc git cht bo (dng rn v tp hp thnh cc nhm nh), mt huyn ph ca cc tinh th phn tn, mt gel polysaccharide, mt dung dch ng nng cao, dung dch protein v cc bt kh. Cc bt kh thng cha kh c p sut ln hn p sut ngoi, p vo nhau nn bng kh c hnh a din. Trong cc h bt, pha lin tc gm cc lp mng cht lng hay cc mng mng ngn cch cc bt kh. B mt phn chia kh/lng c th t n 1m2/ml cht lng. Tng t nh trng hp to nh tng, cn cung cp nng lng c hc nh khuy, thi kh to b mt phn chia ny. duy tr b mt phn chia chng hin tng hp nht cc bt kh, cn s dng cc cht hot ng b mt lm gim sc cng b mt v to thnh mng li bo v n hi. Mt s protein c kh nng to thnh mng bo v b hp ph b mt phn chia kh/ lng. Trong trng hp , mt tm mng ngn cch hai bt kh k nhau s gm hai lp mng protein ngn cch nhau bi mt mng mng cht lng. Kch thc cc bt kh c th bin thin trong mt khong rng t 1m n vi cm ty thuc vo sc cng b mt, nht ca cht lng, nng lng c hc cung cp Cc phng php to h bt - Cho kh i qua mt vt cn xp (nh thy tinh xp) vo dung dch protein trong nc vi nng thp (0,01 - 2%). - Khuy mnh dung dch protein trong nc khi c mt mt khi lng ln kh. Phng php ny c p dng nhiu trong sn xut thc phm. So vi phng php sc kh th phng php ny i hi lc c hc cao hn (lc khuy ct) v to c h phn tn kh ng nht hn. Nhu cu protein cng cao hn (1 40%) do lc c hc cng tng s hp git v ngn cn protein hp ph ln b mt lin pha. Trong qu trnh khuy, dung tch kh phi trn dn t n gi tr cc i (cn bng ng hc) v dung tch ca h c th tng ln t 300 2000%. - Gim t ngt p sut ca mt dung dch c nn s b. S khc bit gia h nh tng v h bt thc phm l trong h bt dung tch ring phn ca pha phn tn (pha kh) thay i trong mt khong rng hn rt nhiu so vi h nh tng. Cc h bt thng t bn bi v chng c tng din tch b mt phn chia rt ln. Ba nhn t quan trng nht c tc dng lm tng bn ca h bt bao gm sc cng b mt phn chia b, pha lng c nht cao v cc mng mng protein b hp ph bn, n hi v khng thm kh. Nhng yu t nh hng n s to bt
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Ngi ta thy nhng protein c ha tan mnh ng thi cng c hot tnh to bt v bn ca bt tt. Tuy nhin mt s protein dng cc tiu phn khng tan cng ng vai tr thun li cho vic lm bn bt, c th do lm tng nht b mt. Nng protein mc nht nh (tng ti 10%) s to mt nht v dy thch hp cho mng b mt phn chia. Mc d kh nng to bt tng ng vi s tng th tch ni chung khng th cao hn im ng in ca protein nhng ti pI, bn ca h bt li thng kh tt. iu ny l do cc lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t protein ln ti pI s lm tng chiu dy v bn ca lp mng protein c hp ph cc b mt phn chia kh/lng, gip bt to ra c bn chc. Tuy nhin phn ln cc h bt thc phm c to ra pH khc pI ca cc thnh phn protein c trong chng. Cc mui c th gy nh hng n ha tan, nht, s dui ra v tp hp protein v t lm xu hot tnh to bt. NaCl thng lm tng th tch bt v lm gim bn ca h bt cn ion Ca2+ c th ci thin bn ca h bt ch yu do to thnh cc cu gia cc nhm carboxyl ca phn t protein. Saccharose v cc loi ng thng lm gim kh nng to dy ca h bt, nhng ci thin bn do chng lm tng nht ca h. Do tnh cht ny nn i vi mt s h bt thc phm (sn phm ngt), ngi ta thng cho ng vo cui qu trnh ch bin. Cc glycoprotein ca lng trng trng (ovomucoid, ovalbumin) gp phn lm tng bn ca cc h bt do chng hp ph v gi nc cc mng cht lng ngn cch cc bt kh. Trong h, khi c ln lipid d vi lng rt b (0,1%) cng s gy hng hot tnh to bt ca protein. Nguyn nhn do lipid v cc dung mi hu c nh ru bc cao c tnh k nc, v th chng s lin kt vi protein v loi b protein khi lp mng ca b mt phn chia. Khi nng protein trong gii hn rng (n 10%), bn ca h bt tng nhiu hn so vi tng th tch. Tng nng protein s lm tng cc bt kh c kch thc nh v cc h bt s c bn ln hn. to thnh mt h bt tt, cn thi gian v cng khuy cho php lm dui v hp ph y protein. Tuy nhin nu cng nh khuy qu mnh, c th gim s dy v bn bt. Kh nng to bt c th c ci thin nh vo mt s bin tnh ha hc v vt l . Thy phn protein thnh nhng phn on nh, linh ng hn, tan tt hn v phi by nhiu hn cc gc k nc gip tng kh nng to bt ca protein. Gia cng nhit nh, gn thm cc gc trung tnh, hoc s dng cc protein c tnh kim mnh c th tng kh nng kt hp ca protein ti b mt phn chia, tng bn ca mng protein dn n tng bn ca bt. Phn loi protein
phn loi protein, ngi ta da vo thnh phn ha hc trong cu to phn t ca chng. Hin nay protein c chia lm 2 nhm ln l protein n gin v protein phc tp Protein thun hay protein n gin Protein n gin l nhng protein trong thnh phn cu to ca n ch c cc acid amin. Protein n gin khc nhau thng khc nhau theo tnh tan ca chng trong cc dung mi. - Albumin: y l nhng protein n gin tan trong nc, chng b kt ta nng mui trung tnh bo ha nh (NH4)2SO4. Albumin c nhiu trong thin nhin nh: protein huyt thanh mu ngi, protein lng trng trng, la m, u h lanTrng lng phn t ca cc protein thuc nhm ny kh khc nhau dao ng t 12000 170000 dalton. - Globulin: Khng tan hoc tan rt t trong nc, tan tt trong dung dch mui trung tnh long nh NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, K2SO4. N b ta bi (NH4)2SO4 nng 50% bo ha. Trong nc globulin khng tan v chng s ta xung khi tch bng cch thm tch. Globulin c trong huyt thanh mu, lng trng, n c nhiu trong ht u v ht oliu. - Prolamin: Tan tt trong ethanol 60-80%. Trong thnh phn ca n cha nhiu acid amin prolin cng nh acid glutamic. Prolamin hu nh ch c trong phn ni nh cha tinh bt ca ht ha tho - Glutelin: tan tt trong dung dch kim (0,2-2% NaOH). y l protein ca thc vt, n cha trong tt c cc ht ha tho v nhng cy trng khc, cng nh trong cc phn xanh ca cy. Ton b protein tan trong kim ca ht la m c gi l glutelin, cn ca go gi l orizenin - Histon: y l protein c tnh kim , tan trong acid long (HCl 0,2N) v b ta bi amoniac, alcol. Protein phc tp hay protein lin hp - Lipoprotein - Phosphoprotein - Hemoglobin - Glucoprotein - Lipoprotein - Nucleoprotein - Metalprotein
Gi tr protein ca cc thc phm Gi tr protein ca mt thc phm c nh gi trn kh nng tha mn ngi tiu dng v nhu cu nit v cc acid amin, m bo duy tr v pht trin c th thch hp. Kh nng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Hm lng protein Mt s thc n cha t hn 35 protein nh khoai m, khoai lang, khoai ty khng p ng nhu cu protein cho ngi, ngay c khi lng thc n a vo vt qua nhu cu nhit lng. Ch n bao gm la go, bt m (8-10% protein) c th m bo c nhu cu ti thiu protein cho ngi ln (v s lng) v c v nhit lng. Cht lng protein Cht lng, gi tr hoc cn bng ca mt protein thc phm ph thuc vo bn cht v s lng cc acid amin c trong protein v h s s dng protein ca c th. Protein cn bng hoc cht lng cap cha cc acid amin khng thay th theo mt t l thch hp i vi nhu cu ca c th. Trn ngha , ni chung protein ng vt c cht lng cao hn protein thc vt. Protein ht ng cc thng ngho lysine, trong mt s trng hp cn thiu c tryptophan v threonine. Cc ht du thiu methionine v lysine cn cc ht u thng ngho methionine. Khi thnh phn cc acid amin khng thay th sai khc nhau nhiu so vi chun l tng, protein s khng cn bng v acid amin. Nu khng c s phi hp , iu chnh, s dng ch ring loi protein ny s c h s s dng cc acid amin thp, tr em chm ln, d mn cm vi bnh tt. Cht lng protein c nh gi trn mt s ch tiu sau: PER (protein efficiency ratio) c tnh bng t l tng trng nhn c (g) th trn chut trn lng (g) protein s dng. PER = tng trng nhn c (g)/ khi lng protein s dng (g) BV (biological valence): % nit c hp th v c nh trong c th - phn nh cn bng acid amin khng thay th qua s tiu ha c hp th Cng thc trang 76 ha hc thc phm NPU (net protein utilisation): % protein (hoc nit) a vo c c nh trong c th Cng thc trang 76 ha hc thc phm Bng gi tr sinh hc ca mt s protein thc phm Ngun Gi tr sinh hc Thiu
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protein Trng g Sa b C Tht b Khoai ty u nnh Go u Bt m
BV 94 84 76 74 73 73 64 58 52
NPU 93 81 80 67 60 61 57 38 57
PER 3,9 3,1 3,5 2,3 2,6 2,3 2,2 1,5 0,6
acid amin
Met Thr Met Met Met Lys, Tyr Met Lys, Thr
Cc phng php lm tng ch s PER - Ch bin lm tinh sch protein V d: PER ca u nnh u nnh sng: 1,1 Tch v, hp chn: 2 - Phi hp cc ngun protein khc nhau - B sung acid amin khng thay th Tnh kh dng ca acid amin Vai tr sinh hc ca acid amin trong protein pht huy y hoc khng ph thuc vo tiu ha ca protein. tiu ha ca protein ph thuc vo cc yu t: + Ngun gc: Cc protein c ngun gc ng vt (90%) tiu ha tt hn protein thc vt (60-70%). + Cu hnh ca protein: Dng si tiu ha chm hn dng hnh cu Qua bin tnh nhit tiu ha tt hn cha bin tnh.
Cc phc protein vi kim loi, nucleic, polysaccharide, cellulose,lm gim tiu ha ca protein. S c mt cc cht khng dng lm gim kh nng tiu ha ca protein (protein u nnh c antitrypsine) Cc protein to ra khi ch bin nhit cao, pH kim, c mt ng kh lm gim kh nng hp thu protein.
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CHNG II LIPID I. C TNH CHUNG V PHN LOI Lipid l cht hu c khng tan trong nc v dung mi hu c phn cc, tan tt trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc nh eter, aceton, cloroform, benzen Khng tan trong nc l mt c im c s dng tch pha gia lipid, protein v carbohydrate. Lipid l thnh phn cu to c bn ca mng t bo, l ngun nguyn liu d tr quan trng cn thit cho c th sng, v che ch b mt ca nhiu c quan. Lipid c trong t bo ca ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt, c th dng cht bo d tr nh trong ht, qu (thc vt); trong lp m di da hoc lp m bao quanh, c ni bo quan (ng vt). Lipid l vt d tr nng lng i vi c th, khi oxy ha 1g cht bo gii phng ra 9,1 Kcal (39KJ) nng lng, c ngha l gp i khi phn gii 1g glucid. ng thi lipid cng l cht d tr nng lng cho qu trnh trao i cht. Do th hin tnh cch nhit tt, lipid gi nhit cho c th, c bit ng vt bin v ng vt cc, s dng c im ny nh mt chc nng bo v. dng m m (m d tr) chng bo v c th v cc c quan ng vt khi s gy thng tch do tc ng c hc. Lipid c th c phn loi nh sau: Lipid trung tnh v cc acid bo t do Phospholipid Glucolipid Steroid Sp Terpen Phn loi Phn loi da vo phn ng x phng ha Lipid x phng ha c: l nhng lipid m trong phn t c cha ester ca acid bo cao phn t. Nhm ny bao gm cc glyceride, glycerophospholipid, sp. Lipid khng x phng ha c: tc l nhng lipid trong phn t khng c cha chc ester. Nhm ny bao gm cc hydrocarbon, cc cht mu v cc sterol (acid bo t do, steroid, carotenoid, monoterpene, tocopherol). Phn loi da vo thnh phn cu to
Lipid n gin: l ester ca ru v acid bo. Nhm ny bao gm: triacylglycerin, sp, steride. Lipid phc tp: trong phn t ca chng ngoi acid bo, ru cn c cc thnh phn khc nh acid phosphoric, bazow nitow. Nhm ny bao gm cc nhm nh sau: + Glycerophospholipid: trong phn t c glycerin, acid bo, acid phosphoric. Gc acid phosphoric c th c ester ha vi mt amin acol nh colin hoc colamin. + Glyceroglucolipid: trong phn t ngoi glycerin, acid bo cn c mono hoc oligosaccharide kt hp vi glycerin qua lin kt glucoside. + Sphingophospholipid Phn loi theo tnh phn cc Lipid trung tnh - Acid bo (> 12C) - Mono-, di-, triacylglycerol - Sterol v sterol ester - Carotenoid, tocopherol - Sp Lipid phn cc - Glycerophospholipid - Glyceroglucolipid - Sphingophospholipid - Sphingoglucolipid II. ACID BO Cc acyl lipid(cht bo) b thy phn s to thnh glycerol v cc acid carboxylic mch thng (hay cc acid bo). Acid bo c phn loi da trn chiu di mch, s lng, v tr v cu hnh cc ni i cng nh s xut hin ca cc nhm chc dc theo chiu di mch. Acid bo c chia lm hai loi: acid bo no (acid bo bo ha) v acid bo khng no (acid bo cha bo ha), trong t l acid bo khng no c t l cao hn so vi acid no. Acid palmitic, oleic v linoleic l ba acid bo chim t cao nht trong t nhin. Tn acid bo S carbon trong phn t % trong t nhin
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Acid myristic Acid palmitic Acid stearic Acid oleic Acid linoleic Acid linolenic
14C 16C 18C 18C, 1 ni i 18C, 2 ni i 18C, 3 ni i
2 11 4 34 34 5
2.1 Acid bo bo ha (acid bo no) Cng thc phn t: CnH2nO2 - Acid bo mch thng v c s carbon chn chim t l chnh trong s cc acid bo no. - Tham gia vo thnh phn cht bo thng c chiu di mch carbon lin quan n nhit nng chy v nhit ng c ca cht bo. - Acid bo no mch ngn, MW thp (<14:0) l thnh phn triglyceride trong cc cht bo ca sa, u phng v ht c, l cht lng linh ng c mi c trng. - Acid c mch carbon di, phn t lng ln thng trng thi rn v khng mi. - tan ca acid bo trong nc gim dn theo chiu di mch carbon. Acid bo Acid lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH Acid myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH Acid palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH Acid stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH Acid arachidic CH3(CH2)18COOH 2.2 Acid bo cha bo ha (acid bo khng no) Cng thc phn t: CnH2n-xO2 vi x l s ni i trong acid bo - Acid palmitoleic: c ng phn cis v tr lin kt th 9 CH3-(CH2)5-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH
Nhit si 43.50C 54.40C 62.90C 69.60C 75.40C
- Acid oleic: c ng phn cis v tr lin kt th 9 CH3-(CH2)5-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH - Acid linoleic: c ng phn cis v tr lin kt th 9, 12 CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH - Acid linolenic: c ng phn cis v tr lin kt th 9, 12,15 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH - Acid arachidonic Cc acid bo khng no chim t l chnh trong thnh phn du m, thng cha mt, hai hoc ba ni i trong mch acyl ca chng. Trong c th ngi v ng vt, cc acid bo khng no linoleic v linolenic khng th tng hp c m phi a vo bng con ng thc n. Acid arachidonic c du c (chim gn 20% trong c ng), trong phospholipid ca ty xng, trong no. 2.3 Tnh cht ca acid bo Tham gia vo thnh phn ca cht bo thc vt v ng vt cha s carbon chn v thng xuyn gp nht c 16-18C. Nhng acid ny c th l acid bo bo ha v cha bo ha. Mch carbon ca acid bo no thng gp khc ch chi ko thnh mch di. Acid bo khng no thng c mch carbon dng ng phn cis v trans. Trong t nhin acid bo dng cis ph bin hn dng trans nhng dng trans bn hn dng cis. ng phn dng cis c th chuyn thnh trans trong s un nng. Tnh cht ha hc Phn ng cng vi halogen I2, Br2 Acid bo khng no cho phn ng cng ti nhng ni i vi I2, Br2. Phn ng ny gip nh lng s ni i ca acid bo hay lipid. -CH=CH- + Br2 Phn ng cng vi hydro: xy ra vi cc acid bo khng no vi s xc tc ca Ni, phn ng xy ra trong iu kin nhit v p sut cao. III. ACYGLYCEROL (ACYLGLYCERIDE) CHT BO TRUNG TNH Cu to Tnh cht ca triacylglycerol Tnh cht vt l
- Nh cc cht d tr, triacylglycerol c li th c bit so vi cc hp cht nh glucid, protein. N khng tan trong nc v dch gian bo, chng khng b xo trn cng vi nc, cho nn n khng lm thay i tnh cht l ha hc c bn ca t bo cht. Khng c khuynh hng to micel (v khng c u phn cc). Nhng di- v monoacylglycerol c tnh phn cc ng k nh c cc OH t do ca chng, do to c micel. - Cht bo c t trng nh hn nc, khong 0.866-0.973 ( 150C). Cht bo khng tan trong nc, nhng iu kin nht nh di tc dng ca mt s cht n c th to nh tng bn (nh tng l h phn tn ca 2 cht lng khng trn ln vo nhau c, trong c mt cht di dng nhng git nh ca pha b phn tn, cn cht kia di dng pha phn tn lin tc. Phn ln cc nh tng thc phm l kiu nh tng nc trong du hoc du trong nc. Ni chung tnh cht ca mt cht bo l do tnh cht ca acid bo tham gia, t l gia chng cng nh t l gia cc triacylglycerol khc nhau trong thnh phn cht bo quyt nh. iu ny thy r khi xt n nhit nng chy ca triacylglycerol. Nu trong thnh phn ca chng cc acid bo no chim u th th cht bo dng rn, cn nu acid bo cha no chim u th th trong iu kin thng n dng lng v nhit nng chy ca n thp. Triacylglycerol u to thnh nhng ng phn quang hc v ng phn hnh hc v chng c nguyn t carbon hot quang trong phn t glycerin v n cn c mt hoc mt s lin kt i trong cc gc acid bo. C th chuyn cht bo lng thnh dng rn trong qu trnh bo qun hay thun tin cho s vn chuyn bng cch lm bo ha ni i ca acid bo khng no nh qu trnh hydrogen ha. Tnh cht ha hc ca triacylglycerol Phn ng thy phn Di tc dng ca acid hoc kim, triacylglycerol s phn gii lin kt ester v to thnh glycerin v cc acid bo (khi thy phn bng acid) hoc mui ca cc acid bo khi thy phn bng kim gi l x phng. Phn ng thy phn bng kim gi l phn ng x phng ha. - Trong mi trng acid c nhit cao, triacylglycerol b thy phn to thnh glycerin v cc acid bo. Phng trnh phn ng S thy phn cht bo c th tin hnh khi un nng trong nc n 1000C nhng qu trnh ny xy ra rt chm. N s tng rt nhanh khi c mt ca kim hoc acid.
- Trong mi trng kim NaOH, KOH: acylglycerol b x phng ha to thnh glycerin v mui. Mui ny gi l x phng. Phng trnh phn ng Trong c th sng phn ng thy phn xy ra c nh s xc tc ca enzyme lipase. Phn ng hydro ha: l phn ng gn H2 vo ni i ca ca acid bo khng no trong acylglycerol. - Hydro ha chn lc: p dng i vi mt s du thc vt lm gim hm lng acid bo linolenic v do lm tng bn ca du. - Hydro ha tng phn hay ton b: nhm mc ch to ra cc cht bo rn lm nn sn xut margarin hay sn xut m nh ha. Phn ng hydro ha c nh hng n gi tr dinh dng v n lm gim hm lng cc acid bo cn thit, hm lng vitamin v mu sc ca cc cht mu carotenoid thng c mt trong du. Cc ch s c trng ca cht bo Tnh cht ca cht bo c xc nh bng thnh phn cht lng ca acid bo, s tng quan s lng ca n, hm lng phn trm ca cc acid bo t do. nu r c tnh tnh cht ca cht bo th c hng s hay cc ch s nh: ch s acid, ch s iot, ch s x phng ha, ch s ester Ch s acid: l s miligam KOH cn thit trung ha cc acid bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo. Ch s acid l ch tiu quan trng v tnh cht v trng thi ca cht bo v n c th d dng tng ln khi bo qun cht bo hoc sn phm giu cht bo. Ch s acid bo cng cao chng t cht bo khng ti, b thy phn mt phn. Ch s iot: l s gam iot kt hp vi 100g cht bo. S kt hp iot xy ra theo v tr lin kt i ca cc acid bo khng no. Ch s iod gip ta xc nh c hm lng ca acid bo khng no c trong mt cht bo no . Ch s iod cng ln th lng ca cht bo cng cao v n cng tt cho vic iu ch sn v vecni Ch s x phng l s mg KOH dng trung ha cc acid bo t do cng nh cc acid bo kt hp khi x phng ha 1g cht bo. S thy phn cht bo trung tnh bng kim c gi l s x phng ha. Trong kt qu ca phn ng ny th to thnh glycein v mui acid bo gi l x phng. Khi s dng KOH th x phng dng lng c to thnh cn khi x phng ha bng NaOH th cho x phng dng cng.
Ch s ester l s miligam KOH cn dng trung ha acid bo lin kt vi glycerin, c gii phng khi x phng ha 1g cht bo. Do ch s ester bng hiu s gia ch s x phng v ch s acid. S oxy ha cht bo Khi bo qun cht bo b tc ng ca nh sng, oxy khng kh, m ngi ta nhn thy mi v v kh chu. Qu trnh ny bao gm s oxy ha v thy phn cht bo gi l s i ha. Hin tng ny c th do nhiu nguyn nhn tuy nhin dng ph bin nht l do oxy khng kh kt hp vi ni i c trong phn t acid bo khng no to thnh peroxide. Ptpu Tip tc xy ra s t mch carbon theo v tr lin kt i c v to nn aldehyde v acid vi mch ngn dng acid butiric vi mi v v kh chu. Khi cho KI tc dng vi cht bo b i, n s phn ng vi peroxide gii phng iod theo phn ng: Ngi ta thng dng tiosulphat chun lng iod c gii phng ra. ptpu IV. SP 4.1 Thnh phn ca sp, cng thc cu to v cc loi sp Sp l nhng ester phc tp ca cc acid bo bc cao v ru n chc mch thng c phn t ln (c khi alcol vng). Sp thin nhin, ngoi nhng ester trn cn c mt s lng nh ru cao phn t t do v acid bc cao t do cng nh mt t carbua hydro lun lun c s nguyn t carbon l (t 27-33), cc cht mu v cc cht thm. Hm lng cc cht ny c th chim khong 50%. Trong sp thin nhin, ngi ta thng gp cc loi ru c phn t ln v acid bo bc cao sau: Cc acid bo: - Acid palmitic: c trong sp ong, spermacety - Acid cardubic: CH3-(CH2)22-COOH - Acid cerotic: CH3-(CH2)24-COOH - Acid melissic: CH3-(CH2)28-COOH - Acid montanic: CH3-(CH2)26-COOH
sp ong sp ca l v qu
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Cc alcol: - Alcol cetilic: CH3-(CH2)14-CH2OH - spermacety - Alcol cerilic (hexancozanol): CH3-(CH2)24-CH2OH sp ong - Alcol montanilic (octacozanol): CH3-(CH2)26-CH2OH sp ong v sp ca l v ca qu. - Alcol miricilic (tricontanol): CH3-(CH2)28-CH2OH sp ong v sp ca l v ca qu. Cng thc cu to chung ca sp: R1-O-CO-R2 R1: gc alcol R2: gc acid bo V d: sp ong thnh phn ch yu ca n l ester ca alcol miricilic v acid bo palmitic, c cng thc cu to: CH3-(CH2)28-CH2O-CO-(CH2)14-CH3 Da vo ngun gc ngi ta chia sp ra lm 3 loi: sp thc vt, sp ng vt v sp khong. Sp thc vt: thng c mt lng khng ln trong thc vt trn b mt ca qu, l, thn, cnh Lp sp ny nhm bo v cho chng khi b kh v khng cho vi sinh vt tn cng vo. Phn ln ca lp sp ny l carbua hydro. V d, lp sp trn l bp ci ch yu c to nn t carbuahydro dy parafin nonacozan C29H60 v dn xut ca n c nhm carbonyl tc l nonacozanon. Trong thuc l tm thy carbuahydro heptocozan C27H56 v untriacontan C31H64. Trong thnh phn ca lp sp qu nho c acid palmitic t do c ester ca n vi ru, c cc ru cericilic, miricilic v acid cerotic. Sp ng vt: sp ng vt thng c gi l sp ong, sp lng cu lanolin spermacety. Ngi ta cn tm thy sp ong c nhng ester phc tp, cng nh cc acid bo t do, c s nguyn t carbon t 32-34; cc ru bc cao t do (alcol cerilic) v carbua hydro. Trong thnh phn ca sp ong cn tm thy nhng cht gy nn mi v hng thm cng nh nhng hp cht khong. Sp ong c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc, cng nghip nh kt hp tnh do vi tnh bn vng vi acid, nhng tnh cht cch in v nc: cng nghip c, cng
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nghip thuc da, cng nghip t, my bay, dt, trong cng nghip thc phm, hng liu, trong dc hc v k thut m Trc y ngi ta s dng sp ong trong ngnh y t chun b thuc dn, thuc m, sn xut cc loi kem dng, kem dnh, kem ty, kem lm trng v kem mt n i vi mt, khc vi cht bo trung tnh, sp ong ni ring v sp ni chung, chng rt bn vi s tc dng ca nh sng, cht oxy ha, nhit v khng b thy phn. + Sp lng cu lanolin: Lanolin l cht bi trn bao ph lng cu. Theo cu to th lanolin l sterid. N cu to t hn hp ester ca hai sterin lanosterin v agnosterin vi cc acid bo bc cao phn nhnh c hiu acid lanopalmitic, acid lanostearic + Spermacety: y l sp c ngun gc ng vt, n c lng ln trong thnh phn ca cht bo no c. Spermacety c to nn t ester ca alcol cetilic v acid palmitic: CH3-(CH2)14-CO-O-CH2-(CH2)14-CH3 Spermacety l cht rn c nhit nng chy: 41-490C. Sp khong Sp ny vn c chit xut t than li-nhit hoc than bn nh cc dung mi hu c. Trong thnh phn ca lp sp c acid montanilic v cc ester ca n. T trong ca sp khong = 1, nhit nng chy ca n l 72-770C. Nhng chc nng v c tnh ca sp Sp thuc nhm lipid n gin, trng thi rn trong iu kin nhit bnh thng. Sp to mt lp mng bao ph trn b mt ca l qu ca nhiu cy. Sp c to nn trong t bo biu b, sau c a qua cc ng dn nh ra khi t bo li trn b mt n. Sp c tc dng bo v gi cho l (lng cu) khi b thm nc khng b kh v ngn nga vi sinh vt xm nhp vo. Khi lp sp trn b mt ca qu b h, qu d b h thi, thi gian bo qun ca qu ph thuc vo cht lng ca lp sp. Sp ong bo v cho u trng pht trin bnh thng, bo v mt ong khi b h. Lanolin ca lng cu gi cho lng v da khng b tc dng ca nc, khng b thm nc. Spermacet v lanolin u c s dng trong k ngh nc hoa v trong y hc. Sp km b thy phn v bn vi s tc dng ca nh sng, cc cht oxy ha, nhit V vy sp hon thnh chc nng bo v trong c th v c th bo qun sp hng nghn nm v cng chnh v vy m sp khng c gi tr dinh dng c th khng hp th c sp.
V. PHOSPHOLIPID Lipid phc tp ni chung v phospholipid ni ring c trong nhiu t chc ng vt nh no, gan, thn, tim, mu, sa. Trong thc vt thng gp ht, c bit c nhiu trong cy h u v cy c du. Lipid phc tp thng kt hp vi protein di dng phc hp c bit tan c trong nc, do m chng c th d dng lu thng trong c th. V thnh phn cu to, trong phn t lipid phc tp ngoi acid bo, alcol, cn c nhng hp phn khc nh phospho, nit, lu hunh, glucid Theo tn gi trc y th phospholipid c gi l phosphatide. Nay theo danh php quc t th khng gii thiu s dng theo nguyn tc c na. Phn t phospholipid l nhng ester ca alcol a chc vi cc acid bo cao phn t, c gc acid phosphoric v baz nit phn cc ng vai tr l cc nhm b sung. Trong thnh phn ca cc phospholipid khc nhau, ngi ta tm thy c cc alcol a nguyn t khc nhau. Ngi ta tm c ba trong s alcol a nguyn t l: glycerin, inozil, sphingozin. Do vy m cc phospholipid c chia ra thnh cc nhm: Glycerophospholipid Inozitphospholipid Sphingophospholipid Phospholipid ph bin rng ri trong m thc vt v ng vt, trong vi khun chng l lipid chim u th. Khc vi lipid trung tnh, phospholipid ch cha trong cc mng t bo v rt him tm thy mt lng nh trong thnh phn ca cht lng ng d tr. Lng ln phospholipid cha trong tim, thn ca ng vt v trong ht ca thc vt, trong trng chim. c bit c mt lng ln trong m thn kinh ca ngi v ng vt c xng sng. Phospholipid tan trong cc dung mi hu c, nhng c chn loc: c loi tan trong ethanol, loi khc tan trong eter v c loi tan trong benzen. Phn ln chng khng tan trong aceton, ngi ta s dng c tnh ny tch phospholipid ra khi cc lipid khc. Phospholipid khng tan trong nc (n trng ln). N b oxy ha nhanh trong khng kh nh trong phn t c acid bo khng no, trong trng hp ny n b thay i mu vng sng sang mu nu. Phospholipid d dng to phc hp vi protein, chnh v vy n tham gia chnh vo cu hnh ca v t bo v mng trong t bo (chim n 50% tng s lipid ca cc mng sinh hc).
Nh c cu trc ha hc c bit (phn t phn cc), phospholipid bo m tnh thm mt chiu ca cc mng. 5.1 Glycerophospholipid Cng thc cu to chung Phn ln glycerolphospholipid t nhin, hai nhm alcol ca glycerin c ester ha bi cc acid bo, cn v tr th ba l acid phosphoric. Cc acid bo no (t 16-18 nguyn t carbon) v tr C-1, cn cc acid bo khng no (t 16-20 nguyn t carbon t mt n 4 ni i) v tr C-2 nh l quy tc. Trong t bo acid phosphoric c mt lng rt nh dng t do v ch yu trong m thc vt. ng thi acid phosphoric l hp cht trung gian quan trng trong sinh tng hp phospholipid. C trong thnh phn ca phospholipid gc acid phosphoric, c th to nn lin kt ester phc tp vi cc nhm phn cc, cc glycerophospholipid khc nhau, chng khc nhau bi bn cht ca cc nhm ny. S tn ti trong phn t glycerophospholipid cc gc acid bo (ui khng phn cc) v u ion ha phn cc lm cho chng c tnh lng cc. iu ny gii thch c nhng l ha c bit ca glycerophospholipid v s tham gia ca n trong cu trc ca mng t bo. Cng nh lipid trung tnh, glycerophospholipid tan tt trong cc dung mi khng phn cc v tc dng vi nc to nn dng nh tng bn, hay c khi to nn dung dch keo. Do nguyn nhn ny m glycerophospholipid c tnh cht ty ra. Khi thy phn bng kim nh, ch lin kt gia acid bo v glycerin b thy phn. Khi s dng kim mnh th c lin kt vi acid phosphoric cng b thy phn. V c cu to bt i xng nn phospholipid c tnh hot quang v to thnh cc ng phn lp th tng ng. Ph thuc vo cu to ca nhm phn cc, glycerophospholipid chia ra nh sau: + Phosphatidilcholin - lecithin + Phosphatidiletanolamin - xephalin + Phosphatidilserin + Phosphatilinozid + Phosphatidilsacara + Phosphatidilglycerin + Phosphatidal hay plasmalogen
Cc dn xut ca glycerophospholipid Phosphatidilcholin lecithin: Trong thnh phn ca phosphatidilcholin, phn cc l gc alcolamincholin. Cholin l mt baz mnh nh KOH, n phn ly hon ton trong nc, vi acid mnh to nn mui trung tnh. Phosphatidilcholin lecithin c mt lng ln trong lng trng. N cng c nhiu trong m no ca ngi v ng vt, cn trong thc vt c trong ht u nnh, ht hng dng, mm la m. Phosphatidilcholin lecithin tan tt trong alcol, ester nhng khng tan trong aceton. Cholin c th c mt trong cc m v trong dng t do. N c hot tnh sinh hc cao: + l cht cho nhm metyl trong cc tng hp khc nhau (methionin) + kch thch s nhu ng ca rut + khi khng cholin th s phn hy qu trnh trao i cht c pht hin, c th l s thoi ha cht bo ca gan. Phosphatidilcholin lecithin s dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm, trong sn xut socola, maragin vi t cch l cht chng oxy ha, trong cng ngh m phm v dt, trong y hc dng cha bnh thn kinh, suy nhc v thiu mu. Trong c th lecithin gip iu ha lng cholesterol trong mu, ngn nga tch ly cholesterol trong mu, thc y by xut chng ra khi c th. Phosphatidiletanolamin v tr ca cholin c thay bng alcol ethanolamin, cng vi phosphatidilcholin tham gia vo thnh phn ca cc mng. HO-CH2-CH2-NH3+ Phosphatidilserin Nhm phn cc trong n l serin CTCT Inozitphospholipid Acol vng 6 cnh inozit l nhm phn cc ca inozitphospholipid ny. c bit dn xut phosphoryl ha ca phosphotidylinositol l phosphatidyl inozit 4 phosphate v 3, 4 phosphate c mt trong m no v chng chim hn na tng s phosphotidylinositol.
ng vt c nhiu trong tim, gan, phi nhng c bit c nhiu trong ty no. Sphingophospholipid Khc vi phospholipid, gc acid bo trong phn t sphingolipid c kt hp vi amin-ru bng lin kt peptide (ngha l acid bo khng phi kt hp vi nhm hydroxyl ca ru m kt hp vi nhm amin). Thnh phn cu to cng gm cc hp phn ging nh glycerophospholipid (acid bo cao phn t, phosphat v nhm X), nhng alcol glycerin c thay bng aminoalcol khng bo ha sphingozin hay dihydrosphingozin. Lin kt i trong phn t sphingozin v tr trans, cn s phn b nhm th nguyn t carbon hot quang tng ng vi cu hnh D. Sphingomiolin l sphingophospholipid ph bin hn c. Ngi ta c th xem n nh l dn xut phosphocholin ca seramid. Theo cu hnh th n rt ging nh phosphatidilcholin, c ngha l n c u phn cc v hai ui khng phn cc, mt mch thng, sphingozin cn ui kia c ester ha bi cc acid bo. Sphingophospholipid khng ha tan trong ru etylic. Tnh cht ny c dng chit xut chng khi cc phospholipid khc. Sphingophospholipid tm thy trong cc mng t bo thc vt v ng vt. c bit n c nhiu trong m thn kinh, dc bit l no, tm c trong thnh phn ca lipid mu. VI. STEROID Steroid l dn xut ca perhydro cyclopentanfenantren, m n cu to nh sau: Hnh Tnh cht c trng ca cc dn xut steroid - S c mt ca cht th cha oxy C-3 - S tn ti cc nhm methyl lin kt vi C-10 v C-13. - Khng c cc lin kt i trong vng Lin quan n steroid c sterol, sterid, acid mt, hormon sinh dc nam, n, hormon thng thn, nhng vitamin nhm D Sterol Sterol l steroid c t 8 n 10 nguyn t carbon trong mch bn C-17 v nhm hydroxyl v tr C-3. Nhng sterol tm thy trong cc t bo ng vt gi l zoosterol, trong thc vt gi l phytosterol v trong nm micosterol. Trong vi sinh vt sterol ch c gp mt vi dng.
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Cholesterol l mt trong nhng i din quan trng ca zoosterol. y l sterol ch yu ca ngi v ng vt. Cholesterol c mt lng ln trong lipid ca m thn kinh, y n lin kt vi hp phn cu trc v mielin, n c trong lipid trng, t bo tinh dch, trong gan, trong thng thn v trong thnh phn hng cu, sterol bn vi cc yu t thy phn. Trong m ng vt cholesterol c dng t do cng nh dng ester phc tp vi acid bo, l cholesteride. Trong thnh phn ca cholesteride ngi ta tm thy acid bo khng no (oleic), ngoi ra cn tm thy cc acid no nh palmitic, stearic. Trong huyt tng ch c 1/3 cholesterol tn ti dng alcol t do, cn 2/3 c ester ha bi acid bo, vt mang. S to nn ester xy ra trong thnh rut. Cholesterol l cht cn thit cho c th, l tin thn ca hormon tuyn thng thn, sinh dc, tin thn ca vitamin D, tham gia cu to mng t bo, iu khin tnh thm. Khi cholesterol c ester ha vi acid bo no gy hin tng ng cn trn thnh ng mch, dn dn thnh ng mch hp li, nhi mu c tim (tim hot ng mnh), kt hp vi acid bo cha no to nn ester c ng, khng bn vng d bi xut ra khi c th. Cholesterol ch yu c trong cc m ng vt, mt vi loi to v c mt lng rt nh trong phn hoa v trong du ca cc ht. Phytosterol T sn phm thc vt ngi ta tch ra hng lot phytosterol. Sitosterol v stigmasterol l nhm sterol rt ph bin trong thc vt. Stigmasterol c trong du ca phi ht la m. c bit trong nm v nm mc cha mt lng ln sterol (micosterol). Ergosterol l sterol ch yu trong n. Sterid Sterid l ester ca sterol v cc acid bo bc cao. Nhng acid bo tm thy trong thnh phn ca sterid l acid palmitic, acid stearic, acid oleic. Sterid cng nh sterol l nhng cht cng, khng mu. Trong thin nhin, c bit ng vt, chng thng c gp dng phc hp vi protein. Sterid khng tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c: eter, clorform. Sterid c th b thy phn di tc dng ca kim hoc enzyme tng ng. VII. TINH DU V NHA THM Gii thiu
Tinh du l mt nhm ln to nn hng thm t nhin c nhiu trong hoa, qu, l, thn Tinh du v nha thm thuc nhm isoprenoid l nhng dn xut l nhng dn xut ca isopren. CTCT Nhng hp cht isoprenoid bao gm nhiu cht nh tinh du, nha, cao su, steroid C tnh cht chung l khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c. Tinh du thng l hn hp c cha nhiu cht khc nhau nh carbuahydro, ru, phenol, ester, alcol.. nhng quan trng hn c l terpen. Terpen v carbuahydro c mch thng hoc mch vng c cng thc phn t (C10H16)n. n= 1: C10H16 monoterpen n=1.5: C15H24 sesquiterpen n=2: C20H32 diterpen n=3: C30H48 triterpen n=4: C40H64 tetraterpen Monoterpen Monoterpen thng tiu biu l mircen v oxymen v cc dn xut cha oxy ca chng. Mircen c trong tinh du nguyt qu, hoa houblon. Monoterpen vng ph bin v quan trng l limonen v mentol. + Limonen c ttrong tinh du cam, chanh, th l, nha thng. + Trong thnh phn ca mentol du bc h chim 70%. Metol c s dng rng ri trong ngnh y v: N c tnh cht kch thch u dy thn kinh. nh hng gy t cc b d dng v tc dng st trng nh. Trong thnh phn thuc tr tim, thuc nhc u, thuc nght mi.
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CHNG III GLUCID CU TO PHN LOI V CHC NNG CA GLUCID TRONG THC PHM Glucid l mt nhm hp cht hu c ph bin rng ri trong thin nhin. Trong thin nhin, glucid chim mt lng nhiu hn c so vi nhng hp cht hu c khc, nhiu nht trong thc vt, chng chim khong 80 -90% so vi trng lng cht kh. Trong khi ng vt khng vt qu 2%. Glucid l sn phm chnh c to nn trong qu trnh quang hp thc vt xanh t CO2 v H2O nh nng lng ca nh sng mt tri, ngoi ra n cn tng hp nhiu cht hu c khc cho c th sng. Glucid m nhim nhiu vai tr quan trng c th sinh vt Glucid l cht cung cp nng lng ch yu ca c th. Ring glucid cung cp ti 60% nng lng cho cc qu trnh sng. Tuy sinh nhit km xa lipid (ch bng mt na) song glucid li c u th ni bt l ha tan tt trong nc, mi trng cho cc phn ng xy ra trong c th. Glucid c vai tr to cu trc, to hnh (cellulose) Glucid c vai tr bo v Glucid cng gp phn to cho t bo c c cc tng tc c bit (polysaccharide trn mng t bo hng cu hay trn thnh t bo mt s vi sinh vt) Vai tr ca glucid trong cng ngh sn xut thc phm cng rt a dng v v cng quan trng: Glucid l cht liu c bn, cn thit v khng th thiu c ca ngnh sn xut ln men. Cc sn phm nh ru bia, nc gii kht, m chnh. Acid amin, vitamin u c to ra t ngun glucid Glucid to ra c cu trc, hnh th, trng thi cng nh cht lng cho cc sn phm thc phm: To kt cu To si, to mng, to gel, to c, cng, n hi cho thc phm nh tinh bt, thch, pectin To ra c kt cu c th cho mt s sn phm thc phm nh: phng n ca bnh phng tm, to bt cho bia, xp cho bnh m v v chua cho sa chua To ra c nhng bao vi th c nh enzyme v c nh t bo. To cht lng Cht to ngt cho thc phm
Tham gia to mu sc v hng thm cho sn phm To ra cc tnh cht lu bin cho cc sn phm thc phm: trong, gin, deo C kh nng gi c cc cht thm trong cc sn phm thc phm To m cng nh lm gim hot nc thun li cho qu trnh gia cng cng nh bo qun Ty thuc vo thnh phn, tnh cht v cu to, c th chia glucid thnh 3 loi: Monosaccharide l nhng ng n khng c kh nng phn gii, khng mt tnh cht c bn ca glucid. Monosaccharide c to ra trong t bo thc vt nh phn ng quang hp. Cc ng n ph bin nh: glucose, frutose, galactose Oligosaccharide: c t 2-10 monosaccharide. Khi thy phn oligosaccharide th to ra mt lng khng ln monosaccharide. Cc oligosaccharide ph bin nh: disaccharide (sucrose), maltose, lactose; mt s trisaccharide nh raffinose, cc maltotriose, cc tetrasaccharide nh starchyose, malto-tetraose Polysaccharide l nhng polymer cao phn t ca cc monosaccharide v nhng dn xut ca n vi nhng thnh phn khc nhau. Lng gc monosaccharide trong n t 10 n vi chc nghn n v. Cc polysaccharide thng dng c tinh bt, cellulose, petin Hm lng, thnh phn v trng thi ca glucid trong cc loi thc phm khc nhau th khc nhau. N to ra cc tnh cht chc nng, quyt nh gi tr dinh dng cng nh gi tr cm quan cho thc phm. MONOSACCHARIDE (NG N) Monosaccharide l nhng ng n ngha l n khng b thy phn v n l dn xut aldehyde hoc cetone ca cc polyol (v khi oxy ha bng cch loi i 2 nguyn t hydro th ta s c monosaccharide). V d: khi oxy ha glycerin (polyol) th s c glyceraldehyde (monosaccharide c nhm aldehyde) hoc dihydroxyacetone (c nhm cetone). Pt Cng thc tng qut ca monosaccharide Phn loi Monosaccharide chia ra dng aldose v cetose ph thuc vo s bt u ca nhm aldehyde hay cetose trong phn t ca n.
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C th chia theo s nguyn t carbon c trong thnh phn phn t ca n (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose) Cch gi tn Vic gi tn monosaccharide ty thuc c vo s c mt ca nhm aldehyde hoc cetone. Ty thuc vo s phn t carbon: cc aldose c gi tn l triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose; cn cc cetose c gi tn l dihydroxy acetone (triulose), tetrulose, pentulose, hexulose Trong phn t monosaccharide, ngoi cc nhm hydroxy v carbonyl ra cn c th c nhm amin, nhm carboxyl nhn bit v tr ca cc nhm ny, trong phn t monosaccharide c th nh s ln lt cc nguyn t carbon. Cch nh s da trn nguyn tc sau: bt u t nhm aldehyde hay t u cui m gn nhm cetone nht cho nguyn t carbon c nhm carbonyl c ch s nh nht. Cu to Trong phn t monosaccharide c cha mt s nguyn t carbon bt i xng, mi monosaccharide c th tn ti di dng cc ng phn lp th khc nhau. S ng phn lp th c tnh theo 2n vi n l s nguyn t carbon bt i xng. Tt c cc monosaccharide (tr dioxyacetone) u c ng phn lp th. y chnh l tnh cht quan trng ca cc monosaccharide. ng phn lp th ca monosaccharide tn ti trong hai dng ng phn i quang: D v L. Cu hnh D v L l xc nh s phn b ca nhm OH gn nguyn t carbon hot quang p cht. Nu OH nm bn phi mch carbon th phn t monosaccharide c cu hnh D. Nu OH nm bn tri th c cu hnh L. Cu hnh D v L khng ch dn cho ta hng quay ca mt phng phn cc. C nhng monosaccharide c cu hnh D nhng li quay sang tri (-), cng c nhng monosaccharide c cu hnh L li c hng quay sang phi (+). k hiu cc monosaccharide c hng phn cc nh sng quay phi hay tri th sau k hiu D hay L cn c du (+) hay (-). Trong c th sng cc monosaccharide thng tn ti cu hnh D, ngoi tr Larabinose, i khi gp L-ramnose. Ngoi cu to mch thng, cc monosaccharide cn c cu to vng, v trong thc t mt aldehyde c th tc dng vi mt alcol to thnh bn acetal. Ngy nay ta c th khng nh trong thin nhin ch mt phn nh phn t pentose v hexose c dng h, cn phn ln phn t l dng cu trc vng. Phn ng to nn bn acetal c th xy ra trong ni b phn t ca mt monosaccharide: nhm carbonyl tc dng tng h vi nhm hydroxyl v to nn bn acetal vng. y s to thnh bn acetal vng ca glucose l do s kt hp ca chc aldehyde v chc alcol ca cng mt phn t monosaccharide nn gi l bn acetal ni. Trong
cng thc vng carbon mang chc kh aldehyde li hnh thnh mt nhm hydroxyl, nhm ny gi l hydroxyl bn acetal, hay nhm hydro glycoside. Ph thuc vo nhm hydroxyl ca nguyn t carbon no tip nhn s to nn bn acetal hay bn ketal, m c th nhn c vng nm cnh (nguyn t C4 vi nguyn t oxy C1) hay vng 6 cnh (nguyn t C5 vi nguyn t oxy C1). Cu to vng ca monosaccharide c th dng 6 cnh hay dng 5 cnh. Dng 6 cnh c cu to tng t nhn pyran nn gi cc monosaccharide c cu to vng 6 cnh l pyranose. Hinh Dng 5 cnh c cu to tng t nhn furan nn gi cc monosaccharide c cu to 5 cnh l furanose Hinh Trong cng thc vng, dng tng ng vi v tr ca nhm OH glycoside sp xp bn di vng, cn dng nhm OH glycoside bn trn vng. Qua nhng iu trnh by trn c th thy c rng trong dung dch monosaccharide tn ti nhiu dng cu to khc nhau v lun lun c mt cn bng gia cc dng . Dng h ca monosaccharide thng th ch chim mt t l nh. S chuyn ha gia cc dng h v dng vng pyranose hoc furanose ca monosaccharide ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng, iu kin phn ng v tc nhn phn ng. Cn ch monosaccharide tn ti phn ln di dng vng 6 cnh kiu pyranose. dng ny n li c th c cu hnh dng gh hoc dng thuyn trong dng gh bn hn dng thuyn. Tnh cht vt l Tnh ht m v ha tan Kh nng ht m ca cc ng n rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo loi ng (cu trc ng phn) cng nh tinh sch ca ng. ha tan ca ng gim khi chng b vn li, hin tng ny thng rt hay xy ra vi ng dng bt hay ht. Tuy nhin kh nng gi m ca dung dch ng m c li c ng dng trong sn xut bnh m. Do s c mt ca nhiu nhm hydroxyl trong phn t nn monosaccharide l nhng cht d ha tan trong nc, tan mt phn trong ethanol v khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen, chloroform Tnh cht cm quan Cc ng n, ng oligo v cc ru tng ng ca chng thng c v ngt. y l tnh cht cm quan quan trng nht. Cc loi ng khc nhau v cht lng ca v ngt v cng ca v.
Cc ng quan trng gm saccharose (sucrose), cc loi siro t tinh bt (l hn hp gm glucose, maltose v malt-oligosaccharide) v glucose. ng o, siro glucosefrutose, ng frutose, lactose, cc sugar alcohol nh sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol cng l nhng loi ng ngt quan trng. Nu ngt ca saccharose l 100%, ngt ca frutose l 173%, glucose 74%, xylose 40%, lactose 16%. Ring mannose c v ng. Cng v ngt ca cc ng oligo tng khi chiu di mch gim. Cng v ngt c nh gi bng ngng nng cm nhn ca ng (nng ng thp nht cho php cm nhn c v ngt) hoc bng cch so snh vi mt loi ng chun khc (thng l saccharose). So snh vi mt ng chun khc l phng php quan trng thng c s dng, cng v ph thuc vo nng ng s dng v khc nhau rt nhiu gia cc hp cht ng ngt. Cht lng v cng v ngt ca ng ph thuc vo cng thc ha hc, cu trc ca ng v cc thng s cm nhn v khc nh nhit , pH, s c mt ca cc ng ngt hoc cc cht khng phi ng. Ni chung, trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, thnh phn v nng ca cc cht to ngt cn c iu chnh t c cm nhn cm quan tt nht. Tnh cht ha hc Phn ng kh thnh dn xut ca ru Cc ng n c th b kh thnh ru tng ng di tc dng ca NaBH4. Mt aldose b kh thnh mt ru tng ng, cn ketose b kh thnh 2 ru do to nn mt tm bt i xng mi. Tn ca ru c ly t tn ng, thay th ui ose hoc ulose bng ui itol. VD: glucose Mannose Fructose glucitol (sorbitol) mannitol mannitol v sorbitol
Cc dn xut ny c s dng thay th ng trong thc phm gim hot ca nc, chng hin tng kt tinh, tng cng s ti hp th nc ca mt s sn phm b mt nc. Sorbitol c nhiu trong mt s loi qu nh l, to, mn. Maltitol (sn phm kh ca maltose) l mt loi ng c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh thc phm. Ptpu Phn ng oxy ha
Ty thuc vo iu kin oxy ha monosaccharide s thu c cc sn phm khc nhau. Trong iu kin oxy ha nh nh c mt nc brom (clo hoc iot) trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim, cc aldose b oxy ha thnh aldonic acid. Qu trnh oxy ha ch lin quan n gc aldehyde. V vy nhm ng ketose khng c phn ng ny. Phn ng glucose b oxy ha thnh gluconic acid. Ptpu Khi oxy ha bng cht oxy ha mnh hn nh HNO3 th c nhm aldehyde gc C1 v gc CH2OH C6 trong phn t u chuyn thnh chc acid v s thu c dicarboxylic acid (aldose thnh aldaric acid). Ptpu Khi oxy ha cc aldose bng dung dch nc brom, nu bo v chc aldehyde bng cch metyl ha hoc acetyl ha chc th qu trnh oxy ha ch xy ra nhm ru bc 1 v sn phm thu c s cha mt nhm acid. Sn phm ny c gi l uronic acid. Cc hp cht uronic l thnh phn ca nhiu polysaccharide quan trng ca c th thc vt cng nh mt s sinh vt (petin l polymer ca acid D galaturonic l cht to dy, to gel trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm) hay acid alginic thu c t rong bin (acid D mannuronic v L guluronic). Cng c th thu nhn c acid uronic bng cch kh monolactone ca mt aldaric tng ng. Ptpu Tc dng ca acid ln monosaccharide Khi un nng monosaccharide trong mi trng acid, u tin cc phn ng enol ha xy ra, sau l phn ng tch nc v tip tc qua nhiu bc trung gian cui cng to ra cc hp cht furan. Cc pentose trong mi trng acid c th b phn hy thnh furfufal, hexose b phn hy thnh 5 hydroxylmethyl furfural sau khi loi b 3 phn t nc. Cc ketose b phn hy nhanh hn aldose, frutose cng to ra nhiu sn phm phn hy hn so vi glucose. Ptpu Phn ng caramen ha Cc cht c mu nu vi mi caramel c trng s c to ra khi un nng chy ng hoc khi un nng dung dch ng trong mi trng acid hoc kim. Phn ng c th xy ra theo hai hng to mi hoc to mu nhiu hn.
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un nng ng saccharose trong dung dch m thch hp s tng cng kh nng to ra cc cht mi, ch yu l cc dihydrofuranose, cyclopentenolone, cyclohexenolone v pyrone. Ngoi ra un nng xiro glucose vi acid sulphuric v c mt ammonia s tng cng kh nng to ra cc hp cht polymer c mu nu. bn v kh nng ha tan ca cc hp cht polyner ny s c tng cng khi thm cc anion bisulphite. Phn ng vi cc hp cht cha gc amine (acid amin) phn ng ny cn gi l phn ng Maillard Phn ng Maillard cn c gi l phn ha nu phi enzyme l phn ng xy ra gia ng kh (ch yu l glucose, frutose, maltose, lactose) v protein (thng l cc gc -amine ca lysine), peptide, acid amin hoc cc amine, thng qua phn ng to N-glycoside v mt chui cc phn ng k tip khc. Phn ng ny s xy ra nhanh hn khi nhit tng, hot tnh ca nc thp v khi bo qun thc phm trong thi gian di. Phn ng Maillard v c bn cng xy ra tng t nh phn ng ca ng trong mi trng acid hoc kim, tuy nhin s xc tc ca cc hp cht nitrogen ng vai tr xc tc thc y phn ng xy ra vi tc nhanh hn trong nhng iu kin mi trng n gin hn rt nhiu. y l phn ng rt thng gp trong thc phm. Cc kt qu gy ra bi phn ng Maillard To ra cc cht c mu nu (thng c gi l cc melanoidin) cha nit, c khi lng phn t v ha tan trong nc khc nhau. Hin tng to mu rt cn thit cho cc sn phm chin, nng nhng li c hi cho cc loi thc phm nh sa c, rau c sy, nc st c chua To ra nhiu hp cht bay hi c mi. Phn ng ny rt cn thit trong cc qu trnh chin, nng, quay nhng n cng lin quan n vic to ra cc mi khng mong mun trong cc qu trnh bo qun v ch bin nhit nh thanh trng, tit trng To cc cht c v ng, cn thit trong ch bin c ph nhng li to ra v l khi quay tht hoc c. To ra cc hp cht c tnh kh mnh, c th tham gia bo v thc phm khi cc phn ng oxy ha. Lm mt nhiu acid amin thit yu nh lysine, cystine, methionine To ra mt s hp cht c kh nng gy ung th To ra cc hp cht c th lin kt cho vi protein Cc monosaccharide quan trng v tnh cht
Pentose Pentose l monosaccharide cha 5C, gp trong thnh phn ca nhiu t chc ng vt v thc vt. Chng tn ti mt phn trng thi t do. Cc pentose quan trng thng gp l L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-ribose. L-arabinose L-arabinose c trong thnh phn ca cc polysaccharide nh hemicellulose, cc cht nhy, gum v pectin. N khng b ln men bi nm men; thng gp trong thc vt dng L.
CTCT D-xylose Tn ti mt phn trng thi t do, nhng ch yu di dng polysaccharide gi l xylan v pentozan c trong g, rm r. C th dng acid thy phn cc nguyn liu trn thu c D-xylose trong cng nghip. D-xylose cng khng b ln men bi nm men v khng b ng ha bi ngi v ng vt. CTCT D-ribose L monosaccharide gp trong thnh phn ca nhiu hp cht nh acid ribonucleic, mt s vitamin v coenzyme. t tn ti dng t do, trong thc vt D-ribose tn ti dng furanose. Mt dn xut quan trng ca ribose l cht D-deoxyribose. Trong cht ny khng c nguyn t oxy v tr C2. N l mt thnh phn quan trng ca acid deoxyribonucleic. Tnh cht ca ng 5C
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Khi un nng cc pentose ni trn vi acid, chng s b loi nc v chuyn thnh dn xut aldehyde gi l fufurol. Ptpu Fufurol khi tc dng vi anilin v acid HCl s cho hp cht c mu . Phn ng ny l c s nh lng ng pentose. Fufurol cng c to thnh khi nng bnh do cc ng pentose ca bt b loi nc, nhit cao fufurol bay hi v cho mi thm nh mi to, v vy n cng tham gia to mi thm c trng ca bnh nng. Hexose Hexose l nhm monosaccharide ph bin hn c trong thin nhin. Thng thng hexose tn ti vng pyranose, dng furanose t gp hn, tr i vi frutose. D-glucose (ng nho) CTCT D-glucose l monosaccharide ph bin thc vt cng nh ng vt, c nhiu trong nho chn nn cn gi l ng nho. Dung dch glucose lm quay mt phng nh sng phn cc sang phi nn cng c tn l dextrose.
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Trong dung dch, D-glucose tn ti ch yu dng pyranose. D-glucose l thnh phn cu to ca nhiu loi polysaccharide nh tinh bt, glycogen, cellulose c th ngi v ng vt, glucose l thnh phn c nh trong mu. a glucose vo mu ngi bnh, s lm hi phc sc khe nhanh chng v glucose l monosaccharide d dng hp th. Glucose l loi ng ng ha nhanh v s dng nhanh nht trong c th to glycogen cn thit cho c th ang hot ng k c c tim duy tr mc ng huyt. Glucose l loi ng c tnh kh, d dng ln men to ru ethanol, c th nh tnh glucose bng dung dch Fehling. Trong cng ngh thc phm, glucose s dng lm ko chewing gum, jam v cc thc phm khc.
Glucose dng trong cng nghip bnh ko vi mc ch to s mm do, ngn chn hin tng li ng (hnh thnh tinh th). D-frutose (ng tri cy)
CTCT D-frutose c nhiu trong qu, mt hoa. N lm quay mt phng ca nh sng phn cc sang tri nn cn c tn levulose. D-frutose l thnh phn ca disaccharide saccharose. Frutose thng tn ti di dng furanose. N d dng b ln men bi nm men. Frutose l loi ng ngt nht v dng ngt gp 3 ln dng , c tnh kh v c nhm OH bn acetal. Frutose c nhiu trong mt ong chim khong 31%, do ngt rt cao nn mt ong c v ngt mnh. Khi kt tinh trong dung dch nc frutose c hnh kim, tinh th ca n ngm mt phn t nc : 2C6H12O6.H2O
D-galactose
CTCT L monosaccharide c trong thnh phn ca disaccharide lactose. N cng c trong thnh phn ca cc polysaccharide galactan ca thc vt. D-galactose cn l n v cu to ca melibiose v agar-agar (thch). Dn xut acid galacturonic l thnh phn ca polysaccharide pectin. Galactose ch b ln men bi nm men ring bit. T cc qu ca dy leo c th tch c galactose dng tinh th. D-manose CTCT L loi hexose c trong thnh phn ca nhiu loi polysaccharide nh hemicellulose, cc cht nhy. Manose d dng b ln men bi nm men. Trong c th ngi v ng vt, manose tn ti dng glucose. OLIGOSACCHARIDE nh ngha v phn loi Oligosaccharide l nhm glucid c cu to bi s lin kt ca mt s monosaccharide. V vy khi lng phn t ca chng khng ln lm v chng cn gi c mt s tnh cht nh ng n gin. Chng d tan trong nc v d kt
tinh. Khi thy phn bng acid hoc enzyme tng ng s lm t cc lin kt glycoside gia cc monosaccharide thnh phn ca oligosaccharide v gii phng cc monosaccharide. Oligosaccharide c t 2 n 10 gc monosaccharide, chng lin kt vi nhau bi cc lin kt glycoside. Ph thuc vo s phn t monosaccharide trong phn t ca oligosaccharide m ngi ta chia ra: disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide Phn loi Theo thnh phn ca cc gc monosaccharide: Homooligosaccharide: cha cc monomer cng loi Heteroligosaccharide: cha nhng monomer khc loi Theo cu to ca phn t oligosaccharide c th chia ra oligosaccharide mch thng v phn nhnh. Theo nguyn tc cu to ca oligosaccharide: Oligosaccharide kh: khi gc monosaccharide sau cng cn nhm hydroxyl glycoside t do Oligosaccharide khng kh: khi nhm hydroxyl glycoside ca monosaccharide sau cng lin kt vi monosaccharide trc (khng cn OH glycoside t do). Mt s oligosaccharide tiu biu Disaccharide Disaccharide l oligosaccharide c hai gc monosaccharide kt hp vi nhau. Khi kt hp nh vy s loi ra mt phn t nc. S kt hp c th xy ra i vi hai monosaccharide ging nhau hoc khc nhau. Kiu lin kt gia hai monosaccharide l lin kt glycoside. S kt hp gia hai monosaccharide c th xy ra theo hai kiu khc nhau v ph thuc vo kiu kt hp m c cc disaccharide c tnh cht khc nhau. Trong kiu lin kt th nht, mt monosaccharide ny lin kt vi mt monosaccharide khc nh nhm OH glycoside ca n vi mt nhm OH ca cht th hai. Nh vy disaccharide to thnh vn cn mt nhm OH glycoside dng t do, kt qu n vn duy tr c tnh cht kh. V d: ng maltose hoc lactose c cu to theo kiu lin kt th nht. Trong kiu lin kt th hai, hai monosaccharide kt hp vi nhau nh hai nhm OH glycoside ca chng, kt qu hnh thnh nn disaccharide khng cn cha OH glycoside t do. Cc disaccharide khng cn tnh kh. V d nh ng saccharose l disaccharide thuc kiu lin kt th hai. Mt s disaccharide quan trng Saccharose (sucrose)
Saccharose thuc loi ng rt ph bin trong thin nhin. N c nhiu trong c ci ng, ma v l, thn, r v qu ca nhiu loi thc vt. Saccharose l loi ng rt d ha tan, c ngha quan trng i vi s dinh dng ca ngi. Saccharose l disaccharide c cu to t glucose v fructose. Hai monosaccharide ny lin kt vi nhau nh lin kt hai nhm OH glycoside ca chng nn saccharose khng c tnh kh.
CTCT Saccharose tan tt trong nc, kt tinh dng tinh th. Saccharose c c tnh d b thy phn thnh glucose v frutose. Qu trnh ny c th c thc hin nh enzyme invertase hoc nh acid (acid HCl nhit cao). thc phm c pH acid cng thun li cho s nghch o, dch qu khi bo qun tm qu trnh ny xy ra t ng. Sn phm hnh thnh khi thy phn saccharose c gi l ng nghch o. N c trong mt ong dng t nhin. S d n mang tn ny v dung dch saccharose ban u c []D bng +66.50 nhng sau khi thy phn quay cc li bng -200 ngha l c s thay i gc quay cc t phi sang tri. Trong hn hp glucose v frutose c hnh thnh []D ca glucose l +52.50 cn []D ca frutose l -92.40 v do dung dch ng nghch o c []D bng -200. S nghch o cng lm tng cht kh ln 5,26%, ng thi tng nh v ngt v nht l tng ha tan ca ng trong dung dch. Dung dch ng nghch o thng t nht hn so vi dung dch saccharose khi dng mt trng lng kh ngang nhau. S tng tnh ha tan gy ra nh qu trnh nghch o l do tnh ha tan cao ca ng frutose cng nh tnh kh kt tnh ca ng glucose so vi ng saccharose. Tnh ha tan ca ng chung khng nhng c th c tng ln nh thm ng nghch o m c khi thm glucose hay siro glucose. iu cn cho php iu chnh nht ca dung dch ng. Khi lm lnh cc dung dch bo ha ng saccharose (thu c nhit cao) s c th to nn cc dung dch qu bo ha ca saccharose. Vn tc kt tinh saccharose t cc dung dch ny cng nh kch thc ca cc tinh th to thnh c th gim ng k nh thm vo dung dch glucose, ng nghch o,
siro glucose. Tnh cht ny c s dng trong k ngh mc ko to nn cc sn phm trong saccharose d nng rt cao nhng vn khng kt tinh. Maltose
Maltose l disaccharide cha 2 gc glucopyranose, 2 gc ny lin kt vi nhau nh OH v tr C1 v C4. Do maltose cn gi c mt nhm OH glycoside v duy tr c tnh kh (bng phn na tnh kh ca phn t glucose). Maltose c nhiu trong la ny mm, mm mch. Khi thy phn tinh bt bng enzyme amylase thu c maltose. y l c s sn xut mch nha t nguyn liu tinh bt. Maltose cn c gi l mch nha. Cn khi thy phn bng acid hoc enzyme maltase, ng maltose s b phn ly v gii phng ra 2 phn t -D-glucose. Lactose
Lactose cn c gi l ng sa v n c nhiu trong sa ngi, ng vt (5-8%). Lactose cu to t mt phn t -D-galactose v mt phn t -D-glucose. Trong phn t lactose cn li mt nhm hydroxyl glycoside nn n vn cn c tnh cht kh. Lactose cn c gi l -D-galactopyranozit (1 4) D-glucopyranose. nhit thng lactose ha tan trong nc t hn saccharose 10 ln nhng 1000C th ha tan ca n xp x saccharose. Lactose kt tinh chm, tinh th cng v c nhiu
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dng tinh th. Vitamin B2 c th c ch s kt tinh ca lactose. ngt ca lactose ch bng 1/6 saccharose. Lactose kh b thy phn bi acid hn saccharose. thy phn phi un si vi acid v khng xy ra s nghch o. Trisaccharide Trisaccharide l nhm oligosaccharide cha 3 gc monosaccharide. Loi trisaccharide ph bin hn c trong thin nhin l cht rafinose. N c nhiu trong ht bng v trong c ci ng. Rafinose cha mt gc galactose, mt gc glucose v mt gc frutose. Cc monosaccharide ny gn vi nhau nh cc nhm hydroxyl glycoside ca chng. V vy trong phn t rafinose khng cn cha nhm hydroxyl t do, n khng c tnh kh. Rafinose c nhiu g ng thu c khi sn xut ng t c ci ng. Rafinose tinh th khng c v ngt, ha tan trong nc, khi thy phn bng acid trong thi gian ngn v nhit khng cao s xy ra s gii phng frutofuranose. Tc dng ca enzyme invertase cng cho kt qu tng t. Phn t disaccharide hnh thnh nu tip tc b thy phn th s phn gii hon ton thnh D-galactose v D-glucose. Rafinose km bn i vi nhit hn saccharose. S phn gii rafinose nh enzyme cc v tr khc nhau c trnh by nh sau: Hnh Tetrasaccharide Hinh CTCT Tetrasaccharide ph bin trong cy h u v mt s ht khc khi ht chn. Nhng khi ht ny mm ng nhanh chng mt i. Tetrasaccharide c cu to t 2 phn t galactose, 1 phn t -glucose v 1 phn t -frutose. Tetrasaccharide khng cn tnh kh. POLYSACCHARIDE Polysaccharide l hp cht hu c cao phn t thng gp trong thin nhin. Khi thy phn polysaccharide to nn mt lng ln cc gc monosaccharide (n vi chc ngn gc) Polysaccharide c nhiu trong cc sn phm thc phm. Trong t nhin, c vai tr nh l cht to hnh (rau, qu), cht dinh dng nh ng cc, khoai ty, cy h u. Polysaccharide cn l tc nhn to gel, to dy nh tinh bt, pectin, agar, alginate, guaran gum; tc nhn n nh cho h thng nh tng, to mng hoc m mt lp bo v thc phm chng li cc phn ng khng mong mun.
Thiu Phn loi danh php H thng danh php ca polysaccharide khng c. Nhng thng ngi ta s dng theo nguyn tc hp l: ly s gi tn ca monosaccharide c bn lm gc v kt thc bng ui -ose thay bng ui -an. V d: Polysaccharide ng th: D-glucan c cu to t cc gc glucose. Polysaccharide d th: L-arabino-D-galactan c cu to t cc gc L-arabinose v D-galactose. Bn cnh cc gi tn ny, ngi ta cn gi theo cch khc nh polymer ca cc acid uronic ngi ta gi l polysaccharide. Cho n by gi, i vi nhiu i din ca polysaccharide ngi ta vn s dng cch gi tn t lu i nh: tinh bt, glycogen, pectin, cellulose S phn loi polysaccharide thng da trn cc c s sau: Da vo thnh phn ca monosaccharide: Homopolysaccharide: cu to t mt loi monosaccharide Heteropolysaccharide: cu to t nhiu loi monosaccharide (di 5-6 loi) Da theo c tnh ca mch polysaccharide: polysaccharide mch thng v mch nhnh. Da theo ngun gc polysaccharide: polysaccharide c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt Da theo chc nng ca polysaccharide Polysaccharide c chc nng to hnh, to khung nh cellulose, hemicellulose v pectin thc vt; chitin v muco ng vt. Polysaccharide c chc nng d tr: tinh bt dextrin, inulin thc vt; glycogen ng vt Polysaccharide c chc nng gi nc: agar, pectin, alginate thc vt; mucopolysaccharide ng vt Tnh cht ca polysaccharide Polysaccharide do nhiu gc monosaccharide kt hp li vi nhau c khi lng phn t ln nn n khng cn tnh kh.
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Polysaccharide mch thng (cellulose, amylose) thng khng tan trong nc, c th ha tan di tc ng mnh nh nhit cao, kim mnh hoc tc nhn thch hp khc, chng d kt ta trong dung dch (nh tinh bt b thoi ha) Polysaccharide mch nhnh (amylosepectin, glycogen) tan tt trong nc tt hn polysaccharide mch thng. Dung dch polysaccharide mch thng c cng khi lng phn t v cng nng ngi ta thy polysaccharide mch nhnh c nht thp hn v kt ta chm trong nc hn. Polysaccharide vi nhm carboxyl (pectin, alginate) ha tan trong mui kim loi kim hay pH kim. nht ca dung dch ph thuc pH. Polysaccharide vi acid mnh (H2SO4, H3PO4) tinh bt bin hnh ha tan trong nc, c nht cao.
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Tinh bt Polysaccharide ng th (homopolysaccharide) l do cng mt monosaccharide to nn. Tinh bt l ngun glucid d tr ch yu ca thc vt, n l ngun thc n, ngun cung cp nng lng chnh cho ngi v ng vt. Tinh bt ch yu c trong cc ht ng cc, trong c, thn l v thn cy. Tinh bt c trong ht bp, la v la m khong 6075%, kch thc ht tinh bt khong 2-15micromet. Tinh bt khng phi l mt cht ha hc ring bit m trong n c 96,1-97,6% l polysaccharide (amylose v amylopectin); 0,2-0,7% khong cht ch yu l phosphate. Trong tinh bt cn tm c cc acid bo nh acid palmitic, stearic v nhiu acid khc, hm lng t ti 0,6%. Cc cht hp th trong phn chit polysaccharide tinh bt v c th loi b bng cch tch chng bng dung mi hu c trung tnh (metanol). Trong thc vt, tinh bt l cht dinh dng d tr v chng trong dng ht tinh bt, nhng ht tinh bt ny chng khc nhau theo hnh dng kch thc, thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht, khng ch nhng loi cy khc nhau m ngay c nhng c quan khc nhau ca cng mt loi cy. Tinh bt c to ra t 2 polysaccharide khc nhau: amylose v amylopectin, chng khc nhau v l tnh v ha tnh. Amylose Amylose l polysaccharide c cu to mch thng, khng phn nhnh trong gm cc D-glucose, kt hp vi nhau bng lin kt -(1-4) glycoside, c di gn 3001000 gc glucose, dng xon c, theo kiu l xo, mi vng xon gm c 6 gc glucose. Cu trc xon c gi vng nh lin kt hydro c to thnh t gia cc nhm OH t do. Amylose d dng tan trong nc nng v cho dung dch vi nht khng cao, dung dch amylose khng bn vng, khi ng yn chng c th to thnh ta (cn). i vi butanol v pentanol th amylose b kt ta hon ton v amylose b hp th trn bng. Vi dung dch iot, amylose cho mu xanh c trng do s hp th iot vo bn trong vng xon c ca amylose, mi vng xon hp th mt phn t iot, cc nhm OH nm bn ngoi vng xon, cc nhm hydrocarbua th nm bn trong vng xon bao quanh phn t iot. Nu un nng, lin kt hydro b ct t, mch amylose dui thng ra do iot b tch ra khi amylose a n dung dch mt mu xanh. Phn t lng ca amylose khoai ty gn 400.000, ca ht bp v la khong 100.000-200.000.
Amylose thng c phn b phn bn trong ca ht tinh bt. Dung dch amylose c nht thp hn dung dch amylopectin. Trong tinh bt lng amylose t l amylopectin khong . Trong mt s trng hp t l ny c th thay i t nhiu. Trong go np cha t amylose, khi mt s ht u th lng amylose chim 75%, la m th amylose khng c, cn amylopectin chim 100%. ht to amylose chim 100% cn amylopectin l khng. Amylopectin Amylopectin cng c cu to t -D-glucopyranose nhng c s phn nhnh mch im lin kt 1-6 c ngha l cu to phn t ca n ngoi lin kt 1-4 cn lin kt 1-6, c khong 20 gc monosaccharide c mt im phn nhnh. Amylopectin ch tan trong nc nng c p sut v cho dung dch c nht cao, khi tc dng vi butanol v pentanol khng b kt ta, khng b hp th trn bng. Dung dch bn, khng b lng cn khi yn. Trng lng phn t amylopectin 50.0001.000.000. Amylopectin c phn b bn ngoi mt ngoi ht tinh bt. Khi un nng trong nc ti 60-70% tinh bt b trng n mnh, c dnh cao, hin tng ny gi l s h ha. Di tc dng ca enzyme amylase hoc un nng vi acid, tinh bt b thy phn cho ra cc sn phm trung gian c phn t lng khc nhau nh dextrin. Amylodextrin tc dng vi iot cho mu tm xanh, n l bt trng tan trong etanol 25%, nhng ta etanol 40%. Erytrodextrin : to mu nu vi iot, ha tan trong etanol 55% v b ta 65%. Achrodextrin vi iot khng cho mu v tan c nng etanol 70%. Maltodextrin khng cho mu vi iot v khng b ta bng etanol. Cc dextrin ny c th b thy phn hon ton to thnh cc gc glucose. Nh vy, sn phm thy phn hon ton ca tinh bt l glucose. Tuy nhin nhng iu kin nht nh, di tc dng ca enzyme, disaccharide l thnh phn ch yu trong sn phm thy phn tinh bt. Tinh bt c s dng rng ri trong thc t, trong y hc, trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip: cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip dt, lm giy, cng ngh thuc da, Trong c khoai ty trung bnh cha 15-25% tinh bt trng lng kh, ht ca nhng cy trng khc l t 40-60%. Cellulose Cellulose l thnh phn chnh ca thnh t bo thc vt cng vi hemicellulose, pectin v ligin. Do h enzyme phn hu cellulose khng c mt trong h tiu ho ca
ngi, nn cellulose ch ng vai tr duy tr nhu ng mch rut ca h tiu ho. Thiu cellulose trong khu phn n d gy to bn, ung th trc trng, cn qu nhiu cellulose trong khu phn n gy nn gim s hp thu cht dinh dng trong ng rut. Do khng c tiu ho nn cellulose c s dng nh cc cht x thc phm. Ngoi ra, enzyme phn hu cellulose cng khng c mt trong h tiu ho ca ng vt. Tuy nhin ng vt nhai li c kh nng tiu ho cellulose do h vi sinh vt trong d c c kh nng sinh tng hp cellulase. Cu trc : Cellulose c cu to t ng D-glucose nh lin kt -1,4 glycoside. ng dng : Cellulose vi tinh th c s dng trong cc loi thc phm calori thp, trong salad, cc mn n trng ming v kem. Kh nng hydrat ho v phn tn ca c ci thinn r rt khi s dng chung vi mt lng nh carboxymethyl cellulose. Cc dn xut ca cellulose Alkyl cellulose c to thnh do phn ng gia cellulose v methylchloride hay propylene oxide trong mi trng kim mnh s gn thm cc gc methyl hay hydroxypropyl vo cellulose. Mc thay th ny ph thuc vo cc iu kin phn ng. Ph thuc vo bn cht ca gc thay th ( methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl) v mc thay th m cc dn xut cellulose nhn c c kh nng trng n v ho tan trong nc khc nhau. Tnh cht c trng ca methyl cellulose v methyl-hydroxypropyl cellulose l kh nng gim nht khi tng nhit v kh nng to gel thun nghch nhit nht nh. Kh nng to gel cng ph thuc vo dng dn xut, mc thay th, nng ca dn xut cellulose trong dung dch nc. ng dng Trong cc sn phm nng lm t bt t hay khng c gluten (nh bt go, bt bp), s dng methyl cellulose v methyl-hydroxypropyl cellulose s lm gim hin tng b hay v vn ca bnh, tng lng nc s dng trong bt nho v nh vy tng kh nng phng n ca tinh bt trong qu trnh nng bnh. Khi thm vo bt chin tht hay tm s gip tng lng m c th hp th khi chin. Khi thm vo cc loi rau c, tri cy sy kh gip ci thin tnh cht v cu trc ca sn phm khi ti hydrat ho. Carboxymethyl cellulose CMC
CMC l dn xut ca cellulose vi chloroacetic acid. Tnh cht ca CMC ph thucvo mc thay th v mc polymer ho. CMC c mc thay th thp (DS < 0.3) khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong kim. Khi CMC c mc thay th cao (DS > 0.4) tan c trong nc. ho tan v nht ca CMC ph thuc vo pH. ng dng CMC l mt cht kt dnh tr v l cht lm y c s dng iu chnh v ci thin cu trc ca nhiu loi thc phm nh mt tri cy dng thch, nhn bnh dng paste, phomai, salad... Gip gim hin tng to tinh th trong bnh kem, gip gi cu trc mm v trn mn. Ngn cn hin tng kt tinh ng trong sn xut ko, ngn nga hin tng thoi ho tinh bt v v trong cc loi bnh nng. Ci thin tnh cht ti hydrat ho trong cc sn phm sy. Hemicellulose L thnh phn nm trong khong trng gia cc si cellulose trong thnh t bo thc vt. Agar Cu trc v tnh cht Agar l mt polysaccharide c tch ra t rong bin (thuc nhm to Rhodophyceae). y l mt phc hp polysaccharide m thnh phn chnh l agarose v agaropectin. Thnh phn chnh ca mch polysaccharide l -D-galactopyranose v 3,6anhydro--L-galactopyranose lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4 v -1,3. Agar khng tan trong nc lnh, tan nh trong ethanolamin v tan tt trong formamide. Agar nhn c nh kt ta bng cn. trng thi m agar c th tan trong nc nhit 250C, nhng trng thi sy kh ch tan trong nc nng. Khi ngui, dung dch agar s to thnh gel. y l cht to gel tt nht, n c th hp th rt nhiu nc v to gel nh cc lin kt hydro nng rt thp (khong 0.04%) Kh nng to gel v bn gel ph thuc Nng agar Phn t lng trung bnh
ng dng Nhng ng dng ca agar da trn cc tnh cht : L mt glucid khng tiu ho c C kh nng to gel bn nhit C kh nng nh ho v lm bn C kh nng to mng c bn c hc cao v trong sut ng dng Dng lm thch Dng lm mui trng nui cy vi sinh vt Lm chm qu trnh h hng bnh m Cung cp cu trc gel cn thit trong cc hp tht S dng rng ri trong cc thc phm n king, trng ming v cc sn phm ng cc. Pectin Pectin l hp cht cao phn t polygalacturonic c n phn t l galacturonic trong cc nhm acid ca acid galactose b ester ho mt phn bng ru metylic. Pectin l polysaccharide c nhiu qu, c hoc thn cy. Trong thc vt pectin tn ti di 2 dng: dng protopectin khng tan, tn ti ch yu thnh t bo di dng kt hp vi polysaccharide araban v dng ho tan ca pectin tn ti ch yu dch t bo. Pectin c trng lng phn t ln, s c mt ca pectin lm tng nht ca dch qu, trong cng ngh ch bin nc tri cy, ngi ta thng dng enzyme thy phn pectin, lm gim nht ca dch qu. Pectin l cht v nh hnh, khng tan trong phn ln cc dung mi hu c nh acetone, ru. Di tc dng ca acid, ca enzyme protopectinase hoc khi un si, protopectin chuyn sang dng pectin ho tan. c tnh quan trng ca pectin l khi c mt acid v ng, n c kh nng to thnh gel. V vy n c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip sn xut mt ko. iu kin to thnh cht gel: Pectin < 1 %. ng saccharose vi t l 65-70%
pH mi trng khong 3.1-3.5 (thng s dng acid hu c nh acid citric). Pectin ly t cc ngun khc nhau s khc nhau v kh nng to gel v khc nhau v s cc nhm th metoxyl trong phn t. Pectin ha tan l polysaccharide cu to bi cc gc acid galaturonic trong mt s gc acid c cha nhm th metoxyl. Phn t lng ca cc loi pectin tch t cc ngun qu khc nhau thay i trong gii hn rng. Tn gi pectin dng ch cc chui polygalacturonic metyl ha 100%. Tn gi acid pectinic ch cht c metyl ha thp hn 100%. Cn tn gi acid pectic ch acid polygalacturonic hon ton khng cha nhm metoxyl. Pectin ha tan khi b tc dng ca cht kim long hoc enzyme pectase s gii phng nhm metoxyl di dng ru metylic v polysaccharide cn li khi gi l acid pectic t do, ngha l acid polygalacturonic. Acid pectic c th to nn dng mui canxi pectat, cht ny chuyn ny dng kt ta d dng, do c dng lm nh lng cc cht pectin. Di dng acid pectic t do, n mt kh nng to gel khi c ng nh trong trng hp ca pectin ha tan ban u. V vy, duy tr kh nng to gel ca pectin ha tan cn ch trnh mi trng kim hoc tc dng thy phn ca enzyme pectase. Cc cht pectin gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh chn ca qu. Khi qu ang pht trin, protopectin phn tn thnh t bo v chim t l kh cao, ti lc qu chin, protopectin bin sang dng pectin ha tan di tc dng ca cc acid hu c v enzyme protopectinase trong qu. Trong khi bo qun qu cng nhn thy s gim dn lng protopectin v tng dn pectin ha tan. Khi nim metoxyl ho (DM) DM = ( nhm acid b ester ho / ( nhm acid)x100% metoxyl c nh hng n kh nng v nhng iu kin to ng ca pectin. Do ngi ta phn loi pectin da vo metoxyl. Pectin metoxyl cao: DM > 75% Pectin metoxyl thp: DM < 50% Pectin thng hin din trong rau qu dng lin kt vi cellulose ca t bo thc vt gi l protopectin lm cho qu c tnh cng chc. Trong qu trnh chn ca qu, protopectin b thu phn bng cc enzyme t nhin to thnh pectin do tnh cng chc ca m qu b mt. Tnh cht to gel v ngha i vi k thut thc phm Kh nng to gel ca pectin ph thuc ch yu vo 2 yu t: chiu di ca chui pectin v mc metyl ho. Chiu di ca phn t quyt nh cng ca gel. Nu
phn t pectin c chiu di qu thp th s khng to c gel mc d s dng vi liu lng cao. Pectin c phn b rng ri trong nhiu loi thc vt. N c sn xut cng nghip t v cc loi thuc h cam qut v t b to. Pectin chim t l 20-40% cht kh trong v cam, qut v 10-20% trong to. Qu trnh tch chit pectin c thc hin pH 1,5-3 v nhit 60-1000C. Glycogen Glycogen l nhng polimer phn nhnh c to nn t nhng gc D-glucopyranose chng lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4 v -1,6 glycoside phn nhnh. Phn t glycogen c cu to phn nhnh tng t nh amylopectin nhng mc phn nhnh nhiu hn khong 8-12 gc -D-glucopyranose c mt im phn nhnh. Glycogen l polysaccharide d tr trong c th ngi v ng vt. V vy ngi ta coi n l polysaccharide c trng ca ng vt hay tinh bt ng vt. Tuy nhin, ngi ta cn pht hin glycogen cc ngun khc nh nm mc, nm men v mt vi loi ht ng. Hm lng glycogen trong gan t ti 10%, trong c 2%. Hm lng glycogen ny ph thuc vo mc dinh dng ca ng vt, khi c th trng thi i hoc mt mi, lng glycogen gim i rt mnh Glycogen c vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ho glucid c th ng vt v nm men trong khi ln men ru. Khi tc dng vi it, glycogen cho mu tm hoc nu ging vi mu ca amylopectin phn ng vi it. Khi thu phn bng acid hoc bng enzyme, glycogen chuyn thnh - D glucose. Glycogen l ngun nng lng v glucid d tr ca ngi v ng vt
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CHNG IV: VITAMIN

T lu chng ta bit rng trong thc n bao gm cc cht dinh dng: protein, glucid, lipip v mt s khong cht. Sau , ngi ta thy mt s bnh gy ra do thiu mt s cht no trong thc n. + 1880, nh bc hc ngi Nga Nicolai-ivanoich-Lunin thng bo mt cng trnh nghin cu v lnh vc ny..(GT sinh ha dhct) + 1897, mt thy thuc ngi H Lan Eman lm vic ti cc nh t o Gia va thy rng bnh beri-beri bnh sn si da l mt bnh khng truyn nhim m do n go xt k. ng thnh cng gy ra bnh beri-beri nhn to v iu tr c bnh ny. + 1917 Funko nh ha sinh hc ngi Ba Lan ch nghin cu cht ny. ng thnh cng trong vic tch t cm mt hp cht c cha nhm amin v ng t tn cho n l vitamin (ting La tinh ngha l s sng, cht amin ca s sng). Vitamin l hp cht hu c, c bn cht ha hc khc nhau, ch cn mt lng rt nh cng c tc dng m bo cho s sinh trng pht trin bnh thng. Vitamin c 2 nhim v ch yu: + Tham gia vo thnh phn ca enzyme Vitamin c tc ng nh mt coenzyme, y l ni thc hin trc tip cc phn ng sinh hc nh chuyn vn hydro, chuyn vn nhm aldehyde + Vitamin cung cp nng lng 1 mol vitamin C khi oxy ha s cung cp c khong 7.6Kcal. Phn loi: da vo tnh tan + Vitamin tan trong nc + Vitamin tan trong cht bo Vitamin l thnh phn khng nhiu nhng li ht sc quan trng trong thc phm. N cn thit cho s pht trin, duy tr v thc hin cc hot ng chc nng ca c th con ngi. V th vic bo v cc vitamin trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun thc phm l rt cn thit. Hin tng mt vitamin c th xut hin do cc phn ng ha hc gy mt hot tnh vitamin, do b tch ra hay b r r khi thc phm nh cc vitamin tan trong nc b mt trong qu trnh nu, chn thc phm. Bng 5.1 Ni chung, nhu cu vitamin ca c th thng c bo m nh ch n ung cn bng. Thiu vitamin gy nn bnh hypovitaminosis, tha vitamin gy bnh
avitaminosis. C hai trng hp bnh u do cc nguyn nhn n ung khng ph hp, do cc ri lon hp thu, do cng thng hoc bnh tt. kim tra mc cung cp vitamin cho c th, c th xc nh hm lng vitamin trong mu, hay oc c gi tr hot tnh sinh hc ph thuc vo vitamin (nh hot tnh ca mt s enzyme). Ngi ta thng chia vitamin lm hai nhm: vitamin tan trong du: A, D, E, K v vitamin tan trong nc: vitamin nhm B, nicotiamide, acid pantothenic, acid folic, biotin, vitamin C. I. KHI NIM CHUNG II. VITAMIN TAN TRONG DU 2.1 Vitamin A (retinol) vitamin A1, A2 v -carotene (tin thn vitamin A), tt c lin kt dng trans. Cu to Vitamin A1 l acol bc nht m trong phn t ca n gm c mt nhn ionon, ni vi 2 gc isoprene v mt nhm acol bc nht. Vitamin A2 khc A1 l trong phn t ca A2 c thm mt ni i. Tnh cht Vitamin A l cht lng nhn khng tan trong nc, n d b oxy ha khi c mt oxy, tc nhn oxy ha nht l di nh hng ca tia t ngoi. Trong iu kin ym kh, vitamin A kh bn vi acid, kim v chu c nhit cao. Vitamin A khi oxy ha chuyn thnh retinal (dng aldehyde). Vai tr Vitamin A1 c nhiu trong du c nc mn, A2 c nhiu trong du c nc ngt. Vitamin A c tc dng duy tr trng thi bnh thng ca biu m. Khi thiu vitamin A, biu b s sng ha, c th tr xng chm pht trin. ng vt non chm ln, st cn, nim mc s b thoi ha, d nhim trng, mng nhy mt b kh, tuyn nc mt khng tit gy nn bnh qung g. Chc nng quan trng ca vitamin l tham gia vo vic duy tr tnh nhy cm ca mt i vi vic thu nhn nh sang, tham gia vo thnh phn cu to ca sc t thu nhn nh sang l Rodopsin. Vai tr sinh hc Retinol c vai tr quan trng trong ng ha cc hp cht protein ca cc t bo ngoi b nh da hay lp mng nhy bo v ca h h hp v tiu ha. Thiu retinol gy nh hng n cc t bo biu m, gy bnh dy da, chai da v gy m mt.
Dn xut 11-cis retinal l thnh phn chromophore (th mu) v . Nhu cu v ngun vitamin A Nhu cu vitamin hng ngy ngi trng thnh l 1.5-1.8mg. 75% lng vitamin c m bo t ngun thc phm (ch yu dng ester ca acid bo, ch yu l retinyl palmitate), 25% cn li c chuyn ha t cc -carotene v cc pro-vitamin A khc, 6g -carotene chuyn ha c 1 g vitamin A.(1 phn t -carotene s cho ra 2 phn t vitamin A) S hp thu v d tr vitamin A gan thng xut hin dng ester ca acid bo. Vitamin A c gan cung cp vo mu di dng retinol, ti y chng lin kt vi protein. Vitamin A ch c trong cc t bo ng vt nh trong du gan c, gan ng vt, cht bo ca sa, lng trng. Thc vt khng cha vitamin A nhng cha cc carotenoid c th chuyn thnh vitamin A nh phn ct mt ni i trung tm. Carotenoid c nhiu trong cc loi rau c c mu xanh m v mu vng nh carot, ci b xi, t, c chua v c bit c nhiu trong b ng, m, cam, du c Cc loi carotenoid trong ng vt u c ngun gc t thc vt do ng vt nhn c t ngun thc phm hng ngy. Bng 5.4 page 341 hhtp 2.2 Vitamin D (calciferol) - Theo nghin cu, c 6 loi vitamin D: D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 v D7. - Tuy nhin, c 2 dng ph bin nht v c ngha hn c l D2 v D3 . Cu to Vitamin D l dn xut ca sterol. Mt s sterol c gi tin vitamin D v khi cc sterol c chiu bng tia t ngoi (cc tia c bc sng t 280-310m) th chng chuyn thnh vitamin D. Khi chiu t ngoi ln ergosterol (c trong nm men) v 7-dehydro-cholesterol (c di da ngi) th thu c vitamin D. Vai tr sinh hc Vitamin D3 (cholecalferol) c to thnh da t 7-dehydro-cholesterol (provitamin D3) nh phn ng quang phn (khi c mt tia UV). V th vitamin ny cn gi l sunshine vitamin. Vitamin D2 ergocalciferol c to thnh t ergosterol. Hp cht chuyn ha t vitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol v 1-25di hydroxycholecalciferol) c vai tr trong vic hp thu calcium rut v a mui Ca
ti cc b phn ca xng nh kch hot phn ng sinh tng hp cc protein lin kt vi Ca. Thiu vitamin D gy tng bi tit calcium v phosphate, lm hng qu trnh hnh thnh xng v sn (c bit tr em). Thiu vitamin D ngi ln gy bnh long xng ( xng mm v yu). Tng Ca huyt do tha vitamin D gy ri lon hp thu cc mui calcium carbonate v calcium phosphate. Nhu cu v ngun vitamin D Nhu cu vitamin hng ngy 10g. Phn ln cc ngun thc phm trong t nhin cha t vitamin D3. Du gan c l ngun thc phm duy nht cha nhiu vitamin D2. Provitamin D (ergosterol v 7-dehydrocholesterol) c nhiu trong ng vt v thc vt. Trong nm men, nm n, ci bp, ci b xi, mm ht la m rt giu provitamin D2. Vitamin D3 v provitamin D3 c nhiu trong lng trng, b, sa b, tht b, gan heo, ng vt thn mm, m ng vt, da heo. Tuy nhin, c th ni ngun vitamin D quan trng nht l m c, c bit trong du gan c. Vitamin d b h hng bi oxy v nh sng. Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun thc phm, cc provitamin t b h hng. 2.3 Vitamin E (-tocopherol) Vai tr sinh hc Cc loi tocopherol khc nhau c s lng v v tr cc gc metyl khc nhau trn vng thm. -tocopherol c hot tnh vitamin E cao nht, n ngn nga v lm gim tc ca cc qu trnh oxy ha cht bo, gip bn cu trc ca mng t bo v nhiu cht c hot tnh sinh hc khc nh enzyme, hormone, vitamin A Vitamin E cng lin quan n vic chuyn ha acid arachidonic thnh prostaglandin v lm chm s ng t cc tiu cu trong mu. Thiu vitamin E dn n cc ri lon mn tnh nh bnh v sinh mt s ng vt nui trong nh, bnh thiu mu mn tnh kh, bnh teo c g Nhu cu v ngun vitamin E Nhu cu vitamin E hng ngy l 15 mg -tocopherol, khi ch n cha nhiu acid bo khng no th nhu cu ny tng ln. Vi mc cung cp bnh thng, nng vitamin E trong mu khong 0.7-1.6mg/100ml huyt tng, nng thp hn 0.4mg/100ml huyt tng l biu hin thiu ht vitamin ny. Vitamin E c mt ch yu trong du thc vt, c bit trong du tch t mm cc ht ng cc.
Vitamin E b mt i trong qu trnh ch bin du thc vt thnh cc sn phm nh marganine, shortening. Cc qu trnh t oxy ha cht bo xy ra thc phm sy hay thc phm c chin rn trong du m c nhit cao cng lm mt vitamin E. 2.4 Vitamin K Vitamin K l dn xut ca naphtoquinone vi cc on mch khc nhau. Trong vitamin K t nhin, gc R ti cc v tr s 7 v 11 l gc ru phytol. Vitamin K lin quan n qu trnh sinh tng hp mt s yu t ng mu nh prothrombin, proconvertin Thiu vitamin K dn n gim hot tnh ca prothrombin v gy bnh chy mu, mu khng ng Nhu cu vitamin K1 hng ngy ngi ln l 1-4mg, c cung cp nh ch n v c tng hp bi h vi sinh vt ng rut ngi. Hiu sut sinh tng hp vitamin K ng rut khong 1-1.5mg/ngy, cho nhu cu c th. Vitamin K1 c nhiu trong cc loi rau l xanh nh bp ci, ci b xi, sp l v trong gan heo, cu. Vitamin K d b phn hy bi kim v nh sang, rt bn vi nhit v oxy. 2.5 Vitamin Q III. VITAMIN TAN TRONG NC 3.1 Vitamin B1(thiamine) Thiamine trong lin kt vi pyrophosphate l coenzyme ca nhiu enzyme quan trng nh pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphoketolase, transketolase v -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase tham gia vo phn ng chuyn cc gc aldehyde. Thiu vitamin B1 dn n gim hot tnh ca cc enzyme. Khu phn n thiu vitamin B1 ko di dn n bnh t ph (beerri-bri) vi cc biu hin ca bnh tim v thn kinh. Nhu cu vitamin B1 hng ngy ngi ln l 1-2mg. Do vitamin B1 ng vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ha carbohydrate nn khi khu phn n cha nhiu glucid, nhu cu thiamine tng. Phn tch hot tnh ca enzyme transketolase t bo hng cu c th bit tnh trng thiu vitamin B1 trong c th/ Vitamin B1 c nhiu trong v v mm ht ng cc, trong nm men, rau c (khoai ty), trong tht heo, b, trng g, c, trong gan, thn, c, timng vt. Sa m v sa b cng cha nhiu vitamin B1. Do vitamin B1 c nhiu lp v ng cc nn cc loai bt v go ch sch gn nh khng cn cha ng k hm lng vitamin ny. bn ca vitamin B1 trong nc khng cao, n ph thuc vo pH, nhit , lc ion v s c mt ca cc ion kim loi.
3.2 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Riboflavin l thnh phn ca flavin-enzyme, n ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i cht ni chung v ng ha protein ni ring. Thiu vitamin B2 dn n d tha acid amin v thiu protein trong c th. Nhu cu vitamin B2 ngi trng thnh l 1.6-2.6mg/ngy. Nhng biu hin thiu vitamin ny thng t khi xut hin vi ch n ung bnh thng do d tr riboflavin trong c th kh n nh, k c khi ch n thiu ht cng khng lm gim lng d tr ny qu 30-50%. Vitamin B2 c nhiu trong sa v cc sn phm sa, trng, tht, nhiu loi rau c bit trong gan, tim, thn heo, trong gan v trng c. Vitamin B2 ni chung l bn v thng ch b mt 10-15% trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin thc phm. 3.3 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal) Pyridoxine, pyridoxal v pyridoxamine l nhng hp cht c hot tnh vitamin B6. Thiu ht vitamin B6 dn n ri lon chuyn ha protein, nh tng hp hemoglobin trong mu. Vitamin B6 thng c a vo c th di dng pyridoxal hoc pyridoxamine. Nhu cu vitamin B6 hng ngy khong 2mg, vitamin B6 c nhiu trong thc phm t ng vt v thc phm nh tht, c, trng, sa, trong rau qu v cc ht lng thc. 3.4 Vitamin B5 niacin nicotinamide Thiu vitamin ny dn n cc bnh v da, bnh thn kinh v tiu ha (tm thn phn lit, tiu chy, vim da, nt da). Tuy nhin, nhng biu hin ban u ca bnh do thiu vitamin thng khng c trng. Nhu cu vitamin b5 hng ngy ngi ln khong 12-20mg, trong 60-70% c chuyn ha t tryptophan. V vy s dng trng sa cha t niacin nhng c nhiu tryptophan rt tt cho vic ngn nga bnh nt da pellagra. 60mg L-tryptophan = 1mg niacin. Vitamin ny xut hin trong thc phm di dng acid nicotinic, amide hoc coenzyme. Gan, tht nc, ht ng cc, nm men, nm n l nhng thc phm rt giu niacin. 3.5 Vitamin Be Dn xut tetrahydrofonate ca acid folic l co-factor ca enzyme tham gia vo phn ng chuyn gc carbon thnh cc dng oxy ha khc nhau. Thiu acid folic biu hin
bng vic gim nng ca vitamin ny trong t bo hng cu v trong huyt tng. S thiu ht ny c th xut hin nhng ngi c ch n ung khng cn bng, suy dinh dng, km hp thu hay nhng ngi sau m Nhu cu v ngun cung cp, bin i ca acid folic Nhu cu acid folic hng ngy ngi ln khong 0.4-0.8mg. Nng acid folic bnh thng trong huyt tng khong 5-20ng/ml, thp hn 5ng/ml l thiu acid folic. Trong thc phm, acid folic thng lin kt vi oligo--L-glutamate. Hot tnh ca acid folic dng ny thng b hn ch do gc acid glutamic cn c gii phng di tc dng ca enzyme folic acid conjugase c trong mng nhy rut. Hm lng acid folic trong thc phm rt khc nhau. Acid folic c nhiu trong rau c dng phc v trong gan dng t do. y cng l vitamin bn, khng b bin i trong qu trnh ch bin rau c v cng ch b tht thot rt t khi ch bin tht. Nhng hao ht ca acid folic trong sa ch yu do hin tng oxy ha. Thm vitamin C di dng ascorbate c th bo qun acid folic tt. Thm Ngun acid folic l rau xanh, gan, thn v nm men. Trong cc sn phm u, tht v sa hm lng acid folic thp hn, cn trong qu cha rt t. 3.5 Cyanocobalamin Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin c tch ra t Lactobacillus lactics. Do c bn cao v sn c nn y l dng vitamin thng c s dng nht. Cobalamin cn xut hin trong t nhin di dng adenosylcobalamin v methylcobalamin (gc 5-deoxyadenosyl v gc methyl thay th cho gc cyano). Adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12) tham gia vo phn ng sp xp li nguyn t hydro H, gc ankyl v gc acyl hai nguyn t hydro k nhau. Phn ng ny ng vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht nhiu loi vi khun. ng vt, vitamin B12 tham gia vo phn ng chuyn methylmalonyl-CoA thnh sucinyl-CoA. Thiu vitamin B12 dn n vic thi acid methylmalonic ra nc tiu. Vitamin ny cn tham gia vo vic to cc acid deoxyribonucleic. Methylcobalamin c to thnh trong qu trnh methyl ha homocystein thnh methionine. Enzyme lin quan n phn ng ny l methyl transferase ph thuc cobalamin. S hp thu cyanocobalamin c thc hin nh mt yu t ni ti glycoprotein do mng nhy thnh rut tit ra. S thiu ht vitamin B12 trong c th ch yu do nguyn nhn ri lon hp thu (do to thnh yu t ni ti khng ph hp) hay do bnh thiu mu.
Nhu cu vitamin B12 hng ngy ngi ln khong 3-4m. Nng bnh thng trong huyt tng khong 450pg/ml. Vitamin B12 (s dng c lp hay kt hp cng khng sinh) c kh nng thc y tng trng g con, heo sa, ln thin do n nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ha vitamin v protein. V th vitamin B12 c s dng rng ri trong chn nui. Hiu qu s dng c bit cao i vi ng vt cn non. Vitamin B12 cng c dng tng sn lng trng g . Gan, thn, lch, tuyn c v cc m c l nhng c quan cha nhiu vitamin B12. n nhiu ni tng ng vt l phng php tt nht gim nh cc biu hin thiu vitamin B12 ngi. bn vitamin B12 ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Vitamin B12 tng i bn vi pH = 4-6 thm ch nhit cao. Trong mi trng kim hay khi c mt cc cht kh nh acid ascorbic hay SO2, vitamin B12 b phn hy nhanh. 3.6 Vitamin C Vitamin C tham gia vo cc phn ng hydroxyl ha nh sinh tng hp catechoamine, hydroxyl proline, corticosteroid Vitamin C c hp th v phn b khp c th, nng vitamin C cao nht tuyn yn v tuyn thng thn. Khong 3% lng vitamin C trong c th (20-50mg/kg th trng) c thi ra ngoi qua ng nc tiu di dng acid ascorbic, acid dehydroascorbic (25%), cc sn phm chuyn ha (metabolite) nh acid 2,3diketo-Lgulonic (20%) v acid oxalic 55%. Lng acid oxalic tng khi lng acid ascorbic trong khu phn n tng cao. n thiu vitamin C d b mc bnh scorbut. Nhu cu vitamin C hng ngy ngi ln t 45-80mg. Nng vitamin C trong mu mc thp 0.4mg/100ml th hin s thiu ht vitamin ny trong ch n. Vitamin C xut hin trong tt c cc t bo ng vt, thc vt, dng t do hay phc vi protein. Vitamin C c bit c nhiu trong qu tm xun, nho, du, cam, chanh (c nhiu trong v hn trong rut), cn ty, nhiu loi ci bp, khoai ty. Vitamin C c th b oxy ha thnh acid dehydroascorbic v cc sn phm khc tip sau . Trong dung dch nc, acid dehydroascorbic tn ti di dng hemiketal. Hot tnh vitamin b mt i khi vng lactone b m ra v acid ascorbic chuyn thnh acid 2,3-diketo-gulonic. Qu trnh oxy ha b nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh p sut oxy ring phn, pH, nhit . c bit khi c mt xc tc l cc ion kim loi nng nh Cu2+, Fe3+, tc ca phn ng oxy ha tng ln nhiu ln so vi qu trnh t oxy ha ngu nhin khng c xc tc.
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Vitamin C cng b phn hy trong iu kin khng c oxy to thnh hp cht acid diketo-gulonic. 3.7 Vitamin H Biotin l thnh phn quan trng ca cc enzyme carboxylase nh acetyl-CoAcarboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA- carboxylase (nhm carboxyl ca biotin s to lin kt amide vi -NH2 ca gc lysine trong phn t protein enzyme). V th n ng vai tr quan trng trong sinh tng hp lipid v qu trnh tn to ng c th. Ch c hp cht D-biotin mi c hot tnh sinh hc. Hin tng thiu ht biotin thng t xy ra. n qu nhiu lng trng trng c th gy mt hot tnh sinh hc ca biotin do vitamin ny c kh nng kt hp c hiu vi avidin trong lng trng trng. Nhu cu biotin hng ngy ngi ln l 150-300g. Kim tra lng biotin trong nc tiu c th kim sot lng vitamin ny trong c th. Mc biotin bnh thng trong nc tiu l 30-50g/ngy, khi ch s ny gim xung cn 5 g/ngy, c th b thiu biotin. Biotin c trong nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau c bit l trong gan heo b v mm la m. Vitamin ny kh bn, n c th b hao ht 10-15% trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin. IV. NHNG NGUYN NHN GY BIN I HOC PHN HY VITAMIN
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CHNG V: KHONG CHT

I. VAI TR CA KHONG CHT TRONG C TH Cht khong l nhng nguyn t ha hc cn thit cho s tn ti v pht trin bnh thng ca c th. Cht khong mineral l nhng thnh phn cn li di dng tro sau khi t cc m thc vt v ng vt. Cht khong c chia thnh hai loi: cc nguyn t a lng (Ca, p, k, Cl, Na, Mg) v vi lng (Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Mo). Ngoi ra, cht khong cng c th c chia thnh ba nhm ty thuc vo vai tr sinh hc ca chng: cc nguyn t khong thit yu (vai tr c bit r), cc nguyn t khong khng thit yu (vai tr cha c bit r) v cc nguyn t khong gy c (c th b nhim vo c th qua thc phm, khng kh, nc). Cc nguyn t a lng v vi lng c nhiu vai tr trong c th: l cc cht in ly, thnh phn ca enzyme, vt liu xy dng trong cu trc nh rng v xng Trong cng mt loi thc phm, thnh phn ca cc nguyn t khong c th thay i ty thuc vo yu t di truyn cng nh mi trng, iu kin kh hu, th nhng, iu kin nui trng, thu hoch Nhng thay i v thnh phn khong cng lin quan n cc iu kin ch bin nguyn liu th nh cc qu trnh nhit, phn tch nguyn liu Lng khong cung cp cho c th khng ch ph thuc vo lng thc phm cung cp m cn ph thuc vo gi tr sinh hc hay thnh phn ca thc phm. Ngoi ra, n cn b nh hng bi th oxy ha, trng thi ha tr, ha tan, pH v kh nng hp thu. Nhiu thnh phn nh protein, peptide, acid amin, polysaccharide, ng, lignin, acid hu c u lin kt vi cc nguyn t khong, c th tng cng cng nh lm gim s hp thu khong trong c th. Tm quan trng ca cht khong khng ch gi tr dinh dng v sinh l, n cn nh hng ti cu trc v hng v ca thc phm, n c th hot ha hay v hot cc enzyme cng nh tham gia vo nhiu phn ng khc trong c th. Cc ion kim loi c sn trong thc phm hay xut hin trong qu trnh ch bin u c nh hng n cht lng v v b ngoi ca thc phm. Mt s ion kim loi c th lm mt mu cc sn phm tri cy, rau c v gy gim gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm do lm mt vitamin C. Ion kim loi cng gy mt mi, v, hoc to cc mi khng mong mun do cc phn ng oxy ha nh oxy ha cht bo. V th, vic loi b nhng ion kim loi gy nh hng khng tt n qu trnh ch bin v bo qun thc phm bng cc cht c lp hay bng cc phng php khc l ht sc quan trng. II. CC YU T A LNG
2.1 Na (Sodium) Lng Na trong c th ngi mc 1,4 g/kg th trng. N l thnh phn bn ngoi t bo v c vai tr duy tr p sut thm thu cho dch ngoi t bo. N c vai tr trong hot ha mt s enzyme nh enzyme amylase. Tc hp thu Na rt nhanh, thng bt u khong 3-6 pht sau khi n v kt thc trong vng 3 gi. Nhu cu Na ti thiu ngi trng thnh l 460 mg/ngy. Khu phn qu nhiu hay qu t Na u dn n nhng ri lon nghim trng. Lng Na qu cao c th dn n hin tng cao huyt p bt thng. gim lng Na ta c th s dng khu phn khng c Na hay s dng mui thay th. KCl 2.2 K (potassium) Nng K trong c th ngi khong 2 g/kg th trng. K c mt phn ln gia cc t bo, n gip iu chnh p sut thm thu gia cc t bo, tham gia vo qu trnh vn chuyn cc cht qua mng t bo, hot ha nhiu enzyme trong qu trnh h hp v ng ha glucid. Nhu cu K ti thiu l 782 mg/ngy. Thiu K do n ung thiu cht dn n nhiu chng bnh khc nhau. Bnh m trng v cc loi du m khng cha K; ngc li khoai ty v r ng li rt giu K. 2.3 Mg (Magnesium) Nng Mg trong c th ngi khong 250 mg/kg th trng. Nhu cu Mg hng ngy l 300-350mg. Vi ch n bnh thng hm lng Mg cung cp cho c th vo khong 300-500mg. Mg l cht hot ha ca nhiu enzyme, c bit l cc enzyme chuyn ha cc hp cht cha phosphate, lm bn mng t bo, mng gian bo v acid nucleic. Do y l mt nguyn t khng th thiu c trong qu trnh trao i cht nn thiu ht Mg trong khu phn n gy ra nhng ri lon trm trng trong c th. 2.4 Ca (Calcium) Tng lng Ca trong c th ngi khong 1500g. y l mt trong nhng nguyn t a lng quan trng nht. N c mt trong xng v mt s m khc trong c th. Ca c vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng cu trc xng, trong hin tng ng mu v co c, v th thiu Ca s gy ra nhng ri lon nghim trng. Nhu cu Ca hng ngy 0,8-1g trong khi lng Ca cung cp cho c th t ch n thng khong 0,8-0,9g. Ngun Ca chnh cho dinh dng ca con ngi l sa v cc sn phm t sa. Tri cy rau c qu ng cc tht c trng cng cha Ca nhng vi hm lng thp hn nhiu so vi sa. Cl (chloride)
Hm lng Cl trong c th mc 1,1g/kg th trng. Lng n vo hng ngy (ch yu di dng mui n NaCl) l 3-12g/ngy. Cl tham gia lin kt vi Na trong dch ngoi t bo v to lin kt vi hydro trong dch v d dy. N c hp thu rt nhanh v thi ra nc tiu cng rt nhanh. P phosphorus Tng lng P trong c th khong 700- 900g. Nhu cu P hng ngy t 0,8-1,2 g. T l Ca/P trong thc phm phi xp x bng 1. P dng phosphate, t do hay dng lin kt ester u ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i cht v v th l mt cht dinh dng thit yu. P c mt trong nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau. Cc dng P hu c trong thc phm c phn hy bi enzyme phosphatase trong rut v P c hp thu dng phosphate v c. Polyphosphate (c a vo thc phm di dng ph gia) ch c hp thu sau khi thy phn thnh orthophosphate. Mc thy phn ph thuc vo mc trng hp ca polyphosphate. Cc nguyn t vi lng Khong 15 nguyn t vi lng thit yu hin din trong cc hormone, vitamin, enzyme v cc protein c hot tnh sinh hc khc nhau. Tuy nhin vai tr sinh hc ca mt s khc nh Li, Rb vn cha c bit r. Mt s nguyn t c tnh Sb, Cd, Hg, Tl, Pb xut hin trong c th bng nhiu con ng v c th gy nn nhng hu qu nghim trng i vi sc khe con ngi. Tuy nhin, thiu ht cc nguyn t vi lng thit yu cng gy ra nhng ri lon chuyn ha nghim trng, ch yu lin quan n lm mt hay lm gim hot tnh ca mt s enzyme lin quan n qu trnh trao i cht. Mt s nguyn t vi lng thit yu Fe Hm lng Fe trong c th khong 4-5g c mt ch yu trong hemoglobin (mu), sc t myoglobin trong m c v mt s enzyme (peroxidase, catalase, hydroxylase v cc flavine enzyme). Nhu cu Fe ph thuc vo tui tc, gii tnh v nm trong gii hn t 1-2,8mg/ngy. Tuy nhin, do kh nng hp th st thp nn ch n phi m bo p ng nhu cu ca con ngi. Kh nng hp th st ph thuc vo dng tn ti ca chng trong thc phm (di dng hp cht hu c hay mui v c). St trong tht c hp thu d nht (20-30%), st trong gan (6,5%) v c (5,9%). Fe trong rau c v sa ch c hp th khong (1-1,5%). FeSO4 l dng d hp thu nht. Trng lm gim kh nng hp thu st v acid ascorbic th lm gia tng kh nng hp thu st.
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i vi c th khe mnh, nhu cu st ph thuc vo nhu cu c th. tr em, ph n c thai hay ang cho con b, ph n trc tui mn kinhnhu cu Fe cao hn bnh thng. p ng nhu cu st cho cc i tng ny, ng cc nh bnh m, bt m, go, mc th c b sung st vi liu lng 55-130mg/kg. Tuy nhin c 2 vn ny sinh i vi thc phm c b sung Fe: tng kh nng oxy ha lipid v lm gim cht lng nng trong trng hp b sung vo bt m. Trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm, Fe l nguyn t vi lng khng mong mun do chng xc tc cho cc phn ng oxy ha cht bo, lm c nc qu v ru vang, lm tng s pht trin ca vi khun trong nc ung tinh khit. Cu Hm lng Cu trong c th ngi khong 100-150mg. Cu l thnh phn ca nhiu enzyme oxy ha nh cytochrome oxidase, Cu cng l nguyn t khng c li trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun thc phm do n xc tc phn ng oxy ha nhiu hp cht quan trng nh acid ascorbic, lipid Zn Zn cng l thnh phn ca nhiu enzyme nh alcohol dehydrogenase, Thiu ht Zn ng vt gy nhng ri lon nghim trng nhng tha Zn ngi li gy ra hin tng ng c. Mt s trng hp ng c km c ghi nhn khi s dng cc loi thc phm c acid cao c ng gi trong bao b kim loi ph Zn. Mn C th ngi cha tng cng 10-40mg Mn. Nhu cu Mn hng ngy t 2-48mg v c p ng bi ch n thng thng. Mn l cht hot ha nhiu enzyme nh pyruvate decarboxylase. Khc vi Zn, Mn mc d nng cao cng t gy hin tng ng c i vi c th ngi v ng vt. Co Tng lng Co trong c th ngi rt t, ch khong 1-2mg. Co l nguyn t trung tm ca phn t vitamin B12, v th n c coi l nguyn t vi lng thit yu v cn c cung cp y bng khu phn n hng ngy. F C th ngi cha 2,6 g fluorine. N vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin v sinh sn ca t bo. N cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v men rng, gim hot ng ca cc enzyme gy bnh vi rng. Ngi ta thng thm vo nc
ung mt lng 0,5-1,5ppm F dng NaF hay (NH4)2SiF6. Nng 2ppm F c th gy ng c. V th li ch ca F trong nc vn cn tranh ci. I Hm lng I trong c th ngi khong 10mg, trong 70-80% dng lin kt ha tr vi tuyn gip. I ch c hp thu t thc phm di dng I v c s dng trong tuyn gip tng hp hormone tuyn gip. Nhu cu I ngi khong 100200g/ngy. Thiu ht I gy bnh bu c, phnh tuyn gip. Lng I trong phn ln thc phm rt t. Cc ngun thc phm giu I gm trng, sa v cc loi hi sn. Nc ung cung cp mt lng nhu cu I ca c th. Qu d I cng gy nhng ri lon v kh nng sinh sn v tit sa trong cc th nghim trn chut v ng vt, cn ngi gy ra cc bnh v tuyn gip. Mt s nguyn t khong khng cn thit Sn Thic xut hin tt c cc c quan trong c th ngi. Hin nay, vai tr kch thch tng trng ca thic vn cn ang c nghin cu. Hm lng thic trong t nhin trong thc phm rt thp, tr khi thc phm c ng hp trong c bao b c ph thic. Thc phm c acid cao c th ha tan mt lng ln thic. Nng thic trong hp to v nho cha trong cc hp ph thic km cht lng c th ln n 2g/l (trong khi hm lng thic trung bnh ca thc phm cha trong cc hp ch mc 50mg/kg). Hm lng thic cho php trong thc phm khng vt qu 250mg/kg. Thic dng v c t c hn do kh nng thu km, ngc li thic dng hu c l hp cht rt c. Al C th ngi cha t 50-150mg nhm. Nng cao hn c tm thy cc c quan gi nua. Lng Al n vo hng ngy t 2-10mg. Nhm c hp thu trong d dy v rut rt thp, phn ln chng c thi qua phn. Nhm khng c tit ra trong sa.
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Bai giảng Hoa học thực phẩm

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Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

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Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

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Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

protein Trng g Sa b C Tht b Khoai ty u nnh Go u Bt m

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

14C 16C 18C 18C, 1 ni i 18C, 2 ni i 18C, 3 ni i

Nhit si 43.50C 54.40C 62.90C 69.60C 75.40C

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm

Tp bi ging Ha hc thc phm