Ly Thuyet

PHN A: M U
Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX
Trang ii
LI CM N
Trong sut nhng nm thng hc tp ti trng i hc S Phm K Thut
thnh ph H Ch Minh, chng em c s gip tn tnh ca thy c, s
ng vin ca gia nh v s ng h ca cc bn sinh vin. V gi y vi kin
thc chuyn mn hc cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca thy c, s n lc
ca bn thn Nhm thc hin ti thc hin thnh cng cun n ny.
Trc ht nhm thc hin xin gi li bit n su sc n b m, b m
lun bn cnh ng h, ng vin c v vt cht ln tinh thn gip chng con c
c iu kin tt nht hon thnh c ti ny.
Xin gi li cm n su sc n thy L MINH THNH ngi ht lng
hng dn v ng h tinh thn cho chng em trong thi gian thc hin ti, lun
ch dn tn tnh, gip nhm thc hin c c hng i ng n nht.
Nhm thc hin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong khoa in - in t
trang b nhng kin thc chuyn mn qu bu lm c s chng em thc hin
tt ti ny, cng ton th cc thy c trong trng tn tnh ch dy chng
em c c nhng kin thc nh ngy hm nay.
Xin cm n cc bn sinh vin nhit tnh gip rt nhiu v ti liu cng
nh nhng kin thc nhm hon thnh tt ti ny.
Nhm thc hin
Bi Xun Ln
Dip Th Hunh Nh
Phn A: M u
Trang iii
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT
TP. H CH MINH
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp T do Hnh phc
QUYT NH GIAO TI
H v tn sinh vin: Bi Xun Ln
Dip Th Hunh Nh
MSSV: 06117036
MSSV: 06117050
Ngnh : Cng ngh in t vin thng

Tn ti: TM HIU K THUT OFDM TRONG WIMAX
1) C s ban u:
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2) Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:
1. Tm hiu v cng ngh WiMAX
2. Tm hiu v k thut OFDM
3. M phng h thng WiMAX s dng k thut OFDM
3) Cc bn v:
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4) Gio vin hng dn: ThS. L Minh Thnh
5) Ngy giao nhim v: 27/09/2010
6) Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 08/01/2011
Gio vin hng dn
Ngy thng
nm 2011
Ch nhim b mn
L Minh Thnh
Quyt nh giao ti
Trang iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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Phn A: M u
Trang v
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

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Phn A: M u
Trang vi
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, k thut thng tin v tuyn c nhng bc tin
trin vt bc. S pht trin nhanh chng ca video, thoi v thng tin d liu trn
internet, in thoi di ng c mt khp mi ni, cng nh nhu cu v truyn
thng a phng tin di ng ang ngy mt pht trin.
S hot ng ca cc h thng v tuyn ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo c tnh
ca knh thng tin v tuyn nh: fading la chn tn s, rng bng thng b
gii hn, iu kin ng truyn thay i mt cch nhanh chng v tc ng qua
li ca cc tn hiu.
Nu chng ta vn s dng h thng n sng mang truyn thng cho nhng
dch v ny th h thng thu pht s c phc tp cao hn rt nhiu so vi vic
s dng h thng a sng mang, ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(OFDM) l mt trong nhng gii php ang c quan tm gii quyt vn
ny.
S ra i ca h thng WiMAX mang li mt cuc cch mng cho h
thng v tuyn v mng internet trn ton th gii. H thng WiMAX p ng
c cc nhc im ca mng v tuyn truyn thng. Nh vo k thut ghp
knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM, h thng WiMAX tit kim c
bng thng mt cch ng k. H thng WiMAX cn c th t c tc
truyn d liu m cc h thng v tuyn truyn thng khng th thc hin c,
v vi s linh hot trong h thng nn tn hiu WiMAX c th ph sng c vi
bn knh 50Km. Khi h thng WiMAX ra i th h thng thng tin v tuyn ni
chung v internet ni ring p ng y cc dch v bng thng rng cho h
thng gii tr, qung co.
H thng WiMAX c th cung cp tn hiu cho cc thit b di ng, cho cc
thit b vn phng cng nh cho cc vng c a th him tr m ng truyn
ADSL khng p ng c.
Ngoi ra trong nhng nm gn y, s bng n ca mng v tuyn, kh nng
lin lc v tuyn gn nh tt yu trong cc thit b cm tay, my tnh xch tay,
in thoi di ng v mt s thit b khc. Vi tnh nng u vit v kt ni v kh
Phn A: M u
Trang vii
nng p ng ca nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi, h thng WiMAX ng

vai tr quan trng hn trong s pht trin thng tin.
T nhng u im v vai tr quan trng ca h thng WiMAX trong tng
lai, nhm thc hin ti Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX. Trong
ti ny, nhm s i tm hiu v phn tch nhng vn sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX
Trong chng 1 ny s trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, v cu trc, cc
bng tn s dng, cc ng dng thc t v nhng u nhc im ca cng ngh
WiMAX.
Chng 2: K thut iu ch OFDM
Trong chng 2 s trnh by nhng khi nim c bn, u nhc im,
nguyn l iu ch v gii iu ch ca k thut iu ch OFDM, v nhng ng
dng ca k thut ny.
Chng 3: K thut OFDMA trong WiMAX
Trong chng ny s trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, cc c im v
tnh cht ni bt ca k thut a truy nhp phn tn trc giao OFDMA. Qua
chng ta c th thy c nhng u im ca k thut ny trong vic x l truyn
nhn tn hiu ni chung v ng dng trong cng ngh WiMAX ni ring.
Chng 4: Bo mt trong h thng WiMAX
Trong chng ny s trnh by mt s cc m hnh tn cng trong h thng
v tuyn, v trnh by giao thc qun l kha PKM, ng b v thay i kha
trong h thng WiMAX nhm m bo d liu c truyn lin tc v khng b
xm nhp.
Chng 5: Chng trnh m phng h thng WiMAX
hiu hn nhng vn l thuyt c trnh by trong nhng chng
trc. Trong chng ny, s trnh by chng trnh m phng qu trnh x l tn
hiu trong WiMAX da trn k thut iu ch OFDM. y l chng trnh c
vit bng chng trnh Matlab v c s dng phng thc phn tp pht MISO,
chng trnh bao gm s khi m phng s pht v thu OFDM, m phng
Phn A: M u
Trang viii
knh truyn, tnh BER, s khi m phng h thng OFDM bng simulink ca
chng trnh Matlab.
Chng 6: Kt lun v hng pht trin
Trong chng cui cng ny, nhm s trnh by nhng kt lun c c qua
qu trnh tm hiu v thc hin ti, v ng thi a ra nhng kin ngh c
th pht trin ti tt hn na.
Trong thi gian lm n, nhm nghin cu c gng rt nhiu song do
kin thc cn hn ch, thi gian nghin cu ti c hn v ngun ti liu ch
yu l cc b chun v cc bi bo ting anh trn mng nn n cn nhiu sai st
trong qu trnh dch thut. Knh mong nhn c s ph bnh, cc kin ng gp
ca qu thy c v cc bn n c hon thin hn.
Phn A: M u
Trang ix
MC LC
PHN A:
M U .............................................................................................. i
LI CM N .......................................................................................................... ii
QUYT NH GIAO TI ............................................................................... iii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN .................................................... iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN ........................................................ v
LI NI U ........................................................................................................ vi
MC LC ............................................................................................................. ix
LIT K HNH ..................................................................................................... xiv
LIT K BNG .................................................................................................. xvii
CC THUT NG V T VIT TT ............................................................ xviii
PHN B:
NI DUNG .......................................................................................... 1
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX ......................................................... 2
1.1
Gii thiu WiMAX ..................................................................................... 2
1.2
Bng tn cho WiMAX ................................................................................ 3
1.2.1
Bng 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz) ................................................. 3
1.2.2
Bng 3600-3800MHz (bng 3.7GHz) ................................................. 4
1.2.3
Bng 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3 GHz) ................................................ 4
1.2.4
Bng 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5 GHz) ................................................ 4
1.2.5
Bng 2300-2400MHz (bng 2.3 GHz) ................................................ 4
1.2.6
Bng 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8 GHz) ................................................ 5
1.2.7
Bng di 1GHz .................................................................................. 5
1.3
M hnh h thng ........................................................................................ 5
1.4
Cc u nhc im ca WiMAX ............................................................... 7
1.4.1
u im ............................................................................................... 7
1.4.2
Nhc im.......................................................................................... 9
1.5
Cu trc ca WiMAX ............................................................................... 10
1.5.1
Cc c tnh ca lp vt l ................................................................. 11
1.5.2
Cc c tnh ca lp truy nhp (MAC).............................................. 13
Phn A: M u
Trang x
1.6
So snh WiMAX vi WiFi ....................................................................... 13
1.7
ng dng ca WiMAX ............................................................................ 14
Chng 2
TNG QUAN V K THUT OFDM ............................................................. 16
2.1
Gii thiu chng ..................................................................................... 16
2.2
Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM ................................................................... 17
2.3
Nguyn l iu ch ................................................................................... 18
2.3.1
S iu ch .................................................................................... 18
2.3.2
Tnh trc giao ..................................................................................... 19
2.3.3
Tnh trc giao trong min tn s ........................................................ 21
2.3.4
ng dng k thut IFFT trong k thut OFDM ................................ 22
2.3.4.1 Php bin i DFT ......................................................................... 23

2.3.4.2 K thut IFFT trong OFDM ........................................................... 24
2.3.5
Php nhn vi xung c bn ................................................................ 25
2.4
Tin t lp CP (Cyclic Prefix) .................................................................. 26
2.5
Nguyn l gii iu ch OFDM ............................................................... 27
2.5.1
Truyn dn phn tp a ng .......................................................... 27
2.5.2
Nguyn tc gii iu ch .................................................................... 28
2.5.2.1 S ............................................................................................... 28
2.5.2.2 Tch khong bo v ........................................................................ 29
2.5.2.3 Thc hin gii iu ch bng thut ton FFT ................................. 29
2.6
c tnh knh truyn v tuyn trong h thng OFDM ............................. 30
2.6.1
S suy gim tn hiu .......................................................................... 30
2.6.2
Hiu ng a ng ............................................................................ 31
2.6.3
Dch tn Doppler ................................................................................ 34
2.6.4
Nhiu AWGN .................................................................................... 34
2.6.5
Nhiu lin k t ISI ........................................................................... 35
2.6.6
Nhiu lin sng mang ICI .................................................................. 35
2.7
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) .......................... 36
2.8
u im v hn ch ca k thut OFDM .................................................. 37
Phn A: M u
Trang xi
2.8.1
u im ............................................................................................. 37
2.8.2
Nhc im........................................................................................ 38
Chng 3
K THUT OFDM TRONG WIMAX ............................................................. 39
3.1
Gii thiu chng ..................................................................................... 39
3.2
c im ................................................................................................... 39
3.3
H thng OFDMA .................................................................................... 41
3.3.1
Chn chui dn ng min tn s v min thi gian ................... 42
3.3.2
iu ch thch nghi ............................................................................ 43
3.4
iu khin cng sut ................................................................................ 44
Chng 4
BO MT TRONG WIMAX ............................................................................. 45
4.1
Nhng m hnh tn cng trong h thng v tuyn ................................... 45
4.1.1
Tn cng b ng ............................................................................... 45
4.1.2
Tn cng ch ng ............................................................................. 46
4.1.3
Tn cng Man-in-the-Middle ............................................................ 47
4.1.4
Tn cng t chi cc dch v DoS ..................................................... 48
4.1.5
Tn cng mng Ad-hoc...................................................................... 49
4.1.6
Gi mo Wireless ............................................................................... 49
4.1.6.1 Gi mo IP ...................................................................................... 50
4.1.6.2 Gi mo MAC ................................................................................ 50
4.1.6.3 Gi mo ARP .................................................................................. 51
4.2
Bo mt trong WiMAX ............................................................................ 52
4.2.1
M hnh tham chiu OSI .................................................................... 52
4.2.2
Giao thc qun l kha PKM c bn trong chun 802.16 ................. 53
4.2.2.1 C bn v PKM .............................................................................. 54

4.2.2.2 Qu trnh thit lp kha cp quyn AK .......................................... 56
4.2.2.3 Pha trao i kha m ha lu lng TEK ...................................... 59
4.2.2.4 ng b v thay i kha............................................................... 60
4.2.2.4.1 Thay i kha AK ..................................................................... 60
Phn A: M u
Trang xii
4.2.2.4.2 Thay i TEK ............................................................................ 61

Chng 5
M PHNG H THNG WIMAX .................................................................. 63
5.1
Gii hn ca chng trnh m phng ....................................................... 63
5.2
S khi ca h thng WiMAX ............................................................ 63
5.2.1
S khi bn pht ........................................................................... 63
5.2.2
S khi bn thu ............................................................................. 64
5.3
Thit k cc khi....................................................................................... 65
5.3.1
Khi to d liu ngu nhin ............................................................... 65
5.3.2
Khi iu ch FEC v iu ch ......................................................... 65
5.3.2.1 Khi m ha Reed solomon ........................................................... 66

5.3.2.2 Khi m ha xon ........................................................................... 68
5.3.2.3 Khi phn chia ................................................................................ 69
5.3.2.4 Khi chn........................................................................................ 70
5.3.2.5 Khi iu ch v gii iu ch ....................................................... 70
5.3.3
Khi to gi d liu ........................................................................... 71
5.3.4
Khi m ha khng gian v thi gian ................................................ 71
5.3.5
Khi iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM .............................................. 73
5.3.5.1 Khi iu ch .................................................................................. 73

5.3.5.2 Khi gii iu ch ........................................................................... 73
5.3.6
Knh truyn........................................................................................ 74
5.3.7
Khi gii iu ch v kt hp khng gian -thi gian......................... 74
5.3.8
Gin hin th cc im chm sao .................................................. 74
5.3.9
Khi gii iu ch v FEC ................................................................. 75

Khi Rate ID .................................................................................. 76
5.3.10
5.4
Kt qu m phng..................................................................................... 76
5.4.1
S chm sao ca tn hiu sau khi iu ch bn pht ................. 76
5.4.2
S chm sao ca tn hiu trc khi gii iu ch bn thu ......... 77
5.4.3
Ph ca tn hiu trn anten pht th nht v anten th hai ................ 78
5.4.4
Ph ca tn hiu OFDM nhn v bn pha thu ............................... 79
Phn A: M u
5.4.5
Trang xiii
T s BER ca h thng .................................................................... 79
Chng 6
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN .......................................................... 84
6.1
Kt lun..................................................................................................... 84
6.2
Hng pht trin ....................................................................................... 85
PHN C:
PH LC V TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................ 86
PH LC A: S KHI BN PHT ............................................................. 87

PH LC B: S KHI BN THU ................................................................ 91
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 95
Phn A: M u
Trang xiv
LIT K HNH
Hnh 1.1:
M hnh h thng WiMAX .................................................................. 3
Hnh 1.2:
Kt ni WiMAX gia cc ta nh chnh ............................................. 6
Hnh 1.3:
Min Fresnel th nht .......................................................................... 6
Hnh 1.4:
S phn x cc tn hiu t ni pht n ni thu .................................. 7
Hnh 1.5:
M hnh cc k thut iu ch ............................................................. 8
Hnh 1.6:
M hnh phn lp trong h thng WiMAX so vi OSI ..................... 11
Hnh 2.1:
Phng thc iu ch FDM v OFDM ............................................. 18
Hnh 2.2:
B iu ch OFDM ............................................................................ 18
Hnh 2.3:
Cc sng mang trc giao trong OFDM ............................................. 20
Hnh 2.4:
M hnh trc giao .............................................................................. 21
Hnh 2.5:
p ng tn s ca cc sng mang ph ............................................. 22
Hnh 2.6:
S b iu ch OFDM s dng b iu ch IFFT........................ 24
Hnh 2.7:
Ph ca tn hiu OFDM ..................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.8:
Xung c s ......................................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.9:
Tin t lp CP trong OFDM .............................................................. 26
Hnh 2.10:
M hnh knh truyn ...................................................................... 27
Hnh 2.11:
B thu tn hiu OFDM.................................................................... 28
Hnh 2.12:
Tch chui bo v........................................................................... 29
Hnh 2.13:
S khi gii iu ch OFDM s dng thut ton FFT .............. 30
Hnh 2.14:
nh hng ca mi trng v tuyn ............................................. 30
Hnh 2.15:
Tn hiu a ng........................................................................... 31
Hnh 2.16:
Fading Rayleigh khi thit b di ng di chuyn ............................. 31
Hnh 2.17:
Tri tr a ng ............................................................................ 33
Hnh 2.18:
Li dch tn s gy nhiu ICI trong OFDM ................................... 36
Hnh 2.19:
S xut hin nh cao ca sng mang ............................................ 37
Hnh 3.1:
ODFM v OFDMA ............................................................................ 39
Hnh 3.2:
V d ca biu tn s, thi gian vi OFDMA............................... 40
Hnh 3.3:
Cu trc sng mang con..................................................................... 40
Hnh 3.4:
K hiu OFDMA trong WiMAX ...................................................... 41
Phn A: M u
Trang xv
Hnh 3.5:
Tng quan h thng s dng OFDMA .............................................. 41
Hnh 3.6:
Mu tn hiu dn ng trong OFDMA ............................................ 42
Hnh 3.7:
iu ch thch nghi ............................................................................ 44
Hnh 4.1:
M hnh tn cng b ng .................................................................. 45
Hnh 4.2:
M hnh tn cng man-in-the middle ................................................ 48
Hnh 4.3:
M hnh tn cng DoS ....................................................................... 48
Hnh 4.4:
Mng ad-hoc ...................................................................................... 49
Hnh 4.5:
Cc lp giao thc 802.16 ................................................................... 53
Hnh 4.6:
Cc lung ca giao thc PKM c bn ............................................... 56
Hnh 5.1:
S khi h thng WiMAX ............................................................ 63
Hnh 5.2:
S khi bn pht ........................................................................... 63
Hnh 5.3:
S khi bn pha thu ..................................................................... 64
Hnh 5.4:
Khi to d liu ngu nhin ............................................................... 65
Hnh 5.5:
Khi iu ch v sa li .................................................................... 65
Hnh 5.6:
Khi iu ch v sa li QPSK ..................................................... 66
Hnh 5.7:
Khi m ha RS ................................................................................. 66
Hnh 5.8:
M ha xon vi tc 1/2 ............................................................... 69
Hnh 5.9:
Khi chn ........................................................................................... 70
Hnh 5.10:
Khi to gi d liu ........................................................................ 71
Hnh 5.11:
S khi m ha theo khng gian v thi gian ........................... 71
Hnh 5.12:
Cc symbol pht thu theo m ha khng gian- thi gian ............... 72
Hnh 5.13:
Khi iu ch OFDM ..................................................................... 73
Hnh 5.14:
Khi gii iu ch OFDM .............................................................. 73
Hnh 5.15:
Khi gii iu ch v kt hp khng gian-thi gian ...................... 74
Hnh 5.16:
Khi hin th chm sao ................................................................... 74
Hnh 5.17:
S khi gii iu ch FEC ......................................................... 75
Hnh 5.18:
Khi gii m FEC s dng QPSK .................................................. 75
Hnh 5.19:
Khi chn k thut iu ch ........................................................... 76
Hnh 5.20:
S chm sao ca tn hiu pht ................................................... 77
Hnh 5.21:
S chm sao ca tn hiu bn pha thu trc khi gii iu ch . 77
Phn A: M u
Trang xvi
Hnh 5.22:
Ph tn hiu OFDM trn anten pht th nht ................................. 78
Hnh 5.23:
Ph tn hiu OFDM trn anten pht th hai ................................... 78
Hnh 5.24:
Ph ca tn hiu OFDM nhn c bn pha thu ........................... 79
Hnh 5.25:
T s BER ca h thng ................................................................. 79
Hnh 5.26:
T s SNR=1 .................................................................................. 80
Hnh 5.27:
T s SNR=5 .................................................................................. 81
Hnh 5.28:
T s SNR=9 .................................................................................. 81
Hnh 5.29:
T s SNR=13 ................................................................................ 81
Hnh 5.30:
T s SNR=19 ................................................................................ 82
Hnh 5.31:
T s SNR=24 ................................................................................ 82
Hnh 5.32:
T s SNR=27 ................................................................................ 82
Phn A: M u
Trang xvii
LIT K BNG
Bng 2.1
S phn b tch lu i vi phn b Rayleigh .................................. 32
Bng 2.2
Cc gi tr tri tr thng dng ............................................................ 33
Bng 5.1
Thng s ca m ha RS ................................................................... 68
Bng 5.2
Vector phn chia tng ng vi tc m ha................................. 69
Bng 5.3
Tham s Rate ID v k thut iu ch ............................................... 76
Bng 5.4
T s SNR v phng php iu ch ................................................ 80
Phn A: M u
Trang xviii
CC THUT NG V T VIT TT
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line
AK
Authorisation Key
AP
Access Point
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AWGN
Addictive White Gausse Noise
BCH
Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem
BER
Bit Error Rate
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
BS
Base Station
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
BWA
Broadband Wireless Access
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
CIR
Channel Impulse Response
CP
Cyclic Prefix
CPE
Customer Premiscs Equipment
CTR
Channel Transfer Function
DES
Data Encryption Standard
DoS
Disk Operating System
DRM
Digital Radio Mondiale
DVB-H
Digital Video Brocasting-Handheld
DVB-T
Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial
DSL
Digital Subcriber Line
EMAIL
Electronic Mail
FDD
Frequency Division Deplex
FDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FEC
Forward Error Correction
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
GI
Guard Interval
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
ICI
Inter Channel Interfearence
Phn A: M u
Trang xix
IDFT
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IFFT
Inverse fast fourrier transform
IP
Internet Protocol
ISI
Inter symbol Interfearence
ISS
Inter Symbol Interference
LAN
Local Area Network
LOS
Line of sight
LDPC
Low-Density-Parity-Check
MAC
Medium Access Control
MANET
Mobile Ad_hoc Netword
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MITM
Man In The Middle
MISO
Multiple Input Single Output
NIC
Network Interface Card
NLOS
Non line of sight
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
PAPR
Peak to Average Power Ratio
PKM
Privacy Key Management
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS
Quality of Service
RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
SA
Security Association
SAID
Security Association Identifier
SAP
Service Access Point
S-OFDMA
Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access
SER
Symbol Error Rate
SC
Single Carrier
SMS
Short Message Service
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
SS
Subcrariber Stations
SSID
Service Set Identifier
Phn A: M u
STBC
Space Time Block Code
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDM
Time Division Multiple
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TEK
Traffic Encryption Key
TELNET
Telecommunication Network
VoIP
Voice Over IP
WAN
Wide Area Network
WEP
Weak Encryption Protocol
WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WIFI
Wireless Fidelity
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
Phn A: M u
Trang xx
PHN B: NI DUNG
Trang 2
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX

1.1 Gii thiu WiMAX
WiMAX tn vit tt ca (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessKh nng tng tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba), l cng ngh da trn c s tiu
chun k thut IEEE 802.16-2004. Tiu chun ny do hai t chc quc t a ra:
T cng tc 802.16 trong ban tiu chun IEEE 802.16, v din n WiMAX.
T chc phi li nhun WiMAX bao gm cc cng ty sn xut thit b v linh
kin truyn thng hng u th gii ang n lc thc y v xc nhn tnh tng
thch v kh nng hot ng tng tc ca thit b truy cp khng dy bng thng
rng tun theo chun k thut IEEE 802.16 v tng tc trin khai truy cp
khng dy bng thng rng trn ton cu. Do cc chun 802.16 thng c
bit n vi ci tn WiMAX.
Chun IEEE 802.16 u tin c hon thnh nm 2001 v cng b vo nm
2002 thc s em n mt cuc cch mng mi cho mng truy cp khng dy.
Nu nh Wireless LAN c pht trin cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet
cho mng LAN khng dy, nng cao tnh linh hot ca truy nhp Internet cho
nhng vng tp trung ng dn c trong nhng phm vi hp th vi WiMAX
ngoi kh nng cung cp dch v vng th n cn gii quyt c nhng vn
kh khn trong vic cung cp dch v Internet cho nhng vng tha dn,
nhng khong cch xa m cng ngh xDSL s dng dy cp ng khng th thc
hin c.
WiMAX cng l mt s pht trin k tip t dch v cung cp bng thng
gia LAN nng cp ln mng WAN. WiMAX s dng chun kt ni 802.16 c
nhiu c im ni tri hn v tc , phm vi ph sng so vi chun kt ni
khng dy hin nay l chun 802.11. Chun 802.11 ch c th ph sng trong mt
khu vc nh, WiMAX c th ph sng mt vng rng ti 50 km vi tc ln
n 70Mbps. WiMAX cung cp truy nhp bng rng khng dy c nh theo hai
phng php im - im hoc im - a im.
Trang 3
Hnh 1.1: M hnh h thng WiMAX

WiMAX cho php kt ni bng rng v tuyn c nh, hoc ngi s dng c
th di chuyn nhng c nh trong lc kt ni, hoc mang xch c ngha l
ngi s dng c th di chuyn vi tc i b, v cui cng l di ng m
khng cn thit trong tm nhn thng trc tip ti mt trm gc. Hin ti cng
ngh WiMAX ang c kt hp vo trong cc my tnh xch tay v cc PDA.
1.2 Bng tn cho WiMAX
1.2.1 Bng 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz)
Bng 3.5Ghz l bng tn c nhiu nc phn b cho h thng truy cp
khng dy c nh (Fixed Wireless Access FWA) hoc cho h thng truy cp
khng dy bng rng (WBA). WiMAX cng c xem l mt cng ngh WBA
nn c th s dng bng tn ny cho WiMAX. V vy, WiMAX Forum thng
nht la chn bng tn ny cho WiMAX.
Cc h thng WiMAX bng tn ny s dng chun 802.16-2004 cung
cp cc ng dng c nh v di ng, rng phn knh l 3.5MHz hoc 7MHz,
ch song cng TDD hoc FDD.
i vi Vit Nam, do bng tn ny c u tin dnh cho h thng v tinh
Vinasat nn hin ti khng th trin khai cho WiMAX.
Trang 4
1.2.2 Bng 3600-3800MHz (bng 3.7GHz)

Bng 3600-3800MHz c mt s nc chu u xem xt cp cho WBA.
Tuy nhin, do mt phn bng tn ny (t 3.7GHz-3.8GHz) ang c nhiu h
thng v tinh vin thng s dng cho ng xung, c bit l khu vc chu ,
nn bng tn ny s t c kh nng c chp nhn cho WiMAX chu .
1.2.3 Bng 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3 GHz)
Bng tn ny c phn b n , Trung Quc v Vit Nam ang xem xt
phn b chnh thc. Chun WiMAX p dng bng tn ny tng t nh vi
bng 3.5GHz, l WiMAX c nh, ch song cng FDD hoc TDD, rng
knh 3.5MHz hoc 7MHz.
1.2.4 Bng 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5 GHz)
Bng tn ny l bng tn c WiMAX Forum u tin la chn cho WiMAX
di ng theo chun 802.16-2005. C hai l do cho s la chn ny. Th nht, so
vi cc bng trn 3GHz iu kin truyn sng ca bng tn ny thch hp cho cc
ng dng di ng. Th hai l kh nng bng tn ny s c nhiu nc cho php
s dng WBA bao gm c WiMAX. WiMAX bng tn ny c rng knh l
5MHz, ch song cng TDD, FDD.
Quy hoch ph v tuyn in quc gia c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt
cui nm 2005 quy nh bng tn 2500-2690MHz s c s dng cho cc h
thng thng tin di ng th h mi, khng trin khai thm cc thit b khc trong
bng tn ny. V vy, c th hiu cng ngh WiMAX di ng cng l mt i
tng ca quy nh ny, nhng bng tn ny s c s dng cho loi hnh cng
ngh c th no vn cn m.
1.2.5 Bng 2300-2400MHz (bng 2.3 GHz)
Bng 2.3GHz cng c c tnh truyn sng tng t nh bng 2.5GHz nn l
bng tn c WiMAX Forum xem xt cho WiMAX di ng.
Hin c mt s nc phn b bng tn ny cho WBA nh Hn Quc (trin
khai WiBro), c, M, Canada, Singapore. i vi Vit Nam, y cng l mt
bng tn c kh nng s c s dng trin khai WBA/WiMAX.
Trang 5
1.2.6 Bng 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8 GHz)

Bng tn ny c WiMAX Forum quan tm v y l bng tn c nhiu
nc cho php s dng khng cn cp php v vi cng sut pht cao hn so vi
cc on bng tn khc trong di 5GHz (5125-5250MHz, 5250-5350MHz), vn
thng c s dng cho cc ng dng trong nh.
Theo WiMAX Forum th bng tn ny thch hp trin khai WiMAX c
nh, rng phn knh l 10MHz, phng thc song cng c s dng l
TDD, khng c FDD.
1.2.7 Bng di 1GHz
Vi cc tn s cng thp, sng v tuyn truyn lan cng xa, s trm gc cn
s dng cng t, tc mc u t cho h thng thp i. V vy, WiMAX Forum
cng ang xem xt kh nng s dng cc bng tn di 1GHz, c bit l bng
700-800MHz.
Hin nay, mt s nc ang thc hin vic chuyn i t truyn hnh tng t
sang truyn hnh s, nn s gii phng c mt phn ph tn s dng cho
WBA/WiMAX.
Vi Vit Nam, do c im c rt nhiu i truyn hnh a phng nn cc
knh trong di 470-806MHz dnh cho truyn hnh c s dng dy c cho cc
h thng truyn hnh tng t, nn kh nng s dng bng tn ny cho k thut
WiMAX l khng kh thi.
1.3 M hnh h thng
M hnh ph sng mng WiMAX tng t nh mt mng in thoi di ng.
Mt h thng WiMAX c m t nh hnh gm c 2 phn :
Trm pht: ging nh cc trm BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng
sut ln, c th ph sng khu vc rng ti 8000km2.
Trm thu: c th l cc anten nh nh cc loi card mng tch hp hay gn
thm trn cc mainboard ca my tnh nh WLAN.
Trang 6
Cc trm BTS pht c kt ni ti mng Internet thng qua cc ng

truyn Internet tc cao hay kt ni ti cc trm khc nh l trm trung chuyn
theo ng truyn trc x nn WiMAX c th ph sng n nhng khu vc xa.
in thoi
VoIP
My tnh
c nhn
My tnh
c nhn
in thoi
VoIP
Mng
WiMAX
Gim st
To nh 1
Gim st
in thoi VoIP
To nh chnh
My tnh
c nhn
Gim st
To nh 2
Hnh 1.2: Kt ni WiMAX gia cc ta nh chnh

Cc anten thu pht c th trao i thng tin qua qua cc ng truyn LOS
hay NLOS. Trong trng hp truyn thng LOS, cc anten c t c nh ti
cc im trn cao, tn hiu trong trng hp ny n nh v t tc truyn ti
a. Bng tn s dng c th tn s cao, khong 66GHz, v tn s ny t b giao
thoa vi cc knh tn hiu khc v bng thng s dng ln.
Mt ng truyn LOS yu cu phi c c tnh l ton b min Fresnel th
nht khng h c chng ngi vt, nu c tnh ny khng c bo m th
cng tn hiu s suy gim ng k. Khng gian min Fresnel ph thuc vo
tn s hot ng v khong cch gia trm pht v trm thu.
Hnh 1.3: Min Fresnel th nht

Trang 7
Trong trng hp truyn NLOS, h thng s dng bng tn thp hn 2GHz11GHz, tng t nh WLAN, tn hiu c th vt cc vt chn thng qua ng
phn x, nhiu x, tn x n ch. Cc tn hiu nhn c pha thu bao
gm s tng hp cc thnh phn nhn c t ng i trc tip, cc ng phn
x, nng lng tn x v cc thnh phn nhiu x. Nhng tn hiu ny c nhng
khong tr, s suy gim, s phn cc v trng thi n nh lin quan ti ng
truyn trc tip l khc nhau.
Hnh 1.4: S phn x cc tn hiu t ni pht n ni thu

Hin tng truyn sng a ng cng l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i
phn cc tn hiu. Do s dng phn cc cng nh ti s dng tn s m c
thc hin bnh thng trong trin khai LOS li kh khn trong cc ng dng
NLOS. Nu ch n thun tng cng sut pht vt qua cc chng ngi vt
khng phi l cng ngh NLOS. iu kin ph sng ca c LOS v NLOS b chi
phi bi cc c tnh truyn sng ca mi trng, tn hao trn ng truyn v
cng sut ca ng truyn v tuyn.
1.4 Cc u nhc im ca WiMAX
1.4.1 u im
c xy dng da trn tiu chun IEEE.802.16, WiMAX l h thng a truy
nhp khng dy bng rng dng cng ngh OFDM vi c hai kiu ng truyn
LOS v NLOS. V h thng WiMAX c mt vi u im sau:
Trang 8
Thng lng: Vi vic s dng cc m hnh iu ch ht sc linh hot v

mnh m, WiMAX c th cung cp thng lng cao trong mt vng bao
ph rng. Cc m hnh iu ch thch ng ng cho php cc BS cn bng
gia thng lng v khong cch. V d, gi d nh lc ny ang s dng
m hnh iu ch 64QAM, nu vi m hnh ny, mt BS khng th thit
lp mt lin kt mnh, tc l lin kt m trn c th thc hin c vic
truyn d liu mt mc ti thiu c th chp nhn c, ti mt thu bao
mt khong cch no , th m hnh iu ch 16QAM hoc QPSK s
c s dng, ng ngha vi tc c gim i nhng khong cch
truyn d liu xa hn. Thng lng ln nht trong WiMAX c th t c
l khong 70Mbps trong iu kin truyn tt.
bao ph rng hn: WiMAX h tr cc iu ch a mc, bao gm
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, v 64-QAM. Khi c trang b vi mt b
khuch i cng sut ln v hot ng vi iu ch mc thp nh BPSK
hoc QPSK, cc h thng WiMAX c th bao ph mt vng a l rng khi
gia BS v SS khng b vt cn.
Hnh 1.5: M hnh cc k thut iu ch

Kh nng m rng: thc hin d dng vic trin khai h thng WiMAX
c di tn cp php v di tn min ph, chun 802.16 cung cp mt cch
linh ng cc bng thng knh truyn. V d, nu mt nh iu hnh mng
c ng k 20MHz tn ph, nh iu hnh mng c th chia lm hai
sector, mi sector 10MHz, hoc l 4 sector, mi sector l 5MHz, iu ny
u vit hn hn so vi mt s mng bng rng khc c rng knh c
Trang 9
nh nh WiFi. Bng vic tp trung cng sut v ti s dng tn s, nh

iu hnh vn c th m bo c cht lng, vng bao ph cng nh
phn no thng lng knh truyn.
Phm vi bao ph: h tr mt cch mnh m v linh ng cc m hnh
iu ch, WiMAX cng cung cp cc cng ngh lm tng phm vi bao ph,
bao gm k thut cu hnh li kt hp vi h thng anten thng minh.
Cht lng dch v (QoS): Kh nng cung cp dch v thoi l c bit
quan trng, nht l trong mi trng ton cu nh hin nay. Chnh v vy
WiMAX cung cp cc thnh phn m bo QoS cho php trin khai cc
dnh v thoi, video vi tr thp. Tnh nng h tr trong lp MAC ca
chun 802.16 cho php mt nh iu hnh mng c th cung cp ng thi
cc dch v vi m bo khc nhau nh dch v T1 hoc best-effort,
ging nh trong truyn cp.
Bo mt cao: WiMAX h tr ASE (chun mt m ha tin tin) v DES (
trong l chun mt m ha s liu). Bng cch mt m ha cc lin kt
gia BS v SS, WiMAX cung cp cc thu bao ring nhm mc ch chng
nghe trm v bo mt trn giao din khng dy bng rng. Bo mt cng
cung cp cho cc nh khai thc s bo v mnh m, chng n trm dch v.
WiMAX cng c xy dng h tr VLAN, v cung cp s bo v d liu
c truyn bi cc ngi s dng khc nhau trn cng mt BS. Tnh nng
bo mt c tch hp sn trong chun 802.16 cung cp mt c ch truyn
thng tin cy v an ton. Chun 802.16 nh ngha ring mt lp con cho
bo mt thuc lp MAC gi l Secure-Sublayer.
1.4.2 Nhc im
Vi bt k h thng truyn thng v tuyn no th nh hng ca mi trng
truyn sng l khng th trnh khi, h thng WiMAX cng c nhng hn ch v
ng truyn:
nh hng ca thi tit xu, ma to c th lm gin on cc dch v.
Trang 10
Cc sng v tuyn in ln cn c th gy nhiu vi kt ni WiMAX, v l

nguyn nhn gy ra s suy gim d liu trn ng truyn hoc lm mt
kt ni.
Ngoi ra cn c mt vi nhc im khc:
Di tn WiMAX s dng khng tng thch ti nhiu quc gia, lm hn
ch s ph bin cng ngh rng ri.
Do cng ngh mi xut hin gn y nn vn cn mt s l hng bo mt.
Tuy c gi l chun cng ngh nhng tht s cha c chun do hin
nay trn th gii ang s dng gn 10 chun cng ngh khc nhau. Theo
din n WiMAX c khong 12 hng pht trin chun WiMAX c
chng nhn bao gm : Alvarion, Selex Communication, Airspan, Proxim
Wilreless, Redline, Sequnas, Siemens, SR Telecom, Telsim, Wavesat,
Aperto, Axxcelera.
V gi thnh: D cc hng, tp on sn xut thit b u cui nh Intel,
Alcatel, Alvarion, Motorola tham gia nghin cu pht trin nhng gi
thnh vn cn rt cao.
Cng ngh ny khi xng t nc M, nhng thc s cha c thng tin
chnh thc no cp n vic M s dng WiMAX nh th no, khc
phc hu qu s c ra sao. Ngay c Vit Nam,VNPT cng vi nh thu
nc ngoi l Motorola v Alvarion cng trin khai mt s tnh min
ni pha Bc, c th l Lo Cai nhng cng ch gii hn l cc im truy
cp Internet ti Bu in tnh, huyn ch cha c nhng kt lun chnh
thc v tnh hiu qu ng k ca h thng.
1.5 Cu trc ca WiMAX
V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMAX c phn chia thnh 4 lp:
Lp con tip ng gi vai tr giao din gia lp a truy nhp v cc lp bn
trn.
Lp a truy nhp.
Trang 11
Lp truyn dn.
Lp vt l.
Cc lp ny tng ng vi 2 lp vt l v lp kt ni d liu ca m hnh
OSI, c tiu chun ho giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.
Hnh 1.6: M hnh phn lp trong h thng WiMAX so vi OSI

1.5.1 Cc c tnh ca lp vt l
C 3 kiu lp vt l c a ra trong chun 802.16:
WirelessMAN PHY SC: S dng iu ch n sng mang.
WirelessMAN PHY OFDM 256 im FFT: S dng ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s trc giao c 256 im bin i FFT. iu ny l bt buc cho
cc bng tn c min cp php.
WirelessMAN PHY OFDMA 2048 im FFT: S dng a truy nhp phn
chia theo tn s trc giao c 2048 im FFT. a truy nhp c s dng
bng cch gi mt tp con nhiu sng mang cho cc my thu ring bit.
u tin l Wireless Metropolitan Area Network - Single carrier physical
layer da trn tp chun 802.16c, hot ng bng tn 11-66GHz. Trm gc BS
ch cn mt anten ng hng, truyn d liu hng xung cc user c m s
nhn dng kt ni. Cc my thu SS vi cc anten nh hng, hng v pha cc
BS. Tn hiu x l pha my pht bao gm: ngu nhin ho, m ho sa li, sp
xp cc k hiu, sa dng xung truc khi truyn i. Ngu nhin ho bo m
khi phc tn hiu pha u thu v nu tn hiu khng c m ho chui gi ngu
nhin th nng lng s tp trung ti mt s tn s no nh ph vch, iu ny
Trang 12
to ra nguy him cho my thu, b dao ng VCO ca my thu c th kho pha ti

cc tn s ny thay v nhn tn s sng mang, iu ny s dn n khng gii iu
ch c v s mt thng tin ca lung d liu. B m ho sa li FEC bao gm
m Reed Solomon, m chp, c th c thm m kim tra chn l hay m xon
turbo (CTC). T l m ph thuc vo iu kin ca knh truyn v t s li bit
BER. Cc k thut iu ch thng l QPSK, 16QAM, i khi s dng 64QAM.
Chun ny p dng cho kt ni ba im - im (PPP) v im - a im (PMP);
gip tit kim thi gian, chi ph hn so vi vic lp t dy cp.
Ngoi ra, tp chun 802.16a cng h tr WirelessMAN PHY SC nhng dnh
cho bng tn di 11GHZ v hot ng trong NLOS. My thu c th l mt my
tnh vi vi modem gn ngoi ni vi mt anten ng hng. Tp chun ny cng
h tr song cng TDD v FDD, nh chun 802.16c, s dng thm cc k thut cn
bng v c lng knh khc phc hiu ng a ng, v nng cht lng
tn hiu vn phi s dng iu ch mc li (TCM), FEC, ghp xen, h thng
anten thch ng (AAS), m ho khng gian thi gian (STC).
WirelessMAN 256 sng mang da trn chun 802.16d, cung cp dch v kt
ni bng rng trong nh. Cc my thu l cc thit b anten dng trong nh v c
th di chuyn vi tc thp. Nh s dng OFDM nn cho php kt ni NLOS
di 11GHz, v lm b bt khi cn bng trong b thu. Cc k thut h tr cng
gm: FEC vi Reed-Solomon, AAS, STC, ghp xen; thi gian k hiu v s im
FFT c th thay i cho ph hp vi bng thng tng ng.
Vi Wireless MAN OFDMA 2048 sng mang: tng t nh Wireless MAN
256 sng mang nhng c nhiu u im hn. Da trn chun 802.16e (2005), vi
s h tr ca OFDMA lp vt l, cho php cc user di chuyn vi tc cao,
khong gn 125km/s, s dng m ho knh l m xon, m xon turbo, m khi,
m kim tra chn l mt thp (LDPC); d liu c ngu nhin ho, ghp xen
trnh tn tht khi khi phc v li cm. Ngoi k thut AAS, STC cn s dng
thm phn tp thu pht MIMO.
Trang 13
1.5.2 Cc c tnh ca lp truy nhp (MAC)

Chun 802.16 ca IEEE a ra cng mt lp MAC cho tt c lp vt l nh l
n sng mang, 256 OFDM, 2048 OFDMA. Lp MAC ny l kt ni c nh
hng im - a im. Hot ng truy nhp knh lp MAC ca WiMAX hon
ton khc so vi WiFi. WiMax h tr phng php truyn song cng FDD v
TDD s dng k thut truy nhp TDMA/OFDMA.
u im ca phng php ny l n cho php linh ng thay i rng
bng tn ln hoc xung, dn n c th thay i tc pht hoc thu d liu ch
khng phi l c nh nh trong ADSL hay CDMA.
Trong WiFi tt c cc trm truy nhp mt cch ngu nhin n im truy cp,
chnh v vy khong cch khc nhau t mi nt n AP s lm gim thng lng
mng. Ngc li, lp MAC ca chun 802.16, lch trnh hot ng cho mi thu
bao c nh trc, do vy cc trm ch c duy nht mt ln cnh tranh knh
truyn dn l thi im gia nhp mng. Sau thi im ny, mi trm c trm
pht gc gn cho mt khe thi gian. Khe thi gian c th m rng hay co hp li
trong qu trnh truyn dn. u im ca vic t lch trnh l ch truyn dn
vn hot ng n nh trong trng hp qu ti v s lng thu bao ng k
vt qu cho php, v n cng c th tng c hiu qu s dng bng tn. Vic
s dng thut ton lch trnh cn cho php trm pht gc iu khin cht lng
dch v bng vic cn bng nhu cu truyn thng gia cc thu bao.
1.6 So snh WiMAX vi WiFi
WiMAX v WiFi s cng tn ti v tr thnh nhng cng ngh b sung ngy
cng ln cho cc ng dng ring. c trng ca WiMAX l khng thay th WiFi.
Hn th WiMAX b sung cho WiFi bng cch m rng phm vi ca WiFi v
mang li nhng thc t ca ngi s dng "kiu WiFi" trn mt quy m a l
rng hn. Cng ngh WiFi c thit k v ti u cho cc mng ni b, trong khi
WiMAX c thit k v ti u cho cc mng din rng. Trong khong thi gian
t 2008 - 2010, hy vng c chun 802.16 v chun 802.11 s xut hin trong cc
thit b ngi s dng t laptop ti cc PDA, c hai chun ny cho php kt ni
v tuyn trc tip ti ngi s dng ti gia nh, trong vn phng v khi ang di
Trang 14
chuyn. Mc d c cng mc ch nh nhau nhng chng ta thy cng ngh s

dng trong mng WiMAX c mt s u im so vi WiFi:
Sai s tn hiu truyn nhn t hn.
Kh nng vt qua vt cn tt hn.
S thit b s dng kt ni ln n hng trm cn trong WiFi th ch n
hng chc.
Lp vt l MAC dng trong WiMAX da trn k thut phn chia theo khe
thi gian cho php ng nht bng tn gia cc thit b hiu qu hn so
vi WiFi. Chnh v vy ph sng v tuyn s t c tt hn.
Mng WiMAX khng th thay th c WiFi trong cc ng dng nhng n
gp phn b sung hnh thnh mng khng dy. Xu hng chung ca mng
khng dy l ci thin phm vi ph sng vi hiu qu tt nht. K thut ni bt
l chim lnh v khng gian, tch hp vi cc k thut hin ti v quan tm n
cc yu t c bn nh cng sut tiu th thp, phm vi ln, tc truyn d liu
cao. Trong mng khng dy cht lng ti lp thp nht c th iu khin tr
trong qu trnh truyn v cc dch v nh thoi, video.
WiMAX v WiFi ng dng trong hai mi trng khc nhau. Mc ch ca
WiMAX s hng ti khng ch l phm vi ph sng mng di ng m c nhng
mng cng cng khc. Mt trong cc hng pht trin quan trng khc ca
WiMAX l gii quyt kt ni cho mng VoIP trong tng lai khng xa.
1.7 ng dng ca WiMAX
i vi cc doanh nghip, WiMAX cho php truy cp bng rng vi chi ph
hp l. V phn ln cc doanh nghip s khng c chia thnh khu vc c
ng cp, la chn duy nht ca h i vi dch v bng rng l t cc nh cung
cp vin thng a phng. iu ny dn ti s c quyn. Cc doanh nghip s
c hng li t vic trin khai cc h thng WiMAX, nh to ra s cnh tranh
mi trn th trng, gim gi v cho php cc doanh nghip thit lp mng ring
ca mnh. iu ny c bit ph hp i vi cc ngnh nh kh t, m, nng
nghip, vn ti, xy dng v cc ngnh khc nm nhng v tr xa xi, ho lnh.
Trang 15
i vi ngi s dng l h gia nh nhng vng nng thn ni dch v

DSL v cp cha th vn ti, WiMAX mang li kh nng truy cp bng rng.
iu ny c bit ph hp cc nc ang pht trin ni m h tng vin thng
truyn thng vn cha th tip cn.
Cng ngh WiMAX cch mng ho phng php truyn thng. N cung cp
hon ton t do cho nhng ngi thng xuyn di chuyn, cho php h lu li kt
ni thoi, d liu v cc dch v hnh nh. WiMAX cho php ta i t nh ra xe,
sau i n cng s hoc bt c ni no trn th gii, hon ton khng c ng
ni. minh ho kh nng ca WiMAX cho cc ng dng c phn cp trong
phn trc, mt vi m hnh s dng tiu biu c nhm thnh hai loi mng ln
l: cc mng cng cng v mng ring.
Trang 16
Chng 2
TNG QUAN V K THUT OFDM

2.1 Gii thiu chng
Phng thc truyn d liu bng cch chia nh ra thnh nhiu lung bit v s
dng chng iu ch nhiu sng mang c s dng cch y hn 30 nm.
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca
truyn dn a sng mang, tc l chia nh mt lung d liu tc cao thnh nhiu
lung d liu tc thp hn v c truyn ng thi trn cng mt knh
truyn. K thut OFDM l mt phng thc iu ch thch hp cho cc knh
truyn c p tuyn tn s khng phng, k thut OFDM do R.W Chang pht
minh nm 1966 M, trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy
ph tn hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c
th khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
Trong k thut OFDM, bng thng kh dng c chia thnh mt s lng
ln cc knh con, mi knh con nh n ni p ng tn s c th gi s nh l
khng i trong knh con. Lung d liu chnh c chia thnh nhng lung d
liu con, mi lung d liu con c truyn trn mt knh con khc nhau. Nhng
knh con ny trc giao vi nhau. Chnh iu quan trng ny lm gim nhiu
xuyn k t gia cc symbol v lm h thng OFDM hot ng tt trong cc knh
fading nhiu tia. Trong cc sng mang ph th sng mang ph ny trc giao vi
cc sng mang ph khc c ngha l c mt s nguyn ln lp trn mt chu k k
t. V vy, ph ca mi sng mang bng 0 ti tn s trung tm ca tn s sng
mang khc trong h thng. Kt qu l khng c nhiu gia cc sng mang ph.
Trong h thng FDM truyn thng, bng tn s ca tng tn hiu c chia
thnh N knh tn s con khng trng lp. Mi knh con c iu ch vi mt
sng mang con ring l v sau N knh con c ghp knh tn s vi nhau.
iu ny gip trnh vic chng lp ph ca nhng knh v gii hn c nhiu
xuyn knh. Tuy nhin, iu ny dn n hiu sut s dng ph thp.
Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut OFDM
Trang 17
ngha ca trc giao cho ta bit rng c mt s quan h ton hc chnh xc

gia nhng tn s ca cc sng mang trong h thng. Trong h thng ghp knh
phn chia tn s thng thng, nhiu sng mang c cch nhau bi mt khong
bo v cho tn hiu c th thu c ti u thu bng cc b lc v b gii iu
ch thng thng. Trong nhng b thu nh th, cc khong tn bo v c a
vo gia nhng sng mang khc nhau v trong min tn s s lm cho hiu sut
s dng ph gim i.
Vo nm 1971, Weinstein v Ebert ng dng bin i Fourier ri rc
(DFT) cho h thng truyn dn d liu song song nh mt phn ca qu trnh iu
ch v gii iu ch. iu ny lm gim i s lng phn cng c u pht v
u thu. Thm vo , vic tnh ton phc tp cng c th gim i mt cch ng
k bng vic s dng thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT), ng thi nh
nhng tin b gn y trong k thut tch hp vi t l rt cao v k thut x l tn
hiu s lm c nhng chp FFT tc cao, kch thc ln c th p ng
cho mc ch thng mi v lm gim chi ph b sung ca nhng h thng OFDM
mt cch ng k.
Hin nay, k thut OFDM c s dng trong nhiu h thng nh ADSL, cc
h thng khng dy nh chun 802.11 trong Wi-Fi v chun 802.16 trong
WiMAX, pht qung b m thanh s, v pht qung b truyn hnh s mt t
cht lng cao.
2.2 Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM
Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia nh mt lung d liu tc cao thnh
N lung d liu song song tc thp hn nh b bin i ni tip sang song
song. Thng thng N nhn gi tr bng 2 ly tha ca mt s nguyn c th
p dng k thut IFFT/FFT to sng mang con. V cc lung d liu ny c
pht trn mt sng mang con khc nhau. Cc sng mang con ny l trc giao vi
nhau, iu ny c thc hin bng cch chn gin tn s mt cch hp l. Bi
v khong thi symbol tng ln lm cho cc sng mang con song song c tc
thp hn, cho nn lng nhiu gy ra do tri tr a ng c gim xung.
Nhiu xuyn k t ISI c hn ch hu nh hon ton do vic a vo mt chui
bo v trong mi symbol k t OFDM. Trong khong thi bo v symbol OFDM
Trang 18
c m rng theo chu k trnh xuyn nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI. Hnh 2.1
so snh phng thc iu ch FDM v OFDM.
Hnh 2.1: Phng thc iu ch FDM v OFDM

Hnh 2.1 minh ha s khc nhau gia k thut iu ch FDM v k thut iu
ch OFDM. Bng cch s dng k thut OFDM, ta c th tit kim c khong
50% bng thng. Tuy nhin, trong k thut OFDM, chng ta cn phi gim xuyn
nhiu gia cc sng mang, ngha l cc sng ny cn phi trc giao vi nhau.
2.3 Nguyn l iu ch
2.3.1 S iu ch
Hnh 2.2:
B iu ch OFDM
Trang 19
Gi s bng thng h thng l B chia thnh Nc knh con, vi ch s knh con

l n, n
{-L,-L+1,,-1,0,1,,L-1,L} , nn NFFT = 2L+1. Dng d liu u vo
{ai} chia thnh NFFT dng song song vi tc d liu gim i NFFT ln thng qua
b chia ni tip sang song song. Dng bit trn mi lung song song {ai} li c
iu ch thnh tn hiu phc a mc {dk,n}, vi n l ch s sng mang ph, i l ch
s khe thi gian tng ng vi NC bit song song sau khi qua b chuyn i ni
tip sang song song, k l ch s khe thi gian ng vi NC mu tn hiu phc. Cc
mu tn hiu pht {dk,n } c nhn vi xung c s gii hn ph ca mi sng
mang, sau c dch tn ln n knh con tng ng bng vic nhn vi hm
phc e jL t , cc tn hiu sng mang ny trc giao nhau. Tn hiu sau khi nhn vi
s
xung c s v dch tn cng li qua b tng v cui cng c biu din nh sau:
L
m k(t)=
m L
k ,n
S ' (t kT )e jm s t
(2.1)
Tn hiu ny c gi l mu tn hiu OFDM th k, biu din tng qut tn

hiu OFDM s l:
'
m(t)= m k (t ) =
k
mL
k ,n
S ' (t kT )e jm s t
(2.2)
Trc khi pht i th tn hiu OFDM c chn thm chui bo v chng

nhiu xuyn k t ISI.
Php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c thng qua php bin i IDFT v
php gii iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c bng php bin i DFT. Thay v
s dng IDFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT cho b iu ch
OFDM, s dng FFT cho b gii iu ch OFDM. iu ch OFDM bng phng
php bin i ngc Fourrier nhanh cho php mt s lng ln cc sng mang
con vi phc tp thp.
2.3.2 Tnh trc giao
Cc tn hiu l trc giao nhau nu chng c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau. Trc
giao l mt c tnh gip cho cc tn hiu a thng tin c truyn mt cch hon
ho trn cng mt knh truyn thng thng v c tch ra m khng gy nhiu
Trang 20
xuyn knh. Vic mt tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang s to ra s chng lp
gia cc tn hiu mang tin v lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu v lm cho u thu
kh khi phc li c hon ton thng tin ban u.
Trong h thng FDM thng thng, nhiu sng mang c cch nhau mt
khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v
cc b gii iu ch thng thng. Trong cc my nh vy, cc khong bo v cn
c d on trc gia cc sng mang khc nhau v vic a vo cc khong
bo v lm gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng.
Hnh 2.3:
Cc sng mang trc giao trong OFDM
Tuy nhin, c th sp xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin

ca chng che ph ln nhau m cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m
khng c s can nhiu gia cc sng mang. Mun c nh vy cc sng mang
phi trc giao v mt ton hc. My thu hot ng nh mt b gm b gii iu
ch, dch tn mi sng mang xung mc DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn
mt chu k ca symbol phc hi d liu gc. Nu tt c cc sng mang khc
u c dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng mang ny (trong mt chu k
symbol T) th kt qu tnh tch phn cho cc sng mang khc s l zero. Do cc
sng mang c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau trc giao nu khong cch gia cc sng l
bi s ca 1/T. Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi can nhiu gia cc sng mang
ICI cng lm mt tnh trc giao.
V mt ton hc, trc giao c ngha l cc sng mang c ly ra t nhm
trc chun i (t ) / i 0,1,... c tnh cht sau:
Trang 21
1 i k
0 i k
T2
*
i (t )k (t )dt
T1
(2.3)
Trong i (t ) l sng mang th v *k (t ) l lin hp phc ca sng mang th

k. Khong thi gian t T1 n T2 l chu k ca tn hiu.
Vic iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM c thc hin trong min tn
s, bng cch s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu s. Nguyn tc ca tnh trc
giao thng c s dng trong phm vi x l tn hiu s. Trong ton hc, s
hng trc giao c c t vic nghin cu cc vector. Theo nh ngha, hai vector
c gi l trc giao vi nhau khi chng vung gc vi nhau v tch v hng ca
2 vector l bng 0.
Hnh 2.4:
M hnh trc giao
2.3.3 Tnh trc giao trong min tn s

Mt cch khc xem tnh trc giao ca tn hiu OFDM l xem ph ca n.
xem tnh trc giao ca nhng tn hiu OFDM ta tin hnh phn tch ph ca
hm
sin x
. Nhn thy mi sng mang gm mt nh ti tn s trung tm v mt
x
s im khng cch nhau bng khong cch gia cc sng mang. Hin tng
trc giao c th hin l nh ca mi sng mang trng vi im khng ca
cc sng mang khc v mt tn s. Hnh 2.5 m t ph ca mt tn hiu OFDM.
Tnh trc giao c th hin l nh ca mi sng mang ph ny tng ng
vi cc gi tr khng ca tt c cc sng mang ph khc. Khi tn hiu ny c
tch bng cch s dng thut ton DFT, ph ca chng khng lin tc nh hnh
2.5a, m l nhng mu ri rc. Ph ca tn hiu ly mu ti cc gi tr khng
trong hnh 2.5b. Nu thut ton DFT c ng b theo thi gian, cc mu tn s
Trang 22
chng lp gia cc sng mang ph khng nh hng ti b thu do c tnh trc

giao gia cc sng mang ph.
Hnh 2.5:
p ng tn s ca cc sng mang ph
(a), M t ph ca mi sng mang ph

(b), p ng tng cng ca 5 sng mang ph
2.3.4 ng dng k thut IFFT trong k thut OFDM
K thut OFDM l k thut iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu c
truyn song song nh rt nhiu sng mang ph. lm c iu ny, c mi
knh con, ta cn mt my pht sng sine, mt b iu ch v mt b gii iu ch.
Trong trng hp s knh con l kh ln th cch lm trn khng hiu qu, nhiu
khi l khng th thc hin c. Nhm gii quyt vn ny, khi thc hin chc
nng bin i DFT/IDFT c dng thay th ton b cc b to dao ng sng
sine, b iu ch, gii iu ch dng trong mi knh ph. ng thi k thut
IDFT thc hin chuyn tn hiu t min tn s sang min thi gian bn phi my
pht v k thut DFT lm cng vic ngc li chuyn tn hiu t min thi gian
sang min tn s bn my thu. Trn thc t th k thut FFT/IFFT l mt thut
ton c s dng thay cho php bin i DFT/IDFT v n nhanh v gn hn
bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi thc hin php bin i DFT/IDFT.
Trang 23
2.3.4.1 Php bin i DFT

DFT l php bin i Fourier ri rc (Discrete Fourier Transform), thc hin
chuyn i tn hiu x(n) trong min thi gian sang tn hiu min tn s X(k). Php
bin i IDFT l qu trnh ngc li, thc hin chuyn i ph ca tn hiu X(k)
thnh tn hiu x(n) trong min thi gian.
Gi s x(n) c chiu di l N (n=0, 1, 2, , N-1). Cng thc ca php bin
i DFT l:
X (k )
N 1
x(n)W N
nk
, k 0,1,...,N 1
(2.4)
n 0
Trong , WN c xc nh l WN e
2
N
(2.5)
nk
Do vy, WN c gi tr l:
W Nnk
2kn
N
(2.6)
Cng thc bin i ca IDFT l:
x(n)
1
N
N 1
X (k )WNnk
, n 0,1,...,N 1
(2.7)
k 0
Php bin i DFT t cng thc (2.4) bao gm:

2
- N php nhn phc.
- N(N-1) php cng phc.

Trong s phc tp ca php bin i DFT ch yu l thc hin qu nhiu
php nhn phc. V vy mun gim s phc tp ny cn phi tp trung vo vic
gim s php nhn phc. V php bin i nhanh FFT c thc hin thay th
cho php bin i DFT khi s im ca FFT l bi ca 2. Khi tnh bng php bin
i FFT th s php nhn phc ch cn l
thut ton FFT nhanh hn thut ton DFT
N
log 2 N . V vy s php ton ca
2
2N
.
log 2 N
Trang 24
2.3.4.2 K thut IFFT trong OFDM
S b iu ch OFDM s dng b iu ch IFFT
Hnh 2.6:
Tn hiu sau b gii iu ch OFDM khi chuyn i tng t thnh s, vi f S

l rng ca mi sng mang, lung tn hiu trn c ly mu vi chu k ly
mu:
ta
T
1
1
S
B N FFT f S N FFT
(2.8)
Trong B l ton b b rng ca bng tn ca h thng. ti thi im ly

mu t=kT+lta,, S(t-kT) =S0, do vy (2.8) vit li :
mk' (kTS
lta ) s0
S0
Do S kTS 2f S k
dk ,ne jns (kTS lta )
n L
dk ,n.e jns kTS .e jnS lta
(2.9)
n L
1
jn kT
2k , kt qu e S S 1
fS
Tng t nh vy c th khai trin e
jnS lta
jn2f S
1
f S N FFT
j 2
nl
N FFT
, phng
trnh (2.9) c vit li:
mk' (kTS lta ) s0
d k ,n e
n L
j 2
nl
N FFT
(2.10)
Trang 25
Php biu din tn hiu OFDM phng trnh (2.10) c dng trng vi php
bin i IDFT phng trnh (2.7). Do vy b iu ch OFDM c th thc hin
mt cch d dng bng php bin i IDFT. Trong trng hp N FFT l bi ca 2,
php bin i IDFT c thay th bng php bin i nhanh IFFT.
S iu ch OFDM s dng thut ton IFFT c th hin nh hnh 2.6.
Hnh 2.7:
Ph ca tn hiu OFDM
2.3.5 Php nhn vi xung c bn

Trong bt k h thng truyn dn v tuyn no, tn hiu trc khi c truyn
i u nhn vi xung c bn. Mc ch ca php nhn ny l gii hn ph ca tn
hiu pht sao cho ph hp vi b rng ca knh truyn. Trong trng hp b rng
ca ph ca tn hiu pht ln hn b rng ca knh truyn cho php th tn hiu
pht ny s gy ra nhiu xuyn knh i vi cc h thng khc. Trong h thng
'
OFDM, tn hiu trc khi pht i c nhn vi xung c bn l S (t ) . Xung c
bn c b rng ng bng b rng ca mt mu tn hiu OFDM. Sau khi chn

chui bo v th xung c bn k hiu l s(t) c rng l TS + TG. Dng xung c
bn n gin nht l xung vung m t nh hnh 2.8.
Hnh 2.8: Xung c s

Trang 26
2.4 Tin t lp CP (Cyclic Prefix)

Tin t lp CP l mt k thut x l tn hiu trong OFDM nhm hn ch n
mc thp nht nh hng ca nhiu xuyn knh v nhiu xuyn k t n tn hiu
OFDM, m bo yu cu v tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph. thc hin
k thut ny, trong qu trnh x l tn hiu, tn hiu OFDM c lp li c chu k
v phn lp li pha trc mi k t OFDM c s dng nh l mt khong
thi gian bo v gia cc k t pht k nhau.
Gi thit mt mu tn hiu OFDM c di TS. Chui bo v l mt chui tn
hiu c di TG c sao chp t pha sau ln phn pha trc ca mu tn hiu
nh hnh 2.9. Vy sau khi chn thm khong bo v, thi gian truyn mt k t Ts
lc ny bao gm thi gian khong bo v Tg v thi gian truyn thng tin c ch.
Thi gian ca tn hiu c ch cng chnh l khong thi gian b IFFT/FFT pht i
mt k t.
Ta c
Ts = Tg + TFFT
(2.11)
Hnh 2.9: Tin t lp CP trong OFDM

Chiu di ca di bo v b hn ch nhm m bo hiu sut s dng di tn.
Tuy nhin, n phi bng hoc ln hn gi tr tri tr cc i nhm duy tr tnh trc
giao gia cc sng mang ph v loi b c cc xuyn nhiu ICI, ISI. y, gi
Trang 27
tr tri tr cc i l mt thng s xut hin khi tn hiu truyn trong khng gian
chu nh hng ca hin tng a ng. Gi tr tri tr cc i c xc nh l
khong thi gian chnh lch ln nht gia thi im tn hiu thu qua ng trc
tip v thi im tn hiu thu c qua ng phn x. V tn chui bo v CP
khng mang thng tin c ch nn pha thu, chui bo v ny s c loi b
trc khi gi n b gii iu ch OFDM.
Ngoi khi nim tin t lp CP cn c khi nim hu t lp cyclic postfix.
Hu t cng tng t nh tin t, mt khong bt u ca tn hiu ly IFFT c
sao chp v a ra pha sau ca tn hiu. Thm vo hu t cng c th chng c
nhiu ISI v ICI nhng thng ch cn s dng tin t l c v khi s dng
thm hu t s lm gim hiu sut bng thng. Nu ch s dng tin t lp th
chiu di ca n phi ln hn tri tr ln nht. Cn nu s dng c tin t v hu
t lp th tng chiu di ca chng phi ln hn tri tr ln nht ca knh
truyn.
2.5 Nguyn l gii iu ch OFDM
2.5.1 Truyn dn phn tp a ng
Knh truyn dn phn tp a ng, v mt ton hc c biu hin qua p
ng xung h(,t) v hm truyn t H ( j, t ) . i vi p ng xung h(,t), bin l
tr truyn dn ca knh, tr truyn dn l khong thi gian tn hiu i t my pht
n my thu. Bin i Fourier ca p ng xung i vi bin cho ta hm truyn
t ca knh
j
H ( j , t ) h( , t )e
d
(2.12)
Gi s khng c nhiu AWGN, mi lin h gia tn hiu thu u(t), tn hiu pht
m(t) v p ng xung c m t nh hnh 2.10:
m(t)
h(,t)
u(t)
H(j,t)
Hnh 2.10: M hnh knh truyn
Trang 28
Trong min thi gian, tn hiu thu l tch chp ca tn hiu pht v p ng
xung ca knh:
u(t) = m(t) * h( , t )
maz
h( , t )m(t )d
(2.13)
2.5.2 Nguyn tc gii iu ch

2.5.2.1 S
S cu trc b gii iu ch OFDM c m t nh hnh 2.11. Tn hiu
a vo b gii iu ch l u(t). Vi tn hiu pht m(t) phng trnh (2.1). Cc
bc thc hin b gii iu ch c chc nng ngc li so vi cc chc nng
thc hin b iu ch. Cc bc bao gm:
- Tch khong bo v mi mu tn hiu thu.
jn t
- Nhn vi hm s phc e n dch bng tn ca tn hiu mi sng
mang v bng tn gc nh trc khi iu ch.

- Gii iu ch cc sng mang ph.
- Chuyn i mu tn hiu phc thnh dng d liu bit.
- Chuyn i bit song song thnh dng bit ni tip.
Hnh 2.11: B thu tn hiu OFDM

Trang 29
2.5.2.2 Tch khong bo v

Tn hiu u(t) c tch cc khong bo v nm phn u ca mi k t
'
OFDM v to thnh tn hiu u (t ) .
Hnh 2.12: Tch chui bo v

Sau khi tch chui bo v khi lung tn hiu u(t), lung tn hiu nhn c s
l:
u ' (kTs t ) u(kT t ) nu 0 t Ts , k
(2.14)
2.5.2.3 Thc hin gii iu ch bng thut ton FFT

Gi thit mt mu tin OFDM TS c chia thnh NFFT mu tn hiu, tn hiu
c ly mu vi chu k ly mu l ta.
Khi rng mt mu l :
ta =
Ts
N FFT
(2.15)
Sau khi ly mu, tn hiu nhn c s tr thnh lung tn hiu s:

u(t) => uk(kTs + nta) ,
n=0,1,2,....,NFFT 1
(2.16)
Mu tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch d k ,l c biu din di dng s:

^
d k ,l
ta
=
TS
N FFT 1
uk' (kTS
n 0
nta )e jl S ( kTS nta )
(2.17)
Tch s biu din thnh phn m thnh tch hai thnh phn, biu thc (2.17)
c vit li di dng:
d k ,l
ta
TS
N FFT 1
n 0
Vi S 2
uk' (kTS nta )e jl S kTS e jl S nta
(2.18)
jl kT
1
S S e jlk 2 1
, th e
T
Mt khc, S t a 2
d k ,l
Trang 30
1
2
ta
nn (2.18) c vit li:
TS
N FFT
N FFT 1
uk' (kTS
N FFT n 0
nta )e j 2n / N FFT
( 2.19)
Biu thc trn chnh l php biu din DFT vi chiu di NFFT. Nh c s pht
trin ca k thut s, php thc hin DFT s c thc hin d dng. V c bit
l khi NFFT l bi s ca 2, php thc hin DFT c thay th bng php bin i
nhanh FFT.
S ca b gii iu ch OFDM thc hin bng php bin i nhanh FFT
c trnh by nh hnh 2.13
Hnh 2.13: S khi gii iu ch OFDM s dng thut ton FFT

2.6 c tnh knh truyn v tuyn trong h thng OFDM
2.6.1 S suy gim tn hiu
Hnh 2.14: nh hng ca mi trng v tuyn

Trang 31
S suy gim tn hiu l s suy hao mc cng sut tn hiu trong qu trnh
truyn t im ny n im khc. iu ny c th l do ng truyn di, do cc
ta nh cao tng v hiu ng a ng. Hnh 2.14 cho thy mt s nguyn nhn
lm suy gim tn hiu. Bt k mt vt cn no trn ng truyn u cng c th
lm suy gim tn hiu.
2.6.2 Hiu ng a ng
Rayleigh fading
Hnh 2.15: Tn hiu a ng

Trong ng truyn v tuyn, tn hiu cao tn t my pht c th b phn x
t cc vt cn nh i, nh ca, xe csinh ra nhiu ng tn hiu n my thu,
dn n lch pha gia cc tn hiu n my thu lm cho bin tn hiu thu b suy
gim. Hnh 2.15 ch ra mt s trng hp m tn hiu a ng c th xy ra.
Hnh 2.16: Fading Rayleigh khi thit b di ng di chuyn

Mi quan h v pha gia cc tn hiu phn x c th l nguyn nhn gy ra
nhiu c cu trc hay khng c cu trc. iu ny c tnh trn cc khong cch
rt ngn v thng thng l mt na khong cch sng mang, v vy y gi l
Trang 32
fading nhanh. Mc thay i ca tn hiu c th thay i trong khong t 10-30dB

trn mt khong cch ngn. Hnh 2.16 m t cc mc suy gim khc nhau c th
xy ra do fading.
Phn b Rayleigh c s dng m t thi gian thng k ca cng sut tn
hiu thu. N m t xc sut ca mc tn hiu thu c do fading. Bng 2.1 ch ra
xc sut ca mc tn hiu i vi phn b Rayleigh.
Bng 2.1 S phn b tch lu i vi phn b Rayleigh
Mc tn hiu
Xc sut ca mc tn hiu
(dB)
nh hn gi tr cho php (%)
10
99
50
-10
-20
0.5
-30
0.05
Fading la chn tn s
Trong bt k ng truyn v tuyn no, p ng ph khng bng phng do
c sng phn x n u vo my thu. S phn x c th dn n hin tng a
ng v lm suy gim cng sut tn hiu. Ton b tn hiu c th b mt trn
ng truyn bng hp nu khng c p ng tn s xy ra trn knh truyn. C
th khc phc bng hai cch :
- Truyn tn hiu bng rng hoc s dng phng php tri ph nh CDMA
nhm gim bt suy hao.
- Phn ton b bng tn thnh nhiu knh bng hp, mi knh c mt sng
mang, mi sng mang ny trc giao vi cc sng mang khc (tn hiu OFDM).
Tn hiu ban u c tri trn bng thng rng, khng c ph xy ra ti tt c tn
s sng mang. Kt qu l ch c mt vi tn s sng mang b mt. Thng tin trong
Trang 33
cc sng mang b mt c th khi phc bng cch s dng cc k thut sa li

thun FEC .
Tri tr
Tn hiu v tuyn thu c t my pht bao gm tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu
phn x t cc vt cn nh cc ta nh, i niTn hiu phn x n my thu
chm hn so vi tn hiu trc tip do chiu di truyn ln hn. Tri tr l thi gian
tr gia tn hiu i thng v tn hiu phn x cui cng n u vo my thu.
Hnh 2.17: Tri tr a ng

Trong h thng s, tri tr c th dn n nhiu lin k t ISI. iu ny do tn
hiu a ng b tr chng ln vi k hiu theo sau, v n c th gy ra li
nghim trng cc h thng tc bit cao, c bit l khi s dng ghp knh
phn chia theo thi gian TDMA.
Hnh 2.17 cho thy nh hng ca tri tr gy ra nhiu lin k t. Khi tc
bit truyn i tng ln th mt lng nhiu ISI cng tng ln mt cch ng k. nh
hng th hin r rng nht khi tri tr ln hn khong 50% chu k bit.
Bng 2.2 a ra cc gi tr tri tr thng dng i vi cc mi trng khc
nhau. Tri tr ln nht mi trng bn ngoi xp x l 20s, do nhiu lin k
t c th xy ra ng k tc thp nht l 25Kbps.
Bng 2.2
Cc gi tr tri tr thng dng
Mi trng
Tri tr
Chnh lch qung ng i ln nht ca tn hiu
Trong nh
40ns-200ns
12m-60m
Bn ngoi
1s-20s
300m-6km
Trang 34
Nhiu ISI c th c ti thiu ha bng nhiu cch:

- Gim tc k t bng cch gim tc d liu cho mi knh nh chia
bng thng ra nhiu bng con nh hn s dng FDM hay OFDM.
- S dng k thut m ha gim nhiu ISI nh trong CDMA.
2.6.3 Dch tn Doppler
Khi ngun tn hiu bn pht v bn thu chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, tn
s tn hiu thu khng ging bn pha pht. Khi chng di chuyn li gn nhau th
tn s nhn c ln hn tn s tn hiu pht, v ngc li khi chng di chuyn ra
xa nhau th tn s tn hiu thu c l gim xung. y gi l hiu ng Doppler.
Khong tn s thay i do hiu ng Doppler ty thuc vo mi quan h
chuyn ng gia ngun pht v ngun thu v c tc truyn sng. dch
Doppler c th c tnh theo cng thc:
f f o
(2.20)
Trong f l khong thay i tn s ca tn s tn hiu ti my thu.
l tc thay i khc nhau gia tn s tn hiu v my pht.

f o l tn s tn hiu, c l tc nh sng.
2.6.4 Nhiu AWGN

Nhiu AWGN tn ti trong tt c cc h thng truyn dn. Cc ngun nhiu
ch yu l nhiu nn nhit, nhiu in t cc b khuch i bn thu, v nhiu lin
. Cc loi nhiu ny c th gy ra nhiu lin k t ISI, nhiu lin sng mang ICI.
Nhiu ny lm gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR, gim hiu qu s dng ph ca
h thng. V thc t l ty thuc vo tng loi ng dng, mc nhiu v hiu qu
ph ca h thng phi c la chn.
Hu ht cc loi nhiu trong cc h thng c th c m phng mt cch
chnh xc bng nhiu trng cng. Hay ni cch khc tp m trng Gaussian l loi
nhiu ph bin nht trong h thng truyn dn. Loi nhiu ny c mt ph cng
sut l ng u trong c bng thng v bin tun theo phn b hm Gaussian.
Trang 35
Theo phng thc tc ng th nhiu Gaussian l nhiu cng. Vy dng knh

truyn ph bin l knh truyn chu tc ng ca nhiu Gaussian trng cng.
Nhiu nhit sinh ra do s chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht ti in, l loi nhiu
tiu biu cho nhiu Gaussian trng cng tc ng n knh truyn dn. c bit,
trong h thng OFDM, khi s sng mang ph l rt ln th hu ht cc thnh phn
nhiu khc cng c th c coi l nhiu Gaussian trng cng tc ng trn tng
knh con, v xt trn tng knh con ring l th c im ca cc loi nhiu ny
tha mn cc iu kin ca nhiu Gaussian trng cng.
2.6.5 Nhiu lin k t ISI
Nhiu ISI v ICI l hai loi nhiu thng gp nht do nh hng ca knh
truyn ngoi nhiu Gaussian trng cng. Nhiu ISI gy ra do tri tr a ng.
gim ISI, cch tt nht l gim tc d liu. Nhng vi nhu cu hin nay l yu
cu tc truyn phi tng nhanh. Do gii php ny l khng th thc hin
c. Phng php gim ISI v c a vo ng dng thc t l chn tin
t lp CP vo mi k t OFDM.
2.6.6 Nhiu lin sng mang ICI
Ngoi nhiu ISI, nhiu ICI cng tc ng khng nh n cht lng tn hiu
thu c, do vic tm hiu n cng rt quan trng nng cao cht lng ca
h thng OFDM.
Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln nhng vn trc giao vi
sng mang khc. iu ny c ngha l ti tn s cc i ca ph mi sng mang
th ph ca cc sng mang khc bng khng. My thu ly mu cc k t d liu
trn cc sng mang ring l ti im cc i v iu ch chng trnh nhiu t cc
sng mang khc. Nhiu gy ra bi cc d liu trn sng mang k cn c xem l
nhiu xuyn knh ICI nh hnh 2.18.
ICI xy ra khi knh a ng thay i trn thi gian k t OFDM. Dch
Doppler trn mi thnh phn a ng gy ra dch tn s trn mi sng mang, kt
qu l mt tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi mt k t OFDM b
nhiu ISI. S lch tn s sng mang ca my pht v my thu cng gy ra nhiu
ICI trong h thng OFDM.
Trang 36
Hnh 2.18: Li dch tn s gy nhiu ICI trong OFDM

2.7 T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR)
PAPR l t s cng sut nh tc thi trn cng sut trung bnh, l mt trong
nhng hn ch c bn ca tn hiu OFDM. T s ny c biu din bi cng
thc ton hc sau:
PAPR
s (t )
max
t [ 0,T ]
mean
t [ 0,T ]
s (t )
(2.25)
Trong s(t) l tn hiu a sng mang, T l chu k ca k t OFDM.

Khi t s ny cao, vic s dng b khuch i cng sut s khng t hiu
sut cao v phi dnh d tr cng sut trnh nhiu phi tuyn. Nh vy, gim
PAPR l yu cu quan trng ca h thng s dng OFDM. Hnh 2.19 th hin khi
xut cc sng mang ng pha vi nhau s to nn nh ln do s gy ra t s
PAPR ln rt nhiu.
Trang 37
Hnh 2.19: S xut hin nh cao ca sng mang

H thng iu ch pha M mc (M-PSK): do cc k t trong khng gian tn
hiu ch khc nhau v pha trong khi ln bng nhau nn PAPR=1. Nu t s
PAPR qu ln s to ra nhiu bt li nh lm tng phc tp ca b bin i
D/A, A/D v lm gim hiu qu ca b cng sut cao tn. Mt vi k thut
c a ra nhm gim PAPR. Ta c th chia chng ra lm 3 loi nh sau :
Th nht l k thut lm mo tn hiu. Cc k thut ny gim bin nh ch
n gin bng cch lm mo tn hiu OFDM ti xung quanh nh ca tn hiu.
Th hai l cc k thut m ho s dng b m ho sa sai c bit nhm loi
ra nhng symbol OFDM c PAPR cao.
Th ba l nhng k thut da trn vic ngu nhin ho mi symbol OFDM vi
cc chui gi ngu nhin khc nhau v la chn cc chui c t l PAPR nh nht.
2.8 u im v hn ch ca k thut OFDM
2.8.1 u im
Nh tnh trc giao cc sng mang con khng b xuyn nhiu bi cc sng
mang con khc.
Bng cch p dng k thut a sng mang da trn php bin i
FFT/IFFT h thng OFDM t c hiu qu khng phi bng vic lc di
thng m bng cng vic x l bng gc.
Thc hin vic chuyn i chui d liu t ni tip sang song song nn
thi gian symbol tng ln do s phn tn theo thi gian gy bi tri tr
do truyn dn a ng gim xung.
Trang 38
Ti u hiu qu ph tn do cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang con.

Hn ch c nh hng ca fading bng cch chia knh fading chn lc
tn s thnh cc knh con phng tng ng vi cc tn s sng mang
OFDM khc nhau.
H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI nu
di chui bo v ln hn tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh.
Ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng, do nh hng ca
s phn tp v tn s i vi cht lng ca h thng c gim nhiu so
vi h thng truyn dn n sng mang.
Cu trc b thu n gin
2.8.2 Nhc im
ng bao bin ca tn hiu pht khng bng phng, gy mo phi tuyn
cc b khuch i cng sut my pht v my thu.
S dng chui bo v gy gim mt phn hiu sut s dng ng truyn,
do bn thn chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch.
Nhy vi offset tn s
-
Ch cn mt sai lch nh cng c th lm mt tnh trc giao ca cc

sng mang ph. V vy OFDM rt nhy vi hiu ng dch tn Dopler.
Cc sng mang ph ch tht s trc giao khi my pht v my thu s

dng cng tp tn s. V vy, my thu phi c lng v hiu chnh
offset tn s sng mang ca tn hiu thu c.
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR l ln v tn hiu

OFDM l tng ca N thnh phn c iu ch bi cc tn s khc nhau.
Khi cc thnh phn ny ng pha, chng to ra ng ra mt tn hiu c
bin rt ln. Ngc li, khi chng ngc pha, chng li trit tiu nhau
lm ng ra bng 0. Chnh v vy, PAPR trong h thng OFDM l rt ln.
Do yu cu sng mang con phi trc giao, h thng OFDM rt nhy cm vi
hiu ng Doppler cng nh s dch tn v dch thi gian do sai s ng b.
Trang 39
Chng 3
K THUT OFDM TRONG WIMAX

3.1 Gii thiu chng
K thut OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) l
mt phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao, vn a truy nhp
c thc hin bng cch cung cp cho mi ngi dng mt phn trong s cc
sng mang c sn.
K thut OFDMA l mt cng ngh a sng mang pht trin trn nn k thut
OFDM kt hp vi phng thc a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA.
Trong h thng OFDMA, mt s sng mang con, khng nht thit l phi nm k
nhau c gp li thnh mt knh con v cc user khi truy cp vo ti nguyn s
c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con truyn nhn ty theo yu cu lu lng
c th.
3.2 c im
K thut OFDMA c mt s u im nh l tng kh nng linh hot, thng
lng v tnh n nh c ci thin. Vic n nh cc knh con cho cc thu bao
c th, vic truyn nhn t mt s thu bao c th xy ra ng thi m khng cn
s can thip no, do s gim nhng tc ng nh nhiu a truy nhp.
K thut OFDMA cho php nhiu ngi dng truy nhp cc sng mang con
cng mt lc. mi n v thi gian, tt c cc ngi dng c th c truy
nhp. Vic n nh cc sng mang con cho mt ngi dng c th thay i mi
n v thi gian.
Hnh 3.1:
ODFM v OFDMA
Trang 40
Khi cp sng mang cho cc user, k thut OFDMA to ra mt dy c bn cc

sng mang ri thc hin dch vng dy khi cp cho cc user khc nhau.
Trong hnh 3.2 m t mt v d v bng tn s thi gian ca OFDMA, trong v
d ny ta c 7 ngi dng t a n g v mi ngi s dng mt phn xc nh ca
cc sng mang ph c sn, khc vi nhng ngi cn li.
F a
t
Hnh 3.2:
V d ca biu tn s, thi gian vi OFDMA.
Trong v d ny l s hn hp ca OFDMA v TDMA bi v mi ngi s

dng ch pht mt trong 4 khe thi gian, cha 1 hoc vi symbol OFDM. 7
ngi s dng t a n g u c t c nh cho cc sng mang theo bn khe
thi gian.
Cu trc k hiu OFDMA bao gm 3 kiu sng mang con nh c ch ra
trong hnh 3.3:
Hnh 3.3:
Cu trc sng mang con
Trang 41
Sng mang con s liu cho truyn dn s liu.

Sng mang con dn ng cho mc ch c lng v ng b ho.
Sng mang con Null khng truyn dn, c s dng cho phn bng
thng an ton v ti mang DC.
Sng mang con bo v c s dng chn khong trng gia cc k t
OFDMA.
Hnh 3.4:
K hiu OFDMA trong WiMAX
3.3 H thng OFDMA

iu ch
bng tn gc
Chn k t
dn ng
IFFT
DAC
Chn GI
Knh
truyn
Gii iu ch
bng tn gc
Cn bng
knh
IFFT
Tch GI
Tch k t
dn ng
Khi phc
knh truyn
Hnh 3.5:
Tng quan h thng s dng OFDMA
ADC
Trang 42
Ngun tn hiu c iu ch bng tn c s thng qua cc phng php

iu ch nh QPSK, M-QAM Tn hiu dn ng c chn vo ngun tn
hiu, sau c iu ch thnh tn hiu OFDM thng qua bin i IFFT v chn
chui bo v GI. Lung tn hiu s c chuyn thnh tn hiu tng t trc khi
truyn trn knh v tuyn bng anten pht. Tn hiu ny s b nh hng bi
fading v nhiu trng AWGN.
Tn hiu dn ng l mu tn hiu c bit trc pha pht v pha thu,
c pht km vi tn hiu c ch nhm khi phc knh truyn v ng b h
thng.
Hnh 3.6:
Mu tn hiu dn ng trong OFDMA
Pha my thu s thc hin ngc li so vi my pht. khi phc tn hiu

pht th hm truyn phi c khi phc nh vo mu tin dn ng i km. Tn
hiu nhn c sau khi gii iu ch OFDM c chia lm hai lung tn hiu.
Lung th nht l tn hiu c ch c a n b cn bng knh. Lung th hai
l mu tin dn ng c a vo b khi phc knh truyn, sau li c a
n b cn bng knh khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
3.3.1 Chn chui dn ng min tn s v min thi gian
Mu tin dn ng c th c chn cng vi mu tin c ch c min tn s
v min thi gian nh trn hnh. Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai mu tn hiu dn
ng lin tip nhau tun theo quy lut ly mu c min tn s v min thi
gian. min tn s, s bin i knh v tuyn ph thuc thi gian tr truyn dn
ln nht ca knh max. Vi rf l t s ly mu min tn s, fs l khong cch lin
tip gia hai sng mang con, khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng min tn
s Df phi tho mn iu kin sau:
rf
Trang 43
1
D f f S max
(3.1)
T s ly mu ti thiu min tn s rf phi l 1. T s ny c th ln hn 1,

khi , s mu tin dn ng nhiu hn mc cn thit v knh truyn c ly
mu vt mc. Trong trng hp khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng khng
tha mn iu kin ly mu nh trn, rf <1, th knh truyn khng th c khi
phc hon ton thng qua mu tin dn ng.
Tng t nh min tn s, khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng lin tip
trong min thi gian Dt cng phi tha mn iu kin ly mu tng ng. S bin
i ca hm truyn v tuyn min thi gian ph thuc vo tn s Doppler. Theo
tiu chun ly mu th khong cch Dt phi tho mn iu kin:
rf
1
1
2 f D max Dt (TS TS )
(3.2)
T s rt c gi l t s ly mu min thi gian. Trong trng hp iu kin

trn khng tho mn th hm truyn knh v tuyn cng khng th khi phc hon
ton my thu.
3.3.2 iu ch thch nghi
iu ch thch nghi cho php h thng iu chnh nguyn l iu ch tn hiu
theo t l tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ca ng truyn v tuyn. Khi ng truyn
v tuyn c cht lng cao, nguyn l iu ch cao nht c s dng lm tng
thm dung lng h thng. Trong qu trnh suy gim tn hiu, h thng WiMAX
c th chuyn sang mt nguyn l iu ch thp hn duy tr cht lng v s
n nh ca ng truyn. c im ny cho php h thng khc phc hiu ng
fading la chn thi gian. c im quan trng ca iu ch thch nghi l kh
nng tng di s dng ca nguyn l iu ch mc cao hn, do h thng
c tnh mm do i vi tnh trng fading thc t.
Hnh 3.7:
Trang 44
iu ch thch nghi
K thut iu ch v m ho thch nghi l mt trong nhng u vit ca OFDM

v n cho php ti u ho mc iu ch trn mi knh con da trn t l tn hiu
trn nhiu SNR v cht lng knh truyn dn.
3.4 iu khin cng sut
Thng thng, vi h thng thng tin di ng, iu khin cng sut bao gm
iu khin cng sut vng h v iu khin cng sut vng kn nhm thay i
cng sut pht ca MS tng ng vi khong cch vi BTS.
iu khin cng sut vng h: BTS o cng trng ti im thu, tnh ra
c li, tnh ra cng sut pht ph hp.
iu khin cng sut vng kn: MS o cng trng, gi ln BSC, BSC s
tnh ton cho MS tng hay gim cng sut cho ph hp
Trong WiMAX dng iu khin cng sut vng kn, cc thut ton iu khin
cng sut c s dng ci tin hiu sut tng th ca h thng, n c thc
hin nh trm gc gi thng tin iu khin cng sut ti tng CPE n nh
mc cng sut pht sao cho mc thu c ti trm gc lun mc nh trc.
Trong mt mi trng fading thay i khng ngng, mc hiu sut nh trc
ny c ngha l CPE ch truyn cng sut theo yu cu, ngc li mc cng
sut pht ca CPE s khng ph hp. Cng sut pht s lm gim nng lng tiu
th tng ca CPE v nhiu tim n t cc trm gc ln cn. Vi ng truyn
LOS, cng sut pht ca CPE xp x t l vi khong cch ca n ti trm gc, vi
ng truyn NLOS n ph thuc rt nhiu vo khong trng v chng ngi vt.
Trang 45
Chng 4
BO MT TRONG WIMAX
4.1 Nhng m hnh tn cng trong h thng v tuyn
4.1.1 Tn cng b ng
Tn cng b ng hay nghe ln c th c xem l mt phng php tn cng
n gin nht nhng vn rt hiu qu. Tn cng b ng khng li mt du vt
no chng t c s hin din ca vic truy nhp vo trong mng v khi tn cng
attacker khng gi bt k gi tin no m ch lng nghe hoc ly mi d liu lu
thng trn mng.
Hnh 4.1:
M hnh tn cng b ng
C nhiu ng dng c kh nng thu thp c mt m t nhng a ch HTTP,

email, instant message, FTP session, telnet. Nhng kiu kt ni trn u truyn mt
m theo dng khng m ha. Nhiu ng dng c th bt c c mt m c
m ha bng nhiu thut ton truyn trn on mng khng dy gia my khch
hng v my ch lc my khch hng ng nhp vo h thng. Bt k thng tin no
truyn trn on mng khng dy theo kiu ny u rt d b tn cng bi attacker.
Tc hi l khng th lng trc c nu nh attacker c th ng nhp vo mng
bng thng tin ca mt ngi dng no v c tnh gy ra nhng thit hi cho
mng.
Nhng mc ch khi mt attacker qut b ng:
Chng 4: Bo mt trong WiMAX
Trang 46
- D tm SSID: Thng thng bng cch qut b ng cc attacker c th tm ra

c SSID ca mng.
- Thu thp a ch MAC: Cc attacker thu thp cc a ch MAC hp l s
dng trong cc khung gi mo c dng ln sau ny. C 2 l do ti sao attacker
mun thu thp a ch MAC ca cc my khch hng v AP trong mng. Mt l
attacker mun s dng nhng gi tr ny trong cc khung gi mo my ca
attacker khng b ngi iu hnh mng nhn ra. Th hai l cc AP c chc nng
lc cc a ch MAC cha c ng k th khng cho truy cp vo mng, attacker
s gi mo a ch MAC truy cp hp php.
- Thu thp cc khung crack WEP: mc ch ca cc attacker l tm ra kha
WEP. Thng thng kha ny c th on ra c da vo mt lng ln cc h
thng cng cng m cc qun tr mng cu hnh v thng s dng. Mt vi
phn mm cho php my khch hng lu tr kha WEP trong khung ng k ca h
thng. Trong thc t cc attacker khng thnh cng trong vic ly cp mt m
bng cch ny m cc attacker s dng cc phng php mt cch c h thng
trong vic crack WEP. thc hin mc ch ny mt s lng khung rt ln, c
th c hng triu khung cn c thu thp crack WEP bi v l cch WEP
hot ng.
4.1.2 Tn cng ch ng
Attacker c th tn cng ch ng thc hin mt s tc v trn mng. Mt
cuc tn cng ch ng c th c s dng truy cp vo my ch v ly c
nhng d liu c gi tr hay s dng ng kt ni internet ca doanh nghip
thc hin nhng mc ch ph hoi hay thm ch l thay i cu hnh ca h tng
mng. Bng cch kt ni vi mng khng dy thng qua AP, attacker c th xm
nhp su hn vo mng hoc c th thay i cu hnh ca mng. V d, mt attacker
c th sa i thm a ch MAC ca attacker vo danh sch cho php lc a ch
MAC trn AP hay v hiu ha tnh nng lc MAC gip cho vic t nhp sau ny
d dng hn. Ngi iu hnh mng thm ch khng bit c thay i ny trong
mt thi gian di nu nh khng kim tra thng xuyn.
Trang 47
Mt khi attacker c c kt ni khng dy vo mng ca bn, v c th

truy cp vo my ch, s dng kt ni mng WAN, mng internet hay truy cp n
laptop, desktop ca ngi dng. Cng vi mt s cng c n gin, attacker c th
d dng thu thp c nhng thng tin quan trng, gi mo ngi dng hay thm
ch gy thit hi cho mng bng cch cu hnh sai.
tm my ch bng cch qut
cng, to ra phin lm vic rng chia s hay crack mt m, sau ng nhp vo

my ch bng ti khon crack c.
4.1.3 Tn cng Man-in-the-Middle
Tn cng theo kiu Man-in-the-middle l trng hp trong attacker s dng
mt AP nh cp cc nt mng di ng bng cch gi tn hiu cao tn mnh hn
AP thc n cc nt mng . Cc nt mng di ng nhn thy c AP pht tn hiu
cao tn tt hn nn s kt ni n AP gi mo ny, v truyn d liu c th l nhng
d liu nhy cm n AP gi mo lc attacker c ton quyn x l. n gin l
k ng vai tr l mt AP gi mo ng gia tt c cc my khch hng v AP thc
s, thm ch cc my khch hng v AP thc khng nhn thy s hin din ca AP
gi mo ny.
lm cho my khch hng kt ni li n AP gi mo th cng sut pht ca
AP gi mo phi cao hn nhiu so vi AP thc trong vng ph sng ca n. Vic
kt ni li vi AP gi mo c xem nh l mt phn ca roaming nn ngi dng
s khng h bit c. Vic a ngun nhiu ton knh vo vng ph sng ca AP
thc s buc my khch hng phi roaming.
Attacker mun tn cng theo kiu Man-in-the-middle ny trc tin phi bit
c gi tr SSID l cc my khch hng ang s dng, gi tr ny rt d dng c
c bng cch s dng cc cng c qut mng. Sau , attacker phi bit c gi
tr mt m ca WEP nu mng c s dng WEP. Kt ni lung tn hiu hng ln
vi mng trc c dy t AP gi mo c iu khin thng qua mt thit b ca
my khch hng nh PC card hay Workgroup Bridge.
Hnh 4.2:
Trang 48
M hnh tn cng man-in-the middle
im ct yu trong kiu tn cng ny l ngi dng khng th nhn bit c.

V th, s lng thng tin m attacker c th thu c ch ph thuc vo thi gian
m attacker c th duy tr trng thi xm nhp ny trc khi b pht hin. Bo mt
lp vt l l phng php tt nht chng li kiu tn cng ny.
4.1.4 Tn cng t chi cc dch v DoS
DoS l mt k thut c s dng ch n gin lm sp mng khng dy ca
bn. Tng t nh nhng k ph hoi s dng tn cng DoS vo mt trang web ch
lm nghn mng ca my ch th mng khng dy cng c th b sp bng cch
gy nghn tn hiu cao tn. Nhng tn hiu gy nghn ny c th l c hay v v
c th loi b c hay khng loi b c. Khi mt attacker ch ng tn cng
DoS, attacker c th s dng mt thit b c bit, thit b ny l b pht tn hiu
cao tn cng sut cao hay thit b chuyn dng khc.
Hnh 4.3:
M hnh tn cng DoS
loi b kiu tn cng ny th yu cu u tin l phi xc nh c ngun

tn hiu cao tn. Vic ny c th lm bng cch s dng mt my phn tch ph.
Trang 49
Mt cch khc l dng cc ng dng my phn tch ph v phn mm km theo cc

sn phm khng dy cho my khch hng.
DoS do v xut hin thng xuyn do nhiu thit b khc nhau chia s chung
bng tn 2.4 ISM vi mng khng dy. Tn cng DoS mt cch ch ng thng
khng ph bin lm, l do l thc hin c DoS th rt tn km, gi ca thit b
rt t tin m kt qu t c ch l tm thi sp mng trong thi gian ngn.
4.1.5 Tn cng mng Ad-hoc
Mt mng ad-hoc, hay MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) l mt mng ch bao
gm cc nt mng, khng c im truy nhp. Cc bn tin c thay i v tip sng
gia cc nt mng. Thc t, mt mng ad-hoc c th giao tip gia 2 nt mng
khng trong min lin kt trc tip vi nhau. Gi tin c vn chuyn gia 2 nt
mng qua nt mng trung gian, s dng thut ton nh tuyn. Do , mt MANET
c th tri ph trong mt khong cch rng, n kt ni mt chui cc ng lin kt
gia cc nt mng (gi l nh tuyn trong kin trc).
Nhng kiu tn cng ny mc ch thay i giao thc nh tuyn lu lung
c th trn qua mt nt mng c th no c iu khin bi mt attacker. Mt
cuc tn cng mc ch ngn cn thng tin t mng, lm cho nt mng ph hp
nh tuyn sai v lm cho giao thc mng ri lon trong mt din rng.
Hnh 4.4:
Mng ad-hoc
4.1.6 Gi mo Wireless
Mt khi nhng my khch hng, thit b hoc ngi s dng no b ngn cm
truy cp vo mng Wireless, th vn gi mo l mt trong cc cch tn cng hu
hiu trong mng Wireless. Mc ch ca vic ny l c th gia nhp vo mng v
Trang 50
sau s dng nhng cng c d tm v ly nhng thng tin chng thc ca ngi
s dng v tr thnh ngi dng hp l truy nhp vo mng m khng b pht
hin (Man-in-the-Middle Attack cng l mt cch ca kiu tn cng ny).
4.1.6.1 Gi mo IP
Gi mo l mt cng ngh nhm vt qua s ngn chn truy cp ca h thng,
attacker c th gi cc thng ip n mt my tnh m di danh ngha l mt host
hp l. y c mt vi s khc nhau trong nhiu cch tn cng theo kiu ny:
Non-Blind Spoofing: Cch ny p dng khi attacker cng mt subnet vi
Victim, nn vic nghe trm cc gi tin trn mng l iu rt n gin. Loi ny cn
c gi l Session Hijacking v mt attacker c th trnh c bt k h thng
chng thc no v thit lp kt ni. iu ny thc hin c bng cch ngt cc
dng d liu ca cc kt ni m c thit lp trc , sau ti thit lp li
da trn nhng gi tin ng vi h thng tn cng.
MITM Attack: Trong cch tn cng ny, attacker s chn nhng giao tip hp
l ca 2 host iu khin d liu gia 2 host, khi attacker s mo danh c 2
host gi d liu cho 2 host ny. Hai host vn trao i d liu vi nhau bnh
thng nhng thc t d liu my A gi cho my B th thng qua attacker,
attacker s ly thng tin t my A v sau s mo danh a ch my A v truyn
n cho B. iu kin thc hin cch tn cng ny l attacker phi t mnh
gia ng lin kt ca 2 host.
DoS: gi mo IP i khi cng c s dng bng tn cng Dos. Khi
attacker s phi tn nhiu thi gian v ti nguyn nh bng thng c th tht
nhiu gi tin n Victim trong mt khong thi gian. Khi attacker s gi mo a
ch IP ngun theo di v tn cng DoS. Khi nhiu host tha hip vi nhau v
ng lot tn cng, th s gi nhng gi tin gi mo, n lm cho lu lng trn
mng nhanh chng b nghn.
4.1.6.2 Gi mo MAC
Mi mt NIC u c mt a ch vt l c gi l a ch MAC. a ch ny
gm c 12 ch s HEX l duy nht. V thng thng trn cc thit b AP c cung
cp mt chc nng lc a ch MAC mc ch nhm ngn chn mt my khch
Trang 51
hng no thng qua a ch MAC. Thng thng nhng my khch hng no

khng nm trong danh sch ny s khng th truy cp vo mng cng nh s dng
nhng ti nguyn c chia s trn mng.
Nhng mt iu lm cho chc nng ny tr nn v dng l a ch MAC
hon ton c th gi mo c. Khi th bt k mt attacker nghip d no cng
c th vt qua chc nng lc a ch MAC v tr thnh mt my khch hng c
a ch hp l. Cho nn vic lc a ch MAC cha to ra c s tin tng cho
vic bo mt nht l nhng h thng mng ln.
Gi mo a ch MAC ngha l mt attacker c gng thay i sang mt gi tr
khc sao cho thng qua a ch MAC mi c th gia nhp mng Wireless v gi
hoc nhn d liu. Mt khi cc attacker c nh tn cng mng theo phng
thc ny th thng lm ri h thng mng, v phi vt qua chnh sch truy cp
ca mng hoc ng vai l mt ngi dng hp l.
4.1.6.3 Gi mo ARP
ARP s nh x t a ch IP sang a ch MAC. Nu mt my khch hng C cn
gi mt gi tin sang my ch S, th my C phi cn bit a ch MAC ca my ch
S nu c hai cng mt subnet, trong c trng hp my S mt subnet khc th
my C vn cn phi bit a ch MAC. xc nh a ch MAC, my khch hng
C s pht mt yu cu ARP n tt c cc my trn h thng mng ni b v hi
rng My no c a ch IP l a.b.c.d?, nu mt my no c a ch IP nh vy s
tr li bng cch gi li a ch MAC cho my C.
Giao thc xc nh a ch ARP l mt giao thc c s dng chuyn i t
a ch IP sang a ch MAC (ngc li RARP l giao thc chuyn t a ch MAC
sang a ch IP). Gi mo ARP l mt trong nhng cch tn cng m hu ht cc
ngi qun tr mt rt nhiu thi gian i ph, v bo v mng t cc cuc tn
cng t bn trong th kh hn t bn ngoi.
Gi mo ARP l mt trong nhng cch thc tn cng gy nhiu kh khn cho
cc qun tr mng nht. Gi mo ARP s t attacker vo v tr c th nghe trm v
bt ly mi lu thng trn mng. C rt nhiu kiu tn cng theo kiu gi mo ARP,
mt trong nhng cch tn cng hiu qu v nguy him nht l tn cng Man-in-theChng 4: Bo mt trong WiMAX
Trang 52
Middle (MITM) m c th d dng thc hin nh vo cc phn mm tinh vi, thm

ch mt attacker c t kin thc trong vic ny cng c th thc hin thnh cng.
4.2 Bo mt trong WiMAX
4.2.1 M hnh tham chiu OSI
Cc lp giao thc trong 802.16 bao gm lp vt l, lp con bo mt, lp con
chung MAC v lp con hi t MAC.
Lp vt l h tr nhiu chc nng nh
tn, nh vng ph, iu khin cng
sutTrong bng 10-66 BS truyn tn hiu TDM trong khi thu bao c nhn c
ch nh khe thi gian trong cc khe ni tip. Truyn dn ng ln t SS s dng
TDMA. Trong bng 2-11GHz c ng k v khng ng k, 3 giao din v tuyn
c ch nh pht trin l WirelessMAN-SC2, WirelessMAN-OFDM v
WirelessMAN-OFDMA. Lp vt l cung cp cc dch v cho lp MAC qua im
truy cp dch v SAP.
Lp con bo mt theo chun 802.16 MAC tp trung cc chc nng bo mt lin
quan n khung lp MAC. Lp con ny bao gm hai giao thc thnh phn:
Giao thc ng gi: Giao thc ny nh ngha tp hp cc b mt m h tr
m ha gi d liu gia BS v SS. B mt m ny cha cc thng tin lin quan n
cp thut ton m ha v chng thc, quy lut p dng thut ton cho ti tin PDU
ca lp MAC.
Giao thc qun l kha: Giao thc ny lin quan n vic qun l v phn
phi kha t BS ti SS. Giao thc c chn s dng l PKM.
Lp con bo mt MAC s dng khi nim security associations (SA). y l
tp cc tham s v thng tin chia s gia BS v SS qun l giao tip gia chng.
Tp cc tham s bao gm m ha lu lng TEK v gi tr vector khi to. Mi SA
trong chun 802.16 c ch nh bi mt s nhn dng security association
(SAID). Mt BS phi chc chn rng mt my khch hng ch truy nhp ti SA m
n c cp php.
Hnh 4.5:
Trang 53
Cc lp giao thc 802.16
Thuc tnh kha thuc mt SA xc nh c BS gn cho mt thi gian sng.

Mt SS xc nh yu cu cc thuc tnh kha mi t BS ca n trc khi kha hin
ti ht hiu lc. Giao thc s dng qun l m kha c gi l giao thc PKM.
Cng nh hu ht cc giao thc khc, WiMAX cng c lp con chung c cc
chc nng ARP, QoS, ng khung d liu...v lp con hi t tng thch vi cc
giao thc lp trn nh ATM, IP, IPX
4.2.2 Giao thc qun l kha PKM c bn trong chun 802.16
Vi tt c cc giao tip mng th vic xc thc cc thit b l ht sc cn thit
m bo kt ni hp php. Trong tiu chun k thut 802.16 quy nh r v qu
trnh xc thc, nhn dng m bo kt ni ti cc thit b hp php. Giao thc
PKM c chc nng qun l v phn phi kha thng qua qu trnh xc thc ny.
Trong phn ny s trnh by v qu trnh thit lp v trao i thng tin s dng giao
thc PKM c bn trong thit k ban u ca chun 802.16 c th thy c cc
vn bo mt m chun 802.16 cn khc phc.
Mt trm thu bao SS phi thc hin mt s thao tc trc khi c th truy nhp
mng gi l qu trnh tip cn v khi to. Cc bc thu bao c th tip cn v
khi to mt kt ni bao gm:
Qut v ng b.
D cc tham s knh ng ln/xung.
Trang 54
m phn v nh vng v nng lc ca SS.

Xc thc, cp quyn v ng k SS.
Kt ni IP.
Thit lp lu lng dch v (ty chn).
Trong qu trnh xc thc, cp quyn v ng k, SS phi c xc thc nh
giao thc PKM v c cp quyn t BS. Mi thit b SS c gn cho mt chng
nhn s X.509. a ch MAC cng c b sung vo trong chng nhn. a ch
MAC trong chun 802.16 thng l 48 bit ging nh trong cc tiu chun 802 khc.
Ch quan trng l trong cc thit b cp modem ca DOCSIS cc chng nhn s
v kha ring c gn cho thit b SS trong qu trnh sn xut. Kha ring phi
c nhng vo phn cng ngi s dng kh c th truy cp v sao chp.
Mt ch khc l tiu chun IEEE 802.16 ch c SS c gn s chng nhn
nhng khng yu cu i vi BS. iu ny c ngha qu trnh xc thc l khng i
xng. BS khng c xc thc bi SS.
Sau khi xc thc v cp quyn xong SS tin hnh thc hin pha ng k. Thit
b SS gi bn tin yu cu ng k ti BS v BS p ng li vi bn tin cho php
ng k cha mt s ID ca kt ni qun l th cp v phin bn IP s dng cho kt
ni qun l th cp . Khi nhn c bn tin cho php ng k t BS tc l SS
c ng k trong mng v c th c php tham gia vo mng.
Lp con trong chun 802.16 MAC cung cp giao thc PKM thc hin qun
l kha v SA gia SS (client) v BS (server). Giao thc PKM c thc hin trong
sut pha truy nhp v khi to mng nh qu trnh nhn thc v cp quyn. Sau y
s xem xt tng quan v lu lng giao thc PKM v cc kiu bn tin trao i gia
SS v BS.
4.2.2.1 C bn v PKM
Trong phn ny s cung cp mt cch tng quan v giao thc PKM c bn hay
cn gi l PKM phin bn th nht. Mt SS xc nh phi qua qu trnh tip cn v
khi to trc khi n c th c truy cp cc dch v ca mng. Qu trnh ny bao
gm mt s bc, mt trong cc bc l BS s dng giao thc PKM xc thc
Trang 55
cho SS. Giao thc ny thuc cc ch tiu k thut ca DOCSIS BPI cho cp modem
trong h thng CableLabs. Cc SS yu cu phi c chng nhn thit b c gn
trong qu trnh sn xut phc v cho vic xc thc v cp quyn nhng BS li
khng yu cu cc chng nhn tng t. Do qu trnh xc thc ch din ra mt
pha. Tn hiu cp quyn thnh cng cho SS l BS gi mt bn tin cha mt kha
AK, kha ny s s dng bo v cho qu trnh phn pht kha TEK t BS cho
SS. C hai kha AK v TEK c qun l bi thit b trng thi ring bit v kha
c s c lm mi mt cch nh k bi mt kha mi sau qu trnh thay i kha.
Giao thc PKM s dng mt SS c th nhn c kha lu lng v c
cp quyn bi BS. PKM cn h tr vic ti xc thc v lm mi kha. Giao thc
PKM s dng chng nhn s X.509 v two-key triple DES bo m an ton cho
kha trao i gia SS v BS theo m hnh client-server. Khi SS l mt my
khch hng yu cu kha trong khi BS l my ch p ng cc yu cu , bo m
my khch hng SS ch nhn mt kha duy nht phc v qu trnh cp quyn.
Trc tin giao thc PKM thit lp mt kha cp quyn AK, y l mt kha i
xng b mt c chia s gia SS v BS. Kha ny c s dng bo m cho
nhng s thay i PKM sau i vi kha TEK.
Thit b BS xc thc mt thit b SS trong sut qu trnh trao i s cp php
ban u. Mi thit b SS c mt s chng nhn thit b X509 xc nh trn phn
cng do nh sn xut gn cho. S chng nhn thit b SS bao gm kha cng cng
RSA v cc thng tin c tnh k thut khc ca thit b, l a ch MAC, s seri
v s ID ca nh sn xut. Vi vic trao i cp php, thit b SS s gi bn copy
ca chng nhn thit b cho thit b BS. Thit b BS phi kim tra c php v thng
tin trong chng nhn ca SS, v c th thc hin kim tra ph chun cho chng
nhn. Nu ph hp, BS s p li SS vi AK c m ha s dng kha cng cng
ca SS (kha ny cha trong bn tin nhn c t SS). Ch SS cha kha ring
thch hp mi c th gii m bn tin v ly kha AK gn cho n c th s dng.
Ch rng cho d chng nhn SS c th c bit bi k tn cng no , ch
thit b SS mi truy nhp c kha ring ph hp nm trong kha cng cng ca
chng nhn. ngn chn thit b v chng nhn ca n khng b v dng, kha
ring phi c gn vi phn cng ca thit b mt cch cht ch. Do hacker s
Trang 56
kh khn hn rt nhiu trong vic gii mt kha ring t thit b so vi vic hacker
s dng phng php crack thit b.
Hnh 4.6:
Cc lung ca giao thc PKM c bn
4.2.2.2 Qu trnh thit lp kha cp quyn AK

Qu trnh thit b SS c cp php v nhn kha AK t thit b BS bao gm
mt vi lung, bt u l thit b SS cung cp ch s nhn dng cho thit b BS qua
lung xc thc. Qu trnh cp quyn c tm lc nh sau:
Lung 1: thit b SS gi bn tin cha thng tin xc thc.
Thit b SS nh mt my khch hng bt u qu trnh yu cu cp quyn bng
cch gi bn tin cha thng tin xc thc ti thit b BS. Bn tin ny l ty chn v
c th b qua bi BS do bn tin k tip yu cu cp quyn s cha nhiu thng tin
ging n. Tuy nhin, bn tin u tin cho php thit b BS nhn bit thit b SS v
cc kh nng ca thit b SS.
Trang 57
Trong bn tin ny cha cc ni dung:

a ch MAC ca SS.
Kha cng cng RSA ca SS.
Chng nhn X.509 ca SS (do nh sn xut gn).
Danh sch m ha h tr bi SS.
Ch s nhn dng ca SA c s (SAID).
Chng nhn CA X.509 ca nh sn xut thit b SS.
Ch rng bn tin ny c th cho php thit b BS ngay lp tc xc nh c
thit b SS c cha SA c s c gi tr hay khng, chng nhn ca thit b SS v ca
nh sn xut c gi tr hay khng (c th l qu hn hoc b thu hi) v nh sn xut
c ng l ngi to ra thit b SS hay khng. M t v tp cc phng php m
ha m thit b SS h tr c ly t danh sch nhn dng b m ha. Mi nhn
dng ch ra mt thut ton m ha gi d liu v xc thc d liu m thit b SS
c h tr.
Lung 2: thit b SS gi bn tin yu cu cp quyn (authorization request).
Ngay sau khi gi bn tin cha thng tin xc thc, thit b SS gi bn tin yu cu
cp quyn n thit b BS yu cu mt tn hiu AK v cc thng s SAID ca bt
k SA tnh no m thit b SS c cp quyn tham gia. Bn tin ny bao gm cc
tham s sau:
S seri thit b ca SS v ch s ID ca nh sn xut.
a ch MAC ca SS.
Kha cng cng RSA ca SS.
Chng nhn X.509 ca SS (do nh sn xut gn).
Danh sch m ha h tr bi SS.
Ch s SAID.
Trang 58
Ch s SAID thuc SA c s ca thit b SS bng vi ch s ID kt ni c s

CID tnh (primary connection ID) m thit b SS ly c t thit b BS trong sut
qu trnh tip cn v khi to mng.
Lung 3: thit b BS gi bn tin phc p cp quyn (authorization reply)
Sau khi nhn mt bn tin yu cu cp quyn t thit b SS, thit b BS xc nh
chng nhn ca thit b SS v kim tra tp cc phng php m ha m thit b SS
h tr. Nu ng v thit b BS cng h tr mt hay nhiu hn cc phng php m
ha ca thit b SS th thit b BS s gi mt bn tin phc p cp quyn ti thit b
SS.
Bn tin ny bao gm cc thng s sau:
Mt kha cp quyn duy nht AK c m ha bi kha cng cng RSA ca
thit b SS.
Mt s th t kha 4-bit s dng phn bit cc kha AK pht sinh lin tc.
Mt gi tr thi gian sng ca kha AK
Nhng ch s SAID v thuc tnh ca SA c s, v c th c hoc khng cc
SA tnh c thm vo cho php thit b SS c cp quyn ly thng tin v
kha. y l trng hp thit b SS ca tt c SA tnh m thit b BS c thng tin v
n kt hp vi thit b SS. Ch s SAID ca SA c s s bng CID c s. V l
do bo mt m khng c SA ng no c th c nhn dng trong bn tin phc
p.
Mt thit b SS xc nh phi lm mi AK thng xuyn m bo tnh bo
mt. Thit b SS s gi li cc bn tin yu cu ti thit b BS. Vic xc thc bt u
li t lung 2 m khng cn phi gi bn tin cha thng tin xc thc do thit b BS
bit v nhn dng c thit b SS v c mt kha AK ang sng. Thit b SS
xc nh v thit b BS phi h tr ng thi hai AK hot ng c th h tr ti
cp quyn nhm trnh dch v b ngt trong qu trnh ti cp quyn, kha AK pht
sinh lin tc phi c thi gian sng chng ln nhau.
Trang 59
4.2.2.3 Pha trao i kha m ha lu lng TEK

Khi nhn c bn tin phc p yu cu cp quyn (cha cc tham s SAID)
t thit b BS cho bit vic cp quyn c chp nhn, thit b SS bt u nhn
TEK t thit b BS. Nh ni trn, bn tin phc p yu cu cp quyn cha
tham s SAID, thuc tnh ca SA c s v c th c hoc khng cc SA tnh c
thm vo cho php thit b SS c cp quyn ly thng tin v kha. Do thit
b SS thc hin khi ng mt thit b ph hp trng thi TEK ring bit cho mi
ch s SAID trong bn tin phc p.
Mi thit b tng ng vn hnh vi thit b SS chu trch nhim qun l thuc
tnh kha ph hp vi SAID tng ng ca n, bao gm vic lm mi kha cho
nhng SAID . lm mi kha cho SAID xc nh, thit b BS gi kha TEK
tng ng cho thit b SS khi SS gi bn tin yu cu kha.
Lung 4: thit b SS gi bn tin yu cu kha.
Mt thit b SS xc nh gi bn tin yu cu kha ti thit b BS bao gm cc
tham s sau:
S seri ca thit b SS v ch s ID ca nh sn xut.
a ch MAC ca thit b SS.
Kha cng cng RSA ca thit b SS.
SAID ca SA c kha c yu cu.
Mt message digest c m ha HMAC ( xc thc v bo v ti tin ca bn
tin yu cu kha).
Lung 5: thit b BS gi bn tin phc p.
Thit b BS p ng li bn tin yu cu t thit b SS bng cch gi bn tin
phc p kha v thit b SS. Trc khi gi bn tin phc p th thit b BS phi
kim tra nhn dng ca thit b SS v thc hin kim tra HMAC digest ca bn tin
yu cu nhn c ca thit b SS trnh s gi mo.
Trang 60
Nu khng c vn g th thit b BS gi bn tin reply cha kha kch hot

ca SAID yu cu bi thit b SS. y l thi gian thit b BS s dng c hai kha
kch hot cho SAID.
Cc thng tin trong bn tin reply bao gm:
TEK (c m ha bi triple DES).
Vc-t khi to CBC.
S th t ca kha TEK.
Thi gian cn li ca mi trong hai tp thuc tnh kha.
Mt message digest c m ha HMAC(xc thc v bo v ti tin ca bn
tin yu cu kha)
y TEK c m ha dng triple DES s dng mt kha m ha kha TEK
nhn c t AK ly trc trong bn tin phc p yu cu cp quyn. Bn tin
phc p kha bao gm c thng tin v thi gian cn li ca hai tp thuc tnh kha
gip cho thit b SS c lng thi gian m thit b BS v hiu kha TEK. Nh
thit b SS bit c khi no phi yu cu v nhn kha mi trc khi thit b BS
v hiu kha thit b SS ang s dng.
4.2.2.4 ng b v thay i kha
Mt thit b SS s dng bn tin phc p yu cu cp quyn c cp quyn
t thit b BS, trong khi thit b BS s dng bn tin phc p yu cu cp quyn
cung cp cho thit b SS mt kha cp quyn AK. Thi gian hot ng ca kha
AK (nm trong bn tin phc p) cho bit thi gian tn ti cn li ca AK tnh t
lc bn tin phc p c gi bi thit b BS. Nu thit b SS khng th yu cu ti
cp quyn trc khi kha AK hin ti ht hiu lc th thit b BS s xem thit b SS
l tri php v s loi khi bng kha tt c cc TEK lin quan n SA c s ca
thit b SS.
4.2.2.4.1 Thay i kha AK
kt ni khng b ngt qung, thit b BS h tr 2 kha AK hot ng ng
thi cho mi thit b SS trong thi gian chng ln overlapping. Thit b BS hiu
r mt s thay i cn thit khi n nhn mt bn tin authorization request t thit b
Trang 61
SS v thit b BS nhn thy ch c mt kha n ang hot ng cho thit b SS .

y l tn hiu bt u giai on trao i kha. Thit b BS gi mt bn tin
authorization reply ti thit b SS cha kha th hai. Do kha AK trc tn
ti vn cn hiu lc cho n khi n ht thi hn nn kha th hai s c mt thi
gian sng (thit lp bi thit b BS) bng thi gian sng cn li ca kha AK trc
cng thm thi gian sng ca chnh n. Kha th hai phi sinh ra trc khi kha th
nht ht hiu lc qu trnh thay i kha khng nh hng n truyn d liu.
Kha AK th hai s c gn mt s th t kha ln hn mt n v so vi kha c
trc .
Trong thit k, thit b BS lun sn sng p ng li mt yu cu t thit b
SS v tr v mt kha AK. Khi mt kha c hn ht hiu lc th thit b SS li khi
ng yu cu kch hat cho mt kha mi v bt u mt giai on trao i kha
mi.
4.2.2.4.2 Thay i TEK
Tng t nh vic s dng hai kha AK, mt thit b BS v thit b SS cng
phi s dng hai kha TEK (v cc thuc tnh kha ca chng) cng hot ng cho
tng SAID. Cc bn tin trong lung 4 v lung 5 thc hin nhim v ny. Kha
TEK mi s c gn mt s th t ln hn kha c mt n v. Tuy nhin khng
ging nh AK c s dng bo v bn tin cha kha TEK ng xung,
kha TEK dng bo v lu lng d liu trn c hai hng, ng ln v ng
xung. S thay i ca chng phc tp hn s thay i ca AK. Ni chung, thit b
BS iu khin qu trnh thay i TEK v thit b SS cp nht TEK theo mt cch
ti u nht. Ty vo bi cnh thay i kha m chng tun theo mt s lut nht
nh. Thit b BS chuyn i gia hai kha TEK hot ng ty thuc vo vic TEK
c s dng cho ng ln hay ng xung khng.
i vi mi SAID s dng cho mc ch m ha, khi kha TEK c ht hiu
lc th thit b BS s ngay lp tc chuyn sang s dng kha TEK mi hn.
Mt qu trnh thay i ng ln bt u tnh t khi thit b BS gi bn tin
key reply cha kha TEK mi v vic thay i c xem l hon tt khi kha c ht
hiu lc.
Trang 62
Qu trnh thay i ny l ph hp thit b SS c th phn ng v thay i

kha. Bt chp thit b SS c nhn c kha TEK mi hay khng th khi kha c
ht hiu lc thit b BS s chuyn sang s dng kha mi m ha lu lng d
liu ng xung.
Thit b BS s dng TEK khc nhau cho ng ln hay ng xung:
i vi m ha lu lng ng xung, thit b BS s dng kha c hn bi
thit b BS bit chc chn thit b SS c kha c hn (nhng khng nht thit c
kha mi). iu ny ph hp khi kha TEK c vn cha ht hiu lc.
i vi gii m lu lng ng ln thit b BS s p dng mt trong hai
kha TEK. Do thit b BS khng chc chn kha no m thit b SS s dng nn
thit b BS p dng c hai kha, khi kha s c ch ra trong header ca gi tin
(ty thuc vo TEK vn cha ht hiu lc).
Vic quan tm n kha s dng hin ti rt quan trng khi quan st lu lng
ng xung. Thit b BS s ch s dng mt kha TEK xc nh cho mi mt na
thi gian sng tng cng ca TEK. Trong nhng trng hp n gin, iu ny
thc hin c bi v i vi mt kha TEK xc nh, kha TEK trc vn hat
ng v thit b SS chc chn s dng kha TEK c hn. Do thit b BS s la
chn kha c ny. Thit b BS s chuyn sang kha mi khi n nhn c bn tin
key request t thit b SS. Ngc li, i vi ng ln, thit b BS s s dng kha
no trong hai kha m thit b SS quyt nh chn cho ng ln ca n.
Trang 63
Chng 5
M PHNG H THNG WIMAX

5.1 Gii hn ca chng trnh m phng
Trong chng ny s m phng h thng WiMAX theo chun 802.16d. Tn
hiu ban u c to ra t khi to d liu nh phn Bernoulli. Chng trnh s
dng phng php m ha FEC, m ha RS v m ha xon. Cc phng php iu
ch c s dng l BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. Khi AWGN c dng
m phng cho nhiu trn knh truyn v tuyn, tham s SNR l tham s c th thay
i cho ph hp vi mi trng thc t.
5.2 S khi ca h thng WiMAX
Hnh 5.1:
S khi h thng WiMAX
5.2.1 S khi bn pht
Hnh 5.2:
Chng 5: M phng h thng WiMAX
S khi bn pht
Trang 64
bn pht gm cc khi to d liu ngu nhin, khi m ha knh FEC v iu

ch, khi to IFFT to gi, khi m ha khng gian-thi gian v khi pht OFDM .
Cc khi m ha knh c thit k ci thin hiu nng thng tin bng vic cho
php tn hiu pht chng li tt hn cc tc ng lm suy hao knh truyn nh
nhiu hoc pha inh. Ngoi ra m ha knh cn c th sa li ban u nh vo khi
FEC. Li ch ca m ho knh l gim t l li bit, thc hin gii hn cng sut v
gii hn rng bng tn knh bng cch thm mt m tha vo d liu c pht.
Trong chun IEEE 802.16d, m ho knh bao gm ngu nhin ha, sa li trc
FEC, v khi chn. Khi FEC bao gm m ho Reed-Solomon, m xon v chia ct
c s dng iu chnh tc d liu khc nhau. y l cc khi bt buc
trong chun 802.16d.
iu ch trong chng trnh ny l iu ch s, l qu trnh dng d liu s
thay i tn hiu sng mang pht qua knh truyn. Vi mt h thng OFDM,
thay i ca pha v bin c th c thc hin nhng tn s th khng thay i
bi v cc tn hiu sng mang phi c tnh trc giao vi nhau. iu ch s dng
trong chun 802.16d l BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-QAM. Trong chng trnh
m phng ny dng tt c cc b iu ch trn vi tc m ha khc nhau.
Khi pht OFDM bao gm ba phn: to khung OFDM, to tn hiu OFDM
bng cch thc hin IFFT, v chn chui CP trc cc k t OFDM.
H thng WiMAX c m phng l h thng MISO, nhiu trn knh truyn
c m phng bng khi AWGN. Trong tham s t l SNR c th thay i
c nhng kt qu khc nhau.
5.2.2 S khi bn thu
Hnh 5.3: S khi bn pha thu

Tn hiu sau khi nhn c s c gii iu ch theo cc bc ngc li so vi
bn pht loi b cc bit d tha v nhn li c tn hiu thng tin ban u.
Trang 65
5.3 Thit k cc khi

5.3.1 Khi to d liu ngu nhin
Hnh 5.4:
Khi to d liu ngu nhin
Khi ny c nhim v to ra mt chui nh phn ngu nhin theo phn phi

Bernoulli. Cc tham s trong khi xc nh gi tr ban u v xc sut xut hin bit
0 ca dy d liu ngu nhin. Chui d liu nh phn c to ra trnh c hin
tng nhiu bit 1 hoc cc nhiu bit 0 lin tip nhau. iu ny s lm cho vic phc
hi sng mang bn pha thu d dng hn. Tn hiu to ra t khi ny s c a
n khi iu ch FEC.
5.3.2 Khi iu ch FEC v iu ch
Hnh 5.5:
Khi iu ch v sa li
Trong khi ny thc hin hai chc nng, chc nng u tin l khi ny c kh
nng sa li trc FEC v chc nng th hai l thc hin qu trnh iu ch. M
ha sa li trc FEC c s dng nng cao cht lng thng tin, c th l m
bo t s li trong gii hn cho php m khng phi nng cao gi tr ca t s SNR,
c bit l trong knh truyn b tc ng ca nhiu AWGN. Chc nng sa li trc
FEC c thc hin thng qua cc khi m ha Reed-Solomon, khi m ha chp
v khi chn. Chc nng FEC l chn cc m sa li vo dng bit d liu nhm sa
cc bit sai trong qu trnh pht knh truyn. D liu ngu nhin c a qua khi
m ha RS m ha d liu sau a n khi m ha chp, khi m ha chp
s chia lung d liu ny v m ha vi tc khc nhau. Khi chn c s dng
phn tn li cm trong chui d liu. Bn pha thu s s dng thut ton Viterbi
gii m. Hnh 5.6 th hin cc khi thc hin chc nng m ha FEC.
Hnh 5.6:
Trang 66
Khi iu ch v sa li QPSK
Chc nng th hai trong khi ny l iu ch tn hiu, cc dng iu ch s

dng l iu ch BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM. Vic s dng nhiu dng iu
ch ny to ra s linh ng trong h thng WiMAX. Trong qu trnh iu ch tn
hiu th ty thuc vo t s SNR m mt trong cc phng php iu ch trn thc
hin.
5.3.2.1 Khi m ha Reed solomon
Hnh 5.7:
Khi m ha RS
M Reed-solomon l mt m sa li thuc loi m khi tuyn tnh, c rt nhiu

ng dng trong thng tin s. M RS c s dng sa cc li trong nhiu h
thng. B m ho RS nhn mt khi thng tin ri thm vo cc bit d. Li xut hin
trong khi truyn dn c th do nhiu nguyn nhn, b gii m RS s x l tng khi
d liu v c gng sa li khi phc li d liu ban u. S lng v kiu li c
th sa c ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca m RS .
Mt m RS thng c k hiu l RS(n,k) vi cc symbol m bit, trong n l
tng s symbol sau khi m ha v k l s lng thng tin hay s symbol d liu. B
m ho ly k symbol d liu, mi symbol m bit, ri thm v (n-k) symbol kim tra
to thnh mt t m n symbol. S lng li ti a trong mt khi m m RS(n,k)
c th m bo sa c l t=(n-k)/2. Thng thng th s symbol m ha c l
n=2m-1. Nu n nh hn s ny th m c gi l m rt gn. Tt c cc thut ton
m ho RS u s dng m RS trong trng Galois GF(2m).
Trang 67
Mt m RS c c trng bi hai a thc: a thc trng v a thc sinh. a

thc trng xc nh trng Galois m cc symbol l thnh phn ca trng . a
thc sinh nh ngha cc symbol kim tra c sinh ra nh th no. C hai a thc
ny u c nh ngha cho m RS.
- a thc trng: a thc ny dng to ra trng Galois ca m. N c
nhp vo di dng s thp phn m cc bit dng nh phn tng ng vi cc
h s ca a thc.
V d:
p ( x) x8 x 4 x 3 x 2 1
1000111012
28510
- a thc sinh: mt t m RS c to ra nh mt a thc c bit gi l a

thc sinh. Tt c cc t m hp l u chia ht cho a thc sinh. Dng tng qut
ca mt a thc sinh ca mt m RS gc sa sai t li c chiu di 2m-1 l:
g(x) = (x + 0)(x + 1)(x + 2) ... (x + 2m-1), = 02HEX
Vi l mt phn t c bn ca trng GF(2m).
Sau , t m RS s c to ra theo cng thc:
C(x) = g(x).i(x)
Trong :
g(x) l a thc sinh.

i(x) l khi thng tin.
C(x) l mt t m hp l.
V d: Mt m RS thng gp l RS(255,223) vi cc symbol 8 bit. Mi t m

cha 255 bytes, trong s c 223 bytes l d liu, cn li 32 bytes kim tra. Vi
m ny n=255, k=223, m=8, 2t = 32.
B gii iu ch c th sa bt k mt li 16 symbol no trong t m, c ngha
l c th t ng sa c li ti a 16 byte bt k u trong t m cho mt
symbol c l m, chiu di ti a cho mt t m RS l n=2m 1. V d, chiu di ti
a cho mt t m c cc symbol di 8 bit (m=8) l 255 byte.
Trong chun IEEE 802.16d, M ho Reed-Solomon s dng cc cp (n,k)
tng ng vi cc dng iu ch sau:
Trang 68
Bng 5.1 Thng s ca m ha RS

Byte trc khi m
Byte sau khi m
M ha RS
ha (k)
ha(n)
(n,k)
QPSK
24
32
(32, 24)
QPSK
36
40
(40, 36)
16 QAM
48
64
(64, 48)
16 QAM
72
80
(80, 72)
64 QAM 2/3
96
108
(108, 96)
64 QAM
108
120
(120, 108)
Dng iu ch
phc tp v sc mnh x l m ho v gii m cc m RS ph thuc vo

s lng symbol kim tra trong mt t m. Nu t c gi tr ln c ngha l c th
sa c nhiu li nhng li i hi phi s dng s php tnh ton ln hn so vi
khi t c gi tr nh.
M Reed-Solomon c kh nng sa c nhiu li. Mt m RS(n,k) c kh
nng sa sai ti a (n-k)/2 li. S d nh vy v ngi ta chng minh c khong
cch Hamming ca mt m RS nh vy l (n-k+1). Ngoi sa li m RS cn c kh
nng sa sai khi xy ra hin tng mt symbol, cc th tc m ho v gii m
RS(n,k) c th m bo sa c ti a (n-k) li mt d liu. M RS c bit rt
thch hp cho sa cc li cm, y l trng hp mt dy cc bit li xut hin lin
tip my thu.
5.3.2.2 Khi m ha xon
Sau qu trnh m ha RS, cc bit d liu li c m ha bi b m ha xon
ca nh phn, trong m ha c t l l v chiu di bt buc l 7.
a thc ngun c s dng ly hai bit m ha ng ra k hiu l X v Y,
c qui nh trong cc biu thc sau y:
G1=171OCT
i vi X
G2=133OCT
i vi Y
Mt b m ha xon nhn tin c di k0 bit v to ra t m ca n0 bit, ni

chung n c to thnh t s thay i ca on chiu di hu hn L.
Trang 69
M ha xon vi tc 1/2
Hnh 5.8:
Cc b m ha xon ca nh phn c th hin trong hnh 5.8 cc ng c

kt ni c biu din bi bit 1, cc ng khng c kt ni c biu din bi bit
0.
5.3.2.3 Khi phn chia
Phn chia l mt qu trnh xa cc bit ca mt b m ha tc thp gim
lng d liu c truyn i, v vy to thnh mt dng m ha tc cao. Vic s
dng khi phn chia c kh nng thay i tc m ha c th trnh c li
trong h thng. Cc bit c xa i theo mt ma trn c phn chia, ni c bit 0
c ngha l c xa i mt bit. Qu trnh phn chia c s dng to ra cc tc
m ha l 1/2 , 2/3, 3/4 v 5/6. Vi cc tc m ha khc nhau s to ra cc
vector phn chia khc nhau nh bng.
Bng 5.2
Vector phn chia tng ng vi tc m ha
Tc m ha
Vector phn chia
1/2
[1]
2/3
[1 1 1 0]
3/4
[1 1 0 1 1 0]
Qu trnh m ha xon v phn chia c thc hin chung vi nhau trong mt

khi.
Trang 70
5.3.2.4 Khi chn
Hnh 5.9:
Khi chn
Khi chn s cho bit s bit c m ha trn knh truyn v trnh c li ti

my thu. Chn d liu c s dng phn tn li burst, nh vy s lm gim bt
s tp trung li v tng hiu qu ca thut ton FEC bng cch lm cho cc knh
c truyn trong thi gian di hn. Vic chn c thc hin bng cch s dng
mt b m mng hai chiu, d liu nhp vo trong cc hng, trong xc nh s
lng chn vo v sau n c c t cc ct. Kt qu l li burst trn mt knh
sau khi c chn thm d liu vo lm cho cc li d pht hin v d sa hn.
Tt c cc bit d liu c m ho s c chn bi mt khi chn vi kch
thc khi tng ng s bit c m ho trong mi knh con ca mi k hiu
OFDM. V cc dng iu ch khc nhau BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, nn s
bit m ho trn knh con (Ncbps) tng ng s l 192, 384, 768, 1152 v s bit m
ha trn sng mang con (Ncpc) cng s ln lt tng ng l 1, 2, 4, 6. Tt c cc
dng m ha u s dng vi s lng knh con l 16.
5.3.2.5 Khi iu ch v gii iu ch
Trong iu ch v gii iu ch chng ta s dng cc dng BPSK, QPSK,
16QAM, 64-QAM. Ty theo tng k thut iu ch m s dng cc khi gii iu
ch tng ng v ng vi cc khi khc nhau s c s chm sao cng nh cc
gc pha khc nhau.
Trang 71
5.3.3 Khi to gi d liu
Hnh 5.10: Khi to gi d liu

Trong chun IEEE 802.16d, mi k hiu OFDM gm c 192 d liu, 8 sng
mang dn ng v mt sng mang DC. Cc sng mang con dn ng s c
chn vo mi cm d liu theo th t to thnh k hiu OFDM v cc sng
mang dn ng s c iu ch da vo v tr sng mang ca chng bn trong k
hiu OFDM. Cc sng mang c to t khi Pilot Generator. Sau khi chn cc
sng mang dn ng th cc d liu ny kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt lung d
liu c kch thc l [201x2].
5.3.4 Khi m ha khng gian v thi gian
Hnh 5.11: S khi m ha theo khng gian v thi gian

Tn hiu sau khi c to thnh cc gi c a sang khi m ha khng gian
v thi gian to thnh cc dng d liu cho cc anten pht khc nhau. Trong
Trang 72
chng trnh m phng lung d liu ng vo ca khi m ha theo khng gian v

thi gian l [201x2] v ng ra ca cc ng tn hiu cng l [201x2].
Khi m ha khng gian v thi gian s dng hai anten vi c php hon v
sng mang con c nh ngha trong chun IEEE 802.16d. Gi s ta c hai k t
lin tip C1 v C2 th ma trn m ha khng gian-thi gian c biu din nh sau:
Ma trn A trn m ha theo khng gian-thi gian c kch thc l (22), v

c trc giao trong t nhin v tun theo mt kh nng ti u tuyn tnh. iu ny
cung cp hiu qu ng k khi h thng c nhiu a ng trong cc knh fading.
Vic pht v nhn tn hiu khi m ha khng gian v thi gian c hiu l trong
khong chu k T1 th anten 1 s pht tn hiu C1, anten 2 s pht tn hiu C2. V
trong khong T2 th anten 1 s pht tn hiu
v anten 2 s pht tn hiu
Hnh 5.12: Cc symbol pht thu theo m ha khng gian- thi gian
Tng t nh vy, ma trn m ha khng gian-thi gian c th c thc hin
vi ba v bn anten. Bng cch s dng nhiu anten, h thng c th thc hin mt
s cn bng tt hn gia phng thc truyn a ng v cng sut.
K thut m ha theo khng gian v thi gian cho php s dng ti a hiu qu
ca mng thng tin t bo. Nh s dng nhiu phn t anten, k thut ny c th
gim nh hng ca nhiu pha inh n mc thp nht v cng c th thay i thch
nghi gin phng hng ca h thng anten gim thiu mc nhiu a truy cp
ti cc my thu.
Trang 73
5.3.5 Khi iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM

5.3.5.1 Khi iu ch
Hnh 5.13: Khi iu ch OFDM

Trong khi iu ch OFDM cc bit zero c thm vo ti im bt u v
im kt thc ca k hiu OFDM. to ra d liu c kch thc 256 im. Trong
chng trnh m phng ny im bt u c thm vo 28 bit zero v im cui
thm vo 27 bit zero. Cc bit zero ny c s dng lm khong bo v trnh
giao thoa gia cc knh. Sau d liu ny s c sp xp li v a n khi
IFFT bin i d liu t min tn s sang min thi gian. trnh nhiu ISI v
ICI th trc khi pht, d liu c chn thm tin t lp CP.
5.3.5.2 Khi gii iu ch
Hnh 5.14: Khi gii iu ch OFDM

Trong khi gii iu ch tn hiu c thc hin ngc li so vi khi iu ch.
Tn hiu nhn c a qua khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song, khi loi b
chui CP, khi bin i FFT, khi to frame v khi loi b bng bo v v sp xp
li chui d liu ra. Tn hiu ng ra ca khi ny s c a n khi kt hp phn
tp khng gian v thi gian.
Trang 74
5.3.6 Knh truyn

H thng m phng c s dng khi AWGN m phng nhiu trn knh
truyn gn ng vi h thng thc t. Trong thc t c rt nhiu loi nhiu nh
hng n vic thu pht tn hiu, nhiu s lm cho tn hiu thng tin b mo dng
cng nh lm cho pha bn thu kh c th thu li c tn hiu ging hon ton nh
bn pht. Trong chng trnh m phng ny c s dng khi to nhiu AWGN vi
t s SNR c th thay i nhn c s bit khc nhau vi cc t s BER khc
nhau.
5.3.7 Khi gii iu ch v kt hp khng gian -thi gian
Hnh 5.15: Khi gii iu ch v kt hp khng gian-thi gian

Khi ny thc hin chc nng ngc li vi khi m ha theo khng gian v
thi gian. Tn hiu ng vo ly t khi gii iu ch OFDM, v tn hiu ra s c
gi n khi gii iu ch v FEC. Tn hiu trc khi pht c khi m ha
theo khng gian v thi gian tch ra thnh hai lung v chia phn cho hai anten
pht, khi gii iu ch v kt hp theo khng gian- thi gian ny s lm chc nng
kt hp cc tn hiu t hai anten li vi nhau to ra lung d liu ban u v
ng thi khi ny cng c chc nng loi b cc tn hiu dn ng DC.
5.3.8 Gin hin th cc im chm sao
Hnh 5.16: Khi hin th chm sao

Khi ny c chc nng hin th chm sao ca tn hiu iu ch. Khi gin
hin th hin th cc im trn chm sao v cho bit c tnh iu ch. Khi hin th
Trang 75
c mt ng vo. Tn hiu ng vo phi l tn hiu phc v s c biu din trn s

chm sao cc tn hiu v pha.
5.3.9 Khi gii iu ch v FEC
Hnh 5.17: S khi gii iu ch FEC

Tn hiu a n khi gii iu ch ly li cc thng tin ban u. Khi ny
c cc chc nng ngc li vi khi iu ch. Trong khi ny tn hiu s c gii
iu ch theo cc k thut ca bn pht, nh l gii iu ch BPSK , gii iu ch
QPSK , gii iu ch QPSK , gii iu ch 16QAM , gii iu ch 16QAM
, gii iu ch 64 QAM 2/3 v gii iu ch 64 QAM . Tn hiu ti ng vo s
c kt hp vi xung c s a n cc k thut gii iu ch tng ng. Vic
chn khi no thc hin gii iu ch ph thuc vo thng s Rate ID.
Hnh 5.18: Khi gii m FEC s dng QPSK

Trong khi gii iu ch ny c s dng k thut gii m Viterbi, khi ny
c s dng gii m ngc li vi khi m ha xon bn pha pht. Khi gii
m RS cng c s dng gii m tn hiu, nhm tch tn hiu ra khi cc a
thc sinh. Ngoi ra trong b gii iu ch c s dng thm khi iu ch, khi iu
ch ny c mc ch iu ch li tn hiu ri a qua cc khi to to SNR v tnh
tc bit.
Trang 76
5.3.10 Khi Rate ID
Hnh 5.19: Khi chn k thut iu ch

Khi ny cho bit tn hiu iu ch v gii iu ch s thc hin theo k thut
no. Cc gi tr ca tham s Rate ID do qu trnh c lng tn hiu nhn c bn
pha thu m s la chn cho ph hp. Nu t s SNR cng ln th s s dng k
thut iu ch c tc bit cng cao v ngc li khi SNR nh s chn cc k thut
iu ch c tc bit thp hn. iu ny ph hp vi c tnh linh hot ca h
thng WiMAX trnh by chng 1. Cc k thut iu ch c s dng theo
bng sau:
Bng 5.3 Tham s Rate ID v k thut iu ch
Rate ID
0
1
K thut iu ch v gii iu ch
BPSK 1/2
QPSK 1/2
2
3
4
5
6
QPSK 3/4
16 QAM 1/2
16 QAM 3/4
64 QAM 2/3
64 QAM 3/4
5.4 Kt qu m phng
Trong chng trnh m phng s dng nhiu k thut iu ch, cc k thut
ny s ph thuc vo thng s SNR m h thng s t chn k thut iu ch cho
ph hp. Cc kt qu di y thu c khi s dng t s SNR= 21dB iu ny
tng ng vi vic chng trnh thc hin k thut iu ch 64-QAM 2/3.
5.4.1 S chm sao ca tn hiu sau khi iu ch bn pht
Tn hiu c iu ch theo k thut 64-QAM 2/3 nn trn s chm sao
s c hin th 64 im. ng vi mi im s c bin v pha khc vi tt c
cc im khc. V v dng k thut 64 QAM nn ng vi mi im s c biu
din l 6 bit.
Trang 77
Hnh 5.20: S chm sao ca tn hiu pht

5.4.2 S chm sao ca tn hiu trc khi gii iu ch bn thu
Hnh 5.21: S chm sao ca tn hiu bn pha thu trc khi gii iu ch
Ta nhn thy trn s chm sao cc tn hiu b nh hng bi nhiu ca mi
trng truyn nn cc im khng cn ng v tr nh bn pha pht na, cc tn
hiu b lch xung quanh ca v tr im ban u, iu ny cho thy nhiu ca mi
trng truyn l nh hng n bin v pha ca tn hiu pht.
Khi ta tng t s SNR ln cng ln th bn pha thu s sai lch cc tn hiu cng
gim, iu ny cng cho thy khi nhiu khng cn nh hng nhiu th tn hiu s
cng tr nn chnh xc hn. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nhiu trong h thng v tuyn
Trang 78
l lun tn ti v ngi khai thc h thng v tuyn s lun phi tm cch hn ch

ch khng th trit nhiu c hon ton.
5.4.3 Ph ca tn hiu trn anten pht th nht v anten th hai
Ph ca tn hiu OFDM l tng ca ph tn hiu trn tng sng mang ph. Khi
hai sn ca ph tn hiu cng dc th hiu sut ph ca tn hiu cng tng v ng
thi cng lm cho gim hin tng nhiu xuyn knh vi cc h thng khc.
Hnh 5.22: Ph tn hiu OFDM trn anten pht th nht
Hnh 5.23: Ph tn hiu OFDM trn anten pht th hai
Trang 79
5.4.4 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM nhn v bn pha thu
Hnh 5.24: Ph ca tn hiu OFDM nhn c bn pha thu

So snh ph ca tn hiu bn pht th ph ca tn hiu nhn c bn pha thu
c bin nh v ng thi cng sut cng b gim i.
5.4.5 T s BER ca h thng
Hnh 5.25: T s BER ca h thng

Trn hnh 5.4.5 biu din t s BER ca h thng vi t s SNR cho thy t s
BER trung bnh ca h thng gim dn khi t s SNR tng. Vi h thng WiMAX
ang s dng nhiu k thut iu ch nn t s BER ti tng thi im tng ng
vi cc cch iu ch khc nhau.
Trang 80
Ty thuc vo t l SNR m h thng la chn dng iu ch cho t l BER

tt nht. Bng 5.4 cho bit cc phng php c iu ch ty theo t s SNR ca
mi trng truyn.
Bng 5.4 T s SNR v phng php iu ch
T s SNR
Dng iu ch
0-2
BPSK 1/2
3-8
QPSK 1/2
9-10
QPSK 3/4
11-17
16-QAM 1/2
18-20
16-QAM 3/4
21-26
64-QAM 2/3
27
64-QAM 3/4
T s SNR tng ng tng phng php iu ch c minh ha ln lt trong

cc hnh sau:
Hnh 5.26: T s SNR=1
Hnh 5.27: T s SNR=5
Hnh 5.28: T s SNR=9
Hnh 5.29: T s SNR=13

Trang 81

Trang 82
Trang 83
Cc hnh trn cho thy, ty thuc vo t s SNR m h thng WiMAX c th

a ra phng php iu ch cho ph hp. Cc phng php iu ch cng cao th
tc d liu pht thu trong h thng cng ln, ngc li th tc truyn cho php
ca h thng thp hn.
i vi cc k thut iu ch ging nhau nh hnh 5.27 v hnh 5.28 th cng
s dng dng iu ch l QPSK, tuy nhin khi iu ch vi tc m ha ln hn
th nh hng ca nhiu gim ng k, tn hiu nhn c c s sai lch t hn.
Tng t nh vy cc k thut 16 QAM, 64 QAM khi c m ha vi tc cng
cao th tn hiu nhn c cng chnh xc.
Trang 84
Chng 6
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN

6.1
Kt lun
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu nhm thc hin hon thnh c ti: Tm
hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX. Qua qu trnh thc hin nhm nhn thy
c nhng u im vt tri trong WiMAX nh v khong cch truyn (50km) v
tc truyn (70Mbps), cht lng dch v c thit lp cho tng kt ni, bo mt
tt, s dng trn nhiu di tn s. Trong thi gian cho php v iu kin hin c,
nhm thc hin ti tm hiu c nhng vn sau:
- Cc chun ca WiMAX cng nh cch thc hot ng ca h thng thng
tin v tuyn ny.
- Trnh by nhng khi nim c bn, u nhc im, nguyn l iu ch v
gii iu ch ca k thut iu ch OFDM, v nhng ng dng ca k thut ny
trong WiMAX.
- Trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, cc c im v tnh cht ni bt ca
k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn trc giao OFDMA. Qua c th thy
c nhng u im ca k thut ny trong vic x l, truyn nhn tn hiu ni
chung v ng dng trong cng ngh WiMAX ni ring.
- Thc hin chng trnh m phng tn hiu trong WiMAX da trn k thut
iu ch OFDM. y l chng trnh c vit bng Matlab, chng trnh bao
gm s khi m phng s pht v thu s dng phng php phn tp trong
khng gian v thi gian ca h thng MISO, m phng knh truyn, tnh BER, so
snh tng dng phng php iu ch (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) ng vi
tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR, s khi m phng h thng WiMAX bng
simulink trong Matlab.
Tuy nhin do mt s vn cn hn ch v cng l cng ngh mi nn n cha
c ng dng rng ri. Vit Nam cng ngh ny ang c cc cng ty vin
thng t chc nghin cu v trin khai th im mt s ni nh Lo Cai.
6.2
Trang 85
Hng pht trin

Nghin cu v cng ngh WiMAX l mt qu trnh lu di v c l thuyt v
thc nghim. Trn c s nhng ni dung trnh by, nhm thc hin a ra hng
pht trin tip theo ca ti l:
Th nht, Tm hiu su hn v vn bo mt trong WiMAX.
Th hai, hon thin phn m phng trong h thng MIMO nu bt c u
im ca cng ngh WiMAX.
Th ba, tm hiu nghin cu v quy hoch mng WiMAX.
Th t, tm hiu kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh WiMAX Vit Nam.
PHN C: PH LC V TI
LIU THAM KHO
Trang 87
PH LC A:
S KHI BN PHT
Hnh 7.1
Hnh 7.2
Ph lc
S khi FEC v iu ch
Khi iu ch BPSK tc m ha
Ph lc
Trang 88
Hnh 7.3
Khi iu ch QPSK tc m ha
Hnh 7.4
Khi iu ch QPSK tc m ha
Hnh 7.5
Khi iu ch 16 QAM
Hnh 7.6
Khi iu ch 16 QAM
Hnh 7.7
Khi iu ch 64 QAM 2/3
Hnh 7.8
Hnh 7.9
Hnh 7.10
Ph lc
Trang 89
Khi iu ch 64 QAM
S khi chn tn hiu pilot v to gi d liu
S khi m ha khng gian v thi gian
Hnh 7.11
Hnh 7.12
Ph lc
Trang 90
S khi pht OFDM th 1
S pht OFDM th 2
Trang 91
PH LC B:
S KHI BN THU
Hnh 7.13
Hnh 7.14
Khi kt hp khng gian v thi gian
Hnh 7.15
Ph lc
Khi nhn OFDM
Khi loi b tn hiu dn ng
Hnh 7.16
Hnh 7.17
Ph lc
Trang 92
Khi gii iu ch FEC
Khi gii iu ch BPSK tc m ha
Ph lc
Hnh 7.18
Khi gii iu ch QPSK tc m ha
Hnh 7.19
Khi gii iu ch QPSK tc m ha
Hnh 7.20
Khi gii iu ch 16 QAM tc m ha
Hnh 7.21
Trang 93
Ph lc
Hnh 7.22
Khi gii iu ch 64 QAM tc m ha 2/3
Hnh 7.23
Trang 94
Trang 95
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Nguyn Vn c - B sch k thut thng tin s, NXB Khoa hc k thut,
2006.
[2]. Amalia Roca Implementation of a WiMAX simulator in Simulink, 2007
[3]. Jeffrey G. Andrews, Arunabha Ghosh, Rias Muhamed Fundamentals of
WiMAX Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking, Prentice Hall
Communications Engineering and Emeging Technologies Series, 2007.
[4]. Maode Ma Current Technology Developments of WiMAX Systems, Nanyang
Techological University, 2009.
[5]. Mohammad Azizul Hasan - Performance Evaluation of WiMAX/IEEE 802.16
OFDM Physical Layer, Department of Electrical and Communications
Enginerring Communications Laboratory, 2007.
[6]. Ramjee Prasad OFDM for Wireless Communications Systems, Artech house,
Inc, 2004
[7]. Syed Ahson, Mohammad Ilyas - WiMAX Standards and Security, CRC Taylo &
Francis Group, LLC, 2008.
[8]. Syed Ahson and Mohammad Ilyas WiMAX Technologies, Performance
Analysis and QoS, CRC Taylo & Francis Group, LLC, 2007.
[9]. Syed Ahson and Mohammad Ilyas WiMAX Applicatins, CRC Taylo & Francis
Group, LLC, 2007.
Ti liu tham kho

Ly Thuyet

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PHN A: M U

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Ngnh : Cng ngh in t vin thng

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

nng p ng ca nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi, h thng WiMAX ng

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

Gii thiu WiMAX ..................................................................................... 2

Bng tn cho WiMAX ................................................................................ 3

Bng 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz) ................................................. 3

Bng 3600-3800MHz (bng 3.7GHz) ................................................. 4

Bng 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3 GHz) ................................................ 4

Bng 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5 GHz) ................................................ 4

Bng 2300-2400MHz (bng 2.3 GHz) ................................................ 4

Bng 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8 GHz) ................................................ 5

Bng di 1GHz .................................................................................. 5

M hnh h thng ........................................................................................ 5

Cc u nhc im ca WiMAX ............................................................... 7

Cu trc ca WiMAX ............................................................................... 10

Cc c tnh ca lp truy nhp (MAC).............................................. 13

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

So snh WiMAX vi WiFi ....................................................................... 13

ng dng ca WiMAX ............................................................................ 14

Gii thiu chng ..................................................................................... 16

Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM ................................................................... 17

Tnh trc giao ..................................................................................... 19

Tnh trc giao trong min tn s ........................................................ 21

ng dng k thut IFFT trong k thut OFDM ................................ 22

2.3.4.1 Php bin i DFT ......................................................................... 23

Php nhn vi xung c bn ................................................................ 25

Tin t lp CP (Cyclic Prefix) .................................................................. 26

Nguyn l gii iu ch OFDM ............................................................... 27

Truyn dn phn tp a ng .......................................................... 27

Nguyn tc gii iu ch .................................................................... 28

c tnh knh truyn v tuyn trong h thng OFDM ............................. 30

S suy gim tn hiu .......................................................................... 30

Dch tn Doppler ................................................................................ 34

Nhiu AWGN .................................................................................... 34

Nhiu lin k t ISI ........................................................................... 35

Nhiu lin sng mang ICI .................................................................. 35

T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) .......................... 36

u im v hn ch ca k thut OFDM .................................................. 37

Tm hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX

Gii thiu chng ..................................................................................... 39

H thng OFDMA .................................................................................... 41

Chn chui dn ng min tn s v min thi gian ................... 42

iu ch thch nghi ............................................................................ 43

iu khin cng sut ................................................................................ 44

Nhng m hnh tn cng trong h thng v tuyn ................................... 45

Tn cng Man-in-the-Middle ............................................................ 47

Tn cng t chi cc dch v DoS ..................................................... 48

Tn cng mng Ad-hoc...................................................................... 49

Bo mt trong WiMAX ............................................................................ 52

M hnh tham chiu OSI .................................................................... 52

Giao thc qun l kha PKM c bn trong chun 802.16 ................. 53

4.2.2.1 C bn v PKM .............................................................................. 54