HNG DN S DNG THIT B LM MM NC BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I ION ---oOo--1. TNG QUAN V NC CNG a.

Nc cng, cng ca nc: - Ngi ta thng nh ngha: Nc cng l nc c cha cc ion Ca++ v Mg++, cng ca nc l i lng o hm lng cc ion trong nc. nh ngha ny chnh xc, nhng hi kh hnh dung i vi ngi khng chuyn. Ngoi ra trong cc iu kin c th trong thc t, ngi ta nhiu khi khng p dng nh ngha ny. nh ngha nc cng sau y c v d hiu hn v hp vi yu caa thc t hn: Nc cng l nc m trong n c cha cc thnh phn c th to ra cc kt ta carbonat. - cng ca nc c ngi ta chia lm 2 loi: cng ton phn v cng carbonat hay cng vnh vin v cng tm thi tng ng vi tng hm lng cc ion Ca++, Mg++ trong nc v hm lng cc ion c ngun gc t mui carbonat. Trong thc t ngi ta ch quan tm n cng carbonat v cc mui Ca v Mg khc hu nh khng c nh hng tiu cc. - Trong cc ion, ngi ta thng quan tm nht n s hin din ng thi ca cc ion Ca++, Mg++ vi ion HCO3-, v l s hin din ca mui Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2, y l cc mui ha tan hon ton nhng li rt khng bn, d dng b phn tch thnh CaCO3, (hoc MgCO3), CO2 v H2O. Cc mui carbonat ny l mui kt ta v chng chnh l nguyn nhn ca cc tc hi ca nc cng - C rt nhiu n v o cng ca nc, nhng chng u th hin khi lng cc kt ta carbonat (s thu c nu nh lm kt ta hon ton) trn 1 n v khi lng (hoc th tch) nc. Cc kt ta khng phi CaCO3 c quy v CaCO3. L do ca vic ny c l l v CaCO 3 l thnh phn chnh ca cc kt ta carbonat, ngoi ra phn t lng ca CaCO3 bng 100 l 1 s rt chn, tin cho vic tnh ton. - n v o cng c bn l gam ng lng/lt (gramme equivalent), vit tt l gl/l (geq/l) (thng dng n v nh hn 1.000 ln l miligam ng lng/lt, mgl/l hay mgeq/l). nh ngha: gam ng lng ca 1 cht (phn t, nguyn t hay ion) l t s gia phn t gam (hay nguyn t gam hay ion gam) ca cht vi ha tr ca thnh phn ion to ra cht (hay ha tr ca nguyn t, ion ). V d 1 gam ng lng CaCO3 s bng 100/2 = 50 gam. n v ny s dng trong tnh ton rt tin li v trong cc phn ng ha hc, bt k phng trnh phn ng c cn bng th no, ta vn lun c X gl cht A + X gl cht B = X

gl cht C + X gl cht D, k c vi cc phn ng c nhiu thnh phn hn na tham gia v/hoc c to ra. Khi cng ca nc c th hin n v mgl/l, ta c th i n v sang mg/l theo t l: 1 mgl/l = 50 mg/l Mt n v khc cng hay c s dng trong tnh ton l phn t gam/lit (mol/l) hoc mili phn t gam/lt (mmol/l). i vi nc cng, phn t gam y c quy v CaCO3 v 1 mol = 100 g, i sang cc n v khc ta s c 1mol/l = 2 gl/l = 100 g/l = 100.000 ppm n v gam ng lng rt tin khi tnh ton, nhng li kh hnh dung trc quan nn trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng n v mg/l hoc ppm (part per million - mt phn triu). V 1 lt nc c khi lng l 1 kg nn 1 mg/l cng bng 1 phn triu, v vy 1 mg/l = 1 ppm. Lu l khi lng mg y l khi lng CaCO3 (nh ni trn) ch khng phi l khi lng Ca hay Mg. Ngi c thng s dng n v ring ca mnh l c (dH), 1 dH = 17,8 ppm = 17,8 mg/l

b. Nc cng v nc mm trong t nhin

- Nc trong t nhin c c nc cng ln nc mm: ngun nc mm ln nht l nc ma. Nc ma c th coi l hon ton mm v l nc ngng t t qu trnh bc hi m cc mui ha tan hu nh khng bc hi theo nc. - Cc ngun nc bt ngun trc tip t nc ma cng l nc mm, trong phi k n nc sng, nc cc h ao vng khng c vi (v d nh ng bng), ngi ta hay gi l nc mt, ngc vi nc ngm. - Tuy nhin nc mt cc ao h ti cc vng ni vi th li a phn l nc cng, thm ch rt cng. - Nc ngm hu nh l nc cng, rt him ngun nc ngm l nc mm. L do l v nc ngm thng c 1 thi gian rt di chu du di t, thm thu hoc chy qua nhiu lp t v thng l c vi hin din trong cc lp . - Nc mm khi chy qua cc khu vc c vi (CaCO3) s b tng dn cng. CaCO3 khng ha tan trong nc, nhng do trong nc lun lun c 1 lng CO2 ha tan nht nh nn s c phn ng CaCO 3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2 . Phn ng ny c th xy ra theo c hai chiu thun v nghch. Phn ng theo chiu thun (kt hp) s mnh hn khi nng CO2 trong nc cao v chiu nghch (phn tch) s mnh hn khi nng CO2 thp, phn ng 2 chiu s cn bng 1 nng CO2 nht nh. Theo 1 s nghin cu, nng cn bng ny kh thp. - Trong nc lun lun c CO2 do b ha tan vo nc cng vi khng kh, do c thi ra khi ng thc vt thy sinh h hp (qu trnh hp th Oxi v thi ra CO2 vo ban m ca cy c cng l l qu trnh h hp,

ngc li vi qu trnh quang hp vo ban ngy), k c h hp ca vi khun trong cc qu trnh ln men. - V vy nhng vng khng c vi, cng ca nc s c xu hng gim dn, ngc li, nhng vng c vi, cng s c xu hng tng dn
c. nh hng ca cng ca nc n ng thc vt - Nc vi 1 hm lng Ca, Mg nht nh rt cn thit cho cc c th

sng c bit l vi a phn ng vt v chng cn Ca pht trin khung xng. Tuy nhin c th sng ch c kh nng hp th cc cht khong dng ha tan. V vy cc mui ha tan v bn vng ca Ca v Mg nh CaCl2, CaSO4 1 nng nht nh thng khng khng nhng khng gy nh hng c hi cho ng thc vt m cn l cn thit cho cuc sng ca chng. - Nhng Ca(HCO3)2 hay cng carbonat th li c nh hng khng tt ti ng thc vt: chng l mui ha tan nn d dng c c th hp th. Nhng khi nm trong c th ng thc vt, chng li d dng b phn tch v to ra CaCO3 l mui kt ta. kt ta ny s ng li trong cc mao mch ca c th, c th lm tc cc mao mch v ngn cn qu trnh cung cp dinh dng cho c th. V d in hnh l vi ha ng mch hay si thn c th ng vt. - V vy khi xt n nh hng ca nc cng n ng thc vt, ngi ta ch quan tm n cng carbonat - Mt s loi ng thc vt thy sinh sinh trng cc vng nc cng hoc c ngun gc nhn to c th c kh nng thch ng vi nc cng, nhng phn ln ng thc vt thy sinh vn sinh trng sng ngi v ao h l ni c nc mm, chng s khng thch ng c vi nc cng, do khi b nui trng mi trng nc cng, chng s km pht trin, kh nng chng chi vi bnh tt km v kh sng st. Rt nhiu loi ng thc vt thy sinh ch sinh sn trong iu kin nc c cng carbonat rt thp. 2. CC PHNG PHP LM MM NC THNG DNG a. Gia nhit - Ca(HCO3)2 rt d b phn tch thnh CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 khi nc b un nng. Thng thung cng ca nc c th c gim i khong 50% sau 1 gi gi nhit st 100 oC. Nhng sau 10 gi cng cng vn cn trn 25%. V vy un nng nc l 1 phng n lm mm nc c kh nng. Nhng n c chi ph tng i cao, nht l khi ta cn nc rt mm.

b. Chng ct - Chng ct l qu trnh lm bay hi hi nc ri cho ngng t li. Nc ct l nc c tinh khit rt cao v cc mui ha tan cng nh cc cht l lng khng ha tan trong nc hu nh khng b bay hi theo nc. Tuy nhin phng n ny c chi ph rt cao. c. T ha - V thc cht, t ha khng lm gim cng ca nc m ch ngn khng cho Ca(HCO3)2 c th b phn tch v to ra CaCO3 kt ta. Nguyn tc ca phng php t ha l s dng nam chm (in hoc vnh cu) c t trng c nh hng nht nh t ha cc ion trong nc, sp xp cc ion thnh cc micro-nam chm ng hng (tng t nh cc micro-nam chm trong st nhim t). tnh trng , cc ion s khng c iu kin tng tc vi nhau v v vy ngn nga c phn ng phn tch Ca(HCO3)2. Vic t ha ny phi c tin hnh lin tc do cc ion trong nc c s mt i tnh nng trong thi gian ngn. Phng n t ha ny thng ch c p dng trong mt s ngnh cng nghip. d. Ion ha - Ngi ta a nc qua 1 in trng ion ha nc. Di tc dng ca in trng ion HCO3- l gc axit yu s b phn tch v do s to ra CaCO3 kt ta. Phng n ny c hiu qu rt cao i vi nc c cng ln v n ch loi b duy nht cng carbonat. Tuy nhin n cng c nhc im l nc s b c do kt ta CaCO3 t c iu kin lin kt vi nhau v c kch thc rt nh. Cc kt ta ny nu khng c loi b ngay s c th kt hp vi CO2 to ra Ca(HCO3)2 theo phn ng thun nghch ni trn v li lm tng cng ca nc. Cc ht kt ta ny c kch thc rt nh, tng din tch b mt s rt ln v vy tc phn ng vi CO2 cao hn rt nhiu so vi mt khi vi c cng khi lng. Vic loi b cc kt ta CaCO 3 ny cng phc tp v phi dng 1 h thng lc tinh, c mng lc rt mn.
e. Lc thm thu ngc (reverse osmosis) - Qu trnh lc thm thu ngc (RO) l qu trnh thm thu ca cc cht

ha tan t ni c nng thp sang ni c nng cao. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra trong mt s iu kin c bit, c th l vi p lc cao v mng thm c bit. Thm thu ngc c cho ra nc c tinh khit rt cao, nhng n i hi chi ph u t v vn hnh tng i ln. Gi thnh ca nc thm thu ngc ch thp hn nc ct cc thit b cng sut ln. Di vi thit b cng sut thp, gi thnh nc tinh lc RO cn cao hn nc ct.

f. Trao i ion - Nguyn tc ca qu trnh trao i ion l s dng cc vt liu c bit hp th cc ion khng mong mun trong nc v thay th chng bng cc ion khc c t tc hi hn. Ngi ta thng s dng 2 dng trao i ion l trao i ion dng (hp th cc ion Ca, Mg) v trao i ion m (hp th ion HCO3). Vt liu trao i ion l cc loi polymer c bit c c tnh hp th ion dng ht, chng c gi l cc ht cationit hoc anionit - S dng phng php trao i ion c th loi b hon ton cng ton phn ln cng carbonat trong nc. Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng trao i ion dng loi b cc ion Ca, Mg ra khi nc. Trao i ion m thng ch c s dng nh 1 phng n b xung v nng sut ca qu trnh trao i ion m thp hn nhiu so vi trao i ion dng. - Cc ht trao i ion c ngm sn cc ion cn thit, cc ion ny c hot tnh mnh hn cc ion cn ly ra khi nc, khi vo trong nc chng s nh cc ion ang ngm ra v hp th cc ion trong nc. Kh nng trao i ion ca ht ph thuc vo s lng ion m chng c th ngm c. Khi nh ht cc ion mnh ban u, ht s mt kh nng trao i. Khi cn phi hon nguyn. Qu trnh hon nguyn l qu trnh phc hi kh nng trao i ca ht. Bn cht ca qu trnh cng l trao i ion: ngi ta a qua ht dung dch c cha cc ion mnh, ht s nh ra cc ion yu m n ly t nc v hp th cc ion mnh, nh phc hi li s lng ion mnh m n ngm v kh nng trao i ion cho nc. - C 2 loi ht cationit thng c s dng trong thc t l ht Nacationit v ht H-cationit, tng ng vi cc ion s c nh ra thay th Ca++, Mg++ l Na+ v H+ v ha cht hon nguyn l mui Natri v axit. Mui thng dng l mui n NaCl, axit thng dng l HCl. - Kh nng trao i ca H-cationit thng l mnh hn Na-cationit, ngoi ra n nh ra ion H+, ion ny s kt hp vi gc HCO 3- v to ra axit H2CO3 l axit rt yu, s b phn tch thnh H2O v CO2 v do gin tip loi b c c ion HCO3- trong nc (tng t nh vic s dng thm trao i ion m). Tuy nhin gi thnh ca H-cationit thng cao gp nhiu ln so vi Na-cationit, dung dich hon nguyn li l axit nn thng thng ch c s dng trong cng nghip. - Na-cationit c s dng rng ri nht v c chi ph u t v vn hnh thp nht trong cc phng n lm mm nc. cng ca nc sau khi lm mm bng phng n ny cng nm trong mc cho php i vi rt nhiu nhu cu nc mm, mui to ra trong nc sau khi trao i ion l NaHCO3 v sau s l NaCO3 l mui c t nh hng xu v vy n c s dng rt rng ri.

3. CU TO V NGUYN TC HOT NG CA THIT B LM

MM NC BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I CATION NATRI - Thit b l 1 bnh kn, trong bnh y ht Na-cationit. C 02 u cp nc vo v ly nc ra c gn c nh vo bnh. u cp nc vo pha trn, ly nc ra pha di. - c 2 u ny u c lp li lc mn bng Inox vi kch thc l nh hn 0,1 mm. Li lc ny c nhim v ngn khng cho ht thot ra ngoi. - tin cho vic lp t v thao tc, u ly nc ra tuy c ming ht nm y bnh, nhng u ra c a ln nh bnh bng 1 ng nm dc trong bnh.

Nc cng c a vo bnh t pha trn, i qua lp ht xung di v chy ra ngoi qua ng thot t dc bnh. Khi i qua lp ht, cc ion Ca++ v Mg++ s c ht hp th v ion Na+ c nh ra thay th. Nc s oc lm mm. - cng cn li ca nc ph thuc vo: o cng ban u ca nc
-

o Lu lng nc i qua thit b - Vi ng ban u khong 250-300 ppm v lu lng khong 100 l/h, cng cn li c th t di 20 ppm - Vi cng ban u khong 250-300 ppm v lu lng khong 200 l/h, cng cn li c th t di 30 ppm - Cc thit b c kt cu n gin kiu ny thng thng ch c kh nng gim cng cn li ca nc xung n khong 10 ppm. - gim d cng cn li ca nc xung na, ngi ta s dng cc thit b c kt cu cho php ko di qung ng i ca nc trong lp ht, ni cch khc l tng thi gian nc i trong lp ht. - i vi vic lm mm 1 th tch nc c nh, ngi ta thng s dng phng n n gin l cho nc tun hon qua bnh trao i nhiu vng. Vi ng ban u khong 250-300 ppm v lu lng khong 500 l/h, cng cn li c th t di 1 ppm sau khi tun hon qua bnh 10 vng - Vic a nc i t trn xung di l rt cn thit v di tc dng ca dng chy, lp ht s b nn li, gim tit din cho nc qua, do nc s c chy u qua ton b tit din ca lp ht, din tch tip xc htnc tng ln v kh nng lm mm s cao hn. Nu a nc t di ln, lp ht s b thi bung ln, khang cch gia cc ht s rng ra nhiu. Do lu lng nc l rt nh so vi tit din ca bnh nn s ch c 1 dng lu ng gia bnh, v ch c cc ht mi tham gia nhiu vo qu trnh trao i ion, cc ht bn ngoi s t tham gia hn, do gim kh nng trao i ca bnh. Cc ht tham gia trao i ion s nhanh chng b mt kh nng lm vic, bnh s phi hon nguyn trc thi hn d kin. - Ngoi ra vic a nc t trn xung s lm cho cn bn b ng li pha trn ca lp ht tng t nh lc ct. Khi v sinh ch cn a nc i ngc t di ln trn trong vi pht l s sch hon ton
4. HNG DN S DNG THIT B LM MM NC BNG

PHNG PHP TRAO I CATION NATRI a. Lp t: - Bnh trao i ion cn phi c t ng, bnh t nm s mt tc dng. - Nc cp vo v ly ra khng uc lp ln. - Nu ch s dng bnh khi cp nc mi hoc nc b xung vo b th c th ch cn lp 02 u ni ng mm vo cc u vo/ra ca bnh. Ni ng mm t nc ngun vo u vo ca bnh, ni ng t u ra ca bnh vo b. Khi s dng th ni ng mm vo, khi khng s dng th tho ra. - Nu s dng vi h thng tun hon nc th nn lp t ni tip sau bnh lc (cn kim tra kh nng ca bm v tr lc s b tng ln). Nu v vn tr lc i vi bm lc th c th lp 1 vng tun hon ring vi bm t chm trong b

Nu s dng ng ni cng th nn lp rc co v van kha vo 2 u vo/ra ca bnh tin cho vic tho bnh ra khi v sinh v hon nguyn. Nu s dng ng ni mm th ch cn lp thm van kha.

Hai s u ni c nh c th tham kho: S 1: Ni bnh trao i vo sau lc ngoi, c van kha v van bypass, thay v b xung nc cho b bng cng c khc.

S 2: Ni bnh trao i vo sau lc ngoi, c van kha, van bypas, thm van kha v u ch ni ng mm thay, b xung nc cho b v ra bnh trao i:

b. Vn hnh trong trng hp ch cp nc mi hoc nc b xung: - c th t c cng thp, cn quan tm n lu lng nc qua bnh. Kh nng lm mm ca bnh s gim i khi tng lu lng, c bit gim rt nhanh khi lu lng tng ln qu 500 l/h - Vn hnh trong trng hp ny rt n gin: ch cn ni ng nh ni mc a, m van ti lu lng mong mun. Khi no nc ri th ng van li. c. Vn hnh trong trng hp chy tun hon: - Vi b thy sinh, khng cn phi lun lun chy tun hon, ch cn chy khi ta pht hin c cng tng ln hoc sau khi b xung nc mi hay thay nc. Nu khng c thit b o cng, c th chy khong 1 tun 1 ln, mi ln khong 2 gi l - Ni c nh bnh trao i ion vi h thng ng ng tun hon qua cc van kha v van bypass s tin cho vic thao tc hn. - V d v vn hnh khi s dng s 2: o Ch chy lc, khng lm mm: m van 1, cc van cn li ng o Chy lc v lm mm: m cc van 2 v 4, cc van cn li ng o X nc khi b: Ni ng x nc vo u 2, m cc van 2 v 3, cc van cn li ng

o B xung nc vo b khng i qua trao i ion: Ni ng nc

ngun vo u 1, m cc van 4 v 5, cc van cn li ng o B xung nc vo b c i qua trao i ion: Ni ng nc ngun vo u 2, m cc van 3 v 4, cc van cn li ng o Ra bnh trao i ion: ni ng nc ngun vo u 1, ni ng x nc vo u 2, m cc van 3 v 5, cc van cn li ng Lu : khng nn lm mm nc khi nc b cn c v cn bn s lm gim kh nng trao i ion ca cc ht v lm tc bnh lc kh nhanh d. Ra bnh trao i: - Ra bnh trao i theo nguyn tc ra ngc: cho nc i qua lp ht ngc vi ng i qu trnh lm vic bnh thng tc l i t di ln trn. - Nu bnh trao i ion c lp t theo s 2 hoc tng t th c th xem hng d phn trn - Nu khng lp dn ng ng ra bnh th cn tho bnh ra, cm ng nc vo u ng trn nh bnh (u ny s a nc qua lp ht t pha di), nc x s trn ra theo u ng nm ngang - Ra cho n khi nc x trong, thng thng thi gian ra ch khong 1-2 pht. e. Hon nguyn: - Hon nguyn l lm phc hi kh nng trao i ion ca ht - i vi bnh c cha 6 lt ht, tng kh nng trao i l 12 gl hay 600 g. Vi nc cng c cng khong 250-300 ppm th s lng ht trn c th lm mm hon ton c khong 2-2,4 m3 nc. V vy sau khi lm mm khong 2 m3 nc ta cn tin hnh hon nguyn. - Hon nguyn bng dung dch mui n NaCl. Khi lng mui n cn hon nguyn l 12 gl = 12 x 58 = 696 g . Ly d thm khong 10-15% l 800 g. - Trc khi hon nguyn cn ra ngc cho sch, sau dc ngc bnh x ht nc trong bnh ra. - Ha tan hon ton 400 g mui vo khong 3 lt nc, ri dung dch vo bnh qua u ng trn nh. Sau t t b xung thm nc cho n khi nc bt u chy ra t u ng nm ngang th dng li. - Ngm ht trao i ion trong nc mui khong 1 gi, Trong thi gian ny nn bt 2 u ng li v lt bnh vi ln, sau mi 10 pht qu trnh trao i ion c tt hn - Sau 1 gi th ht nc mui ra - Pha tip 400 g mui cn li ri li vo bnh ngm ln th 2, thi gian ngm cng l 1 gi, trong lc ngm cng nn lt, lc bnh. Sau 1 gi cng ht nc mui ra. - Tin hnh ra nc mui trong bnh, tng t nh ra bnh, thi gian ra nc mui nn ko di khong 5-10 pht.

- Sau khi ra nc mui, bnh trao i ion sn sng lp li v tr v lm vic Lu : Nn tin hnh hon nguyn sm hn thi hn tnh ton. Nu hon nguyn sau khi lm mm khong 1 m3 nc th ch cn 1 ln ngm 400 g mui.

VINHRAU ABV - 2007