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THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

TI HA HC:

HA CHT C HI TRONG THC PHM

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Ph lc
3-MCPD (Trong tng) Asen (Trong ko, nc,) Clenbuterol (Thuc tng trng trong tht) DDT (Trong rau qu) 10 Formaldehyde (Trong bnh ph, c, ) Hn The (Trong gi ch, m,) Hir perxt (Bin mc thi thnh mc ti) Lu Hunh (Trong mng, min,tht, thuc ng y,...) Melamin (Trong sa) Rhodamine_B (Thuc nhum ht da) Tinopal (Lm trng bn) Ur (C trong thc phm: tht, c, ) Sodium Dithionite (Ty trng gi, bnh a) Sudan (Trong trong tng t) Mt ong c cha chloramphenicol Pin trong bnh chng Thng tin ng dc thc phm do ha cht Danh sch nhm 3 5 8 11 13 14 16 17 19 20 22 24 25 26 28 30 33

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3-MCPD (Trong tng)


I.S lc: 3-MCPD l mt cht thuc nhm chloropropanols c tn ho hc l 3-monochloro propane 1,2-diol. Cht Triglyceride (C3H5(OH)3) trong cht bo khi tc dng v axit chlohydric (HCl) th to thnh 3MCPD v 3 dn xut khc (1,3-DCP; 2,3-DCP; v 2-MCPD). 3MCPD c to thnh do s phn ng gia cht Clo v cht bo trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm. Phn ng c thc y nhanh hn khi xy ra nhit cao (gia nhit). II.nh hng ca cht 3-MCPD n sc kho con ngi v ng vt: Phn ln nhng nghin cu v c tnh ca cht 3-MCPD c thc hin trn ng vt, vi sinh vt v cc dng t bo chun, trong c nhng nghin cu trn chut cho thy rng 3-MCPD c kh nng gy ung th. Nhng nghin cu trn vi sinh vt v dng t bo cho thy 3-MCPD c th lm thay i qu trnh nhn bn gene. III.Cht 3-MCPD c th c nhng loi thc phm no? X du (Tng): tng l mt loi thc phm quen dng c sn xut t qu trnh ln men v chuyn ho u tng bi vi sinh vt (Aspergillus oryzae or A. sojae), tuy nhin trong cng ngh sn xut hin nay ngi ta thng s dng nguyn liu l kh u tng ( tch du) ri thu phn bng axit chlohydric (HCl). u tng l mt loi u giu proteins v cht bo, v vy vic thu phn protein u tng bng axit HCl v nhng bc tip theo trong qu trnh ch bin tng thc y qu trnh to ra cht 3MCPD. c tnh giu protein v cht bo lm cho tng sn xut theo phng php ny tr thnh mt ngun 3-MCPD cao nht so vi nhng thc phm khc. Thc phm khc c th cha 3-MCPD: Ng cc rang (lc, u) Malt en v dch chit malt en Sc-xch ln men 3-MCPD cng c th hnh thnh trong qu trnh nu nng thng thng kh clo trong nc (nhiu h thng nc dng kh clo x l) tip xc vi cht bo v c gia nhit trong qu trnh nu nng. III. Gii hn cho php Trc y cc chuyn gia v thc phm ca lin minh chu u gi rng 3-MCPD phi mc khng th pht hin c bng phng php phn tch hin i nht (ni nm na l 3-MCPD khng c tn ti trong thc phm). Tuy nhin sau khi nhng nghin cu mi nht c cng b, cc chuyn gia ny khuyn co mc s dng ti a hng ngy (Tolerable Daily Intake) l 2ug/kg th trng. IV. Phng php xc nh 3-MCPD trong thc phm 3-MCPD u tin s c tch khi thc phm, sau cho tc dng vi mt cht trung gian to thnh mt dn xut, dn xut ny sau c tch trn h thng sc k kh v phn tch bng phng php ph khi (GC/MS & GC/MS/MS). Do phn ng chuyn i trung gian c hiu sut thp v khng c nh vi cc ln lp li khc nhau, xc nh chnh xc hm lng 3-MCPD ngi ta phi s dng c ni chun (internal standard) v ngoi chun (external standard) Vi thc phm dng lng nh tng th ngi ta c th hp ph 3-MCPD (mu v ni chun nh du) ln cht hot ng b mt (diatomacous earth, zeolite) sau trch li bng diethyl ether, sau c c ri phn tch trn h thng GC/MS. V. Vn cng ng quan tm trnh s dng nc tng c cht lng khng m bo ngi tiu dng nn la chn tng ca nhng cng ty c uy tn v khng nm trong danh sch en cng b. Khng nn dng tng ca cng ty khng c ting tm bi l vic sn phm ca nhng cng ty ny khng nm trong danh sch en n gin ch v ngi ta cha ly mu phn tch m thi.

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Ngi tiu dng cng khng nn hoang mang khi mt s bi bo quy kt cho vic gia tng bnh nhn ung th l do 3-MCPD gy ra. V mt nguyn tc khi i sng pht trin, iu kin chm sc y t tt th t l ngi cht v ung th s tng ln. Nguyn nhn su xa nm ch, khi iu kin chm sc sc kho tt ln, t l ngi cht v nhng bnh thng thng s gim i, nh tui th cng cao hn. Khi tui th cao t l mc bnh ung th cng tng.

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Asen (Trong ko, nc,)


Asen hay cn gi l thch tn, mt nguyn t ha hc c k hiu As v s nguyn t 33. Asen ln u tin c Albertus Magnus (c) vit v n vo nm 1250[. Khi lng nguyn t ca n bng 74,92. V tr ca n trong bng tun hon c cp bng m bn phi. Asen l mt kim gy ng c kht ting v c nhiu dng th hnh: mu vng (phn t phi kim) v mt vi dng mu en v xm ( kim) ch l s t m ngi ta c th nhn thy. Ba dng c tnh kim loi ca asen vi cu trc tinh th khc nhau cng c tm thy trong t nhin, nhng ni chung n hay tn ti di dng cc hp cht asenua v asenat. Vi trm loi khong vt nh th c bit ti. Asen v cc hp cht ca n c s dng nh l thuc tr dch hi, thuc tr c, thuc tr su v trong mt lot cc hp kim. Trng thi xi ha ph bin nht ca n l -3 (asenua: thng thng trong cc hp cht lin kim loi tng t nh hp kim), +3 (asenat (III) hay asenit v phn ln cc hp cht asen hu c), +5 (asenat (V): phn ln cc hp cht v c cha xy ca asen n nh). Asen cng d t lin kt vi chnh n, chng hn to thnh cc cp As-As trong sulfua hng hong (-As4S4) v cc ion As43- vung trong asenua skutterudit. trng thi xi ha +3, tnh cht ha hc lp th ca asen chu nh hng bi s chim hu cp c c cc electron. Tng qut Tn, K hiu, S Phn loi Nhm, Chu k, Khi asen, As, 33 kim 15, 4, p

Khi lng ring, 5727 kg/m, 3,5 cng B ngoi Tnh cht nguyn t Khi lng nguyn t 74,92160(2) .v. Bn knh nguyn t 115 (114) pm (calc.) Bn knh cng ho tr Cu hnh electron e- trn mc nng lg 119 pm [Ar]3d104s24p3 2, 8, 18, 5 mu xm kim loi

Trng thi xi ha 5, 3, 1, -3 (axt (xt) nh) Cu trc tinh th Tnh cht vt l Trng thi vt cht im nng chy im si rn 1.090 K (1.503 F) th 887 K (1.137 F) hp mt thoi

I. c trng ng ch

Asen v tnh cht ha hc rt ging vi nguyn t ng trn n l phtpho. Tng t nh phtpho, n to thnh cc xt kt tinh, khng mu, khng mi nh As2O3 v As2O5 l nhng cht ht m v d dng ha tan trong nc to thnh cc dung dch c tnh axt. Axt asenic (V), tng t nh axt phtphoric, l mt axt yu. Tng t nh phtpho, asen to thnh hirua dng kh v khng n nh, l arsin (AsH3). S tng t ln n mc asen s thay th phn no cho phtpho trong cc phn ng ha sinh hc v v th n gy ra ng c. Tuy nhin, cc liu thp hn mc gy ng c th cc hp cht asen ha tan li ng vai tr ca cc cht kch thch v tng ph bin vi cc liu nh nh l cc loi thuc cha bnh cho con ngi vo gia th k 18. Khi b nung nng trong khng kh, n b xi ha to ra trixt asen; hi t phn ng ny c mi nh mi ti. Mi ny cng c th pht hin bng cch p cc khong vt asenua nh asenopyrit bng ba. Asen (v mt s hp cht ca asen) thng hoa khi b nung nng p sut tiu chun, chuyn ha trc tip thnh dng kh m khng chuyn qua trng thi lng. Trng thi lng xut hin p sut 20 tmtphe tr ln, iu ny gii thch ti sao im nng chy li cao hn im si. Asen nguyn t c tm thy nhiu dng th hnh rn: dng mu vng th mm, do nh sp v khng n nh, v n lm cho cc phn t dng t din As4 tng t nh cc phn t ca phtpho trng. Cc dng mu en, xm hay 'kim loi' hi c cu trc kt tinh thnh lp vi cc lin kt tri rng khp tinh th. Chng l cc cht bn dn cng vi nh kim. T trng ring ca dng mu vng l 1,97 g/cm; dng 'asen xm' hnh hp mt thoi nng hn nhiu vi t trng ring 5,73 g/cm; cc dng kim khc c t trng tng t.

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Mt mu cha asen

II.c tnh
Lc Scheele hay asenat ng, c s dng trong th k 19 nh l tc nhn to mu trong cc loi bnh ko ngt. Vic s dng asen trong lm gi thc phm dn ti ng c ko Bradford nm 1858, gy ra ci cht ca khong 20 ngi v lm khong 200 ngi khc b bnh do ng c asen. Asenat hir ch tng c s dng nhiu trong th k 20 lm thuc tr su cho cc loi cy n qu. Vic s dng n i khi to ra cc tn thng no i vi nhng ngi phun thuc ny. na cui th k 20, asenat methyl mononatri (MSMA), mt dng hp cht hu c t c hi hn ca asen thay th cho vai tr ca asenat hir ch trong nng nghip.

Asen trong nc ung


Nhim bn asen trong nc ngm dn ti i dch ng c asen ti Bangladesh v cc nc lng ging. Ngi ta c tnh khong 57 triu ngi ang s dng nc ung l nc ngm c hm lng asen cao hn tiu chun ca T chc Y t Th gii l 10 phn t. Asen trong nc ngm c ngun gc t nhin v n c gii phng ra t trm tch vo nc ngm do cc iu kin thiu xy ca lp t gn b mt. Nc ngm ny bt u c s dng sau khi cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO) phng Ty h tr chng trnh lm cc ging nc ln ly nc ung vo cui th k 20. Chng trnh ny c ra nhm ngn nga vic ung nc t nc b mt b nhim khun, nhng li khng ch trng ti kim nh asen trong nc ngm. Nhiu quc gia v khu vc khc ng Nam , nh Vit Nam, Campuchia, Ty Tng, Trung Quc, c coi l c cc iu kin a cht tng t gip cho qu trnh to nc ngm giu asen. Ng c asen c bo co ti Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thi Lan nm 1987, v asen ha tan trong sng Chao Phraya b nghi l cha hm lng cao asen ngun gc t nhin, nhng khng c vn g vi sc khe cng cng do vic s dng nc ng chai. Min bc Hoa K, bao gm cc phn thuc Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota v Dakota cng c hm lng asen trong nc ngm kh cao. Mc ung th da cao hn gn lin vi phi nhim asen ti Wisconsin, mc d mc thp hn tiu chun 10 phn t ca nc ung. Chng c dch t hc t Chile ch ra mi lin h ph thuc liu lng gia phi nhim asen kinh nin v cc dng ung th khc nhau, c th l khi cc yu t ri ro khc, nh ht thuc, cng tn ti. Cc hiu ng ny c chng minh l tn ti di 50 phn t.] Nghin cu v t l ung th ti i Loan gi rng s gia tng ng k trong t sut do ung th dng nh ch mc trn 150 phn t. Phn tch cc nghin cu dch t hc nhiu ngun v phi nhim asen v c gi rng ri ro nh nhng c th o c tng ln i vi ung th bng quang mc 10 phn t. Theo Peter Ravenscroft t khoa a trng i hc Cambridge khong 80 triu ngi trn khp th gii tiu th khong 10 ti 50 phn t asen trong nc ung ca h. Nu h tiu th chnh xc 10 phn t asen trong nc ung ca mnh th phn tch dch t hc a ngun trch dn trn y phi d bo 2.000 trng hp b sung v ung th bng quang. iu ny th hin s c tnh qu thp r nt v nh hng tng th, do n khng tnh ti ung th phi v da. Nhng ngi chu phi nhim asen mc cao hn tiu chun hin ti ca WHO nn cn nhc ti chi ph v li ch ca cc bin php gii tr asen. Asen c th c loi b ra khi nc ung thng qua ng ngng kt cc khong vt st bng xi ha v lc nc. Khi cch x l ny khng em li kt qu mong mun th cc bin php ht bm loi b asen c th cn phi s dng. Mt vi h thng ht bm c chp thun cho cc im dch v s dng trong nghin cu do Cc Bo v Mi trng (EPA) v Qu Khoa hc Quc gia (NSF) Hoa K ti tr. Vic tch asen ra bng t trng cc gradient t trng cc thp c chng minh cc my lc nc ti im s dng vi din tch b mt ln v cc tinh th nano manhtit ng nht kch thc 6

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(Fe3O4). S dng din tch b mt ring ln ca cc tinh th nano Fe3O4 th khi lng cht thi gn lin vi loi b asen t nc gim ng k.

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Clenbuterol (Thuc tng trng trong tht)


Clenbuterol Clenbuterol l ha cht hon ton c tng hp c tc dng gin ph qun, kch thch thn kinh giao cm, v vy c dng lm thuc iu tr hen suyn, iu tr bnh phi tc nghn mn tnh (COPD). Clenbuterol c xp vo nhm thuc chung vi cc thuc tr hen suyn ph bin hin nay l salbutamol, terbutalin. Clenbuterol c dng cho ngi vi tn bit dc broncodil, clenbutol, ventolax, protovent. Trong th y, clenbuterol cng c dng lm thuc gin ph qun tr bnh cho heo. Tuy nhin, trong chn nui, ngi ta bt u ghi nhn tc dng lm tng c, tng trng ca clenbuterol i vi vt nui. Thm ch ngi ta cn tin hnh nhng cng trnh nghin cu v tc dng ny, nh cng trnh Nghin cu Tn IUPAC tc dng lm tng cn ca clenbuterol i vi cu c thc hin ti khoa th y ca trng (RS)-1-(4-amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(terti hc tiu bang Oklahoma (M) vo nm butylamino)ethanol 1991. Khng nhng th, c nhng vn ng vin doping bng clenbuterol vi hi vng tng khi lng c nhm t thnh tch cao Thng tin ha hc trong thi u. Gy hi cho vt nui v ngi Cng thc cu to C12H18Cl2N2O Thi gian qua mt s ni thuc min Nam nc ta c tnh trng s dng thc n chn M 277.19 nui cha cc cht c gi l hormon tng trng, kch thch tng trng, thm ch l thn dc gia cm sinh sn nhiu, heo nui mau ln v tng khi lng c. Gn y, thng 11-2009, Chi cc Th y TP.HCM phi hp vi S Y t TP.HCM kim tra nh k tht heo pht hin c n 10% ca 500 mu tht dng tnh vi clenbuterol (lc ny c gi l cht kch thch tng trng) Clenbuterol Ngay t khi pht hin clenbuterol c tc dng lm tng cn, cht ny b cm dng trn vo thc n cho gia sc gia cm, bi y l thuc cha bnh, phi dng rt thn trng. Trn vo thc n gia sc gia cm khng ch gy hi cho vt nui m cn hi cho ngi nu n vt nui . Vic dng clenbuterol phi php trn vo thc n gia cm lm g nhiu trng khc thng c th c tc dng lm thay i chuyn ha ca thuc. Nhng iu rt ng quan tm l g cho n thc n c clenbuterol b cht mt cch bt thng. i vi heo, clenbuterol c th gip heo mau ln, tng khi lng c (tc c nhiu tht nc hn so vi bnh thng) nhng tc hi gy ra kh lng ht. Cho heo dng clenbuterol khng khc g dng thuc tr hen suyn m liu lng dng khng bit nh th no, lun c nguy c gy hi cho tim mch nh gy nhp tim nhanh, tng hoc h huyt p, ri lon tiu ha, nhim trng h hp. V liu lng dng clenbuterol trong chn nui khng lng c nn con ngi dng tht heo b nhim cht ny c nguy c tch ly clenbuterol trong c th v b ng c. C ngun tin cn cho bit hin nay nhiu nh chn nui hm li khng ch lm dng clenbuterol, c ni cn dng c salbutamol l thuc cng nhm gin ph qun tr hen suyn trong chn nui heo. 8

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n nhiu tht heo d b tch ly cht kch thch tng trng - nh: minh ha.

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DDT (Trong rau qu)


DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro-Ethane) l tn vit tt ca ho cht c cng thc 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-cis-(pchlorophenyl) ethane, mt loi bt trng c tng hp vo nm 1874; nhng mi n nm 1930, Bc s Paul Muller (Thy S) mi xc nhn DDT l mt ha cht hu hiu trong vic tr kh su ry v t c xem nh l mt thn dc, nhng khng bit c nh hng nguy hi ln con ngi. Khm ph trn mang li cho ng gii Nobel v y khoa nm 1948. Ngay sau , DDT c s dng rng ri khp th gii trong vic kh trng v kim sot mm mng gy bnh st rt. Nhng ch hai thp nin sau, mt s chuyn gia th gii khm ph ra tc hi ca DDT ln mi trng v sc khe ca ngi dn. Do , ti Hoa K ho cht ny b cm s dng hn DDT t nm 1972 v ho cht ny chim v tr th 10 trong danh sch 12 ha cht d bn hay ht bi nhim hu c khng b hy (POP) c thng qua qua hip c Stockholm, Thy in nm 2002. L do l sau khi c s dng, DDT vn tip tc tn ti trong ngun nc, lng t v bi DDT vn l lng trong khng kh. DDT khng ho tan trong nc nhng ha tan trong dung mi hu c v c C quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa K xp vo danh sch ha cht cn phi kim sot v c nguy c to ra ung th cho ngi v th vt. DDT c th i vo mi trng khng kh, t v nc. N cng c xp vo loi dioxin-tng ng. i sng bn hy ca DDT vo khong 3 ngy, nhng sau khi b phn hy, DDT chuyn ha thnh dng DDD, v DDE v cui cng s tch t trong nc v trm tch lu di. nh hng ca hai cht sau ny tng t nh DDT. Vic tip nhim DDT v nh hng ln sc khe Con ngi tip nhim DDT qua nhiu cch khc nhau: trc tip v gin tip. V trc tip, trong thi gian phun xt thuc, con ngi c th b nhim qua phi hoc qua da. V gin tip, khi n cc thc phm nh ng cc, rau u b nhim DDT, cng nh tm c sng trong vng b nhim, DDT s i vo c th qua ng tiu hoa v tch t theo thi gian trong cc m m v gan ca con ngi. Ti Hoa K, mc d b cm s dng t nm 1972, nhng hm lng DDT trung bnh trong c th ca mi ngi dn l 0,8 ug. C hai loi nh hng: cp tnh v mn tnh. Trc ht, ng v phng din cp tnh, nu n nhm thc phm cha vi gram ha cht trong mt thi gian ngn, c th b nh hng trc tip ln h thn kinh. Ngi b nhim c s b run ry, co git mnh ko theo tnh trng i ma, m hi, nhc u, v chng mt. Cc hin tng trn c th chm dt ngay sau vic nhim c c ngn chn v bnh nhn c cha tr kp thi. Tuy nhin, c vi trng t vong do nhim c cp tnh c bo co trong lch s y hc. V phng din mn tnh, khi b nhim c vi liu lng nh trong mt thi gian di, nhim v ca gan b thay i, lng diu t (enzyme) ca gan trong mu c th b tng ln v sa m l ni tch t ha cht quan trng nht. Th nghim ln chut cho thy cc hin tng sau y xy ra sau mt thi gian di b nhim c. Nu b nhim c vo khong 20-50 mg/ngy/kg c th, iu ny c th nh hng n vic sinh sn, n cc tuyn ni tit nh tuyn gip trng, nang thng thn. Nu b nhim lu hn na c th a n ung th. T nhng kt lun trn, C quan Quc t v Nghin cu Ung th (International Agency for Research of Cancer) xc nhn DDT v cc chuyn ho DDE v DDD l tc nhn gy ra bnh ung th cho con ngi.

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Formaldehyde (Trong bnh ph, c, )


Formaldehyde (Formol)
*Trng thi vt l: Cht kh iu kin bnh thng. Thng hin hu di dng dung dch 36-50% (formalin). *Mu sc: Khng mu. *Mi: Mi hng nng, c th pht hin nng 1 ppm. *Tnh chy: Rt d chy . *Trong khng kh, iu kin bnh thng, formaldehyde hin hu nng 0,03 ppm: 0,1 ppm tr ln c th gy ho v d ng da. 0,3 ppm c th gy chy nc mt. 2-3 ppm gy au rt cho mt, mi v hng. Nhng quan trng hn ht t chc IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancel) trc thuc WHO, t nm 2004 xp formaldehyde vo nhm 1 cc cht gy ung th (carciogenic) cho ngi. Formaldehyde c th gy ung th vm hng, ung th thanh qun v cc b phn ca h h hp. Foocmon d dng kt hp vi cc Protein (thng l thnh phn cc loi thc phm) to thnh nhng hp cht bn, khng thi ra, khng i thiu, nhng rt kh tiu ha. Chnh tnh cht ny b li dng ko di thi gian bo qun ca cc thc phm nh bnh ph, h tiu, bn, bnh t, tht, c, : Ti cc TP ln nh H Ni v TP.H Ch Minh, cc c quan chc nng pht hin hng chc v s dng bnh ph c formol. Formol trong thc phm khng nhng c pht hin ti cc TP ln, m cn c pht hin ti Vnh Phc, H Ty. Vic lm dng formol trong thc phm ti mc bo ng. Trung tm An ton thc phm Hong Kong (CFS) thng bo trong mt cuc kim tra gn y, CFS pht hin 5/10 mu sn phm c c d lng ha cht formaldehyde ln ti 170 n 570 ppm.

Tn IUPAC formaldehyde Tn Khc formol, methyl aldehyde, methylene oxide, methanal

Thuc tnh CT cu to M

Nhit nng chy

Nhit si

Tnh tan

Tc hi ca Foocmon:. Gy nhng triu chng cp tnh: - Kch thch gy cai nim mc mt, mt - Kch thch ng h hp trn gy chy mi, vim thanh qun, vim ng h hp, hen ph qun, vim phi. Gy ngt th nu hp thu nng 1/20000 trong khng kh. - L tc nhn gy vim da tip xc, vim da d ng, ni m ay. - Tc hi trn ng tiu ha: lm chm tiu, ri lon tiu ha, vim lot d dy, vim i trng... - Khi tip xc, hoc n phi vi mt hm lng cao c th gy t vong. 11

CH2O 30.026 g/mol -92 C (nguyn cht) 15 C (37% dung dch) -21 C (nguyn cht) 96 C (37% solution) D tan trong nc

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2. L tc nhn gy ung th nhiu c quan trong c th: gia tng t l ung th xoang mi, ung th ng h hp c bit l mi, hng, phi, ung th ng tiu ha... Nu b nhim formaldehyde nng thng qua ng h hp hay ng tiu ho cc hin tng sau y c th xy ra: Vim lot, hoi t t bo, cc biu hin nn ma ra mu, i a chy hoc i ra mu v c th gy t vong trong vi pht do try tim mch, vi cc triu chng khc km theo nh au bng, i ma, tm ti. 30ml l liu lng c th gy ra cht ngi. Hm lng formol cao c th lm suy gim h min dch, thm ch c th gy t vong khi n chuyn ho thnh axt formic lm tng axt trong mu, gy th nhanh v th gp, b h nhit, hn m. Mc c ca formol tng dn nhit cao; tuy nhin khi nhit thp, kh formaldehyde c th chuyn thnh paraforomaldehyde- mt loi ho cht rt c.

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Hn The (Trong gi ch, m,)


Hn the l mui acid boric (H3BO3), c tn ha hc l natri borat (Na2B4O7.10H2O).

*c tnh:
Hn the khi s dng c o thi phn ln qua nc tiu (80%), qua tuyn m hi (3%), qua phn (1%), cn li tch ly trong c th. Hn the tch ly nhiu nht gan v c ri n tim, phi, d dy, thn, rut Khi n nhiu hn the, s c hin tng kh tiu, chn n, mt mi, gy ng c mn tnh, nng hn cn c nguy c thoi ha c quan sinh dc, lm suy yu kh nng sinh sn v gy tn thng cho bo thai. Do hn the b cm s dng t lu ti nhiu nc, trong c VN.

S dng Hn the trong thc phm:


Trong hai nm 2004 v 2005, kt qu kim tra ngu nhin 2.500 mu gi ch, gi sng, m si ti cc c s sn xut, siu th, ni kinh doanh, hng rong trn a bn TPHCM m Trung tm y t d phng (TTYTDP) TP.HCM thc hin, cho thy ch la c t l s dng hn the cao nht vi 68%, k n l m si 60-66%, gi sng 45% v bnh gi 25%, Ch la bn rong c t l cha hn the cao nht vi 77%. K l ch la bn ch, chim 74%; hn the cng c tm thy trong 68% cc sn phm gi sng, ch la, m si bn trn cc xe bnh m, trong cc qun m, bnh cun, qun n ung bnh dn v 50% ti cc c s sn xut. Bn cnh gi ch, gi sng th hn the cn c trong cc loi bnh gi, phu th, da ln, bnh c... iu ng ngi l c ti 80% sn phm c cha hn the khng c a ch ni sn xut, hu ht c by bn ch. Ti TPHCM, qua kim tra, c t 45-70% gi ch, bnh ph u c cha hn the, formol... Tuy nhin, mt s c s sn xut bt u chuyn hng sang s dng cc lai ph gia thc phm hp php. Mc d c hng dn s dng cc cht thay th hn the bng photphat, chitosan nhng vic chp hnh quy nh ny mi ch c thc hin nhng c s sn xut, kinh doanh ln. i a s cc c s sn xut kinh doanh nh vn th vi vic s dng cc cht ph gia hp php thay th hn the. Qua iu tra cho thy, khong 70% ngi sn xut kinh doanh v 91,3% ngi tiu dng bit hn the l cht c v l cht ph gia nm ngoi danh mc cho php ca B Y t. ng ngc nhin l, mt na trong s ngi tiu dng c hi, vn thch s dng thc phm c cha hn the v thc phm lai ny n th thy... gin, dai, hp khu ngi tiu dng!

14

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Hir perxt (Bin mc thi thnh mc ti)


Hir perxt (Nc xy gi) Nc xy gi (H2O2) l mt cht lng trong sut, nht hn mt cht so vi nc, c cc thuc tnh xi ha mnh v v th l cht ty trng mnh c s dng nh l cht ty u, cng nh lm cht xi ha, v (c bit nng cao nh HTP) lm tc nhn y trong cc tn la. Do hir perxt phn hy khi c nh sng nn n cn phi bo qun trong iu kin mt v trnh chiu nng trc tip. N cng cn c bo qun trong chai l c dn nhn r rng, xa tm vi ca tr em do nu ung nhm mt lng ln th n c th sinh ra cc vn vi h tiu ha nh bng, tn thng v nn ma. Cc dung dch m c hn, chng hn 35% s gy ra cht ngi khi ung m khng pha long.

Tng quan Danh php IUPAC Tn khc

Cng thc phn t Phn t gam Biu hin Thuc tnh T trng v pha 1,4 g/cm3, lng ha tan trong C th trn ln nc Dng ha cht bin mc thi thnh mc im nng chy -11 C (262 K) ti (Trch Dn tr) im si 141 C (414 K) Mc ng lnh c bc sch, cho vo thng nc pKa 11,65 ri vo na cn mui, 1/3 cy v 250ml pKb ha cht hydrogen peroxide. Trong s nhng thng nht 1,245 cP 20 C mc cha c ty ra c thng bc mi v y di, b... Vo khong 9h15 sng ngy 29/6/2009, on kim tra lin ngnh gm Phng Cnh st mi trng Cng an TP, thanh tra S Y t, Y t d phng, Chi cc Thy sn H Ni v Chi cc An ton v sinh thc phm TP bt ng kim tra ti khu ch thy sn ti sng nm trong khun vin ch u mi Long Bin (H Ni). Thi im ny, 2 ki t c a ch 05 - G2B ca ng L Cng Thng v ki t 08 - G2B ca b L Th Ni ang c hng chc cng nhn tt bt bn mt my ly tm, ngm v lm trng hn 500kg mc ti chun em ra th trng tiu th. Tt c s mc ny u khng r ngun gc xut x v c ng trong cc bao b c in ch nc ngoi, ht thi hn s dng t nm 2005 - 2006. Theo li khai ban u ca cc cng nhn, mc ng lnh ly t trong kho ra s c bc sch sau cho vo thng c cha nc ri na cn mui, 1/3 cy v khong 250ml ha cht hydrogen peroxide vo ngm trong vng 1 ting. Sau , mc c a ra ra sch, ng vo thng xp em i tiu th. Tin hnh kim tra cc kho ng lnh, lc lng chc nng pht hin c mt h thng my quay to lc ly tm lm trng mc. Theo cc cng nhn, mc khi ly t trong cc thng hng qu t ra s ch cho thng vo my ri ha cht hydrogen peroxide - mt loi ha cht ty trng cng nghip - vo. Vo thi im on kim tra yu cu m kho ng lnh, mt vi my quay ly tm vn ang lm vic. Tt my i mt thi gian kh lu, dung dch trong my vn si ln mt th bt trng nh x phng. Gn rt nhiu thng ng ha cht v ang s dng by la lit. Khm xt nhng thng mc ang lm d, on kim tra pht hin c thng bt u bc bi thi v xut hin di, b.

Hir perxt Hir_dixt hirperxt H2O2 34,01 g/mol Cht lng trong sut

15

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Sau khi x l khi lng khng l mc km phm cht, cc li thng ch thng n cc nh hng v cc ch nh trn a bn thnh ph tiu th. Hin cc mu mc c cc c quan chc nng thu gi phn tch.

16

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Lu Hunh (Trong mng, min,tht, thuc ng y,...)


Lu hunh l nguyn t ha hc trong bng tun hon c k hiu S v s nguyn t 16. N l mt phi kim ph bin, khng mi, khng v, nhiu ha tr. Lu hunh, trong dng gc ca n l cht rn kt tinh mu vng chanh. Trong t nhin, n c th tm thy dng n cht hay trong cc khong cht sulfua v sulfat. N l mt nguyn t thit yu cho s sng v c tm thy trong hai axt amin. S dng thng mi ca n ch yu trong cc phn bn nhng cng c dng rng ri trong thuc sng, dim, thuc tr su v thuc dit nm.

16 phtpho lu hunh clo


O S Se Tng qutTn, K hiu, Slu hunh, S, 16Phn loiphi kimNhm, Chu k, Khi16, 3, pB ngoivng chanhTnh cht nguyn tKhi lng nguyn t32,065(5) .v.Cu hnh electron[Ne]3s23p4e- trn mc nng lng2, 8, 6Trng thi xi ha (xt)-1, 2, 4, 6 (axt mnh)Tnh cht vt lim nng chy388,36 K (239,38 F)im si717,8 K (832,3 F)Nhit bay hi45 kJ/molNhit nng chy1,727 kJ/molp sut hi100.000 Pa ti 717 K

Lu hunh trong thc phm: Mng, min kh l nhng thc phm in hnh ca vic b lm dng lu hunh. Theo tin s Nguyn Duy Thnh, Vin Khoa hc cng ngh sinh hc thc phm (H Bch khoa H Ni), khi lu hunh b t chy s thnh cht sunfur (SO2), l cht ty mnh gip tiu dit nm mc, su mt. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh xng khi, lu hunh s lu li trn thc phm, lm thc phm b cng, thay i mu sc, mi v v gim hot cht. Ngoi ra, SO2 gp hi m trong phi thnh H2SO3 (axit sunfur) l cht xy ha, nh hng n phi v h thn kinh nn rt c i vi ngi trc tip sn xut. c bit, khi b xng, sy th phn t SO2 v SO3 s ngm vo thc phm. Nhng phn t ny kt hp vi nc to thnh axit sunfuric, kt hp vi cc cht khc trong thc phm s to thnh nhng tinh th c bn vng cao... Nu chng tn d nhiu trong c th th c th gy ung th. Nhiu ngi ung ng dc phn nh thuc b chua v c mi lu hunh do dc liu b nhim lu hunh v thuc tr su qu nhiu.

17

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Melamin (Trong sa)


Melamin

Danh php IUPAC

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Cyanurotriamide Cyanurotriamine Cyanuramide

Melamin l mt baz hu c t tan trong nc c cng thc ha hc l C3H6N6, danh php theo IUPAC l 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine. V thut ng, theo ting c t Melamin xut pht t hai thut ng ha hc kt hp li l Melam (l mt sn phm dn xut sau khi chng ct amoni thiocyanat) v Amin. Melamin l trime ca cyanamid, ging nh cyanamid, phn t ca chng cha 66% nit theo khi lng. Melamin c chuyn ha t cyromazine trong c th ca ng thc vt. Melamin kt hp vi axit cyanuric to thnh melamin cyanurat.

Tn khc Nhn dng S CAS PubChem SMILES Thuc tnh Cng thc phn t Phn t gam B ngoi T trng im nng chy im si ha tan trong nc

Tng hp
Melamin c Liebig tng hp ln u tin vo nm 1834. u tin canxi cyanamid c chuyn thnh dicyandiamid sau un nng n trn nhit nng chy to thnh melamin. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc quy trnh sn xut melamin trong cng nghip u dng ur theo phng trnh phn ng sau: 6 (NH2)2CO C3H6N6 + 6 NH3 + 3 CO2 Phn ng c din gii theo hai bc sau. u tin ur phn hy to thnh axit cyanic v ammoni, y l phn ng thu nhit: 6 (NH2)2CO 6 HCNO + 6 NH3 Sau axit cyanic polyme ha to thnh melamin v kh carbon dioxit: 6 HCNO C3H6N6 + 3 CO2 Phn ng sau l ta nhit, nhng xt ton b qu trnh l phn ng thu nhit.

[108-78-1] 7955
Nc1nc(N)nc(N)n1

C3H6N6 126.12 g/mol Cht rn mu trng 1574 kg/m3 350 C, 623 K, 662 F Sublimes 3.1g/l (20C)

ng dng
Melamin khi phn ng vi formaldehit to thnh keo melamin. Melamin cng c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip phn bn. Khi trn ln vi mt s nha, chng to thnh hn hp c kh nng chng chy do khi chy chng gii phng ra mt lng kh nit.

c tnh
Hin c t nghin cu v c ca melamine gy ra vi con ngi. Cc nghin cu ng vt cho thy rng LD50 ca melamine chut > 3000 mg/kg. Bn thn Melamin c c tnh thp, nhng khi chng kt hp vi axit cyanuric s gy nn si thn do to thnh hp cht khng tan melamin cyanurat. n melamine c th dn n tc hi v sinh sn, si bng quang hoc suy thn v si thn, c th gy ung th bng quang.

V sa nhim melamin nm 2008


18

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Thng 9 nm 2008, pht hin mt s loi sa dnh cho tr em sn xut ti Trung Quc c nhim cht melamin. Tnh n ngy 22 thng 9 c hn 53.000 tr em lm bnh v hn 12.000 em phi nhp vin, trong s c 4 ngi t vong v s dng cc sn phm sa ny. Vic thm Melamin vo sa do nh sn xut c dng lm tng hm lng protein biu kin trong sa v melamin vn c hm lng nit cao. n nay ngoi Trung Quc, nhiu nc khc cng pht hin cc sn phm c ngun gc lm t sa cng b nhim cht melamin. V hu ht cc nc ny cm nhp khu sa v cc sn phm ch bin t sa ca Trung Quc.

Xc nh melamin v axit cyanuric trong thc phm


Nm 2007, Hoa K pht hin mt s thc n cho vt nui c nhim melamin do ti nha melamin thng c s dng lm cc bao gi cho thc phm. C quan thanh tra v an ton thc phm (FSIS) thuc B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA) a ra phng php phn tch xc nh cyromazin v melamin trong t bo ng vt. Nm 2007, c quan qun l Thc phm v Dc phm Hoa K (FDA) bt u s dng phng php Sc k lng cao p (HPLC) xc nh melamin, ammelin, ammelide, v axit cyanuric c trong thc phm. Mt phng php khc s dng phng php ph Raman (SERS).

19

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Rhodamine_B (Thuc nhum ht da)


Rhodamine B
Rhodamine B l cht nhum mu thng c dng trong cng nghip nh lm mu qun o, vi vc... Rhodamine B l mt loi cht ho hc dng nhum qun o, cm tuyt i trong thc phm v thuc. Rhodamine B c chit xut tng hp c tnh cc c bi thnh phn c bn ca n gm nhm nitrit v vng benzen. Tuy nhin, thnh phn gy c chnh vn l vng benzen, bi khi cu to vng benzen b ph v, n d kt hp vi cc nguyn t khc to ra cht c. Nhum ht da bng Rhodamine_B
BS Nguyn Xun Hng, ch tch Hi ng y Vit Nam khng nh:

Tn IUPAC [9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-diethylamino-3-xanthenylidene]diethylammonium chloride Tn khc Rhodamine 610, C.I. Pigment Violet 1, Basic Violet 10, C.I. 45170

Nu n ht da nhum Rhodamine lu di s gy suy gan, thn v c bnh ung th Thuc tnh Cng thc phn t: C28H31ClN2O3 Ngay c vic nhum qun o bng cht Rhodamine M 479.02 B ngi ta cng rt e ngi, v nu mc qun o m Nhit nng chy 210 - 211 C (Decomposes) vn cn tn d ca cht nhum ny c th gy ng tan ~50 g/l th da cho ngi mc. V th, vic c tnh nhum Rhodamine B vo ht da hay bt c thc phm no l iu khng th chp nhn c. Khi nhum ht da bng cht ny, ngi ta pha long ri ht da vo trn ln, sau em phi kh. Cha ni cht ny c th qua v da ngm vo bn trong ht m ch cn cn ht da, tip xc v da dnh ho cht ny cng rt nguy him. S tch t lu ngy trong c th cht ny trc ht gy tn thng gan, thn, lu dn gy ung th. Cn vi nhng ngi gan km, s o thi qua gan km c th gy d ng tc th, biu hin l ni mn trn da, xung huyt.

20

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Tinopal (Lm trng bn)


I.S lc: Cng thc cu to: C4(OH)4N12O10S2.2Na Tinopal c bn di nhiu tn thng mi nh Tinopal-AMS, Tinopal-DMS, v..v... v nhng cht ny lm trng bng v pht hunh quang trong bt v cht lng ty ra (detergents). Khi un nng, Tinopal phn hy v bc hi nitrous oxide (NO) v hydrogen chloride (HCl). Ti Hoa-k, Tinopal c ng k vi c quan bo v sinh thi nh mt cht k ngh theo o lut kim sot cht c (TCSA: Toxic Control Substances Act). Ti u chu, Tinopal ng k vi Hi ng u chu nh ha cht ty trng k ngh. II.Thng tin v lm trng bn bng Tinopal: Lm trng bn bng ha cht c hi (dc s L Vn Nhn dch thut): Mt bn tin trn bo Tui tr cho bit mt s c s lm bn ti TP HCM b cht ty trng k ngh TINOPAL lm trng bn. Ho cht k ngh khng c b vo thc phm theo lut nh, nhng mt s chuyn gia v c cht hc ti San Francisco cho kin nh sau: tnh trng cp tnh, Tinopal gn nh khng c khi n vo, khng lm rt mt hay da v khng phi l cht lm nhy cm da. Trong nghin cu n ung lu ngy (ko di 2 nm) vi chut ln v ch, khng thy r du hiu c tnh ton thn ngay c vi mc cao 1000 ppm (0.1% trong thc n thng ngy. Tinopal khng gy t bin vi trng v ng vt c v khi lm th nghim. Khng c chng c trong y vn gi Tinopal l cht gy ung th. Trn thc t, Tinopal khng c xp vo cht gy ung th bi IARC, chng trnh c cht quc gia Hoa-k, EPA (c quan qun tr sinh thi Hoa-k) hay OSHA. Trn mt dc ng hc, Tinopal khng hp th tt qua da hay qua ng rut. Con ngi tip xc vi Tinopal qua da do o qun git vi bt x-phng cha Tinopal. Mc du Tinopal tng i khng c, phn ng nghch do nut Tinopal khi n bn khng th tin on chc chn c do c th c nhng cht bn ln ln trong Tinopal. Ti u chu v Hoa-k, mun ha cht c cng nhn l cht dng trong thc phm, tt c nguyn liu dng ch bin ha cht ny phi c cht lng dng trong thc phm ( food grade quality) v phi sn xut ng GMP (Thc hnh tt sn xut). V dng lm thuc ty, sn xut Tinopal khng c kim sot nghim ngt nh vy v nguyn liu thuc nhm cht lng k ngh ch khng phi thc phm. (Nguyn bn ting Anh ca tin s BiQuc-Quang) Theo bc s Nguyn Xun Mai, nguyn Ph Vin trng Vin v sinh Y t cng cng, B Y t: Tinopal l loi ha cht ty ra trong hot ng cng nghip,dng lm trng, sng sn phm. Tinopal khng c tn trong danh mc ph gia thc phm ca B Y t. Tinopal khng c dng trong ch bin thc phm. Bn thn Tinopal l cht ty, nn khi s dng trong cng nghlm trng bn th khi n phi ha cht ny s b ty rut v lm tn thng cc t bo nhung mao mng rut, lm bong cc lp t bo, to iu c hi cho cc mm bnh tn cng. Theo MK Phillips v cc ng nghip ng trong bo J. General Microbiology: 21

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Tinopal khng nh hng tng hp DNA trong vi trng E. Coli, trong khi RNA v tng hp bch n (protein synthesis) b ngn chn tc thi. Tinopal ngn chn tng hp beta galactosidase, khc vi tng trnh trc y cho rng Tinopal km hm NADH dehydrogenase. Ngoi ra, trong th nghim, chuyn ha DNA t tuyn c (calf thymus) bng E. Coli RNA Polymerase, cng b ngn chn (Hin gi th M, FDA cha cho php dng Tinopal trong thc phm. S dng bt c mt ha cht no trong n phi c khoa hc kim chng rng ri.)

22

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Ur (C trong thc phm: tht, c, )


Ur hay carbamide l mt hp cht c bn vi cng thc ha hc l (NH2)2CO. Phn t gm 2 nhm amin (NH2) ni vi mt nhm cacbonyl (-CO-). Urea c trong c th ngi v mt s ng vt nhng c hm lng rt t. Ur c xem nh l 1 loi phn ha hc, n cung cp mt ngun m c nh tng i r tin gip cho s tng trng. Nguyn liu cho sn xut cht do, c bit l nha urformalht. V Ur l 1 loi phn bn ha hc c dng trong nng nghip tng lng m cho cy trng, ch khng phi l ha cht bo qun thc phm. Loi phn bn ny c dng rt rng ri, gi thnh r, nn nhiu ni lm dng n bn thc cho la v cy trng qu mc dn n lm tng lng nitrat trong sn phm thu hoch Tn IUPAC Diaminomethanal (as organic compound), c. Cng v vy nhiu sn phm nng nghip, rau, qu bn ra th trng vt qu gii hn cho php v Carbonyl diamide (as inorganic compound) lng nitrat v amoniac c trong thc phm, gy hi n Tn khc sc khe ngi tiu dng.

Ur

Carbamide, carbonyl diamide, carbonyldiamine

Thuc tnh Cng thc phn t Khi lng mol

Thc phm c bo qun bng Ur : *ng ngi hn na trong my nm gn y c nhiu ngi kinh doanh thc phm, thy hi sn ti Biu hin sng s dng phn ur trn vi p lnh hoc xt T trng trc tip vo tht, c bo qun thc phm, c th gy Nhit nng chy ng c cho ngi tiu dng. Khi n phi cc loi tht c, hi sn c cha d lng phn ur cao ti mt mc no , ngi n c th b ng c cp tnh vi cc triu chng au bng d di, bun nn, nn, tiu chy nhiu ln... rt nguy him. Cn nu tan n phi thng xuyn, nay mt t, mai mt t, v lu di ngi n s b ng c mn tnh, vi cc du hiu mt ng ko di, au u, nhc mi c th, gim tr nh, v.v... S d ngi ta dng phn bn ur trong bo qun tht, kim (pKb) c, hi sn... v n c tc dng km hm s pht trin ca vi khun nn c kh nng ko di thi gian bo qun, gi thc phm ti lu khng b n thi, nhng tc hi ca vic lm dng phn bn ny rt ln. Nhng tht, c, c bo qun bng phn bn ur sau d c c ra i ra li bao nhiu ln vn khng loi b c ht cc dn sut c hi ca ur ngm su vo trong thc phm. khch hng khng pht hin c vic lm bt hp php ny, trc khi em bn nh hng ngm nc ra tht k nhng tht, c c bo qun bng ur nn nhiu ngi khng bit vn mua v dng. Nhng n khi ch bin, nu ln mi nhn thy mi kh chu bc ln t thc phm. Mn n khng nhng mt hng v, kh n m cn c nhiu cht c, khng ch amoniac m c c axit cyanuric v axit cyanic l nhng cht c rt nguy him. hn ch tc hi ca vic lm dng ur trong bo qun thc phm, khi mua tht, c, hi sn cn kim tra, quan st k, ch mua nhng thc phm m bo, kin quyt khng mua nhng loi nghi ng c
CH4N2O 60.06 g mol1 Cht rn khng mi, mu trng 1.32 g/cm3 132.7135 C 108 g/100 ml (20 C) 167 g/100 ml (40 C) 251 g/100 ml (60 C) 400 g/100 ml (80 C) 733 g/100 ml (100 C) pKBH+ = 0.18

23

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

bo qun ur. Khi chn lc v ch bin cn ch phn bit mi amoniac t nhin trong thc phm mi bin cht (thng c t, bc hi rt nh) vi mi amoniac t ur bc ln mnh khi un nng. Nu pht hin thy mua nhm phi thc phm c bo qun bng phn bn ur nn loi b khng dng na v n cng mt ngon m cn c hi. Thy hi sn ti sng s dng phn ur trn vi p lnh hoc xt trc tip vo tht, c bo qun.

24

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Sodium Dithionite (Ty trng gi, bnh a)


Sodium dithionite Coi chng khi n gi mp v trng: Theo phiu kt qu s 05031954 v 05031955 ngy 1/4/2005 ca Trung tm dch v phn tch th nghim, ho cht lm tng trng gi c tn thng mi l Wugendouyajisu (Trung Quc sn xut). Ho cht lm trng gi l Sodium Hydrosulfite (Tn khc) (Na2S2O4) Ch cn 3ppm ho cht (1ppm=1mg/l, mt git nc bng khong 50ppm) nhng sn lng nui trng gi tng gn 50%. Gi to v rt trng. y l kt qu nghin cu t phng th nghim b mn Cng ngh thc phm, H K thut TP.H Ch Minh. Ty trng bnh a bng ha cht cc c: Tn khc D-Ox Hydrolin Reductone Sodium Sodium Sulfoxylate Vatrolite Virtex L Thuc tnh CT cu to M Nhit nng chy Tnh tan Theo thng tin t Bo KH & S, sau 1 thi gian tm hiu thc tin, ha cht lm trng bnh a thu c chnh l Sodium Hydrosulfite (tn khc) c cng thc ha hc l Na2S2O4 v mt hpcht na l mui axit. Mui axit ny hydrosulfite di tc dng ca nhit binthnh SO2. Khi tip xc sulfoxylate trc tip, SO2 c mi sc mnh, gy nga mt,mi. SO2 ha lng -100C. Hn hp ca n vi oxy i qua trn nhit cao bin thnh SO3 khi tc dng vi nc thnh H2SO4 c th gy nn ma axit lm n mn kim loi, lm cht c, cy c, cc c vi c th con ngi nu n ung Na2S2O4 phi. 174.107 g/mol 52 C (325 K) D tan

25

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Sudan (Trong trong tng t)


Cc Qun l thc phm TQ chnh thc cng b gn 25% bt t, tng t trn th trng TQ c cha cht sudan. Khng ch bt t, tng t c cht sudan m trc vo nm 2005, sau khi iu tra 18 tnh, c quan chc nng ca TQ pht hin 88 loi thc phm v cht ph gia c cha sudan, mt loi thuc nhum gy ung th. Sudan l cht nhum mu cng nghip dng nhum plastic v cc cht tng hp khc. Cht ny c 4 loi: sudan I mu , sudan II mu cam, sudan III sm, sudan IV m, c c sudan l phm mu khng tan trong nc, ch tan trong du. Do sudan l cht d to mu, to nh tng kh p mt nn cc nh sn xut thng lm dng trong sn xut m phm v cc loi ph gia. Khi dng cc sn phm c cha Sudan, cht ny tch t li trong gan, mu, chuyn thnh cht rt c l amin thm, c kh nng gy ung th (do lm bin i AND ca t bo). Sudan c u ? Cc loi sn phm c cha sudan, thng l: m phm nhp lu khng r ngun gc; ngoi ra cn c trong cc loi thc phm v cht ph gia nh trng g, trng vt, tng t, lng trng v tng t c cha sudan khng khc g lm so vi trng thng nn ngi s dng kh phn bit. Sudan II (C18H16N2O)

Thuc tnh Nhit nng chy

156-158 C

Sudan III (C22H16N4O)

Tn IUPAC 1-((4(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2ol

Properties M Nhit nng chy

352.39 g/mol 199 C

Sudan IV (C24H20N4O)

26

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Tn khc Sudan R, C.I. Solvent Red 24, C.I. 26105, Lipid Crimson, Oil Red, Oil Red BB, Fat Red B, Oil Red IV, Scarlet Red, Scarlet Red N.F, Scarlet Red Scharlach, Scarlet R

27

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Mt ong c cha chloramphenicol


Mt ong l thc phm t nhin c bit n nhiu vi tnh nng vt tri c li cho sc khe con ngi. Song, cng nh vi mi sn phm, khng phi l th v hi, c bit l i vi tr em. Mt ong bc vo i sng chng ta nh mt qu tng tuyt vi ca to ha. T xa, mt ong l mt th thc phm y cht cn thit cho c th do cha hu ht cc vitamin (nh cc vitamin nhm B, PP, H, C, D, E v A), khong cht (nh potassium, magnsium, calcium, st, ng, silicium, manganse) v cng l mt th st khun l tng trong cc bnh l nh vim, lot d dy, mt s bnh ung th, gim c thy tinh thV c nhiu tnh nng bo v, xoa du v cha tr nh vy cho nn ngi ta rt chung mt ong. Tuy nhin, ngy gn y th Vin kim sot an ton thc phm Canada khuyn co ngi tiu Tn IUPAC dng nn phng vi mt ong c xut x t Trung Quc v h pht hin c cht chloramphnicol, mt loi khng sinh c th 2,2-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-1 li cn b trong thc phm dn n ri lon (hydroxymethyl)-2-(4gen hoc gy ung th, b cm s dng cho gia nitrophenyl)ethyl]acetamide sc, ti Canada v nhiu nc khc, trong ong cho mt. Tuy nhin, v s c c ca Chemical data thuc c tm thy rt thp nn ngi tiu dng vn c th an tm phn no, nhng vn CT cu to C11H12Cl2N2O5 khuyn co khng nn dng mt ong tr ho hoc r li cho tr di 1 tui. Thc ra,thc M 323.132 g/mol phm ny nu cha Chloramphenicol , clostridium botulinum - th phm gy mt chng ng c thc phm rt nguy him - c th gy bnh botulisme tr. Tuy t l ng c khng cao nhng nu nghim trng n s nh hng n h thn kinh v c th gy t vong cho tr. T l mt ong cha bo t vi khun clostridium botulinum l 5%. Nguyn nhn khin mt ong b nhim bn vn cha c xc nh r rng. C gi thuyt cho rng ong b dnh bo t ny t bi t hoc nhng th khc mi trng xung quanh ni ht nhy v mang chng v t ca mnh; nn ngi nui ong mt mi cho chloramphnicol vo. Ngi ln khi nut phi bo t clostridium botulinum hu nh khng bao gi b bnh bi h tiu ha trng thnh, kh nng v hiu ha chng. Trong khi , tr di 1 tui th vi h tiu ha cn cha cc vi khun hu ch, cha th tiu dit bo t, ngn nga s pht trin v sn sinh c t ca bo t ny; v vy, khi vo c th tr, bo t c th gii phng vi khun v sn sinh c t. c t gy bnh l g ? c t botulism l cht c hi t nhin mnh nht m chng ta bit n. Ch vi mt liu cc nh vo trong mu c th lm t lit cc c h hp v gy t vong sau vi pht. Cc trng hp ng c botulism tr nh c pht hin ti tt c cc chu lc, tr chu Phi, m nguyn nhn hng u l t mt ong. M, mi nm c 70-90 trng hp c ghi nhn. Bnh c th xut hin bt k thi im no trong nhng nm u i, nhng hay gp nht trong 6 thng u. Rt may l trong a s trng hp, lng c t ht sc nh nn hu qu khng nghim trng. Triu chng khi nhim bnh Chloramphenicol 28

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

- To bn, c th ko di 3-30 ngy sau khi n phi mt ong cha bo t. - Tr tr nn b ph, mt mi, chn n, khc yu trong vi ngy tip theo. - Sau giai on ny, tr c th thm n tr li, l lc bnh qua nh im v bt u thoi lui. - Nu bnh tip tc tin trin, tr s ngy cng t vn ng v c th bt u chy nc di, phn x b km. - Mt du hiu quan trng na l tr bng nhin tr nn mm ot, khng gi c u nh trc, khng c du hiu phn x trn mt. - Mt s trng hp b kh th v lit c honh. Ngng th hon ton c th xut hin ngay hoc t t. Nhng bnh nhi k trn cn c chm sc c bit v h hp v dinh dng. Nu iu tr ng, a s tr phc hi hon ton (thng thng bc s khng cn dng n khng sinh hay khng c t). Vic b m cng lm gim nng ca bnh. Nn bit: bo t clostridium botulinum cng c trong thc phm cha nu chn hoc khi tr tip xc vi t ct v bi bm. Nn phi cn trng khi nu n cho tr v hn ch cc ni m thp, bi bn. Bin php an ton - Khng cho tr di 1 tui n mt ong cho d c bit c sn phm ny xut x t ni an ton. Thn trng vn l tt nht. - Khng cho mt ong vo thc n hay nm v ca tr. Nn dng ng trng hoc ng tri cy.

29

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Pin trong bnh chng


Vic cho pin bnh chng xanh, nhanh chn v trong hn c ng khng? Thc s Trn Th Thu Tr, khoa cng ngh thc phm Trng i hc Bch khoa TP.HCM, gii thch: Mi trng chnh ca pin l kim. Trong mi trng kim, mu xanh chlorophyll ca l chuyn thnh mu xanh m ca chlorophyllin nn lm l xanh hn (ngi ta vn ng dng iu ny bng cch khi luc rau u cho thm thuc tiu NaHCO3 to mi trng kim nhm lm xanh rau u). Cng trong mi trng kim, tinh bt hp th nc tt hn nn bnh mau chn hn (cng nh khi nu ch, ngi ta cho thm thuc tiu NaHCO3 nhm lm u mau mm). ng thi, mi trng kim to trong cho sn phm (tng t khi lm bnh tro, ngm np trong nc tro l mi trng kim nn bnh tro c trong). Nh vy, thc cht ca vn cho pin vo nc luc ch l to mi trng kim nhm lm xanh l, bnh mau chn v np trong.

Tc hi
Thc s Trn Th Thu Tr cng cho bit: cc cht t pin ch yu l kim loi nng nh ch (Pb), thy ngn (Hg), cadmium (Cd) v thch tn (As)... Ch c bit c hi i vi no v thn, h thng sinh sn v h thng tim mch ca con ngi. Nhim c ch s gy hi n cc chc nng ca tr c, thn, gy v sinh, sy thai v tng huyt p. c bit, ch l mi nguy hi vi tr em. Mt s nghin cu cho thy nhim c ch lm gim ch s thng minh (IQ) ca tr. Mt s nh gi ca cc nh khoa hc cho thy c 10mg/dl tng v ch trong mu s gy gim 1-5 im IQ i vi tr em b nhim ch. Nhim ch lm h thn kinh lun cng thng v ri lon tp trung ch tr em t 7-11 tui. tui trung nin, nhim c ch s lm huyt p tng gy nhiu ri ro v cc bnh tim mch. Vic nhim ch mc d mc thp cng s b ng c cao. Cadmium rt nguy him, ch cn mt lng 30-40g cng gy cht ngi. Do lng cadmium thi ra khi c th con ngi rt chm (0,1% trong mt ngy m) nn d din ra qu trnh ng c mn tnh. Nhng triu chng sm nht ca n l tn thng thn v h thn kinh, c albumin trong nc tiu, ri lon chc nng cc c quan sinh dc, sau thy au d di xng sng lng v xng. in hnh l ri lon cc chc nng phi. Cadmium cng c th l nguyn nhn gy ung th. Cn thy ngn i vo no v gy h hng nhiu cu trc bao myeline ca dy thn kinh. N lm gim kh nng tr tu cng nh ri lon tnh tnh v thi , ng thi lm suy yu min dch. Ng c cp tnh thch tn gy nn ma, au bng tiu chy, kht nc d di, mch p yu, b tiu v c th dn n t vong. Ng c mn tnh da mt xm, tc rng, vim d dy rut, au tai, au mt...

30

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

D hm lng nhiu hay t, ngi nu bnh tuyt i khng nn cho pin vo bi pin l sn phm cng nghip, khng phi sn phm thc phm nn ha cht lm pin khng tun theo cc tiu chun sn phm dnh cho thc phm, thc s Tr khng nh.

31

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

NG C THC PHM DO HA CHT

Thc n, nc ung l ngun thc phm dinh dng cho c th con ngi v ngun nng lng, protein, cc vitamin v cc cht vi lng, khi thc phm b nhim ha cht vi nng qu mc cho php s gy ra ng c, nguy him cho c th; khng ch l nhng triu chng ng c cp tnh do cc c quan b tn thng nh d dy, rut m cn c kh nng tch ly, tn lu ha cht trong c th gy c hi cho t bo, bin i gen gy ung th ha I.Cc ng nhim ha cht vo thc phm: 1. Con ng nhim ha cht vo thc phm th ng: Cc loi kim loi nng nh arsenic, ch, mangan, cht phng x c sn trong t, nc ging khoan, nc ging khi. Con ngi dng nc ung, n trc tip, hay thng qua n cc cy, c, ng vt; c nhim ha cht gy ng c, v d: cy qu trng trong vng t c nhiu ha cht nhm clo hu c (DDT, Dioxin), c sng ti vng nc c nhiu cht thy l thy ngn, ngi n c s b ng c thy ngn, hoc n s hn, tm cua bin c th ng c arsenic do vng bin c nhiu arsenic. 2. Nhim ha cht vo thc phm ch ng: Do con ngi to ra nhm: tng l nhun thu hoch, chng su bnh, bo qun thc phm lu di, mu sc hp dn ngi tiu th. - Ph bin l cc ha cht bo v thc vt, cc ha cht tr su, tr nm do s dng khng ng k thut khng m bo thi gian cch ly ca cc ha cht c thi gian phn hy di, thu hoch qu nhanh v sm. - Cc ha ht bo qun qu, c chng su, mt, th, cc cht nhn cho vo bnh, cc cht lm rn, gin thc phm (bn, bnh ph, gi ch) nhng li gy c, khng c php dng, cc phm mu hp dn (bnh ko) - S dng cc thc n chn nui c sn cc ha cht tn d, cc khng sinh (streptomycin, chloramphenicol) cc hormon (clenbuteron) trong tht heo, b v c trong thc phm bin v sa ung. - Dng cc ph gia khng trong danh mc qui nh ca nh nc, cc cht kch thch gi tng trng, cc phm mu c hi (Sudar, I V IV), cc cht to ngt nhn to qu mc trong cc loi bnh ko, nc ngt, nc chm. - Cc ha cht c to ra trong qu trnh ch bin thc n (un qu nng du ht ci trong cho ln bc khi c benzen, acrolein, fomaldehyde v aldehyde nhng cht ny l nguyn nhn gy ung th, bch cu cao trong tng lai gn. - Cc ha cht c nh NH3, N2S, indol, phenol scatil, betain hay histamin c trong thc phm tht sa b i thiu. - Do dng c cha ng, ch bin thc phm cn tn d cc cht ty ra nhim vo thc phm (dng nc Javel ty xoong, cho, chn bt cha lm sch). II/ Cc ha cht c hay gy ng c thc phm: 1. Nhm ha cht bo v thc vt (dit su b, nm mc...) a. Nhm phospho hu c, cn gi l ln hu c c phun dit su b cho loi rau thu hoch nhanh l: Diazinon, Dichlorovos, Bi 58, Wofatox, monnitor Dipterex, parathion
32

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

b. Nhm clor hu c: (dit su, b) tn d trong t rt lu (nhiu nm) nh: DDT, 666, lindan, clodan, heptachlor, Nerei stoxin (shachoogdan, shachoongsoong): cc c. c. Nhm khc: - Nhm Carbamat: Cartap, Carbaryl, Fenobucarb. - Nhm Pyrethroit: cypermethrin, Feupropathrin. d. Nhm ha cht dit chut: - Phospho km (Forkeba) - Wafarin (Diphacinone) - Sodium fluoroacetamide: ha cht dit chut Trung quc cc c. - Triazin (ha cht dit chut Trung quc cc ) e. Ha cht dit c (cho cy c ph, cy ch, vi, mn) - 2,4 D - 2,4,5T (Dioxin) - Parquat v diquat III/ Cc thc phm d nhim ha cht c: 1.Rau, qu: ha cht bo v thc vt, ha cht bo qun 2. Cc loi thy sn: nhim kim loi nng (thy ngn, arsenic, mangan0, cc khng sinh v hocmon tn d 3. Bnh, ko, nc ngt: nhiu cc cht ph gia ngt nhn to, phm mu b cm 4. Thc phm ch bin: bn bnh ph, nc ngt, gi ch (cc cht c hn the, formaldehyde) phm mu, cht to ngt, cht bo qun 5. Cc loi tht v ph tng: tn d khng sinh, hocmon v ha cht bo qun c formaldehyde IV/ Du hiu v triu chng ng c thc phm nhiu ha cht c lin quan n: 1.n ung cc loi thc phm, nc ung c cc yu t nguy c nhim: + Thc phm khng r ngun gc, nhp lu, khng c du tem kim tra kim sot ca cc VSATTP. + Thc phm lu qu thi hn bin cht, c mu, mi khc bit, thc phm mua cc hng rong, qun mt ng khng c giy php kinh doanh. + cc vng dch t v ha cht nhim (nh my ha cht kho ha cht, a im s dng nhiu ha cht) 2. Ngi b ng c sau khi n ung thc phm c ha cht thng c triu chng cp tnh t vi pht n vi gi nh: + y bng, au bng, lm vng bun nn v nn lin tc, sau i ngoi nhiu ln, mt v kht nc. + Cc triu chng v thn kinh thc vt: xanh nht v m hi, lnh, tng tit nc bt, co ng t vt v, co git, ri lon nhp tim, triu chng i t, v niu, vng da. + Ly mu thc phm cn li, cht nn t d dy ngi bnh, xt nghim mu, nc tiu ti cc Trung tm Chng c hay cc phng xt nghim ln c th tm thy c cht v nng c cht trong c th. V/ X tr cp cu:
33

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

1.Gi li cc thc phm nghi ng c, cc cht nn t d dy, nu bnh nhn khng nn c c th gy nn bng cch dng mt tampon ngoy nh vo thnh bn hng. 2. Sau 2, 3 ln nn ht thc phm trong d dy th cho bnh nhn ung nc c pha orezol, khong 100- 200ml/ 1 gi, trong 24 gi hi phc li nc v in gii b mt do nn. 3.Cho ung than hot bt vi liu 50gam bt than hot pha vi 250ml nc, khuy u ri ung 1 ln. Nu bnh nhn khng i ngoi th cho ung thm 20 gam sorbitol nhun trng. Than hot bt l mt loi thuc hp ph c cht trong d dy, ngn cn s hp th c cht qua thnh rut vo mu, tuy nhin than hot li gy to bn do phi dng thuc nhun trng l sorbitol. + Nu ngi bnh cn nn khan v au bng c th cho tim 1 ng Atropin (1/4 mg) vo bp tht hay di da. + Hoc cho ung thuc bng b d dy gastropulgit hay phospholugit (1- 2 gi/ 5 gam). + Khng phi gi in thoi xin t vn ca bc s hay Trung tm Chng c, hoc chuyn n mt n v y t gn nht. + Nu : m cho ngi bnh, pha nc cho ng v mui cho bnh nhn ung lin tc( t 2- 4 lt trong 24 gi) 4. D phng ng c thc phm do nhiu ha cht: + La chn thc phm c yu t nguy c nhim thp nht: - Thc phm c du nhn lim sot v sinh an ton thc phm. - Thc phm trong cc siu th ln. - Rau qu mua v phi ra nc nhiu ln, gt v k, khng nn n rau sng. - Ngun nc n (ging khoan, nc my) nn c xt nghim kim tra trc bo m ngun nc khng b nhim. + Khng dng thc phm khng r ngun gc, nhp lu: - Khng dng thc phm trong cc qun rong, mt ng nhim. - Khng dng thc phm, nc ung ng trong cc thng cha l v ng ha cht. - Khng m bo sch hoc gn cc l, hp, thng ng ha cht. - Khng ng ha cht vo cc v chai nc ung thng thng v d xy ra tai nn ung nhm. Trch t ti liu: Ng c thc phm nguyn nhn v cch phng trnh ca B Gio Dc v o To nm 2007.

34

THPT Trn Bin-Lp: 12A2-T 6

Trng THPT Trn Bin Danh sch t 6-12A2:


1. Trn Duy Tun 2. Nguyn Quc Minh 3. Thi Dng 4. ng Hong Sn 5. Trn Ngc nh 6. V ng Quang Vinh

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