Giao Trinh Be Tong Cot Thep 1

Chng 1
KT CU B TNG CT THEP
PHN CU KIN C BAN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 1
KT CU B TNG CT THEP
Chng 1
PHN CU KIN C BAN

Chng 1: M U.
Chng 2: TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU.
Chng 3: NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN BTCT.
Chng 4: CU KIN CHU UN.
Chng 5: SAN PHNG.
Chng 6: CU KIN CHU NEN.
Chng 7: CU KIN CHU KEO.
Chng 8: CU KIN CHU UN XON.
Chng 9: TNH TOAN CU KIN BTCT THEO TTGH TH II.
Chng 10: B TNG CT THEP NG LC TRC.
Tai liu: -Kt cu BTCT-phn cu kin c ban, Phan Quang Minh (chu bin).
M U 2
-Kt cu
tngP3..
v BTCT-Tiu
P1..BP2..
P4.. P5.. chun thit k TCXDVN 356-2005.
1. BN CHT CA B TNG CT THP
M U.
Chng 1
1.1. BN CHT CA B TNG CT THP:

B tng ct thep la vt liu xy dng phc hp do BT va ct thep cung cng tac
chu lc:
B tng la a nhn tao c ch tao t cac vt liu ri ( Cat, soi,...goi la ct liu) va
cht kt dnh (Xi mng hoc cac cht deo).Chu nen tt, chu keo kem.
Nen
Ct thep: chu keo, nen u tt.
Xt th nghim n gian sau:
- Un mt dm b tng (khng ct thep):
pha hoai kha sm do vt nt xut hin
vung b tng chu keo. Nh vy kha nng
chu lc cua BT vung nen cha c tn
dung ht
- Cung dm tng t nh vy nhng

nu t mt lng ct thep thch hp
vao vung b tng chu keo:
Dm BTCT ch b pha hoai khi BT vung nen
b ep v hoc ct thep chu keo b t.
Mc khac thep chu keo va nen u tt nn
co th t thep vao ca vung chu nen.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
Keo
Nen
Keo
M U 3
ng 1
Vy thc cht b tng ct thep la mt vt liu xy dng hn hp maCh
trong
o b
tng va ct thep a lin kt hp ly vi nhau cung lam vic trong mt kt cu.
S d b tng va ct thep co th cung lam vic c la do:
- Lc dnh bam gia BT va ct thep: B tng khi ninh kt dnh cht vi ct thep
nn ng lc co th truyn t BT sang ct thep va ngc lai, nh o co th khai thac ht
kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, han ch b rng khe nt...
- Gia b tng va thep khng xay ra phan ng hoa hoc: B tng bao boc bao
v ct thep khng b han r va ngn nga tac dung co hai cua mi trng i vi thep.
- B tng va thep co h s gian n nhit gn bng nhau (ct= 1,2.10-5;

b=10-51,5.10-5). Nn khi nhit thay i trong pham vi thng thng di 1000C th
ng sut ( ban u ) xay ra trong vt liu khng ang k.
1.2. PHN LOI BTCT:

1.2.1 Phn loi theo phng php ch to :
a. B tng ct thp ton khi (BTCT ti ch):
Tin hanh ghep van khun, t ct thep va BT ngay tai v tr thit k cua kt cu.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 4
2. PHN LOI BTCT
1.2. PHN LOI BTCT:
Chng 1
1.2.1 Phn loi theo phng php ch to :

a. B tng ct thp ton khi (BTCT ti ch):
Tin hanh ghep van khun, t ct thep va BT ngay tai v tr thit k cua kt cu.
* u im: - Cac cu kin lin kt toan khi nn kt cu co cng ln, chu

tai trong ng tt.
- Co th ch tao cac cu kin theo hnh dang tuy y.
* Nhc im:
- Tn vt liu lam van khun, a giao.

- Thi cng chu anh hng thi tit.
b. B tng ct thp lp ghp (cu kin BTCT ch tao sn):

Phn kt cu thanh cac cu kin ring bit co th ch tao sn ri em lp ghep lai
thanh kt cu tai v tr thit k. PP nay khc phuc phn nao nhc im cua BT toan khi.
* u im: - Co iu kin Cng nghip hoa trong thi cng xy dng.

- Tit kim vt liu lam van khun.
- Rut ngn thi gian thi cng, am bao cht lng.. ..
* Nhc im:
- Cn co cac phng tin vn chuyn, cu lp.

- X ly cac mi ni phc tap.
- cng cua kt cu khng ln.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 5
Chng 1
B TNG CT
TON
P1.. THP
P2.. P3..
P4..KHI
P5..
B TNG CT THP LP
GHP
M U
6
c. B tng ct thp na lp ghp :
Chng 1
Theo PP nay, ngi ta tin hanh lp ghep cac cu kin c ch tao sn cha hoan
chnh, sau o t thm ct thep, ghep van khun va BT hoan chnh kt cu.
* u im: - cng cua kt cu ln.

- Giam khi lng van khun, co th loai bo ct chng.
* Nhc im:
- Cn giai quyt tt lin kt ga BT cu va mi.

- T chc thi cng phc tap.
1.2.2. Phn loi theo trng thi ng sut:

a. B tng ct thp thng:
Khi ch tao cu kin, ct thep trang thai khng co ng sut. Ngoai cac ni ng sut do
co ngot va nhit , trong BT va ct thep ch xut hin ng sut khi co tai trong
b. B tng ct thp ng lc trc (BTCT d ng lc) :

Khi ch tao cu kin, ct thep ban u c keo cng, lin kt cht vi BT, khi bung ra
ct thep co lai gy nen trong BT.
1.2.3. Phn loi theo ct thp :

- B tng co ct mm. (d<40mm, d un).
- B tng co ct cng (d>40mm, thep hnh).
1.2.4. Phn loi theo trng lng th tch:
- B tng nng co 1800 kg/ m3 (2500).
- B tng nhe co < 1800 kg/ m3.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 7
3. U NHC IM CU BTCT
Chng 1
1,3. U NHC IM CU BTCT:
1.3.1 u im:
S dung vt liu a phng (cat, soi, a..) tit kim thep. Re tin hn so vi thep
khi kt cu co nhp va va nho, cung chu tai nh nhau.
Chu lc tt hn kt cu g va gach a.
Chu la tt hn g va thep. B tng bao v cho ct thep khng b nung nong sm.
Tui tho cua cng trnh cao, chi ph bao dng t. BT co cng tng theo
thi gian, chu tac ng cua mi trng tt, ct thep c BT bao boc bao v khng b g.
Vic tao dang cho kt cu thc hin d dang. Va BT khi thi cng dang nhao
co th vao cac khun co hnh dang bt ky, ct thep u deo un theo hnh dang cua
kt cu.
1.3.2 Nhc im :
Trong lng ban thn ln nn gy kho khn cho vic xy dng kt cu co nhp ln
bng BTCT thng. Khc phuc: Dung BT nhe, BTCT LT (2), kt cu vo mong (3),...
B tng ct thep d co khe nt vung keo khi chu lc. Cn phai ngn nga
hoc han ch khe nt kt cu trong mi trng xm thc, cac ng ng hay b cha
cht long.. (Tnh toan han ch khe nt, s dung BTCT LT.. )
Cach m va cach nhit kem hn g va gach a. Co th s dung kt cu co l

rng, kt cu nhiu lp, BT xp..
Thi cng phc tap, kho kim tra cht lng. Khc phuc: BTCT lp ghep..
Kho gia c va sa cha. Thit k cn phai phu hp yu cu s dung hin tai va d
M U 8
kin phat trin mP1..
rng.P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
4. PHM VI NG DNG
1.4. PHM VI NG DNG CA B TNG CT THP:
Chng 1
Xy dng dn dung, cng nghip: Kt cu chu lc nha 1 tng va nhiu tng [1]
[2], ng khoi, bun ke, xi l [3], mong may, hanh lang vn chuyn v.v.. Cng trnh cp
thoat nc [4] [5]... (Hnh nh), (Hnh nh KC mi)..
Xy dng cng trnh giao thng: Cu, ng, ta vet, u tau, cu tau, vo hm...
(Hnh nh cng trnh ng), (Hnh nh cng trnh cu), (Hnh nh tunnel)..
Xy dng cng trnh thuy li: Tram bm, mang dn nc, p thuy in,...
(Hnh nh cng trnh thy li), (Hnh nh cng trnh thy in, p)..
Xy dng cng trnh truyn thng, thng tin; Cac cng trnh c bit
Xy dng cng trnh quc phong: Cng s kin c, doanh trai,...
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 9
5. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN
1.5. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN:
Chng 1
Qua trnh phat trin chia thanh 3 giai oan:

- Giai oan phat minh va mo mm trong thc tin, b tr ct thep theo cam tnh.
1848: Lambot (Phap) ch tao chic tau bng li st ngoai trat vi thuy
[1.5.1],... Va nm 1855 ng c trao bng sang ch cho cac ban ve dm BTCT va ct
c gia c bng 4 thanh thep xung quanh.
1850: Monier (chu vn m Phap) co cac th nghim vi cac chu BT c
gia c bng li thep. Va tip theo la cac bng sang ch vi cac ng va b cha c gia
c, tm san, cu thang..
- Giai oan nghin cu l lun va s dung rng rai (sau 1880), nghin cu v
cng cua BT va ct thep, lc dnh gia BT va ct thep, giai thch s lam vic chung
gia chung.
1886: Koenen (Trng thanh tra XD cua Ph) xuat ban cun sach v phng
phap tnh toan bn cua BTCT.
T nm 1890 n 1920 cac ky s thc hanh a dn dn nm c kin thc v
c hoc cua BTCT. Cac cun sach, bai bao, tiu chun a th hin cac ly thuyt tnh toan.
- Giai oan phat trin hin tai: XD cac phng phap tnh toan theo ng sut cho
phep da trn c s cua mn SBVL, tnh theo giai oan pha hoai co xet n tnh bin
dang deo cua vt liu, tnh theo trang thai gii han. Nghin cu va ch tao thanh cng
BTCT LT [5.2].
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 10
Chng 1
Joseph-Louis Lambot (Sinh 22-051814, mt 02-08-1887), la ngi

phat minh ra ximng li thep
dn n s ra i cua BTCT ngay
nay. ng a ch tao cac b cha
dung va xi mng va ct thep. Nm
1848 ng a ch tao mt vo tau
bng cach trn, va chic tau nay
hin c trng bay tai Bao tang
Brignoles.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
M U 11
2.1. B tng
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU.
Chng 2
2.1. B tng:
- Tnh nng c hoc cua BT la ch cac c trng c hoc nh: cng va bin dang.
- Tnh nng vt ly la tnh co ngot, t bin, kha nng chng thm, cach nhit, ... cua BT.
2.1.1. Thanh phn, cu truc va cac loai b tng:

2.1.1.1 Vt liu, thanh phn cua b tng:
BT la loai a nhn tao c ch tao t cac vt liu ri (cat,a, soi) va cht kt
dnh.
Vt liu roi c goi la ct liu, gm cac c hat khac nhau, loai be la cat 15mm, loai ln la soi, a dm 5-40mm.
Cht kt dnh thng la XM trn nc hoc cac cht deo khac.
2.1.1.2 Cu truc cua b tng:
BT co cu truc khng ng nht v hnh dang, kch thc cac hat ct liu khac
nhau, s phn b ct liu va cht kt dnh khng u, co cac l rng.
2.1.1.3 Cac loai b tng:
Theo cu truc co: BT c, BT co l rng (dung t cat), BT t ong.
Theo khi lng ring: BT nng thng co khi lng ring 22002500kG/m3; BT
ct liu be 18002200kG/m3; BT nhe <1800kG/m3; BT c bit nng >2500kG/m3;
Theo thanh phn: BT thng thng, BT ct liu be, BT chen a hc.
Theo pham vi s dung: BT lam kt cu chu lc, BT chu nong, BT cach nhit, BT
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU 1
chng xm thc.. P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.1.2. Cng cua b tng
Chng 2
2.1.2. Cng cua b tng:
Cng la ch tiu c hoc quan trong, la mt c trng c ban cua BT, phan
anh kha nng chu lc cua vt liu.
Thng cn c vao cng phn bit cac loai b tng.
2.1.2.1 Cng chu nen:
Chun b mu th:
Ban nen
h =2D
h = 4a
Mu
a
a
a
D
Mu khi lng tru.
Th nghim trn may nen, tng tai dn khi mu b pha hoai. Goi P la lc pha
hoai mu.
P
( 2 1)
Cng nen cua mu: R = ;
A
A la din tch TD ngang cua mu.
B tng thng co R=5 30MPa. BT co R>40MPa la loai cng cao. Ngi
ta a ch tao c loai BT c bit co R80MPa.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
S pha hoai cua mu chu nen:
Khi b nen ngoai bin dang theo phng lc tac dung, mu con n ngang. Chnh s n
ngang qua mc lam cho BT b pha v do ng sut keo (kha nng chu keo cua BT kem
hn chu nen nhiu ln). Lc ma sat gia ban nen va mu th can tr s n ngang anh
hng n cng BT khi nen.
Bin dang ngang
khng u
Bi trn
Thp 1: Co ma sat trn mt tip xuc

Kt qua cho thy trng hp 1 mu co cng ln hn.
Thp 2: Khng co ma sat
Kch thc mu th: Mu kch thc nho co cng ln hn mu th co kch thc

ln.
Hnh dang mu th: Mu lng tru co cng be hn mu khi vung co cung kch
thc ay Rlt= (0.7-0.8)R...
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.1.2.2 Cng chu keo: R(t).
Chng 2
a (10cm)
Mu chu keo trung tm:

P
R(t ) = ; ( 2 2a )
A
Mu chu keo khi un:
3.5M
R(t ) =
; (2 2b)
2
bh
4a
P
h=b(=15cm)
b
4h
Mu tru tron chu nen che:

2.P
R(t ) =
; ( 2 2c )
.l.D
Trong o: P, M: Lc va mmen un lam pha hoai mu.

B tng thng co R(t)= 1040 kG/cm2.
2.1.2.3 Quan h gia cng chu keo R(t) va cng chu nen R:
Cng thc dung quan h ng cong: R(t ) = t R ; (2 3a)
Trong o t c ly phu thuc vao loai BT va n v cua R. Voi BT nng thng thng va
n v cua R la MPa t = 0.280.30.
Cng thc dung quan h ng thng: R(t ) = 0.6 + 0.06 R; (2 3b)
Cng thc dung quan h ng cong theo h s Ct: R(t ) = Ct .R; (2 3c)
R + 150
C
=
; ( 2 4)
Vi n v cua R la MPa, H s Ct:
t
TNH
N
60 R + 1300 NG C LY CUA VT LIU 4

P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
2.1.2.4 Cac nhn t anh hng n cng cua BT:
* Thanh phn va cach ch tao BT: y la nhn t quyt nh cng BT.

- Cht lng va s lng xi mng:
- cng, sach, cp phi cua ct liu:
- T l N/X hp ly.
- Cht lng cua vic trn va BT, m va bao dng BT.
* Thi gian (tui cua BT):
R28
Cng cua b tng tng theo thi gian, luc u tng

nhanh sau tng chm dn.
Vi cng chu keo s tng cng theo thi gian
nhanh hn so vi cng chu nen.
Rt
t
t
28
Cng b tng tng theo thi gian c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Cng thc cua Sec (1926):
Rt=R1+(R10- R1).lgt.
lgt
0.7 R28 lg t ;
Cng thc cua Nga (1935), (Skramtaep): Rt = R28
lg28
(vi t = 7-300 ngay)
Cng thc cua Vin nghin cu BT My ACI theo quy lut hyperbn:
t
Trong o h s a, b phu thuc loai XM. Thng thng
Rt = R28
;
a + b.t
a=4; b=0.85. Voi XM ng cng nhanh a=2.3; b=0.92.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
* Tc gia tai va thi gian tac dung:
Khi tc gia tai chm cng at khoang 0.850.9 tr s thng thng va khi gia tai
nhanh cng cua mu co th tng 1.151.2 ln.
Khi th nghim phai tun theo quy trnh TN vi tc gia tai 0.2MPa/s.
2.1.3. Gia tr trung bnh va gia tr tiu chun cua cng :

2.1.3.1 Gia tr trung bnh:
Th nghim n mu th cua cung mt loai BT thu c cac gia tr cng cua mu th la
R1, R2.. Rn. Gia tr trung bnh cng cua cac mu th ky hiu la Rm, goi tt la cng
trung bnh:
n
Ri
Rm = i=1 ;
( 2 6)
n
2.1.3.2 lch qun phng, h s bin ng:
t i = |Ri - Rm| goi la lch.
2i
;
Vi s lng mu u ln (n 15) tnh lch qun phng: =
H s bin ng c tnh:
Rm
(2 8)
n 1
( 2 7)
2.1.3.3 Gia tr c trng:

Gia tr c trng cua cng cua BT (goi tt la cng c trng) c xac
nh theo xac sut am bao la 95% va c tnh: Rch = Rm (1 S . ); ( 2 9)
Trong o S la h s phu thuc xac sut bao am. Vi xac sut bao am 95% th S=1,64.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.1.3.4 Gia tr tiu chun:
Chng 2
Gia tr tiu chun cua cng cua BT (goi tt la cng tiu chun) c
ly bng cng c trng cua mu th Rch nhn vi h s kt cu KC.
Cng tiu chun v nen Rbn, v keo Rbtn:
Rbn = KC .Rch ; (2 9a )
H s KC xet n s lam vic cua BT trong kt cu co khac vi s lam vic cua mu th,
c ly bng 0,7-0,8 tuy thuc vao Rch. .
Gia tr cua Rbn va Rbtn c cho TCXDVN 356:2005 (Bang 12 trang 35)
2.1.4. Cp bn va mac cua b tng:
La tr s cua cac c trng c ban v cht lng cua BT. Tuy theo tnh cht va nhim vu
cua kt cu ma quy nh mac hoc cp bn theo cac c trng khac nhau.
2.1.4.1 Mac theo cng chu nen: K hiu M

B tng nng: M100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600.
B tng nhe: M50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300.
2.1.4.2 Cp bn chu nen: K hiu B
TCXDVN 356:2005 (trang 4) quy nh phn bit cht lng BT theo cp bn chu nen:
Cp bn chu nn ca b tng: k hiu bng ch B, l gi tr trung bnh thng

k ca cng chu nn tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo
khng di 95%, xc nh trn cc mu lp phng kch thc tiu chun (150
mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) c ch to, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun v
th nghim nn tui 28 ngy.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Ch
Cp bn chu nn ca b tng: k hiu bng ch B, l gi tr trung bnh thng
k ng
ca2
cng chu nn tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo khng di 95%,
xc nh trn cc mu lp phng kch thc tiu chun (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm)
c ch to, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim nn tui 28 ngy.
TCXDVN 356:2005 (Bang 9 trang 30) quy nh:

BT nng co cp bn chu nen B3,5; B5; B7,5; B10; B12,5; B15; B20; B25;
B30; B35; B40; B45; B50; B55; B60.
BT nhe co cp bn chu nen B2,5; B3,5; B5; B7,5; B10; B12,5; B15; B20;
B25; B30; B35; B40.
Tng quan gia mac M va cp bn B cua cung mt loai BT th hin bng
biu thc:
B = . .M ;
( 2 10)
Trong o la h s i n v t kG/cm2 sang MPa; co th ly bng 0,1.
la h s chuyn i t cng trung bnh sang cng c trng (vi
=0,135 th = (1-S.) = 0,778).
2.1.4.3 Mac theo cng chu keo: K hiu K.

B tng nng: K10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40.
B tng nhe: K10, 15, 20, 25, 30.
2.1.4.4 Cp bn chu keo: K hiu Bt.
Khi s chu lc cua kt cu c quyt nh chu yu bi kha nng chu keo cua BT, kt
cu co yu cu chng nt.
TCXDVN 356:2005 (trang 4) quy nh cp bn chu keo:
Cp bn chu ko ca b tng: k hiu bng ch Bt, l gi tr trung bnh thng

k ca cng chu ko tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo
khng di 95%, xc nh trn cc mu ko tiu
chun c ch to, dng h
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim ko tui 28 ngy.
Ch
Cp bn chu ko ca b tng: k hiu bng ch Bt, l gi tr trung bnh
thng
ng2
k ca cng chu ko tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo
khng di 95%, xc nh trn cc mu ko tiu chun c ch to, dng h
trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim ko tui 28 ngy.
BT co cp bn chu keo doc truc Bt0,8; Bt1,2; Bt1,6; Bt2; Bt2,4; Bt2,8; Bt3,2.
2.1.4.5 Mac theo cac yu cu khac:
Mac theo kha nng chng thm la con s ly bng ap sut ln nht (tnh bng
atm) ma mu chu c nc khng thm qua.
Cp chng thm cua BT: W2; W4; W6; W8; W10; W12.
W cn quy nh cho cac kt cu co yu cu chng thm hoc c cht cua BT nh
cac cng trnh thuy li, thuy in...
Mac theo khi lng ring trung bnh D (kha nng cach nhit):
- BT nhe D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200; D1300; D1400; D1500; D1600;
D1700; D1800; D1900; D2000.
- BT t ong D500; D600; D700; D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200.
- BT rng D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200; D1300; D1400.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.1.5. Bin dang cua b tng
2.1.5. Bin dang cua b tng:
Chng 2
2.1.5.1 Bin dang do co ngot:

Co ngot la hin tng BT giam th tch khi ninh kt
Mc co ngot khi ng cng trong khng kh (3 - 5).10-4 . Khi ng cng trong
nc BT n ra =1/5-1/2 mc co, mc tti a (6 - 15).10-5 .
Cac nhn t anh hng n bin dang co ngot:
- S lng va loai XM: lng XM co ngot , XM co hoat tnh cao co ngot .
- T l N/X tng co ngot tng.
- Cat nho hat, ct liu rng co ngot tng.
- Cht phu gia lam BT ninh kt nhanh co ngot tng.
Co ngot la mt hin tng co hai:
- Lam thay i hnh dang va kch thc cu kin.
- Gy mt mat ng sut trong ct thep ng lc trc.
- Gy ra khe nt trn b mt BT, lam thay i cu truc cua BT, giam kha nng
chu lc va tui tho cua cng trnh.
Cac bin phap khc phuc:
- Chon thanh phn ct liu, t l N/X hp ly.
- m cht BT, bao dng BT thng xuyn m trong giai oan u.
- Cac bin phap cu tao nh b tr khe co dan, t ct thep cu tao nhng ni
cn thit chu ng sut do co ngot gy ra, mach ngng khi thi cng hp ly
v.v..
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
2.1.5.2 Bin dang do tai trong tac dung ngn han:
Th nghim nen mu th hnh lng tru vi tc tng tai t t, o va lp c

th gia ng sut va bin dang nh hnh ve.
b
2
P
el pl
1
D
Rlt
l
C
(1)
b1
(2)
Khi con be th t cong nhng khi th
cong nhiu.
0
b
*b
pl el
-im D ng vi luc mu b pha hoai: ng sut
at Rlt va bin dang cc ai *b.
Bin dang cua BT gm 2 phn: phn khi phuc c la bin dang an hi
(1el), phn khng khi phuc la bin dang deo (2pl): b= el+ pl; (2-11)
Do vy BT la vt liu an hi-deo.
Mun an hi ban u Eb: b = Eb . el Eb = b = tg 0 ;

( 2 12)
el
(2 13)
Mun bin dang deo cua BT Eb: b = Eb' . b Eb' = b = tg ;
b
Eb' = .Eb ; TNH( 2N14

t = el goi laP1..
h sP15..
an h
i
NG) C LY CUA VT LIU 11
P2.. P3..
b
O
ng 2
Khi BT chu keo cung co bin dang an hi va bin dang deo: Eb= t.ECh
b.
Bin dang cc han khi keo kha be 0,00015.
2R
Rt
= t;
Th nghim cho thy khi BT chu keo sp nt th t 0,5 nn *b =
0.5Eb Eb
Eb
0,4 Eb
Mun chng ct vi h s Posson = 0,2 vi moi loai BT: Gb =
2(1 + )
v1
b
Tc gia tai khac nhau th cac
v2
ng biu din quan h - khac
v3
nhau.
el pl
2.1.5.3 Bin dang do tai trong tac dung dai han - T bin:
c
P
P
b
c
b
2
b
c
t
Hin tng bin dang deo tng theo thi gian goi la hin tng t bin cua BT.
Phn bin dang deo tng ln do tai trong tac dung dai han goi la bin dang t
bin.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
ng 2
Cha
Hin tng bin dang deo tng theo thi gian goi la hin tng t bin cu
BT.
Phn bin dang deo tng ln do tai trong tac dung dai han goi la bin dang t
bin.
* Cac nhn t anh hng n bin dang t bin:
- ng sut trong BT ln bin dang t bin ln.
- Tui BT luc t tai ln bin dang t bin be.
- m mi trng ln bin dang t bin be.
- T l N/X ln, cng ct liu be bin dang t bin ln.
- Lng X tng bin dang t bin tng.
* Co th biu din t bin qua mt trong hai ch tiu sau:

- c trng t bin: = C/ el. (la ai lng khng th nguyn)
- Sut t bin: C= C/ b (MPa-1 hoc cm2/kG).
Cac ch tiu , C u tng theo thi gian, va at n gii han n nh la 0, C0.
* Tac hai cua hin tng t bin:

- Lam tng vong cua cu kin.
- Lam tng un doc cua cu kin chu nen.
- M rng khe nt trong BT.
- Gy tn hao ng sut trong ct thep ng lc trc.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.1.5.4 Bin dang do tai trong lp lai:
Chng 2
bmax
bmin
b
Nu tai trong tac dung ln kt cu lp i lp lai nhiu ln (t vao ri d ra nhiu ln) th
bin dang deo se c tch luy dn, nu tai trong ln se gy hin tng
moi cho kt cu .
2.1.5.5 Bin dang nhit:
y la loai bin dang th tch khi nhit thay i, xac nh theo h s n v
nhit cua BT t.
H s t phu thuc vao loai XM, ct liu, m co gia tr khoang (0,7-1,5)x10-5/.

Thng thng khi nhit trong khoang t 0-1000 C ly t =1x10-5 tnh toan.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.2. Ct thep
Chng 2
2.2. Ct thep:
2.2.1. Yu cu i vi thep dung trong B tng Ct thep:
- am bao cng theo thit k.

- Phai co tnh deo cn thit.
- Phai dnh kt tt va cung chu lc c vi BT trong moi giai oan lam vic cua kt cu.
- D gia cng: d un, ct, va han c ...
- Tn dung ht kha nng chu lc cua ct thep khi kt cu b pha hoai.
- Tit kim thep va tn t sc L.
2.2.2. Cac loai ct thep:

Theo thanh phn hoa hoc cua thep: thng ch dung mt s mac thep cac
bon thp va thep hp kim thp.
Theo phng phap luyn thep:
- Ct thep can nong:
- Ct thep keo ngui:
- Ct thep gia cng nhit:
Theo hnh thc ct thep: Thep thanh tit din tron mt ngoai nhn (tron trn),
hoc mt ngoai co g (cac g co tac dung tng dnh bam vi BT). Cung co
th dung thanh thep hnh, o la ct cng co th chu lc c khi thi cng.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.2.3. Cac tnh cht c ban cua ct thep:
Chng 2
2.2.3.1 Biu ng sut-bin dang:

Biu ng sut-bin dang co phn thng ng vi giai oan an hi, phn
cong ng vi giai oan co bin dang deo. `
Thep deo:
B
D
Biu _ gm mt oan thng xin OA ng vi giai oan
y
lam vic an hi.
C
oan nm ngang c goi la thm chay, thep trang thai el
A
chay deo. Luc nay xac nh c gii han chay cua
thep y.
oan cong CD la giai oan cung c cua ct thep, ng sut

*S
O pl
va bin dang tip tuc tng cho n khi ct thep b t, vi
gii han bn B va bin dang cc han *S.
B
Thep rn (gion):
y
Biu _ gm mt oan thng xin OA ng vi giai
C D
A
oan lam vic an hi, oan cong AD la giai oan ct
el
thep co bin dang deo. Khi keo t xac nh c
gii han bn B va bin dang cc han *S.
2.2.3.2 Bin dang an hi va bin dang deo:
0,2%
Nu keo thep trong giai oan an hi ri giam tai th toan
O pl
*S
b bin dang c phuc hi.
Khi keo thep vt qua gii han an hi (co bin dang deo) ri giam tai th biu khng
P15..
v theo ng cu vaP1..
co m
t bin P2..
dang P3..
d la pl.
2.2.3.3 S cng ngui:
Chng 2
o la hin tng tng gii han chay khi gia cng ngui ct thep.
Ly ct thep deo em keo ngui cho qua gii han chay ri giam tai se co c ct thep
keo ngui. Ct keo ngui nay co gii han chay cao hn ct thep ban u. Sau vai ln keo
hoc chut thm chay se bin mt, ct thep tr thanh rn vi cng tng cao va bin
dang cc han giam.
2.2.3.4 Cng tiu chun cua ct thep:

Gia tr tiu chun v cng cua ct thep c goi tt la cng tiu
chun, k hiu Rsn c ly bng cng gii han chay (thc t hoc quy
c) vi xac sut bao am khng di 95%.
Vi my la gia tr trung bnh cua gii han chay khi th nghim mt s mu thep
th:
Rsn = ym (1 S . );
(2 15)
2.2.3.5 Mun an hi cua ct thep ES:
Mun an hi cua ct thep, k hiu ES c ly bng dc cua oan OA trn
biu ng sut bin dang.
Gia tr cua ES phu thuc loai thep va khoang (17 - 21)x104 MPa, xem TCXDVN 356:2005
(Bang 28 trang 53)
2.2.3.6 deo cua ct thep:

2.2.3.7 Tnh han c:
Tnh han c phu thuc vao thanh phn cua thep va cach ch tao. Cac thep can nong
bng thep cha t cac bon va thep hp kim thp co tnh han c tt. Khng c phep
NGnhi
Ct.LY CUA VT LIU 17
P3..ngui hoTNH
han i vi cacP1..
thepP15..
a quaP2..
gia cng
c gia N
cng
2.2.4. Phn loai (nhom) ct thep:
Chng 2
2.2.4.1 Phn loai ct thep theo TCVN:

Theo TCVN 1651:1985, c cc loi ct thp trn trn CI v ct thp c gn (ct
thp vn) CII, CIII, CIV.
2.2.4.2 Phn loai ct thep theo mt s tiu chun khac:

Theo TC Nga:
- Cn nng: trn trn nhm A-I, c g nhm A-II v AC-II, A-III, A-IV, A-V, A-VI;
- Gia cng bng nhit luyn v c nhit luyn: c g nhm AT-IIIC, AT-IV, ATIVC, AT-IVK, AT-VCK, AT-VI, AT-VIK v AT-VII.
Ct thep cua Trung Quc chia thanh cac cp I, II, III, IV va cac loai si keo
ngui.
Ct thep cua Phap c ghi theo gii han chay nh: FeE230, FeE400, FeE500.
2.2.4.3 Tng quan gia mac thep va nhom (loai) thep:
Mac thep c nh ra va k hiu chu yu da vao thanh phn hoa hoc va cach luyn, v
du CT3, CT5, 182C, 25X2C.. Nhom ct thep c phn chia theo tnh nng c hoc.
Hai cach phn chia nay la khac nhau nhng lin quan vi nhau v tnh nng cua thep la
do thanh phn quyt nh. Ct thep nhom CI, A-I ch tao t thep cac bon mac CT3; Ct
thep nhom CII, A-II P1..
ch taP15..
o t theP2..
p cacP3..
bon mac CT5;
2.3. B tng ct thep
Chng 2
2.3. B tng ct thep:

2.3.1. Lc dnh gia b tng & ct thep:
2.3.1.1 Cac nhn t tao nn lc dnh:
- Lc ma sat do co ngot khi ng cng BT ep cht vao ct thep.

- S bam do b mt g gh cua ct thep.
- Lc dan do keo xi mng co tac dung nh mt lp h dan BT vao ct thep
2.3.1.2 Th nghim xac nh lc dnh:

Mu th nghim xac nh lc dnh:
Cng trung bnh cua lc dnh:
max
P
=
;
(2 16)
. .l
max
ln
Trong o: P la lc keo (nen) tut ct thep.

la ng knh ct thep.
l la chiu dai oan ct thep chn vao BT.
P
1
Lc dnh cc ai: max =
= . ; (2 17)
. . .l
ln
Trong o: la h s hoan chnh biu lc dnh. ( < 1)
Tr s lc dnh cc ai:
max =
.Rbn
m
( 2 18)
max =
.Rbn
m
Trong o: m la h s phu thuc b mt: thep trn m=56; thep co g m=33,5;

la h s phu thuc trang thai chu lc: chu keo =1; chu nen =1,5;
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Tr s lc dnh cc ai:
max =
.Rbn
m
( 2 18)
Chng 2
Trong o: m la h s phu thuc b mt: thep trn m=56; thep co g m=33,5;

la h s phu thuc trang thai chu lc: chu keo =1; chu nen =1,5;
2.3.1.3 Cac yu t anh hng n lc dnh:

Khi BT ct thep thng ng lc dnh ln hn ct thep nm ngang.
Ct thep chu nen co lc dnh ln hn ct thep chu keo.
Khi thay i chiu dai oan l tr s max khng i nhng tr s trung bnh thay
i, khi tng l h s hoan chnh biu giam.
Nu co cac bin phap han ch bin dang ngang cua BT lc dnh tng.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.3.2. Anh hng cua ct thep n co ngot va t bin cua b tng:Chng 2

2.3.2.1 Anh hng n co ngot:
1 < 0
(=a)
Do s dnh kt gia BT va ct thep ma ct thep can

tr bin dang co ngot cua BT: ct thep b nen lai con
BT b keo ra, o la ng sut ban u do co ngot trong
BTCT.
Ab
AS
Nu khng co ct thep, BT t do co co ngot 0;

Do ct thep can tr BT co co ngot 1< 0 bng
bin dang cua ct thep a=1.
Bin dang cng bc trong BT: 0 - 1

Bin dang cng bc trong ct thep: 1.
Hp lc trong BT: Nt = t.Ab;
(1)
(2)
t = (0 - 1).t.Eb.
S = 1.ES.
trong ct thep: NS = S.AS.
V la lc ni tai nn chung cn bng nhau: Nt = NS;

. .E
E
.E
A
t = t 0 b ;
Suy ra: S = 0 S ;
nSt = S ; = S ;
1
t Eb
nSt . + 1
Ab
1+
nSt .
ng sut keo do co ngot ln khi ham lng thep ln;
ng sut keo do co ngot va ng sut keo do tai trong gy ra lam BT b nt sm hn so
vi khi khng co anh hng cua co ngot, nhng khi a co khe nt th anh hng cua co
ngot giam va n giai oan pha hoai th khng con anh hng n kha nng chu lc
cua cu kin.
Trong kt cu siu tnh lin kt tha ngn can co ngot cua BT nn xut hin ni lc
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
phu.
Chng 2
2.3.2.2 Anh hng n t bin:

Xet cu kin chu lc n gian nh hnh ve:
b = . .Eb ; = b ;
Trong BT:
.Eb
Trong CT:
S = .ES = b .ES = nS . b ; (2 19)

.Eb
Vi nS =
Ab
C1
NN
AS
ES
la h s tng ng ( 8-20).
.Eb
T iu kin cn bng lc, co:

N = b . Ab + S . AS = b .( Ab + nS . AS ); (2 20)
t Ared = Ab + nS.AS goi la din tch cua tit din tng ng (qui i).
N
N
n .N
ng sut, bin dang cua cu kin: =
; b =
;
S = S ;
Ared
Ared
.Eb . Ared
Khi chu lc lu dai, BT co bin dang t bin. Ct thep cung anh hng n bin dang t
bin cua BT.
Nu khng co ct thep, vi ng sut b bin dang t bin cua BT la C = C.b;

Ct thep se can tr bin dang cua BT, va bin dang tng thm se la: 1 <C;
Do o gia BT va ct thep co s phn phi lai ni lc:
. .Eb
.E
ng sut trong BT giam: b = C
ng sut trong CT tng: S = C S ;
;
1
nS . + 1
1+
P1.. P15.. P2.. nP3..
S .
Chng 2
2.3.3. S pha hoai va h hong cua BTCT:

2.3.3.1 S pha hoai do chu lc:
- Vi thanh chu keo: Sau khi BT b nt, ct thep chu toan b lc keo. Pha hoai khi ng
sut trong ct thep at gii han chay.
- Vi ct chu nen: Pha hoai khi ng sut nen trong BT at n cng chu nen.
- Vi dm chu un: Pha hoai khi ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay
hoc khi ng sut trong BT vung nen at n cng chu nen.
2.3.3.2 S huy mon cua b tng & cac bin phap bao v:
B tng b n mon la do:
Tac dung c hoc (ma, dong chay, s ong va tan bng lin tip..),
Tac dung sinh hoc (rong ru, ha, vi khun sng, bin..) hoa tan va cun i lam BT tr
nn xp,
Tac dung hoa hoc (cac cht axt, kim..) xm thc b mt hoc thanh phm cua cac
phan ng hoa hoc co th tch ln hn th tch cac cht tham gia phan ng, lam nt ne
khi BT.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
2.3.3.2 S huy mon cua b tng & cac bin phap bao v:
Chng 2
B tng b n mon la do:

Tac dung c hoc (ma, dong chay, s ong va tan bng lin tip..),
Tac dung sinh hoc (rong ru, ha, vi khun sng, bin..) hoa tan va cun i lam BT tr
nn xp,
Tac dung hoa hoc (cac cht axt, kim..) xm thc b mt hoc thanh phm cua cac
phan ng hoa hoc co th tch ln hn th tch cac cht tham gia phan ng, lam nt ne
khi BT.
Ct thep b huy mon, b g tao ra cac Oxyt hoc mui st co th tch ln hn th tch ban
u, lam cho lp BT bao quanh ct thep b v bong.
Bin phap bao v:
B tng cn co cng cao va c chc b mt cua kt cu.
Khi thit k cac cng trnh co mi trng n mon:
Khi cn dung cac bin phap c bit:
Cn cao sach bui g trn ct thep trc khi s dung. am bao chiu day lp BT bao v.
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN KT CU BTCT. Chng 3

Thit k kt cu BTCT gm 2 vic chnh: tnh toan va cu tao.
Ni dung tnh toan gm:
- Xac nh tai trong va tac ng;
- Xac nh ni lc do tng loai tai trong va cac t hp cua chung;
- Tnh toan tit din xac nh kha nng chu lc cua kt cu hoc ct thep.
Cac yu cu cu tao gm:
- Chon vt liu (mac BT va nhom ct thep) phu thuc mi trng s dung, tnh
cht chu lc, tnh cht cua tai trong, vai tro cua kt cu..,
- Chon kch thc tit din, B tr ct thep.
- Lin kt gia cac b phn va chon giai phap bao v chng xm thc.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 1
NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN KT CU BTCT. Chng 3
3.1. NGUYN L TNH TON
3.1. NGUYN L TNH TON KT CU B TNG CT THP:

3.1.1 Ti trng, tc ng:
- Theo tnh cht:
Tai trong thng xuyn (tnh tai):
Tai trong tam thi (hoat tai):
Tai trong c bit:
- Theo phng, chiu:
Tai trong ng:
Tai trong ngang:
- Theo tr s khi tnh theo PP trang thai gii han:
Tr s tiu chun (Tai trong tiu chun):
Tai trong tnh toan:
TT TT = TT TC.n
(3 1)
- Theo thi gian tac dung cua tai trong:

Tai trong tac dung dai han.
Tai trong tac dung ngn han.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
3.1.23.1.2
Ni lc
Chng 3
Ni lc:
S tnh: S kt cu la c s xac nh s tnh toan kt cu chu lc.
Vi kt cu tnh nh:
Vi kt cu siu tnh (dm lin tuc, khung, vo mong..): Tnh theo s an hi hoc
theo s deo
tnh ni lc va thc hin t hp ni lc cn thanh lp mt s s tnh:
- Mt s tnh vi tnh tai (cho ni lc Sg).

- Mt s s tnh vi cac trng hp co th xay ra cua hoat tai (Sij).
Ni lc tnh toan la t hp cua Sg va cac Sij: S= Sg + . Sij (3 - 2)
la h s t hp, theo TCVN 2737-1995 ly =1 khi ch xet mt hoat tai, <1 (0,9) khi
tnh vi t hai hoat tai tr ln
3.1.3 Tnh ton tit din BTCT:

- Bai toan kim tra: Cac thng s v tit din BT va ct thep a cho trc, cn xac
nh ni lc ln nht ma TD co th chu c;
iu kin kim tra la : S Std.
(3 - 3)
- Bai toan thit k: cung t iu kin (3 - 3) nhng trong biu thc xac nh Std cac
thng s v tit din con la n s cn xac nh.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
Chng 3
3.1.3 Tnh tit din BTCT

3.1.3.1 Phng php tnh theo ng sut cho php:
iu kin tnh toan:
[].
(3 - 4)
Trong o: - : ng sut ln nht trong vt liu do tai trong s dung.

- []: ng sut cho phep cua vt liu.
R
[ ] =
Gia thit tnh toan:
c Gia thit TD phng:

d Xem BT va CT la vt liu an hi.
- S ng sut cua min BT chu nen la tuyn tnh: (Khng xet BT chu keo)
- Quy i tit din gm B tng & Ct thep thanh TD tng ng ch co BT:
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
Chng 3
Da vao iu kin bin dang cua Ct thep & BT tai v tr Ct thep o la bng nhau:
S =
ES
= bt =
bt
Eb
S =
ES
. bt = nS . bt ;
Eb
Tc la qui i vi mt din tch ct thep chu keo tng ng thanh ns ln din tch BT
hay din tch ct thep AS quy i thanh nS.AS din tch BT.
Khng xet BT chu keo ( vung keo ch co din tch BT quy i cua ct thep chu keo)
bmax
Xet dm chu un TD ch nht:
Db
Tit din quy i va s ng sut:
b.x 3
+ n S .AS .(h 0 x )2 ;
J red =
Da
3
V tr truc trung hoa:
b.x 2
Sred =
n S .AS .(h 0 x ) = 0;
2
M
.x [ b ];
ng sut ln nht cua BT chu nen: b max =
J red
ng sut keo trong BT tng ng: bt =
AS
b
M .(h0 x )
;
J red
Vy ng sut trong ct thep : S = nS . bt [ S ];

P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
h0
a
nSAS
Chng 3

3.1.3.2 Phng php tnh theo ng sut cho php:
iu kin tnh toan:
[].
(3 - 4)
Trong o: - : ng sut ln nht trong vt liu do tai trong s dung.

- []: ng sut cho phep cua vt liu.
R
[ ] =
Gia thit tnh toan:
c Gia thuyt TD phng:

d Xem BT va CT la vt liu an hi.
- Quy i tit din gm B tng & Ct thep thanh TD tng ng ch co BT:
- S ng sut cua min BT chu nen la tuyn tnh: (Khng xet BT chu keo)
u im:
- Ra i sm nht cho nn giup cho ngi thit k co khai nim tng i ro rt v s lam
vic cua kt cu
- Kt cu co an toan kha cao.
Nhc im:
- BTCT khng phai la vt liu ng cht, BT co bin dang deo va co nt trong vung keo...
- H s nS thay i theo tr s ng sut trn tit din, tuy thuc s hiu thep va BT.
- H s an toan k=R/[] cua BT & ct thep khng ging nhau th h s nao la h s an
toan cua kt cu.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
Chng 3
3.1.3.2 Phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi:
Ni dung c ban cua phng phap la: Xac nh ni lc ln nht do tai trong tai TD
tnh toan ri so sanh vi kha nng chu lc cua TD o.
iu kin kim tra:
Sc Sph /k hay
k.Sc Sph.
(3 - 5)
Trong o:
Sc: Ni lc do tai trong tiu chun gy ra tai TD xet.
Sph: Kha nng chu lc cua TD ( Con goi la ni lc pha hoai).
k >1: H s an toan cua kt cu. (k = 1.52.5)
Xac nh kha nng chu lc cua TD theo cac gia thit sau:
- ng sut trong BT chu nen at Rb va phn b ch nht (u).
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay RS.
Rb
C = Rb.b.x
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
AS
Picture
T = RS.AS
Chng 3
b=Rb
Th du vi cu kin chu un:

Mph
Db
RS.AS
h0
a
AS
Phng trnh cn bng mmen vi truc qua trong tm Db:

M Db = 0 M ph RS . AS .(h0 0,5 x ) = 0;
Co c:
Mph = RS.AS.(h0 - 0.5x).
Chiu cao vung BT chu nen xac nh theo phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln
phng truc cu kin: X= 0 RS.AS=Rb.b.x.
iu kin (3-5) la: k.M Mph.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture
Chng 3
3.1.3.2 Phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi:
Ni dung c ban cua phng phap la: Xac nh ni lc ln nht do tai trong tai TD
tnh toan ri so sanh vi kha nng chu lc cua TD o.
iu kin kim tra:
Sc Sph /k hay
k.Sc Sph.
(3 - 5)
Trong o:
Sc: Ni lc do tai trong tiu chun gy ra tai TD xet.
Sph: Kha nng chu lc cua TD ( Con goi la ni lc pha hoai).
k >1: H s an toan cua kt cu. (k = 1.52.5)
Xac nh kha nng chu lc cua TD theo cac gia thit sau:
- ng sut trong BT chu nen at Rb va phn b ch nht (u).
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay RS.
u im:
- a xet n s lam vic cua vt liu giai oan deo nn tit kim vt liu.
- Cho khai nim ro rang hn v an toan cua kt cu .
Nhc im:
- H s an toan k= Sph / Sc gp chung lai nh vy la cha thoa ang v an toan cua kt
cu phu thuc rt nhiu yu t nh tai trong, vt liu, iu kin lam vic v.v.. V vy
khng th anh gia an toan bng mt h s duy nht c.
- Cha xet n bin dang va nt cua kt cu la hai vn cung rt c
quan tm.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 9
Chng 3
3.2. PHNG PHP TNH CU KIN THEO TRNG THI GII HN:
3.2. PHNG PHP TNH THEO TTGH
3.2.1 Cc trng thi gii hn (TTGH):

- TTGH la trang thai ma t o tr i kt cu khng thoa man cac yu cu
ra cho no (do chu lc qua sc,do mt n nh, do bin dang qua ln hoc do khe
nt xut hin va m rng v.v..)
- Kt cu BTCT c tnh theo 2 nhom TTGH: TTGH th I (TTGH v cng )

va TTGH th II (TTGH v iu kin s dung)
3.2.2 Tnh theo TTGH v cng (TTGH I):
TTGH th I c qui nh ng vi luc kt cu bt u b pha hoai, b mt n
nh v hnh dang va v tr, b hong do moi do tac dung ng thi cua tai
trong va mi trng.
iu kin tnh toan:
S Sgh.
(3 - 6)
S: La ni lc ln nht co th phat sinh tai TD do tai trong tnh toan gy ra.

Sgh: La gii han be nht v kha nng chu lc cua TD xac nh theo cng tnh toan
cua vt liu.
- Tnh theo TTGH th I la cn thit i vi moi kt cu cung nh cac b

phn.
- Tnh theo TTGH th I cho moi giai oan: ch tao, vn chuyn, cu lp, s dung,
sa cha.. (mi giai oan vi s tnh phu hp).
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
3.2.3 TNH THEO TTGH 2
3.2.3 Tnh theo TTGH v iu kin s dng (TTGH II):

Tnh theo TTGH th II v bin dang:
f fgh.
Chng 3
(3 7a)
f: bin dang hoc chuyn v do tai trong tiu chun

fgh: bin dang hay chuyn v ti a ma qui pham cho phep:
Tnh theo TTGH th II v nt:

- Nu kt cu c phep nt:
acrc agh.
acrc: b rng khe nt do tai trong tiu chun.
(3 7b)
agh: b rng khe nt gii han ma qui pham cho phep;

Gii han cho phep cua b rng khe nt va bin dang am bao iu kin lam vic bnh
thng: agh ly theo Bang 1, Bang 2 trang12, fgh ly theo Bang 4 trang 14 TCXDVN
356:2005.
- Nu kt cu khng cho phep nt: Sc Scrc.

(3 7c)
Sc: ni lc do tai trong tiu chun.
Scrc: Ni lc ti a ma TD co th chu c khi sp nt (kha nng chng nt).
(Co th xem Sc la ng sut keo ln nht trong BT, Scrc la cng chu keo cua BT)
TCXDVN 356:2005 iu 4.2.2 trang 10 qui inh:
Tnh ton kt cu v tng th cng nh tnh ton tng cu kin ca n cn tin hnh i
vi mi giai on: ch to, vn chuyn, thi cng, s dng v sa cha. S tnh ton
ng vi mi giai on phi ph hp vi gii php cu to chn.
Cho php khng cn tnh ton kim tra s m rng vt nt v bin dng nu qua thc
nghim hoc thc t s dng cc kt cu tng t khng nh c: b rng vt nt
mi giai on khng vt qu gi tr cho php v kt cu c cng giai on s
dng.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
3.2.2 Cng tnh ton
3.2.2 Cng tnh ton ca vt liu :
Chng 3
3.2.2.1 Cng tnh ton ca BT:

Cng tnh toan cua BT v nen Rb va v keo Rbt c xac nh nh sau:
.R
.R
Rb = bi bn ; Rbt = bi btn ; (3 8)
bc
bt
Trong o bc va bt la h s tin cy cua BT khi nen va khi keo.

Khi tnh theo TTGH I bc=1,3-1,5 va bt=1,3-2,3 -TCXDVN 356:2005 Bang 11
trang 34.
bi la h s iu kin lam vic cua BT (i=1, 2, .., 10) -TCXDVN 356:2005 Bang
15 trang 37.
3.2.2.2 Cng tnh toan cua ct thep:

Cng tnh toan cua ct thep v keo RS c xac nh nh sau:
.R
RS = si sn ; (3 9)
Rs =
Rsn
stuy
Trong o S la h s tin cy cua ct thep. Khi tnh theo TTGH th nht s=1,05-1,2
thuc loai thep. TCXDVN 356:2005 Bang 20 trang 46.
si la h s iu kin lam vic cua ct thep (i=1, 2, .., 9). TCXDVN 356:2005
Bang 23 trang 49.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Chng 3
3.3. NGUYN L CU TO
3.3. NGUYN L CU TO:
3.3.1 Chon kch thc tit din cac cu kin:

Khi thit k kt cu BTCT thng phai chon kch thc TD cac cu kin xac
nh tai trong, tnh ni lc va ct thep.
S hp ly cua TD chon theo yu cu chu lc c anh gia qua ham lng
thep (mi loai cu kin co mt khoang hp ly cua ).
Chon TD con phai quan tm n yu t thm my (yu cu tao dang cua kin
truc) va iu kin ch tao (thng nht van khun, b tr thep va BT..).
3.3.2 Khung v li ct thp:
Ct thep trong cu kin BTCT c lin kt thanh khung, li :
- Gi v tr ct thep khi thi cng.
- Cac ct thep cung chu lc, tranh cac pha hoai cuc b.
- Chu cac ng sut phc tap ma tnh toan khng xet n.
Lin kt cac ct thep bng cach buc hoc han.
Khung ct thep: gm ct doc, ct ngang, ct thi cng. Thng b tr cac cu

kin dang thanh nh ct, dm.
Li ct thep: Thng s dung cho cac cu kin dang ban nh ban san, ban
mong.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
ngn3
Khung ct thep: gm ct doc, ct ngang, ct thi cng. Thng b tr cacCh
c
u ki
dang thanh nh ct, dm.
Li ct thep: Thng s dung cho cac cu kin dang ban nh ban san, ban mong.
Buc
3.3.2.1 Khung li buc:
Buc

Buc bng si thep 0,8 1.
* u im:

Chu tai trong ng tt. (co deo cao)

B tr ct thep linh ng.
Khng cn thit b han.
* Nhc im:
Mc lin kt khng tt bng han.
Thi cng chm, kho c gii hoa.
3.3.2.2 Khung li hn:
Van khun
Thanh ni ngang
(1-3 thanh/m).
Co th ch tao sn cac khung phng

ri ghep thanh khung khng gian
bng cac thanh ngang (ct thi cng)
Co th la li phng hoc cun

nhng am bao mi cun G 500 kg
phu hp cn cu thiu nhi khi thi
cng.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
3.3.3 Ct chu lc v ct cu to
3.3.3 Ct chu lc v ct cu to:
Chng 3
- Ct chu lc: Dung chu cac ng lc phat sinh do tai trong, c xac nh
theo tnh toan.
- Ct cu tao: Lin kt cac ct chu lc thanh khung hoc li, giam s co ngot
khng u cua BT, chu ng sut do co ngot va thay i nhit , giam b rng
khe nt, han ch bin dang (vong), phn b tac dung cua tai trong tp trung..
3.3.4 L p BT bo v:
Lp BT bao v ct doc chu lc TCXDVN 356:2005 qui inh:
iu 8.3.2 trang 122: i vi ct thp dc chu lc (khng ng lc trc, ng lc
trc, ng lc trc ko trn b), chiu dy lp b tng bo v cn c ly
khng nh hn ng knh ct thp hoc dy cp v khng nh hn:
- Trong bn v tng c chiu dy:
c2
+ t 100 mm tr xung:
10 mm (15 mm)
+ trn 100 mm:
15 mm (20 mm)
- Trong dm v dm sn c chiu cao:
+ nh hn 250 mm:
15 mm (20 mm)
20 mm (25 mm) c1 c2
+ ln hn hoc bng 250 mm:
- Trong ct:
20 mm (25 mm)
c2
30 mm
- Trong dm mng:
c1
- Trong mng:
+ lp ghp:
30 mm
+ ton khi khi c lp b tng lt: 35 mm
LY
U TAO & TNH TOAN 15
P1.. kh
P2..
P3..
P3.5..
i khi
khng
c lp Picture
b tng NGUYN
lt:
70 Cmm
+ ton
3.3.4 L p BT bo v
Chng 3
3.3.4 L p BT bo v:
Lp BT bao v ct cu tao TCXDVN 356:2005 qui inh:
iu 8.3.3 trang 122: Chiu dy lp b tng bo v cho ct thp ai, ct thp
phn b v ct thp cu to cn c ly khng nh hn ng knh ca cc ct
thp ny v khng nh hn:
- khi chiu cao tit din cu kin nh hn 250 mm:
10 mm (15 mm)
- khi chiu cao tit din cu kin bng 250 mm tr ln: 15 mm (20 mm)
ch thch:
1. Gi tr trong ngoc (...) p dng cho kt cu ngoi tri hoc nhng ni m t.
2. i vi kt cu trong vng chu nh hng ca mi trng bin, chiu dy lp b tng
bo v ly theo quy nh ca tiu chun hin hnh TCXDVN 327 : 2004.
Trong kt cu mt lp lm t b tng nh v b tng rng cp B7,5 v thp hn, chiu
dy lp b tng bo v ct thp dc chu lc cn phi khng nh hn 20 mm, cn i vi
cc panen tng ngoi (khng c lp trt) khng c nh hn 25 mm.
i vi cc kt cu mt lp lm t b tng t ong, trong mi trng hp lp b tng bo
v khng nh hn 25 mm.
Trong cc cu kin lm t b tng nh, b tng rng c cp khng ln hn B7,5 v lm
t b tng t ong, chiu dy lp b tng bo v cho ct thp ngang ly khng nh hn
15 mm, khng ph thuc chiu cao tit din.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
3.3.5 B tr ct thp
Chng 3
3.3.5 B tr ct thp v khong cch gia cc ct thp:

- Nu ct thep nm ngang hoc nghing khi BT:
TCXDVN 356:2005 qui inh:

iu 8.4.1 trang 123: Khong cch thng thy gia cc thanh ct thp (hoc v ng t
ct thp cng) theo chiu cao v chiu rng tit din cn m bo s lm vic ng thi
gia ct thp vi b tng v c la chn c k n s thun tin khi v m va b
tng. i vi kt cu ng lc trc cng cn tnh n mc nn cc b ca b tng,
kch thc ca cc thit b ko (kch, kp). Trong cc cu kin s dng m bn hoc
m di khi ch to cn m bo khong cch gia cc thanh ct thp cho php m i
qua lm cht va b tng.
30
t0
d
(t0 la khoang h gia cac mep cua cac
ct thep-khoang cach thng thuy)
t0
30
d
t0
25
d
t0 50
t0
- Nu ct thep t ng khi BT: t0 50.
t0
25
d
t0 1.5d
Ngoai ra khoang cach gia cac ct thep cung khng nn qua ln nhm tranh cac vt nt
do co ngot, thay i nhit , tranh s pha hoai cuc b va n nh cua khung (li) ct
thep khi thi cng.. Trong moi trng hp t0 400.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
3.3.6 Neo ct thp
Chng 3
3.3.6 Neo ct thp:
Neo ct thep nhm bao am phat huy ht kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, tranh pha hoai
3d
cuc b do tut.
2,5d
Neo co un moc u: Ct thep tron trn

trong khung buc phai co moc neo hai u.
TCXDVN 356:2005 qui inh:
iu 8.5.1 trang 124: i vi nhng thanh ct
thp c g, cng nh cc thanh ct thp trn
trn dng trong cc khung thp hn v li hn
th u mt thng, khng cn un mc.
Nhng thanh ct thp trn trn chu ko dng
trong khung, li buc cn c un mc u,
mc dng ch L hoc ch U.
Un tay
6,25d
2,5d
Un may
3,25d
45-900
Chiu dai oan neo: c xac nh theo kha nng truyn lc gia BT va ct thep (lc
dnh):
R
lan = an s + an d ; (3 10)
Rb
nhng khng nh hn lan = an .d ;

Trong an, an, an cng nh gi tr cho php ti thiu lan c xc nh theo
TCXDVN 356:2005 Bng 36 (tr. 125).
Trng hp khi thanh cn neo c din tch tit din ln hn din tch yu cu theo tnh
ton bn vi ton b cng tnh ton, chiu di lan theo cng thc (3-10) cho
php gim xung bng cch nhn vi t s din tch cn thit theo tnh ton v din tch
P1..titP2..
P3..
P3.5..
thc t ca
din ct
thp.
Chng 3
3.3.6 Neo ct thp:
Chiu dai oan neo: c xac nh theo kha nng truyn lc gia BT va ct thep (lc
dnh):
R
lan = an s + an d ; (3 10)
Rb
nhng khng nh hn lan = an .d ;

Trong an, an, an cng nh gi tr cho php ti thiu lan c xc nh theo
TCXDVN 356:2005 Bng 36 (tr. 125).
Neo bng cach han cac thep neo u:
2d
4d
d
d
4d 10mm
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
2.5d
3.3.7 Un ct thp
3.3.7 Un ct thp:
Tai ch un cong, ct thep khi chu lc se ep

cuc b vao BT.
phn b lc nen ep u vao BT, ct thep
c un cong vi ban knh cong r 10d.
3.3.8 Ni ct thp:
Chng 3
F
r 10d
d
3.3.8.1 Ni chng (ni buc):
Khi d 36. Khng nn ni buc ct thep trong vung keo tai TD tn dung ht
kha nng chu lc.
oan lan xac nh theo cng thc tnh oan neo va:
Keo: lan 250 mm.
Tuy thuc mac BT
lan
va loai ct thep
Nen: lan 200 mm.
Khng c ni buc khi d > 36 hoc khi cu kin chu keo
3.3.8.2 Ni hn :
hoan toan (Thanh chu keo cua dan, thanh treo cua khung..).
0.85 d2
Han i u:
d2
d1
10 mm
Han i u co nep:
Han ghep (chng):
Han trong mang:
d10
lh
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
d8
lh8d
lh
lh10d lh5d
lh4d
Picture
Chng 3
Khung-Li thp
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Chng 3
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
1. C IM CU TO
Chng 4
CU KIN CHU UN.
Cu kin chu un la cu kin chu M hay ng thi M & Q.
P
M&Q
M&Q
Q=0
Cu kin chu un la loai cu kin c ban rt quan trong c s dung rng rai va trong
nhiu b phn cua cng trnh nh dm, san, cu thang, ...
Co th quy v hai loai c ban: ban va dm.
4.1. C IM CU TO:
4.1.1 Bn:
Ban la loai kt cu phng co chiu day kha be
so vi chiu dai va chiu rng.
Trong kt cu nha ca ban co kch thc mt bng

thng bng 26m.
Chiu day ban chon theo yu cu chu lc va cng (bin dang, vong, goc xoay.. San
nha thng khoang t 620 cm, trong cac kt cu khac cac kch thc o co th ln hn
hoc be hn ). B tng cua ban thng chon co cp bn t B12.5 n B25.
Ct thep trong ban gm co ct chu lc va ct phn b (CI, CII i khi CIII )

a. Ct thp chu lc:
Ct phn b
Chu m men un.

B tr trong vung
ng keo.
t chu
c UN 1
Chon va P1..
b trP2..
theoP3..
tnhP4..
toanP412..
.
CUC
KI
N CHlU
P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
ng knh d=612 mm, khoang cach gia cac ct thep a=720 cm.
Tai gi ct mu chu M(-) th a 100 tin BT;

Tai ni co M ln th: a 200 khi chiu day ban h 150,
a 1.5h khi chiu day ban h > 150,
Tai ni co M be th ti thiu phai co 3 thanh/1m dai ban.
Ct phn b
b. Ct thp phn b (cu to):
Ct chu lc
Tac dung: gi v tr ct chu lc khi thi cng, chu ng lc do co ngot, thay i

nhit , phn phi anh hng cua lc tp trung ra cac ct chu lc ln cn.
ng knh d=48;
Cach khoang a=200300 (a 350).
Lng ct phn b khng t hn 10% s lng ct

chu lc tai TD co m men un ln nht.
c15 khi d10

c1,5d khi d>10
lan10d
4.1.2 Dm:
Dm la cu kin chu un co kch thc TD (b rng va chiu cao) kha be

so vi chiu dai (nhp).
Hnh dang tit din:
Tit din dm thng co dang ch
nht, I, T, hp, khuyn, ...
h
b
l
CU KIN CHU UN 2
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
CU KIN CHU UN 3
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Hnh dang tit din:
Chng 4
h
Kch thc tit din:

1 1
- Bi s cua 50 khi h 600.
Chiu cao h = nhp;
- Bi s cua 100 khi h > 600.
8 20
1 1
Chiu rng b = h; - 100, 120, 150, 180, 200, ...
- Bi s cua 50 khi b >250.
2 4
Phai thun tin vi qui cach van khun va tiu chun hoa kch thc dm.
Ct thep:
a. Ct dc chu lc:
Ct xin Ct ai
Ct doc ct
Ct doc
ai 2 nhanh
chu lc
Chu M, xac nh theo tnh toan. ng knh d = 10-32
B tr trong vung keo, i khi co ca trong vung nen;
Co th b tr 1, 2 hay nhiu lp (khi b 150 phai co t nht 2 thanh)
ai 4 nhanh
CU KIN CHU UN 4
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Ct xin
Ct ai
Ct doc ct
Chng 4
Ct doc
ai 4 nhanh
ai 2 nhanh
chu lc
b. Ct dc cu to:
ng knh 10 14.
Ct gia: la ct doc t trong vung BT chu nen (tai cac goc cua ct ai).
Ct thep phu: Khi dm co chiu cao ln h > 700. Lng thep 0.1% din tch
BT sn.
Co tac dung gi n nh ct ai, chu ng lc co ngot va nhit .
c. Ct ai:
chu lc ct, lin kt ct doc thanh khung, gn vung BT chu keo va vung
BT chu nen vi nhau chu m men.
Tnh toan theo lc ct.
ng knh ct ai: d 6mm; khi h 800 d 8mm.
d. Ct xin:
chu lc ct (thng kt hp a ct doc ln chu M(-) mep trn).
Goc nghing
= 450 khi h 800;
= 600 khi h > 800.
0 khi P412..
CU KIN CHU UN 5
P1.. P2.. P3..
= 30P4..
dm thP42..
p va baP5..
n. P54.. P56..
2. S LM VIC CA DM
4.2. S LM VIC CA DM:
Chng 4
Quan sat mt dm BTCT chu tai cho n luc b pha hoai:
Tai khu vc gia dm ni M ln co vt nt thng goc vi truc dm;

Tai khu vc gn gi ta co Q ln th vt nt nghing.
CU KIN CHU UN 6
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
3. TRNG THI US-BD
Chng 4
4.2. S LM VIC CA DM:
Quan sat mt dm BTCT chu tai cho n

luc b pha hoai:
Tai khu vc gia dm ni M ln co vt
nt thng goc vi truc dm;
Tai khu vc gn gi ta co Q ln th vt
nt nghing.
Khe nt
nghing
Khe nt
thng goc
Nh vy vic tnh toan va cu tao cac cu kin chu un theo iu kin cng nhm:
- Khng b pha hoai trn TD thng goc: Tnh toan theo cng trn TD
thng goc.
- Khng b pha hoai trn TD nghing: Tnh toan theo cng trn TD
nghing.
4.3. TRNG THI NG SUTBIN DNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC:
Din bin cua trang thai US - BD trn TD thng goc co th phn thanh 3 giai oan sau:
4.3.1 Giai on I:
Khi tai trong be vt liu lam vic an hi.
b<Rb
Ia
b<Rb
x
x M
Tai trong tng bin dang deo trong BT M
phat trin (nht la vung keo). S ng
sut trong BT cong i.
SAS
SAS
Khi bt=Rbt BT vung keo sp sa nt:
Trang thai Ia.
btP56..
CU KIN CHU
Ubt
=R
N 7bt
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54..
4.3.2 Giai on II:

Tai trong tng BT chu keo nt. Tai
khe nt toan b lc keo do ct thep
M
chu.
Min BT chu nen co bin dang deo kha
ln s ng sut b cong nhiu.
II
b<Rb
x
S<RS
IIa
M
Chng 4
b<RB
x
S=RS
Nu lng ct thep chu keo khng nhiu lm, khi tai trong tng ng sut
trong ct thep at gii han chay RS (S=RS): Trang thai IIa.
Trng hp 1
Trng hp 2
4.3.3 Giai on III:
(pha hoai deo)
(pha hoai gion)
Ct thep trang thai chay deo, tai trong
b=Rb
b=Rn
tng Khe nt m rng va phat trin
dn ln pha trn, min BT chu nen M
x
x
M
thu hep dn.
Khi ng sut trong BT chu nen at Rb
S=RS
s<RS
b pha hoai: trng hp pha hoai th
nht (pha hoai deo).
Nu lng ct thep chu keo kha nhiu, khi tai trong tng tit din b pha hoai
khi BT chu nen at Rb trong khi S< RS. y la trng hp pha hoai th 2
(pha hoai gion).
Khi thit k cu kin chu un cn tranh trng hp pha hoai gion v s pha hoai xay ra
t ng
t khiP2..
bin P3..
dang co
n kha
be, khng
bitP5..
trcP54..
c (nguy
). M
t kha
Chi
Um
KI
N CH
UcUkhng
N 8
P1..
P4..
P412..
P42..
P56..
tn dung ht kha nng chu lc cua vt liu (Ct thep ch mi at S< RS).
4. TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC
4.4. TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC: Chng 4
4.4.1 Tnh cu kin c TD ch nht:
Co 2 trng hp b tr ct doc chu lc:
- Ch co ct thep chu keo goi la b tr ct n;

- Co ct thep ca trong vung keo ln vung nen : Ct kep.
4.4.1.1 Tnh tit din ch nht c ct n:
a) S ng sut:
Mgh
S ng sut TTGH I trn c s

cua trng hp pha hoai deo:
h h0
- ng sut trong vung BT chu

nen: at cng chu nen Rb
. (ng sut vung nen phn b dang
h0-x/2
a
ch nht)
Rb
x/2
x
x/2
Rbbx
h
AS
RSAS
b
- ng sut trong ct thep chu

keo at cng chu keo RS.
b) Cng thc c ban:
Phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln phng truc dm:
X =0
Rs . As = Rb .b.x; ( 4 1)
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep chu keo va vung goc vi mp un :
M gh = Rb .b.x. h0 ; ( 4 2)
CU KIN CHU UN 9
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42..2 P5.. P54.. P56..
M As = 0
X = 0 Rs . As = Rb .b.x; (4 1)
x
M As = 0 M gh = Rb .b.x. h0 2 ;
Chng 4
( 4 2)
iu kin cng (am bao cho TD khng vt qua TTGH th I) la:

x
M M gh ; M Rb .b.x. h0 ; (4 3)
2
x
Kt hp (4-1) & (4-3): M RS . AS . h0 ; (4 3a )
2
c) iu kin han ch:

Kt qua thc nghim cho thy trng hp pha hoai deo xay ra khi:
x
x
R = R =
=
; (4 4)
RS
h0
h0
1+
1
sc ,u 1,1
Trong o: - c trng tnh cht bin dang cua vung BT chu nen:
- H s phu thuc loai BT, =0,85 vi BT nng.
Rb, RS tnh bng MPa.
sc,u - ng sut gii han cua ct thep trong vung BT chu nen (khi BT
at ti bin dang cc han),
sc,u =500MPa vi tai trong thng xuyn, .. sc,u =400MPa vi tai trong c bit.
R b .b.x R .R b .b.h 0
= As,max ; (4 6)
RS
RS
A
R
A
Goi = S la ham lng ct thep th ham lng cc ai max = S,max = R . b ; (4
CU KIb.h
N CH
U UR
N S10
P1..
b.h
0
0 P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
T (4-1) & (4-4): R S . AS = R b .b.x AS =
T (4-1) & (4-4): R S . AS = R b .b.x AS =
R b .b.x R .R b .b.h 0
Chng 4
= As,max ; (4 6)
RS
RS
AS
la ham lng ct thep th ham lng cc ai:
b.h 0
A
R
max = S,max = R . b ; (4 7)
b.h 0
RS
Ct thep qua t cung b pha hoai gion, v vy: min ;
Goi =
d) Cac bai toan ap dung:

tin s dung, ta tin hanh mt s phep bin i:
x
t =
, Cac cng thc trn vit lai nh sau:
h0
T (4 - 1) Rs . As = .Rb .b.h0 ;
(4 8)
T (4 - 3)
M Rb .b.h02 . .(1 0,5. ) = m .Rb .b.h02 ; (4 9)
T (4 3a) M RS . AS .h0 .(1 0,5. ) = .RS . AS .h0 ; (4 10)

Trong o
m= .(1 - 0,5. ),
iu kin han ch
= (1 - 0,5.);
m R;
Bai toan 1: Bit kch thc TD b, h, mmen M, cp bn cua BT, loai ct

thep (Rb, RS). Tnh ct thep cn thit AS ?
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep: (tra bang) Rb, RS, theo (4-4) tnh R,
CU KIN CHU UN 11
P2.. ..P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
theo (4-7)P1..
tnh
max
T h h
h
V h
A h i i h
1 20 i b
Chng 4
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep: (tra bang) Rb, RS, theo (4-4) tnh R,
theo (4-7) tnh max.
- Tnh h0 = h - a. V cha co AS nn phai gia thit trc a: a = 15-20 vi ban,
a = 30-60 vi dm.
M
- T phng trnh (4 - 9) xac nh m: m =
; (4 12)
2
R b .b.h 0
- Kim tra m theo iu kin han ch:

*Nu m R tra bang co
Tnh AS t phng trnh (4-10):
Kim tra ham lng thep: =
**Nu m > R th hoc
AS =
M
; ( 4 13)
.R Sh 0
AS
min
b.h 0
tng kch thc TD.

tng cp bn cua BT.
t ct thep vao vung nen (t ct kep).
Bai toan 2: Bit M, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep. Yu cu chon b, h, va tnh

ct thep AS ?
Giai:
- Cn c loai BT, ct thep: Rb, RS, theo (4-4) tnh R, theo (4-7) tnh max.
Ap dung cac cng thc (4 - 8) & (4 - 9) bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 4 n: b,
. gia
n cho
n tr
c 2 nP42..
: (tin nh
chonP56..
tr
& )
h, va ASP1..
CcUbKI
N CHU UN 12
P2..i cP3..
P4..
P412..
P5..t laP54..
giai cn chon trc 2 n: (tin nht la chon trc b & )

*Chon trc b (theo kinh nghim, theo yu cu cu tao, theo kin truc..)
*Chon :
Chng 4
= 0,25 0,35 i vi dm.

= 0,1 0,25 i vi ban.
- Chiu cao lam vic cn thit cua TD h0: h0 =
M
; (4 14)
R bb
Sau khi co bxh hp ly th vic tnh AS tin hanh theo nh bai toan 1.
Bai toan 3 (BT kim tra): Bit b, h, AS, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep. Tnh
kha nng chu lc cua tit din Mgh (Mtd)
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep: (tra bang) Rb, RS, theo (4-4) tnh R..
- Cn c vao cach b tr ct thep xac nh c a ri tnh h0 = h - a.
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n , Mgh nn hoan toan xac nh.
R A
- T (4 - 8) = S S ;
R b .b.h 0
- Kim tra theo iu kin han ch:
*Nu R: tra bang co m th vao (4 - 9) M gh = m .Rb .b.h02 ;
**Nu > R chng to AS qua nhiu, kha nng chu lc c tnh theo kha
nng cua vung nen, tc ly = R hay m = R
M gh = R .Rb .b.h02 ;
CU KIN CHU UN 13
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.1.2 Tnh tit din ch nht c ct kp:
4.4.1.2 Tnh tit din ch nht c ct kp:
Cac ly do chu yu b tr ct thep chu nen trong dm (cu kin chu un):
c Giam vong do t bin khi chu tai trong dai han.
d Tng tnh deo cua cu kin.
A's
a'
e D thi cng.
Rsc A's
Rb Ab
M
h0
Ab
As
a
Rs As
* iu kin t ct kep:
Vic t ct kep khng phai luc nao cung la kinh t. Kt qua nghin cu cho
thy ch nn t ct kep khi m 0,5 nu m >0,5 th nn tng kch TD.
M
V vy iu kin tnh ct kep la R < m =
0,5;
2
R b .b.h 0
Vic tnh toan vi trng hp t ct kep con co th gp khi do yu cu cu tao
trong vung nen co mt lng thep ang k, cn xet n anh hng cua no.
CU KIN CHU UN 14
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
a) S ng sut:
n TTGH v cng , s ng sut:
a'
- Ct thep chu keo AS at RS

- B tng vung nen at Rb.
Rb
AS
RSCAS
x
h0
Mgh
- Ct thep chu nen AS at RSC

a
b) Cng thc c ban:
AS
RSAS
h0 h
a
Phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln phng truc dm:
X =0
Rs . As = Rb .b.x + Rsc . A's ; ( 4 15)
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep AS va vung goc vi mp un cua dm:
M gh = Rb .b.x. h0 + Rsc . A's .(h0 a '); (4 16)

2
iu kin cng (am bao cho TD khng vt qua TTGH th I):

x
M M gh M Rb .b.x. h0 + Rsc . A's .(h0 a '); (4 17)

2
Cung dung cac ky hiu nh trng hp ct n:

x
= ; m= .(1 - 0,5. ), = (1 - 0,5.);
h0
Cac cng thc trn vit lai nh sau:
Rs . As = .Rb .b.h0 + Rsc . A's ;
( 4 18)
T (4-15)
M m .Rb .b.h02 + Rsc . A's .(h0 a '); (4 19)
T (4-16)
CU KIN CHU UN 15
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
M As = 0
Chng 4

Rs . As = .Rb .b.h0 + Rsc . A's ;
( 4 18)
T (4-15)
M m .Rb .b.h02 + Rsc . A's .(h0 a '); (4 19)
T (4-16)
c) iu kin han ch:
- cu kin khng b pha hoai gion t BT chu nen:
x R.h0 hoc
hay
m R.
(4 - 20)
- ng sut nen trong AS at n RSC phai thoa man iu kin: x 2a.
(4 - 21)
d) Cac bai toan ap dung:

Bai toan 1: Bit M, b, h, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep. Tnh AS, AS ?
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT va nhom ct thep Rb, RS, RSC, tnh R.
- Xac nh h0 = h - a (a va a c chon trc nh trng hp t ct n).
M
0,5; (4 22)
- Kim tra iu kin cn thit tnh ct kep : R < m =
R b .b.h 02
Bai toan vi hai phng trnh (4 - 18), (4 - 19) cha 3 n s , AS, AS nn phai
loai bt n s bng cach chon trc = R tc m= R.
( li dung ht kha nng chu nen cua BT nn ct thep AS, AS co (AS + AS) be nht).
M - R R b .b.h 02
Thay m= R vao (4-19) tm c: A'S =
; ( 4 23)
R sc (h 0 a ' )
.R .b.h R
As = R b 0 + sc A's ; (4 24)
Th AS vao (4-18) c:
Rs
Rs
CU KIN CHU UN 16
P1..
P2..
P3..
P4..
P412..
P42..
P5..
P54.. P56..
Khng qun kim tra lai a, a a gia thit!
ng 4
Bai toan 2: Bit M, b, h, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep va AS. Tnh ACh
S?
Giai:
- Xac nh h0 = h - a (a va a c chon trc nh trng hp t ct n).
Bai toan xac nh v co hai phng trnh cha 2 n s.
T (4-19) tnh m: m =
M - R sc . A's .(h0 a' )

R b .b.h 02
; (4 25)
- Kim tra iu kin han ch:

Nu m R: tra bang x = .h0.
Nu x 2a:
As =
.Rb .b.h0
Rs
Rsc
A's ; ( 4 26)
Rs
Nu x < 2a: ng sut trong ct thep chu nen SC< RSC. Xem hp lc cua
vung nen trung vi trong tm AS (ly x = 2a).
a
a
S ng sut luc o co dang:

M A's = 0 M gh = Rs . As .(h0 a'); (4 27) h0 M
gh
M
T iu kin M Mgh As =
; ( 4 28)
a
Rs (h0 a ')
Rb.b.x
SC.AS
RS.AS
Nu m > R: ct thep AS a cho la cha u am bao kha nng chu lc cua vung
nen nn ta xem AS la cha bit va tnh theo bai toan 1(Tnh AS, AS).
CU KIN CHU UN 17
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
kha
ng 4
Bai toan 3: Bit b, h, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep, AS, AS. KimChtra
nng chu lc cua TD (Mgh = ?).
Giai:
- Xac nh a, a, h0 = h a.
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n s la va Mgh nn hoan toan xac nh.
R A R SC A'S
T (4 - 18) = S S
;
R b .b.h 0
Kim tra iu kin han ch:
2a '
R T m: M gh = m .Rb .b.h02 + RSC . A'S .(h0 a' );
Nu
h0
2a '
Nu
(tc x < 2a) ly x = 2a tnh Mgh theo (4-27);
h0
Hoc la khng k n ct chu nen AS va tnh nh ct n ri so sanh 2 kt qua tnh,
ly Mgh nao ln hn lam kha nng chu lc cua tit din.
Nu > R ly = R hay m = R tnh Mgh: M gh = R .Rb .b.h02 + RSC . A'S .(h0 a' );
Chng to ct thep chu keo AS qua nhiu, xac nh kha nng chu lc cua tit din theo
kha nng cua vung nen, tc ly = R hay m = R.
CU KIN CHU UN 18
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.2 Tnh ton cu kin c TD ch T
4.4.2 Tnh ton cu kin c TD ch T:
4.4.2.1 c im lam vic cua TD ch T:

bf
hf
a)
b
h
h
b
b)
bf
b
h
bf
se tng thm din tch BT vung nen, tng kha nng

chu un cua TD.
h
b
c)
bf
Tit din ch T gm canh va sn.

Trng hp a): Canh ch T nm trong vung nen
hf
bf
bf
hf
h
hf
bs h
bs
Trng hp b):
d)
Canh nm trong vung keo khng anh hng n kha nng chu lc cua TD nn c tnh
nh TD ch nht b*h.
Trng hp c):
Canh nm trong vung nen, truc TH qua canh, kha nng chu lc cua TD tng ng
nh TD ch nht bf*h.
Trng hp d) Tnh nh tit din ch T vi b rng sn bng tng cac sn.

Nh vy theo quan im tnh toan kha nng chu un cac dm c xp vao loai co TD
ch nht khi vung nen co hnh ch nht, va la TD ch T khi vung nen co hnh ch T.
CU KIN CHU UN 19
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
ng
B rng canh dung trong tnh toan c xac nh theo vn SC quyCh
nh
ly4
nh sau:
TCXDVN 356:2005 iu 6.2.2.7 trang 62 qui inh:
Gi tr bf dng tnh ton c ly t iu kin: b rng mi bn cnh SC, tnh
t mp bng dm khng c ln hn 1/6 nhp cu kin v ly khng ln hn:
-khi c sn ngang hoc khi hf 0,1h: 1/2 khong cch thng thy gia cc
sn dc;
khi khng c sn ngang hoc khi khong cch gia chng ln hn khong
cch gia cc sn dc, hf < 0,1h: 6hf;
khi cnh c dng cng xn:

+ trng hp hf 0,1h: 6hf
h'f
+ trng hp 0,05h hf < 0,1h: 3hf
+ trng hp hf < 0,05h: cnh khng k n trong tnh
h
ton.
b'f
b'f
SC
SC
b
SC
S
SC
S
Tit din ch T co th t ct n hoc ct kep. Nhng TD ch T t ct kep (theo tnh

toan) t khi dung v khng kinh t (TD ch T do a co vung chu nen ln).
CU KIN CHU UN 20
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.4.2.2 Tnh ton tit din ch T: (t ct n)

a) S ng sut:
b'f
b'f
Rb
x
h'f
h h0
Mgh
AS
x
h h0
RS.AS
Rb
h'f
Mgh
AS
RS.AS
b
b
- Nu truc TH qua canh TD ch T c tnh nh TD ch nht bf xh.
- Nu truc TH qua sn tnh toan theo TD ch T.
phn bit truc TH qua canh hay sn, goi Mf la m men un khi truc TH i qua mep
gia canh va sn (x= hf):
M A = 0 M f = Rb .b' f .h' f . h0 0,5h' f ; (4 29)
S
Nu M Mf: truc TH qua canh, tnh toan theo TD ch nht bfxh.

Nu M > Mf: truc TH qua sn, tnh toan theo TD ch T.
b) Cng thc c ban:
CU KIN CHU UN 21
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
4.4.2.2 Tnh ton tit din ch T: (t ct n)
Chng 4
b'f
Rb
a) S ng sut:
X = 0;
h'f
x
h h0
b) Cng thc c ban:
Rs As = Rb .b.x + Rb . b' f b .h' f ; ( 4 30)
Mgh
AS
M AS = 0;
M gh = Rb .b.x. (h0 0,5.x) + Rb .(b' f b).h' f .(h0 0,5.hf ); (4 31)
RS.AS
iu kin cng : M Mgh

Hay
M Rb .b.x. (h0 0,5.x ) + Rb .(b' f b).h' f .(h0 0,5.h' f ); (4 32)
Cung dung cac ky hiu nh trng hp TD ch nht:
x
= ; m= .(1 - 0,5. ), = (1 - 0,5.);
h0
T (4-30)
Rs . As = .Rb .b.h0 + Rb . b' f b .h' f ; (4 33)
) (
M m .Rb .b.h02 + Rb . b' f b .h' f . h0 0,5.h' f ; (4 34)

T (4-31)
c) iu kin han ch:
- cu kin khng b pha hoai gion t BT chu nen:
x R.h0 hoc
hay
m R.
CU KIN CHU UN 22
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Rs . As = .Rb .b.h0 + Rb . b' f b .h' f ; (4 33)
) (
Chng 4
M m .Rb .b.h02 + Rb . b' f b .h' f . h0 0,5.h' f ; (4 34)

x R.h0
hoc
hay
m R.
d) Tnh toan tit din:

Tnh ct thep: Bit b, bf, hf, h, M; cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep. Tnh AS?
Giai:
M Rb .(b' f b ).h' f .(h0 0,5.h' f )
; (4 35)
T (4-34), tnh m: m =
2
Rb .b.h0
Kim tra iu kin han ch:
R
* Nu m R: tra bang c . T (4-33) As = b ( .b.h0 + (b' f b ).h' f ); ( 4 36)
Rs
Kim tra ham lng ct thep cua TD (ch tnh cho phn sn, tc =[AS/(b.h0)]).
* Nu m > R: phai t ct kep hoc tng kch thc TD, cp bn cua BT.
Bai toan kim tra: Bit b, bf, hf, h, cp bn cua BT, ct thep AS. Tnh Mgh?
Giai:
Rs . As Rb . b' f b .h' f
; ( 4 37)
Rb .b.h0
* Nu R tra bang co m, t (4 - 34): M gh = m .Rb .b.h02 + Rb . b' f b .h' f . h0 0,5.h' f ;
T (4-33) xac nh :
) (
* Nu > R th ly = R tc m = R tnh Mgh.

CU KIN CHU UN 23
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
5. TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN NGHING
4.5. TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN NGHING:
Chng 4
4.5.1 c im ph hoi trn tit din nghing (TDng):

Trn TDng chu tac dung ng thi m men va lc ct. S pha hoai theo TD nghing
thng theo 2 kiu:
Kiu 1: Hai phn dm nay quay xung quanh vung nen,

vung nen thu hep lai cui cung b pha huy. Luc o ct thep
chu keo at gii han chay hay b keo tut v neo khng u.
Kiu 2: Khi ct thep chu keo kha nhiu va neo cht th s

quay cua 2 phn dm b can tr. Dm b pha hoai khi min M
BT chu nen b pha v do tac dung chung cua lc ct va lc
ep. Hai phn dm co xu hng trt ln nhau va tut xung
so vi gi ta.
Q
M
4.5.2 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ng sut nen chnh (K han ch):
Kt qua thc nghim chng to, BT khng b pha v v ng sut nen
chnh cu kin cn phai thoa man iu kin:
Q 0,3. w1. b1.Rb .b.h0 ; (4 39)
Trong o w1 - H s k n anh hng cua ct ai t vung goc vi truc cu kin, c
w1= 1+5..w 1,3;
(4 - 40)
xac nh theo cng thc:
Vi
ES
A
; w = sw ;
Eb
b.s
Asw- din tch tit din ngang cua cac nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng
vung
c viP3..
truc c
u kiP412..
n va ct P42..
qua TD P5..
nghing
CU KIN CHU UN 24
P1.. go
P2..
P4..
P54.. P56..
4.5.2 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ng sut nen chnh (K han ch)Ch
: ng 4
Kt qua thc nghim chng to, BT khng b pha v v ng sut nen
chnh cu kin cn phai thoa man iu kin:
Q 0,3. w1. b1.Rb .b.h0 ; (4 39)
Trong o w1 - H s k n anh hng cua ct ai t vung goc vi truc cu kin, c
w1= 1+5..w 1,3;
(4 - 40)
xac nh theo cng thc:
Vi
ES
A
; w = sw ;
b.s
Eb
Asw- din tch tit din ngang cua cac nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng
vung goc vi truc cu kin va ct qua TD nghing.
b - Chiu rng cua TD ch nht; Chiu rng sn cua TD ch T va ch I.
s - Khoang cach gia cac ct ai theo chiu doc cu kin.
b1- H s xet n kha nng phn phi lai ni lc cua cac loai BT khac nhau:
b1 = 1 Rb ; (4 41)
- H s ly nh sau:
+ i vi b tng nng, b tng ht nh, b tng t ong:
+ i vi b tng nh:
0,02;
Rb tnh bng MPa.
0,01;
iu kin (4 - 39) nu khng thoa man phai tng kch thc tit din hoc tng
cp bn BT.
CU KIN CHU UN 25
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ng 4
Chkhng
4.5.3 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ct cua tit din BT (cu kin
b tr ct ngang chu ct):
Kt qua thc nghim chng to rng khi dm chu ct thun tuy, se khng xut
hin khe nt nghing nu ng sut tip thoa iu kin:
Q
2,5.Rbt ;
= kc =
b.h0
Tc kha nng chu ct ln nht cua tit din BT: Qb max = 2,5.Rbt .b.h0 ; (4 42)
Vy iu kin cng theo lc ct ln nht cua cu kin khng co ct thep

ngang la: Qmax 2,5.Rbt .b.h0 ; (4 42a )
i vi cu kin BTCT khng c ct thp ai chu lc ct, m bo bn
trn vt nt xin cn tnh ton i vi vt nt xin nguy him nht theo iu kin:
b 4 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h02
Q
; ( 4 43)
c
V phi ca cng thc (4 - 43) ly theo khng ch:
b 4 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h02
2,5.Rbt .b.h0
b 3 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h0 ; ( 4 44 )
c
Trong c chiu di hnh chiu ca TDng trn trc dc cu kin tnh t mp gi ta.
c cmax = 2.h0;
Q - Lc ct c xc nh t ngoi lc t mt pha ca TDng ang xt.
H s b3, b4 ph thuc loi BT;
CU KIN CHU UN 26
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ng 4
Chkhng
4.5.3 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ct cua tit din BT (cu kin
b tr ct ngang chu ct):
i vi cu kin BTCT khng c ct thp ai chu lc ct, m bo bn

trn vt nt xin cn tnh ton i vi vt nt xin nguy him nht theo iu kin:
b 4 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h02
Q
; ( 4 43)
c
V phi ca cng thc (4 - 43) ly theo khng ch:
b 4 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h02
2,5.Rbt .b.h0
b 3 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h0 ; ( 4 44 )
c
Trong c chiu di hnh chiu ca TDng trn trc dc cu kin tnh t mp gi ta.
c cmax = 2.h0;
Q - Lc ct c xc nh t ngoi lc t mt pha ca TDng ang xt.
H s b3, b4 ph thuc loi BT;
H s n xt n nh hng lc dc;
H s n xt n nh hng lc dc, c xc nh nh sau:
Khi chu lc nn dc, xc nh theo cng thc:
= 0,1
N
0,5; (4 45)
Rbt .b.h0
i vi cu kin ng lc trc, trong cng thc (4-45) thay N bng lc nn trc P;
khng xt nu lc nn dc trc gy ra m men un cng du vi tc dng ca ti trng.
N
Khi chu lc ko dc trc, xc nh theo cng thc: = 0 ,2
; ( 4 46 )
n
R bt bh 0
CU KIN CHU UN 27
P1..
P2..
P4..v P412..
P5.. ln
P54..
nhng
gi tr
tuytP3..
i ca
phi ca P42..
(4-46) khng
hnP56..
0,8.
n
5.4 iu kin cng TDng c ct ngang
Chng 4
4.5.4 iu kin cng trn tit din nghing ca dm c ct ngang:

4.5.4.1 S ng lc trn tit din nghing:
Gia thit:
Ni lc trong cac ct ngang la lc keo doc theo truc cua no.
Qb
s
s
Rsw Asw
Rsw Asw
Rsw As, inc

Rsw Asw
c0
c
Giai thch cac ai lng trong s ng lc:
s: Khoang cach gia cac ct ai.
RSW: Cng tnh toan cua ct thep ngang.
ASW: Din tch tit din ngang cua cac nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng vung goc
vi truc cu kin (goi la 1 lp).
AS,inc(i): Din tch tit din ngang cua cac lp ct xin (i=1, 2,..).
Zs: Khoang cach t trong tm ct thep doc chu keo n trong tm vung nen.
Zsw(i): Khoang cach t cac lp ct ai n trong tm vung nen.
Zs,inc(i): Khoang cach t cac lp ct xin n trong tm vung nen. CU KIN CHU UN 28
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.5.4 iu kin cng trn tit din nghing ca dm c ct ngang:

4.5.4.1 S ng lc trn tit din nghing: Z
Giai thch cac ai lng trong s :

s: Khoang cach gia cac ct ai.
RSW: Cng tnh toan cua ct ngang.
ASW: Din tch tit din ngang cua cac
nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng.
AS,inc(i): Din tch tit din ngang cua
cac lp ct xin (i=1, 2,..).
Zs: Khoang cach t trong tm ct thep
doc chu keo n trong tm vung nen.
Zsw(i): Khoang cach t cac lp ct ai
n trong tm vung nen.
Zs,inc(i): Khoang cach t cac lp ct xin
n trong tm vung nen.
s,inc2
Zs,inc1
Qb
Nb+RSCAS
RswAs,inc1 ZS
RswAsw
Q
RSAS+ RSPASP
Z sw2
c0
c
Zsw1
4.5.4.2 iu kin cng trn TDng theo lc ct:

i vi cu kin chu un co t ct thep ngang, iu kin cng trn TDng
Q Qb + Qsw + Qs ,inc ;
( 4 47 )
theo lc ct nh sau:
Trong o: QSW: Kha nng chu lc ct cua ct ai.
Qs,inc: Kha nng chu lc ct cua ct xin.
Qb: Kha nng chu lc ct cua BT c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
CU KIN CHU UN 29
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Chng 4
4.5.4.2 iu kin cng trn TDng theo lc ct:
i vi cu kin chu un co t ct thep ngang, iu kin cng trn TDng

Q Qb + Qsw + Qs ,inc ;
( 4 47 )
theo lc ct nh sau:
Trong o: QSW: Kha nng chu lc ct cua ct ai.
Qs,inc: Kha nng chu lc ct cua ct xin.
Qb: Kha nng chu lc ct cua BT c xac nh theo cng thc thc
nghim:
b 2 . 1 + f + n Rbt .b.h02
Qb =
; ( 4 48 )
c
H s b2 xt n nh hng ca loi b tng.

H s f xt n nh hng ca cnh chu nn trong tit din ch T, ch I.
Trong mi trng hp phi khng ch gi tr: 1 + f + n 1,5;
Gi tr Qb tnh theo (4-48) ly khng nh hn:

Qb Qb min = b3. 1 + f + n Rbt .b.h0 ; (4 50)
Kha nng chu ct cua BT phai am bao Qb Qbmin. T (4-48) va (4-50) suy ra:
c
b 2
h ; ( 4 50a)
b 3 0
ng thi phai am bao Qb Qbmax. T (4-48) va (4-42) suy ra:
c b 2 (1 + f + n ).h0; ( 4 50b)
2 ,5
CU KIN CHU UN 30
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Chng 4
4.5.4.3 iu kin cng trn TDng theo m men:
am bao cng trn TDng theo m men, cn tnh toan vi TDng nguy
him nht theo iu kin: M M s + M sw + M s ,inc ;
( 4 51)
Trong o: M -M men cua tt ca ngoai lc t mt pha cua TDng i vi truc i qua
hp lc cua vung nen va thng goc vi mt phng un.
Ms, Msw, Ms,inc -tng m men i vi truc noi trn cua cac ni lc tng ng
trong ct thep doc, ct ai va ct xin ct qua TDng.
4.5.5. Tnh toan ct ai khi khng t ct xin:

4.5.5.1 iu kin cng trn TD nghing khi khng t ct xin:
Khi khng dung ct xin, iu kin (4-47) tr thanh:
Qu
Q Qb + Qsw ;
( 4 52)
Trong o lc ct do ct ai chu co th vit lai nh sau:
Qumin
Qsw = Rsw. Asw = qsw.c; (4 53)
R .A
Vi:
qsw = sw sw ; ( 4 54 )
s
Cung vi (4-48), iu kin cng trn TDng (4-52) tr thanh:
Q Qu =
b 2 .(1 + f + n ) Rbt .b.h02

c
c0
+ qsw .c; ( 4 55 )
4.5.5.2 Tit din nghing nguy him nht:

Tr s c0 tng ng vi Qu nho nht (Qumin). tm c0:
M
dQu
= qsw 2b = 0; (4 56) Trong o: M b = b 2.(1 + f + n ) Rbt .b.h02; ( 4 57 )
dc
c0
CU KIN CHU UN 31
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Chng 4
4.5.5.2 Tit din nghing nguy him nht:
Tr s c0 tng ng vi Qu nho nht (Qumin). tm c0:
M
dQu
= qsw 2b = 0; (4 56) Trong o: M b = b 2.(1 + f + n ) Rbt .b.h02; ( 4 57 )
dc
c0
Mb
; ( 4 58 ) Qu min = 2. M b .qsw ;
Tm c: c0 =
qsw
i vi cu kin ch t ct thp ai thng gc vi trc dc cu kin, c bc

khng i trong khong tit din nghing ang xt, gi tr c0 ng vi cc tiu ca
biu thc (Qb + Qsw) xc nh theo cng thc:
b 2 .(1 + n + f ).Rbt .b.h02
c0 =
;
q sw
R .A
trong : qsw ni lc trong ct thp ai trn mt n v chiu di cu kin: qsw = sw sw ;
s
c xc nh theo cng thc:
i vi cc cu kin nh vy, gi tr Qsw

Qsw = qsw .co ; ( 4 59)
Khi , ct thp ai xc nh theo tnh ton phi tho mn iu kin:
b3.(1 + n + f ).Rbt .b Qb min
=
; (4 60)
qsw
2
2.h0
CU KIN CHU UN 32
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ng 4
i vi cu kin ch t ct thp ai thng gc vi trc dc cu kin, Ch
c
bc
khng i trong khong tit din nghing ang xt, gi tr c0 ng vi cc tiu ca
biu thc (Qb + Qsw) xc nh theo cng thc:
b 2 .(1 + n + f ).Rbt .b.h02
c0 =
;
q sw
R .A
trong : qsw ni lc trong ct thp ai trn mt n v chiu di cu kin: qsw = sw sw ;
i vi cc cu kin nh vy, gi tr Qsw c xc nh theo cng thc:

Qsw = qsw .co ; ( 4 59)
Khi , ct thp ai xc nh theo tnh ton phi tho mn iu kin:
b3.(1 + n + f ).Rbt .b Qb min
=
; (4 60)
qsw
2
2.h0
Khi tnh toan ct ai cn phai tnh vi nhiu TDng khac nhau vi gia tr c khng vt qua
khoang cach t gi ta n TD co gia tr m men cc ai va khng vt qua gia tr tnh
theo (4-50a).
Qb
q1
4.5.5.3 Tnh cu kin chu tai trong phn b u:
V phai cua (4-55) co thm q1:

Qu =
b 2 .(1 + f + n ) Rbt .b.h02
Qu =
Nb+RSCAS
x
+ qsw .c + q1.c;
Mb
+ (qsw + q1 ).c; ( 4 61 )
c
qsw
ZS
RswAsw
Va TDng nguy him nht c0:
qsw
Mb
c0 =
; ( 4 62 )
RSAS+ RSPASP
Q
qsw + q1
c
CU KIN CHU UN 33
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Qu =
b 2 .(1 + f + n ) Rbt .b.h02

c
Qu =
Nb+RSCAS
x
+ qsw .c + q1.c;
Mb
+ (qsw + q1 ).c; ( 4 61 )
c
Va TDng nguy him nht c0:

Mb
c0 =
; ( 4 62 )
qsw + q1
iu kin cng theo lc ct se la:
Qmax Qu =
Qbng 4
Ch
q1

V phai cua (4-55) co thm q1:
qsw
s
qsw
Q
ZS
RswAsw
RSAS+ RSPASP
c
Mb
+ (qsw + q1 ).c; ( 4 63 )
c
Theo thc nghim:

- Khi q1 0,5.qsw th c0 tnh theo cng thc: c0 =
- Khi q1 > 0,5.qsw th c0 tnh theo cng thc (4-62);
Mb
; ( 4 64 )
q1
iu nay co ngha khi q1 be, gia tr c0 khng phu thuc vao s b tr ct ai.
Trong tnh toan thit k, tnh ct ai (qsw) nh sau:

Q
Qmax b1 ; ( 4 66 )
0,6
Trong o: Qb1 = 2. M b .q1 ; ( 4 67 )
* Khi
Th
2
Qmax
Qb21
qsw =
; ( 4 68 )
4M b
Mb
Qb1
(
Qmax Qb1 )2
+
Q
>
Q
>
;
(
4
69
)
* Khi
; ( 4 70 )
Th qsw =
b1
max
CU KIN CHU UN 34
h0 P2.. P3.. P4..
0,6 P412.. P42.. P5..
P1..
P54..
M b P56..
Chng 4

Trong tnh toan thit k, tnh ct ai (qsw) nh sau:
Q
* Khi
Qmax b1 ; ( 4 66 )
0,6
Trong o: Qb1 = 2. M b .q1 ; ( 4 67 )
Th
2
Qmax
Qb21
qsw =
; ( 4 68 )
4M b
2
Mb
Qb1
(
)
Q
Q
max
1
b
+ Qb1 > Qmax >
; ( 4 69 ) Th qsw =
* Khi
; ( 4 70 )
h0
0,6
Mb
Qb1
Q
;
Trong ca hai trng hp trn, ly qsw max
2.h0
M
Qmax Qb1
Qmax b + Qb1; ( 4 71 )
; ( 4 72)
* Khi
Th qsw =
h0
h0
Q
Nu tnh c qsw < b min th phai tnh lai qsw theo cng thc sau:
2.h0
2
2
Qmax b 2 Qmax
Qmax b 2
; (4 73)
qsw =
+
+
.q1
.q1
h
h
2.h0 b3
2
.
2
.

0
0
b3
4.5.5.4 Trng hp ct ai t khng u (chu tai trong phn b u):

q1
Vi tai trong phn b u, cang xa

gi ta lc ct cang giam. Do o t
khoang cach l1 nao o tnh t gi ta
s1 s1
s1
co th tng cach khoang ct ai (b
s2
s2
tr ai tha hn).
l1
CU KIN CHU UN 35
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
4.5.5.4 Trng hp ct ai t khng u (chu tai trong phn b u): Chng 4

q1
Vic tnh toan tin hanh nh sau:
- Tnh c01 va c02 theo (4-58):
Mb
c0i =
;
qswi
s1 s1
- Khi q1 > qsw1 - qsw2 th:

Mb
+ qsw1.c01 Qmax + q1.c
c
l1 = c
; ( 4 74 )
qsw1 qsw2
Trong o c =
s1
s2
s2
l1
Mb
b 2 .h0 ; (4 75)
q1 (qsw1 qsw 2 ) b3
Qmax (Qb min + qsw 2 .c01 )

c01; ( 4 76 )
q1
Trong oan ct ai c giam (nm ngoai oan l1) gia tr qsw2 khng bt buc phai thoa
iu kin (4-60).
F
F
- Khi q1 qsw1 - qsw2 th: l1 =
4.5.5.5 Tnh cu kin chu tai trong tp trung:
Trong trng hp nay cn tnh

s s
toan vi tt ca cac TDng ci xut
phat t mep gi nhng khng
vt qua TD co m men ln nht.
1
CU KIN CHU UN 36
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. cP54..
P56..
4.5.5.5 Tnh cu kin chu tai trong tp trung:
F1
Chng
F 4
2
Trong trng hp nay cn tnh

toan vi tt ca cac TDng ci xut
s s
phat t mep gi nhng khng
vt qua TD co m men ln
c1
nht.
c2
Gia tr qsw xac nh theo h s:
Q1
Q Qbi
i = i
; ( 4 77)
Q2= Q1- F1
Qbi
M
Trong o Qbi = b ; ( 4 78)
ci
Qb min c0
Q
<
=
.
* Nu i
th: qsw(i ) = i . 0i ; (4 79)
0i
Qbi 2.h0
c0 0i + 1
ci
Q Qbi
<
; (4 80)
* Nu 0i
th: qsw(i ) = i
i
c0
c0
ci
ci
(Qi Qbi )2 ; (4 81)
<
q
=
* Nu
th:
sw( i )
i
Mb
c0
h0
ci
Q Qbi
>
; (4 82)
* Nu i
th: qsw(i ) = i
h0
h0
y: c0 ly bng ci nhng khng ln hn 2.h0;
Cui cung ly gia tr qsw(i) ln nht xac nh ct ai.
CU KIN CHU UN 37
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Chng 4
4.5.5.6 Khoang cach ln nht gia cac ct ai:
Co th xay ra trng hp pha hoai theo TD nghing nm gia 2 ct ai.
T (4-43) ly c=smax, co:

b 4 .(1 + n ).Rbt .b.h02
smax =
; ( 4 83)
Q
H s b4 xet n thiu chnh xac cua khoang cach ai do thi

cng, s sai lch v phng cua khe nt nghing do BT khng
ng nht.
c=smax
4.5.5.7 Yu cu cu tao i vi ct ai trong dm va ban:

l
l/4
l/4
l/4
Khoang cach cu tao cua ct ai uct:

h
h
oan u dm:
3
2
khi h 450 uct
khi h > 450 uct
150
500
oan gia dm (co Q be co th khng cn tnh ct ai):
3h
Vi dm co h<300 co th khng b tr ai
4
khi h > 300 uct
CU KIN CHU UN 38
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. 500
P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
5.6 Tnh ton ct ai v ct xin
4.5.6 Tnh ton cu kin c ct ai v ct xin:
Ct xin co nhim vu chu phn lc ct vt qua kha nng cua ai va BT trong vung co
Q>Qu am bao cng trn TDng ct qua BT nm gia mep gi ta va u lp c
F t
xin th nht va gia cac lp ct xin tip theo.
iu kin cng (4-47) trn TDng c ct qua

ca ct ai va ct xin:
M
Q b + qsw .c + Rsw . As ,inc .sin ;
( 4 84)
c
Trong o As,inc -Tng din tch cac lp ct xin ct qua

mt ct nghing c.
smax
smax
smax
Khi thit k cn kim tra cng cua tt ca cac mt ct nghing xut phat t
mep gi va t cui cua cac lp ct xin.
Ngoai ra cn kim tra cng cua cac TDng co im cui tai im t cua lc
tp trung nm trong khu vc co ct xin.
F
Khi kim tra theo (4-84) cn lu y :
- Phai k n tai trong phn b q1.
- Khi tnh qsw.ci, nu ci>c0 th phai ly

c2
ci=c0; khi ci>2.h0 th phai ly ci=2.h0.
c1
c3
Mb
c0
- Khi tnh
phai thoa cac yu cu
ci
c
khng ch (4-50a), (4-50b).
CU KIN CHU UN 39
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Chng 4
4.5.7 Kim tra cng trn TDng chu m men:
M M s + M sw + M s ,inc ; ( 4 51)
zs, inc
Nb
Rsw Asw
Rsw Asw
Rsw Asw
zs
Tit din nghing chu tc dng ca m

men cn c tnh ton ti cc v tr ct
hoc un ct thp dc, cng nh ti vng
gn gi ta ca dm v u t do ca
cng xn. Ngoi ra, tit din nghing
chu tc dng ca m men cn c
tnh ton ti cc v tr thay i t ngt
hnh dng ca cu kin (ct mt phn tit
din, v.v...).
Rsw As, inc
Rs As
zsw
Ti cc v tr gn gi ta ca cu kin, m men
zsw
Ms chu bi cc ct thp dc ct qua vng chu
ko ca tit din nghing c xc nh theo
zsw
cng thc: M s = Rs . As .z s ;
c
trong : As din tch ct thp dc ct qua tit din nghing;
zs khong cch t hp lc trong ct thp dc n hp lc vng chu nn.
M men Msw c chu bi cc ct thp ai vung gc vi trc dc cu kin, c bc

khng i trong phm vi vng chu ko ca TDng ang xt, c xc nh theo cng
thc:
M sw = 0 , 5 .q sw .c 2 ; ( 4 87 )
Khai trin iu kin (4-51) theo cac ct thep Ms, Msw va Ms,inc c:
M Rs . As .zs + Rsw . Asw .zsw + Rsw . As,inc .zs ,inc ; (4 85)
CU KIN CHU UN 40
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4.5.7 Kim tra cng trn TDng chu m men:

M men Ms chu bi cc ct thp dc: M s = Rs . As .z s ;
M men Msw c chu bi cc ct thp ai: M sw = 0 , 5 .q sw .c 2 ;
Chng 4
( 4 87 )
iu kin cng trn TDng chu m men :
M Rs . As .zs + Rsw . Asw .zsw + Rsw . As,inc .zs ,inc ; (4 85)
Chiu cao vung nen x c xac nh t phng trnh cn bng:
X =0
Rb . Ab + Rsc . A's Rs . As Rsw . As,inc . cos = 0; (4 86)
Trong o Ab la din tch vung BT chu nen (nu la TD ch nht th Ab = b.x).
4.5.7.1 Kim tra neo ct thep doc chu keo tai gi ta t do:
z s .cos + (c a1 ).sin ; ( 4 88 )
* Trng hp dm co ca ct xin va lzcs,inc
tp= trung
iu kin (4-85) kim tra trn TDng nguy him nht co:
c=
Q Fi Rsw . As,inc .sin

qsw + q
; (4 93)
Trong o Q -lc ct TD gi ta
F, q -Tai trong tp trung va tai trong phn b
trong pham vi TDng.
Gia tr c tnh c theo (4-93) khng c ln hn chiu
dai phn k gi ta ma pha ngoai oan o thoa man
iu kin:
0,8.b 4 .Rbt .b.h02
la
M
; ( 4 94 )
ng vi gia tr c 0,8.cmax (cmax = 2,5.h0).

CU KIN CHU UN 41
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
4.5.7.1 Kim tra neo ct thep doc chu keo tai gi ta t do:
* Trng hp dm co ca ct xin va lc tp trung:
Q Fi Rsw . As,inc .sin
c=
; (4 93)
qsw + q
Trong o Q -lc ct TD gi ta
F, q -Tai trong tp trung va tai trong phn b
trong pham vi TDng.
Gia tr c tnh c theo (4-93) khng c ln hn chiu
dai phn k gi ta ma pha ngoai oan o thoa man
iu kin:
0,8.b 4 .Rbt .b.h02
Chng 4
la
M
; ( 4 94 )
ng vi gia tr c 0,8.cmax (cmax = 2,5.h0).
* i vi dm chu tai trong phn b u, khng t ct xin va ct ai co

mt khng i, iu kin (4-85) c thay bng (4-95):
Q 2.( Rs . As .z s M 0 )(
. qsw + q ); ( 4 95)
Trong o Q -Lc ct TD gi ta;
M0 -M men TD mep gi ta.
Cho phep khng phai kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men khi thoa
man cac iu kin sau:
Qmax
0,8.b 4 .Rbt .b.h02

2.Rbt .b.h0 ; Q
; ( 4 96 )
c
Trong o Q -Lc ct cui TDng;

Qmax -Lc ct ln nht TD mep gi ta.
c: chiu dai hnh chiu TDng xut phat t mep gi ta vi c 2.h0.
CU KIN CHU UN 42
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
* Yu cu neo ct thep doc chu keo tai gi ta t do:

da
la
la 5d;
da 0,5d;
C 15mm khi d 10 mm;
C 1,5d khi d > 10mm;
da
la
la 10d;
Trn oan neo phai
han hai ct ngang.
Nu thoa man iu kin (4-42a) va (4-43) (TD b tng u chu ct): la 5d; trong
khung va li han nu la ct trn th phai co mt ct ngang han vi ct doc cach u mut
mt oan C.
Nu iu kin (4-42a) va (4-43) khng thoa man (phai b tr ct ngang chu ct):
la 10d; trong khung va li han nu la ct trn th trn oan neo phai han hai ct ngang
vi ct doc cach u mut mt oan C.
q
Fi
4.5.7.2 Kim tra cng trn TDng

theo m men i vi cng xon:
i vi cng xon chu tai trong tp trung
khe nt nghing se xut phat t im t
c
l1
tai tp trung tai gn u mut cng xon.
CU KIN CHU UN 43
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.5.7.2 Kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men i vi cng xon:
q
Fi
* i vi cng xon chu tai trong tp
trung khe nt nghing se xut phat t im t
tai tp trung tai gn u mut cng xon.
TDng nguy him nht:

Q Rsw . As,inc .sin
c= 1
; (4 97)
qsw
l1
Trong o Q1 la lc ct tai TD u khe nt nghing.

Gia tr c tnh c theo (4-97) khng c ln hn khoang cach t khi im TDng n
mep gi ta.
Kim tra cng trn TDng theo (4-85) vi:
M = q.l1. c + 1 + Fi .c; (4 98)

2
* i vi cng xon chu tai trong phn b q TDng nguy him nht se kt thuc
gi ta va co:
Rs . As .z s
c=
; (4 99)
lan .(qsw + q )
Trong o As la din tch ct doc c keo n u mut cng xon.
zs c xac nh vi TD tai gi ta.
Nu c < l-lan th vic kim tra theo cng trn TDng co th bo qua.
* i vi cng xon co chiu cao TD tng dn theo lut bc nht v pha gi ta,
khi xac nh TDng nguy him theo (4-97) gia tr cua t s phai c giam i mt lng
bng:
Rs.As.tg khi mep chu nen nghing;
Rs.As.sin khi mep chu keo nghing; ( la goc nghing so vi phng ngang)
CU KIN CHU UN 44
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.5.7.3 Kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men khi giam ct doc chu keo:
a) Biu bao vt liu: (BBVL)
b) Un ct dc chu ko:
am bao cng trn TDng N1-N1 th
Zs,inc ZS.
Vy khoang cach t im un ct thep doc
trong vung keo (Tit din I-I) n TD ma tai o
ct doc c s dung ht kha nng chu lc
(Tit din tnh toan II-II) phai (h0/2).
c) Ct ct dc chu ko:
Tai gi lng thep doc mep trn nhiu. Xa
gi M giam, tai tit din O-O theo tnh toan co
th ct bt ct doc (Tai gi la AS, ct bt AS2,
con lai AS1: AS = AS1+ AS2).
h0/2
N1
W
II
N1
I
II
ZS
A
Zs,inc ZS
W
MA MO
Tit din O-O goi la mt ct ly thuyt.

Xet trn TD nghing OA co MA>M0 nhng ct chu keo la AS1 va co thm mt s t ct ai
se khng u chu m men un MA.
khng b pha hoai trn TD nghing do m men ta phai keo ct thep ct

giam ra ngoai mt ct ly thuyt O-O mt oan W na (n im B).
Q
W=
+ 5.d 20d ; ( 4 100) Tit din B-B goi la mt ct thc t.
2.q sw
Q: Lc ct tai im ct ly thuyt, ly bng dc cua biu bao mmen.
CcUb
KI
NuCH
U l
Uc. N 45
P1..cP2..
P4..
P5..
P54..
P56..
d: ng knh
t doc P3..
c c
t giaP412..
m.
5d:P42..
oan c
n thi
t c
t do
t
chu
Chng 4
4.5.7.3 Kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men khi giam ct doc chu keo:
a) Biu bao vt liu: (BBVL)
b) Un ct dc chu ko:
h0/2
N1
II
N1
c) Ct ct dc chu ko:
Tai gi lng thep doc mep trn nhiu. Xa
gi M giam, tai tit din O-O theo tnh toan co
th ct bt ct doc (Tai gi la Fa, ct bt AS2,
con lai AS1: AS = AS1+ AS2).
II
Za
A
Zs,inc Za
W
MA MO
TD O-O goi la mt ct ly thuyt.
Xet trn TD nghing OA co MA>M0 ct chu keo la AS1 se khng u chu m men un MA.
khng b pha hoai trn TD nghing do m men ta phai keo ct thep ct

giam ra ngoai mt ct ly thuyt O-O mt oan W na (n im B).
Q
W=
+ 5.d 20d ; ( 4 100) Tit din B-B goi la mt ct thc t.
2.q sw
Q: Lc ct tai im ct ly thuyt, ly bng dc cua biu bao mmen.
d: ng knh ct doc c ct giam.
5d: oan cn thit ct doc bt u chu lc.
Khi trong vung ct thep co ct xin th: W =
Q - Qs,inc
2.q sw
+ 5.d
20d ; (4 101)
Trong o Qs,inc= Rsw.As,inc.sin vi As,inc la din tch cua ct xin trong vung ct thep.
Q - Qs,inc
;
C2.q
U KIN CHU UN 46
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
sw
n gian va an toan co th ly As,inc la din tch ct xin trn oan:
Chng 4
5.7 Tnh toan dm co tit din thay i:

Chiu cao dm tng dn theo chiu tng
cua m men, do o gia tr Qb c tnh
vi chiu cao lam vic tai mut cua tit
din nghing trong vung nen (ai lng
nay thay i theo C). Trnh t tnh nh
sau:
Db
a. Dm co mep chu nen nghing:
M
RaFx1
RaF
- Kim tra K (4-39), (4-40) vi

h0=h01 la chiu cao lam vic cua TD
thng goc i qua iim u TD nghing
trong vung keo.
RaFx2
Q
aFa
C
- Chon cu tao ct ai, tnh q.

- Chon mt gia tr cua h0 cui
TDng tnh C0 theo (4-47)
2 Rk b
h (1 + B )
;
Co th tnh h0 theo cng thc sau: h0 = 01
vi B =
qd
1- B
- Tnh lai h0 theo C0: h0 = h01 + C0.tg. So sanh vi h0 a gia thit. Tip tuc tnh toan
theo cach ung dn xac nh c h0.
Co h0 tnh Qb ri kim tra vi Q, nu khng thoa man co th tng ct ai hoc

b tr ct xin.
CU KIN CHU UN 47
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
5.7 Tnh toan dm co tit din thay i:

b. Dm co mep chu keo nghing:
Zx2
Mep chu keo nghing mt goc la , kha

nng chu ct cua dm co tham gia cua ct
doc chu keo la Qa (la hnh chiu cua ng
lc trong ct doc ln phng lc ct Q).
Qa xac nh theo ng lc co th co trong ct

doc chu keo aFa
Q
Db
RaFx1
h0
RaF
iu kin cng trn TD nghing

theo lc ct la (khng dung ct xin):
Q Qtd = Qb + Qa.
Zx1
RaFx2
Zx2
aFa
Trnh t tnh nh sau:
- Chon cu tao ct ai, tnh q ri tnh C0.
- Co C0 xac nh Qb;
- Co C0 bit c mut cui cua TDng, xac nh m men un M tai TD thng goc
i qua mut o;
- Tnh phn m men do ct doc chu la: Ma = M 0.5q.C02.
M
Tnh kha nng chu ct cua ct doc chu keo la: Qa = a tg ;
Z
(Z co th ly gn ung bng 0.9h )
0
CU KIN CHU UN 48
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
5.1. Gii thiu chung
Chng 5
SAN PHNG.
5.1. Gii thiu chung:

San BTCT co u im la kha nng chu lc ln, a nng, thit k va thi cng n gian.
5.1.1 Phn loai:

a. Theo PP thi cng: co san toan khi, san lp ghep va san na lp ghep.
b. Theo s kt cu: co san sn va san khng sn.
- San sn toan khi co ban loai dm (ban san lam vic 1 phng).
- San sn toan khi co ban k 4 canh.
- San sn c.
- San sn pa nen lp ghep.
5.1.2 Phn bit ban loai dm va ban k 4 canh:
- Khi ban ch co lin kt
1 canh hoc 2 canh i
din, tai trong truyn theo
phng co lin kt.
Ta goi la ban loai dm.
q
q
l
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
q
l
SAN PHNG 1
1
- Khi ban co lin kt 4 canh, tai
trong c truyn vao lin kt
theo ca 2 phng.
Ta goi loai nay la ban k 4 canh.
Chng 5
q2
q2
l2
Xet ban k t do 4 canh chu tai

trong phn b u;
q1
q1
Ct cac dai ban theo 2 phng.
l1
l1
Goi
Ta co:
l2
tai trong truyn theo phng l1 la q1,

tai trong truyn theo phng l2 la q2.
(5 - 1)
q = q1+ q2.
vong tai im gia cua mi dai:

5 q1.l14
5 q 2 .l42
.
;
.
;
+ Theo phng l2: f 2 =
+ Theo phng l1: f1 =
384 E.J
384 E.J
4
4
Ta co: f1 = f 2 q1.l1 = q 2 .l 2 ;
(5 - 2)
l 24
l14
T (5 - 1) va (5 - 2): q1 = 4 4 .q va q2 = 4 4 .q; (5 - 3)
l1 + l 2
l1 + l 2
l 24
q1 = 4 .q2 ;
(5 - 4)
l1
Vy tai trong truyn theo phng canh ngn nhiu hn.
toan P1..
thc t
, nP3..
u l2>2.l
KHOA XYKhi
DNtnh
G DD&CN
SAN PHNG 2
P2..
P4..
1 th co th xem ban lam vic 1 phng.
5.1.3 Khai nim khp deo-S phn b lai ni lc do khp deo:

5.1.3.1 Khai nim khp deo:
Xet 1 dm chu un cho n khi b pha hoai. Gia s dm
c cu tao thep sao cho khi b pha hoai co:
Chng 5
Vung BT co bin
dang deo ln
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay;

ct thep chu keo at
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at gii han chu nen
gii han chay
va co bin dang deo ln;
Tai TD pha hoai xut hin 1 khp deo co m men khp deo Mkd = Mgh.
Vi kt cu tnh nh, s xut hin khp deo ng thi vi kt cu b pha hoai.
Vi kt cu siu tnh xut hin khp deo lam giam 1 bc siu tnh cua h. S pha hoai
cua kt cu khi s khp deo u h b bin hnh.
- Trang thai khi xut hin khp deo cui cung trc khi kt cu b pha hoai goi
la trang thai cn bng gii han.
- Phng phap tnh theo s deo (xet s hnh thanh khp deo cho n khi h sp
b pha hoai) con goi la tnh theo trang thai cn bng gii han.
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
SAN PHNG 3
P Chng 5
5.1.3.2 S phn b lai ni lc:

Xet dm chu tai co s nh sau:
MA
MB
Nu tnh theo s an hi, ty s
,
M nh M nh
khng i. M
A
MB
Mnh
Tng P n P1 tai gi A xut hin khp deo trc.
Luc nay nu P tng th m men tai gi A khng tng, con tai cac TD khac vn tng.
Khi P tng n P2 gia s tai gi B xut hin khp deo.
Nu P tng th m men tai cac gi A va B khng tng. (nh dm n gian)
Khi P tng n P3 gia nhp hnh thanh khp deo, kt cu b pha hoai: y la TT cn
MkdA
MkdB
bng gii han.
P
Nh vy khi hnh thanh khp deo, trong kt cu co s phn
b lai ni lc, y la yu t co li tranh s pha hoai cuc b.
Khi tai cac gi hnh thanh khp deo, t s trn co th
thay ngam bng lin kt khp va mt m men khp deo.
b
MkdB
MkdA
Mkdnh
a
b
Goi M0 la m men cua dm n gian vi P3: M 0 = M kd nh + .M kdA + .M kdB ;
l
l
Kt hp vi M0 = M(P3) xac nh c tai trong TT cn bng gii han P3
theo cac Mkd.
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
SAN PHNG 4
5.1.3.3 iu kin tnh theo s deo:
Chng 5
hnh thanh khp deo, vt liu va h phai co cac tnh cht sau:
- Ct thep co thm chay ro rt (dung thep deo, dy thep keo ngui, khng dung thep
dp ngui..)
- Tranh s pha hoai sm do BT vung nen hong do b ep v hoc b ct t (han

ch lng thep chu keo han ch chiu cao vung nen x 0,3.h0).
- han ch b rng khe nt tai TD co khp deo u tin cn han ch s cach
bit gia tr m men un khi tnh vi s deo so vi s an hi :
Theo qui pham cua Anh BS8110-1997: Mkd (0,8-0,9)Mh. Theo cac tai liu cua Nga th
phai han ch Mkd 0,7Mh.
Trong cac kt cu BTCT siu tnh vic tnh toan theo s deo co th tit kim 20-30%
ct thep, PP tnh n gian, kt qua tnh lai kha phu hp vi trang thai lam vic thc. ng
thi co th iu chnh hp ly vic b tr ct thep giai quyt tnh trang ct thep t qua
day tai tit din nao o.
Tuy vy PP tnh theo s deo khng c ap dung cho cac kt cu chu tai trong ng,
chu tai trong lp, cung khng c ap dung vi kt cu co nhng han ch nghim khc
i vi s phat trin khe nt.
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
SAN PHNG 5
Chng 5
5.2. San sn ban dm
5.2. San sn toan khi co ban loai dm:
5.2.1 S kt cu:
Cac b phn chnh cua san:
1. Ban,
2. Dm phu,
3. Dm chnh,
4. Ct,
5. Tng.
San gm ban san va h
dm (sn) uc lin khi:
ban k ln dm phu, dm
phu gi ln dm chnh, dm
chnh gi ln ct va tng,
3l1
1
2
3l1
3
3l1
l2
l1
l1
l1
4
l2
San co th co dm chnh t theo

phng doc hoc theo phng ngang
(tuy thuc s b tr chung cua cng
trnh, yu cu thng gio, chiu sang..).
l2
l2
l1 l1 l1
l2
2
l1
3l1
3l1
3
l1
Khoang cach dm phu l1 = (1-4)m, thng l1 = (1,7-2,8)m.

Khoang cach dm chnh l= (4-10)m, thng l2 = (5-8)m.
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
4
l1
l1
SAN PHNG 6
1 1
Chiu day ban hb = .l1 ;
35 25
Chng 5
5cm vi san mai;

6cm vi san nha dn dung;
7cm vi san nha CN;
1 1
Chiu cao dm phu hdp = nhp;
20 12
1 1
Chiu cao dm chnh hdc = nhp;
15 8
B rng dm
bd = (0,3 - 0,5)hd;
Nu chu vi san c k ln tng gach, oan k: (12cm va hb) vi ban;

22cm vi dm phu;
12cm
34cm vi dm chnh;
22cm
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
SAN PHNG 7
Chng 5
5.2.2. Tnh ni lc san:

5.2.2.1 Tnh ni lc ban theo s deo:
- S tnh: Ct dai ban rng = n v (1m) theo phng
canh ngn; Xem cac dai ban lam vic c lp nh dm lin
tuc ta ln dm phu va tng.
- Tai trong:
Tnh tai g (trong lng ban thn ban BTCT va cac lp cu
l2
tao..)
Hoat tai p (tai trong s dung trn san) phn b u trn
l2
mt san c qui v phn b u trn dai ban.
- Nhp tnh toan:

Nhp gia: l = l1 - bdp;
b
b h
Nhp bin: l b = l1 dp t + b ;
2
2 2
- Ni lc:
q.l 2b
Nhp bin va gi th 2: M =
; (5 5)
11
q.l 2
; (5 6)
Nhp gia va gi gia: M =
16
Trong o q = g + p;
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4..
l1 l1 l1
bt
lb
l1
lb
l
l1
g
3l1
3l1
l
l1
l1
SAN PHNG 8
- Ni lc:
q.l 2b
Nhp bin va gi th 2: M =
; (5 5)
11
q.l 2
; (5 6)
Nhp gia va gi gia: M =
16
Trong o q = g + p;
2
q.l
ng 5
Ch
q.l2b
11
16
5.2.2.2 Tnh dm phu theo s deo :

- S tnh: nh dm lin tuc gi ln dm
chnh va tng.
- Tai trong: phn b u gm

Tnh tai: gd = g.l1 + g0;
Hoat tai pd = p.l1.
- Nhp tnh toan:
Nhp gia: l = l2 - bdc;
b
b a
Nhp bin: lb = l2 dc t + ;
2 2 2
- Ni lc:
lb
l2
bdc l
l2
gd
lb
l
l2
bdc
l2
pd
Co th t hp tai trong (vi cac dm bt ky) hoc dung cac cng thc va bang lp sn
(dm u nhp) ve biu bao (BB) m men, lc ct.
xet n anh hng chng xon cua dm chnh lam giam ni lc trong dm phu, khi
tnh ni lc theo s deo hoat tai c tnh vi gia tr la p=p.3/4 va tnh tai la g=g+p/4.
q.l 2
2
* M
dngP1..
gia nhp
gi
a
:
M
=
+
=
+
0
,
0625
.
q
.
l
;
KHOA XY
Dmen
NG DD&CN
P2.. P3.. P4.. 16
SAN PHNG 9

Giao Trinh Be Tong Cot Thep 1

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Giao Trinh Be Tong Cot Thep 1

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Chng 1

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

PHN CU KIN C BAN

1. BN CHT CA B TNG CT THP

1.1. BN CHT CA B TNG CT THP:

- Cung dm tng t nh vy nhng

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

- B tng va thep co h s gian n nhit gn bng nhau (ct= 1,2.10-5;

1.2. PHN LOI BTCT:

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

2. PHN LOI BTCT

1.2. PHN LOI BTCT:

1.2.1 Phn loi theo phng php ch to :

* u im: - Cac cu kin lin kt toan khi nn kt cu co cng ln, chu

- Tn vt liu lam van khun, a giao.

b. B tng ct thp lp ghp (cu kin BTCT ch tao sn):

* u im: - Co iu kin Cng nghip hoa trong thi cng xy dng.

- Cn co cac phng tin vn chuyn, cu lp.

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

c. B tng ct thp na lp ghp :

* u im: - cng cua kt cu ln.

- Cn giai quyt tt lin kt ga BT cu va mi.

1.2.2. Phn loi theo trng thi ng sut:

b. B tng ct thp ng lc trc (BTCT d ng lc) :

1.2.3. Phn loi theo ct thp :

khi kt cu co nhp va va nho, cung chu tai nh nhau.

Cach m va cach nhit kem hn g va gach a. Co th s dung kt cu co l

1.4. PHM VI NG DNG CA B TNG CT THP:

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

5. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN

1.5. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN:

Qua trnh phat trin chia thanh 3 giai oan:

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

Joseph-Louis Lambot (Sinh 22-051814, mt 02-08-1887), la ngi

P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..

TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU.

2.1.1. Thanh phn, cu truc va cac loai b tng:

2.1.2. Cng cua b tng

2.1.2. Cng cua b tng:

Mu khi lng tru.

S pha hoai cua mu chu nen:

Thp 1: Co ma sat trn mt tip xuc

Thp 2: Khng co ma sat

Kch thc mu th: Mu kch thc nho co cng ln hn mu th co kch thc

P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..

TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU 3

2.1.2.2 Cng chu keo: R(t).

Mu chu keo trung tm:

Mu tru tron chu nen che:

Trong o: P, M: Lc va mmen un lam pha hoai mu.

Cng thc dung quan h ng thng: R(t ) = 0.6 + 0.06 R; (2 3b)

60 R + 1300 NG C LY CUA VT LIU 4

2.1.2.4 Cac nhn t anh hng n cng cua BT:

* Thanh phn va cach ch tao BT: y la nhn t quyt nh cng BT.

Cng cua b tng tng theo thi gian, luc u tng

Cng thc cua Sec (1926):

* Tc gia tai va thi gian tac dung:

2.1.3. Gia tr trung bnh va gia tr tiu chun cua cng :

t i = |Ri - Rm| goi la lch.

2.1.3.3 Gia tr c trng:

2.1.3.4 Gia tr tiu chun:

2.1.4.1 Mac theo cng chu nen: K hiu M

Cp bn chu nn ca b tng: k hiu bng ch B, l gi tr trung bnh thng

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