Vissan Bò hầm

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA K THUT HO HC
B mn Cng ngh thc phm
BAO CAO THC TAP TOT NGHIEP
CONG TY TNHH MOT THANH VIEN

VIET NAM KY NGHE SUC SAN
(VISSAN)
GVHD: Th.S NGUYN TH HIN
Nhm thc tp: Ng Anh Th
V Th Hong Trm
Hunh Th Tho Vi
Mai Th Nht nh
o Th M Lm
TPHCM, thng 7 nm 2009
Bo co thc tp tt nghip
GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin
LI CAM N
Nhm gip sinh vin tip cn thc t trc khi lm lun vn
tt nghip, nh trng cng vi Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin
Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn to iu kin cho chng em c
thc tp ti qu cng ty.
Qua qu trnh thc tp, chng em c c hi cng c nhng
kin thc mnh hc cng nh hiu c cch b tr, quy trnh
vn hnh, sn xut ca mt nh my sn xut thc phm v nhng
kinh nghim trong thc tin sn xut.
Cui cng, chng em knh gi n ban Gim c, ban Qun
c xng ch bin, cc cn b ph trch cng cc anh, ch, c,
ch cng nhn ca qu cng ty li cm n chn thnh nht v
to iu kin thun li cho chng em hon thnh t thc tp.
Ngoi ra, chng em cng cm n cc thy c b mn Cng ngh
thc phm hng dn tn tnh chng em trong thi gian thc
tp.
Thng 7 nm 2009
Nhm thc tp
Ni TT: Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn
MC LC
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V CNG TY THC TP..................................................1
1.1 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin.....................................................................1
1.2 S t chc nhn s....................................................................................3
1.3 a im xy dng.........................................................................................3
1.4 Mt s sn phm ca cng ty.........................................................................3
1.5 An ton lao ng............................................................................................6
1.6 X l cht thi................................................................................................6
1.7 V sinh cng nghip.......................................................................................7
Chng 2: QUY TRNH CNG NGH.........................................................................8
2.1 S quy trnh cng ngh.............................................................................8
2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh....................................................................................9
2.2.1 Nguyn liu....................................................................................9
2.2.2 Ca tht...........................................................................................10
2.2.3 R ng..........................................................................................10
2.2.4 p-Massage.................................................................................12
2.2.5 V hp............................................................................................13
2.2.6 Rt dch..........................................................................................14
2.2.7 Ghp np........................................................................................15
2.2.8 Tit trng........................................................................................18
2.2.9 Bo n............................................................................................24
2.2.10 Hon thin......................................................................................27
Chng 3: SN PHM..................................................................................................29
3.1 Ch tiu sn phm...........................................................................................29
3.2 M t sn phm..............................................................................................31
Chng 4: NHN XT..................................................................................................32
DANH MC BNG
Bng 2.1: Ch tit trng b hm ng hp.............................................................19
Bng 3.1: Ch tiu ha l.............................................................................................29
Bng 3.2: Ch tiu vi sinh............................................................................................30
Bng 3.3: Ch tiu v d lng kim loi nng.............................................................30
Bng 3.4: Ch tiu v d lng thuc th y.................................................................30
Bng 3.5: Ch tiu v d lng hoocmon....................................................................30
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1: Cng vo cng ty Vissan.............................................................................1
Hnh 1.2: S t chc nhn s.................................................................................3
Hnh 1.3: Rau c, tri cy ti....................................................................................4
Hnh 1.4: Tht ti.......................................................................................................4
Hnh 1.5: Xc xch......................................................................................................4
Hnh 1.6: Tht ngui....................................................................................................5
Hnh 1.7: hp.........................................................................................................5
Hnh 1.8: Sn phm truyn thng................................................................................5
Hnh 2.1: S quy trnh sn xut b hm.................................................................8
Hnh 2.2: S quy trnh chun b dch rt................................................................9
Hnh 2.3: Tht sau khi ca...........................................................................................10
Hnh 2.4: Tht sau khi r ng.....................................................................................11
Hnh 2.5: Bn massage................................................................................................13
Hnh 2.6: Vo hp.......................................................................................................14
Hnh 2.7: Cu to thit b ghp np hp bn t ng..................................................16
Hnh 2.8: Thit b ghp np hp bn t ng..............................................................16
Hnh 2.9: Bn tit trng...............................................................................................19
Hnh 2.10: S nguyn l hot ng bn tit trng...................................................22
Hnh 3.1: B hm hp 150g........................................................................................31
Hnh 3.2: B hm hp 397g........................................................................................31
CHNG 1: TONG QUAN VE

CONG TY THC TAP
1.1 LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN
Hnh 1.1: Cng vo cng ty Vissan

Vissan c khi cng xy dng t ngy 20/11/1971. Ngy 18/5/1974, L St
Sinh Tn Tin (tin thn ca cng ty Vissan) chnh thc i vo hot ng vi nhim v
chnh l git m, cung cp tht v c coi l nh my c quy m ln v hin i nht
ng Nam lc by gi. Ngy 16/3/1976, L St Sinh Tn Tin chuyn thnh Cng ty
Thc phm 1 v n nm 1989 i tn thnh Cng ty Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn.
Nm 1994, Vissan nhp v dy chuyn sn xut tht ngui theo cng ngh chu
u tr gi hn 30 t ng vi nng sut 15 tn/ngy. Nm 1998, Vissan nhp v dy
chuyn sn xut xc xch tit trng theo cng ngh Nht Bn v tn dng dy chuyn
sn xut tht ngui sn xut hp. Tng sn lng ch bin c gn 20 tn/ngy.
Thng 9/2005, Cng ty Rau Qu Thnh Ph st nhp vo Vissan v to thm
ngnh hng mi: rau c qu. n nm 2006, Vissan ly tn chnh thc l Cng ty
TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn, tn giao dch ngoi nc l
Vissan Limited Company, l mt thnh vin ca Tng Cng ty Thng Mi Si Gn.
Sn phm ca Vissan hin nay c ch ng vng chc trn th trng, vi
doanh thu v th phn chim lnh. Vissan c xem nh mt doanh nghip sn xut,
kinh doanh ngnh sc sn v rau c qu ng u c nc.
Nng lc sn xut ca cng ty gm:
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Mt khu tn tr vi sc cha 10000 con heo v 4000 con b.
Ba dy chuyn git m heo vi cng sut 2400 con/ca (6gi).
Hai dy chuyn git m b vi cng sut 300 con/ca (6gi).
H thng kho lnh vi cp nhit khc nhau, sc cha trn 2000

tn, p ng tha mn yu cu sn xut kinh doanh.
Dy chuyn sn xut ch bin tht ngui nhp t Php v Ty

Ban Nha vi cng sut 5000tn/nm.
H thng dy chuyn sn xut xc xch tit trng theo thit b,

cng ngh nhp khu t Nht Bn vi cng sut 10000 tn/nm.
H thng dy chuyn sn xut ch bin hp vi cng sut

5000tn/nm theo thit b v cng ngh ca Chu u.
Nh my ch bin thc phm ng lnh theo truyn thng Vit

Nam c cng sut 5000 tn/nm ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Nh my ch bin thc phm do Chi nhnh H Ni qun l vi

cng sut 3000 tn/nm ti Khu Cng Nghip Tin Sn, Tnh Bc Ninh.
X nghip Chn Nui G Sao trang b k thut hin i vi cng

sut sn xut 2500 heo ni ging v 40000 heo tht mi nm.
Mng li kinh doanh ca Vissan:
11 n v Ca Hng, Trm kinh doanh trc thuc ti a bn cc

Qun trong Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc ch u mi qun l trn 600
im bn.
47 Ca Hng Gii Thiu Sn phm v trn 700 i l hng ch

bin ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc Tnh, Thnh trn c nc.
Cung cp tht ti sng v rau c qu cho trn 650 trng hc v

c quan, khch sn.
X nghip Ch Bin v Kinh Doanh Thc Phm sn xut v kinh

doanh hng thc phm ch bin truyn thng..
X nghip Ch Bin Kinh Doanh Rau C Qu.
Chi nhnh Vissan ti H Ni sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng

pha Bc.
Chi nhnh Vissan ti Nng kinh doanh ti th trng Min

Trung v Cao Nguyn.
Vn phng i din Vissan ti Cng Ha Lin Bang Nga.

Ngoi ra, Vissan cn t c cc chng nhn cht lng:
Chng ch ISO/IEC 17025 phin bn 1999.
Chng ch qun l cht lng theo ISO 9001:2000.
Chng nhn tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm HACCP.
Lin tc nhiu nm lin c ngi tiu dng bnh chn l Hng Vit
Nam cht lng cao do bo i on Kt t chc.
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Xp th nht trong ngnh thc phm ch bin v xp th 15 trong 100

thng hiu mnh ca c nc do Tp ch Si Gn Tip Th iu tra cng
b.
Hu ht hn 100 sn phm ca Vissan u t cc cp vng, bc, huy
chng Hi ch, Hi thi thc phm.
1.2 S T CHC NHN S
Hnh 1.2: S t chc nhn s

1.3 A IM XY DNG
a ch cng ty: 420 N Trang Long, phng 13, qun Bnh Thnh, thnh ph
H Ch Minh, Vit Nam. Vissan c xy dng trn mt c lao c din tch 20ha, cch
trung tm thnh ph 7km v pha Bc, bao quanh b sng Si Gn v knh Th Tc,
pha ng (bn
kia sng) l
qun Th c,
pha Bc l
cu Bnh Li, pha
ng Nam l
cu Bnh Triu.
1.4 MT S
CA CNG TY
a.
Thc
SN PHM
phm ti
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Hnh 1.3: Rau c, tri cy ti
Hnh 1.4: Tht ti

b. Thc phm ch bin
Hnh 1.5: Xc xch
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Hnh 1.6: Tht ngui
Hnh 1.7: hp
Hnh 1.8: Sn phm truyn thng

1.5 AN TON LAO NG
An ton my mc thit b
Tt c cc b phn truyn ng ca thit b u c b phn che chn m

bo an ton.
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Thc hin nghim chnh ch v cc nguyn tc vn hnh, bo dng,

sa cha my mc thit b.
An ton in:
Cc thit b in c lp t, b tr ng k thut, tun theo nguyn tc ni t,
thun li cho cng nhn thao tc.
Cc khu vc c dng in nguy him u c cnh bo bng bin cm.
Phng chng c hi:
Cng nhn c trang b cc dng d phng h cc nhn: qun o, m

bo h, ng, gng tay, khu trang, ph hp vi iu kin nhit v c khm
sc khe nh k.
C ch lm vic, n ung v ngh ngi thch hp, khng n ung hay

ht thuc trong khu vc sn xut.
H thng chiu sng v thng gi:
Tn dng nh sng t nhin v h thng n neon chiu sng c mc

vi mt dy.
S dng h thng qut gi bng ng c in gip thng gi.

Ting n v chn ng:
Tp trung cc xng sn xut v cc khu vc gy n.
Trang b b phn chng n v chng rung ng cho tng thit b.

Phng chng chy n:
Tun th cc quy nh phng chy cha chy: khng ht thuc ni sn

xut, cc ng ng dn mi cht lnh NH3 phi kn, trnh r r ra mi trng.
Trang b bnh cha chy CO2 v chung bo chy.
Trm bm d phng ly nc t nhnh sng Si Gn a vo chng chy

kp thi.
Quanh khu vc cng trnh l khun vin cy xanh v thm c, sn bi, cc

li i rng gip xe cu ha tip cn d dng.
1.6 X L CHT THI

Cht thi rn: ha thiu.
H thng x l nc thi nng sut 1000 m3/ngy: s dng cc b lc, gia cc
b lc c mng lc gi li tp cht, bn. Tp cht, bn gi li c co sch bng h
thng xch, sau c phn hy bng qu trnh ln men vi sinh. Nc thi sau khi lc
bng mng lc s c x l bng ha cht ty trng cng nghip (NaOCl). Nc thi
sau khi x l c bm qua h thc vt trc khi ra sng Si Gn.
1.7 V SINH CNG NGHIP

Trang thit b, dng c v ha cht v sinh cng nghip:
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H thng cp nc, tr nc y . Nc dng v sinh git m, v sinh

chung tri, v sinh dng c, u l nc thy cc.
Dng c, thit b v sinh c chuyn dng.
Phng tin ra tay, ng thot nc c b tr thun tin cho ngi s

dng.
Ha cht ty ra c B Y t chp nhn v khng tip xc vi nguyn

liu, sn phm.
V sinh trong sn xut
Thit b, dng c s dng c ch to t cc vt liu khng gy c hi,

khng g st, b mt nhn bng, khng thm nc.
Cc thit b, dng c, dng, nh xng c v sinh v kh trng hng

ngy hay sau mi ca sn xut, thng xuyn kim tra dch bnh v tiu dit cn
trng ti nh my.
Dn lnh phi c x thng xuyn, c h thng dn nc chy ra

ngoi trnh nh hng n cht lng nguyn liu v sn phm.
Sn phm trc khi nhp kho hay xut kho phi c kim tra cht lng
v sinh an ton thc phm.
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Tht b ng lnh
dng khi
Ca tht
CHNG 2: QUY TRNH CONG

R ng
NGHE
2.1 QUY TRNH CNG NGH
Gia v, ph
gia
p-Massage
Hp
V hp
Dch rt
Rt dch
Np
Ghp np
Nc
Tit trng
Bo n
Hon thin
B hm
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Hnh 2.1: S quy trnh sn xut b hm

Quy trnh chun b dch rt:
Nc
Gia nhit
Gia v
Phi trn
Lm ngui

Dch rt
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Hnh 2.2: S quy trnh chun b dch rt

2.2 GII THCH QUY TRNH
2.2.1. Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu chnh: tht b ng lnh nhp khu t c. Tiu chun nguyn liu:
a) Ch tiu cm quan:
Trng thi lnh ng:
Khi tht l mt khi nh hnh, ng cng, cho php c t tuyt mt
ngoi khi tht nhng khng cho php tht c bng , chy lnh, tit
dch v tp cht l. Tht mu hng ti, khng c mi l.
Trng thi r ng:
Tht chc, dai, c n hi tt, mt tht khng t, m mm.
Trng thi lm chn:
Tht c mi thm, v c trng ca sn phm, khng cho php tht c
mi i, chua, kht v mi l. Nc luc tht thm, trong, vng m to.
b) Ch tiu ha l, ch tiu vi sinh vt, ch tiu k sinh trng, d lng kim loi
nng, d lng thuc th y, d lng thuc bo v thc vt, d lng hoocmon, c t
nm mc: theo TCVN 7047:2002.
Nguyn liu c bo qun lnh ng trong bn lnh -30oC, nhit tm khi
tht -18oC; m bo ngun nguyn liu c n nh v lin tc.
Ngoi nguyn liu chnh ra cn dng thm gia v nh hnh, ti, gng, v mt
s ph gia.
2.2.2. Ca tht:
2.2.2.1 Mc ch:
Lm gim kch thc ca khi tht: bin i nguyn liu (tht, m, ..) t nhng
khi ln thnh tng ming nh, to thun li cho nhng qu trnh ch bin tip theo.
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2.2.2.2 Bin i:
Trong qu trnh ca ch yu l bin i v vt l:
Ct t m lin kt, lm gim kch thc khi tht.
Tng nhit khi tht do ma st vi dao, lm thng tn cc cu trc t bo

dn n kh nng gi nc gim.
Cc bin i khc khng ng k.

2.2.2.3 Phng php:
Tht ng lnh nguyn khi khong 12kg/hp c a vo thit b ca thnh

cc khi nh. Sau khi ca xong, tht em i r ng nhit phng trong khong
16 18 gi.
Hnh 2.3: Tht sau khi ca
2.2.3. R ng:
R ng l qu trnh ngc li ca qu trnh lnh ng. R ng (hay tan gi) l
qu trnh chuyn bin nc ang trng thi rn (tinh th ) trong sn phm ng lnh
sang dng lng m vn gi nguyn thuc tnh ca sn phm c trc khi lm lnh
ng. Tht khi ng lnh s thnh mt khi rt cng nn kh khn trong khi a vo
my thc hin qu trnh massage. V vy cn phi thc hin qu trnh r ng khi
tht.
2.2.3.1 Mc ch:
Qu trnh r ng nhm mc ch khi phc li trng thi v tnh cht ban u
ca nguyn liu chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo: nng cao nhit ca tht
n nhit theo yu cu trong qu trnh ch bin. Qu trnh lm tan gi c coi l tt
nht khi tht khi phc c trng thi ban u.
2.2.3.2 Bin i:
a. Vt l:
-11-
Tht khi tr ng thng c nhit tm t -18oC -20oC. Khi tin hnh r

ng, nhit tht tng dn t b mt n tm khi tht, cc tinh th tan ra dn n
cc bin i trong cu trc tht v lm cho tht mm hn, vic massage d dng hn.
Khi lng gim 1,5 2 % so vi khi lng ban u.

b. Ha hc:
Khi r ng, do cc tinh th nc trong cc t chc c tht v t bo chy ra s

ko theo mt s cht dinh dng ho tan v lm gim cht lng ca nguyn liu.
c. Ha l:
C s chuyn pha trong qu trnh r ng, tinh th trong sn phm tan ra.
Kh nng ht nc ca t bo khi phc li trng thi ban u ph thuc vo
iu kin lm lnh ng trc : nu lm lnh ng chm kh nng ht nc ca t
bo gim, nu lm lnh ng nhanh v m bo cc iu kin bo qun tt th t bo
vn c kh nng ht m tr li v gi m.
d. Ha sinh :
Cc enzym c hot ho tr li.
Phn ng phn hy glycogen, tng hm lng acid lactic lm gim pH.

e. Vi sinh :
Cc vi sinh vt trong tht c hot ho tr li.

S lng vi sinh vt c th b nhim tng ln.
f. Cm quan :
Tht tr nn mm hn.
Hnh 2.4: Tht sau khi r ng
Nguyn l r ng:
Khi thc phm lm r ng trong khng kh hoc nc, b mt chy ra hnh
thnh lp nc. Nc c tnh dn nhit thp, v vy tc dn nhit vo tm gim
dn. Tc ng cch li truyn nhit ny cng tng b mt thc phm r ng cng dy.
Qu trnh r ng v cn bn s lu hn qu trnh ng lnh trong cng iu kin nhng
khc bit nhit .
Trong qu trnh r ng, giai on u nhit tng nhanh. Giai on ny ko
di n khi nhit ca thc phm gn t im tan . Trong sut giai on ny, bt k
-12-
s ph hy t bo gy ra bi s kt tinh chm lm cho n chy nh git. iu ny lm

cho mt cht dinh dng ha tan trong nc. V d tht b mt 12% thiamine, 10%
riboflavine, 14% niacine, 32% pyridoxine, v 8% axit folic.
Thm vo , s chy nh git to cht nn cho hot ng ca enzyme v s
pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Giai on r ng cng ko di cng lm tng nguy c nhim
vi sinh vt. Trong sn xut, thc phm thng c r ng bng cch t t nng nhit
, trnh s chnh lch nhit ln t ngt so vi im ng, gi cho cu trc chc
cho qu trnh tip theo sau.
Khi thc phm c r ng bng l vi sng hoc l in mi (dielectric heater),
nhit c sinh ra bn trong thc phm, v nhng qu trnh bin i din t trn
khng xy ra.
Nhng iu lu trong qu trnh r ng l:
Trnh nhit ln qu cao.
Cc tiu thi gian r ng.
Tn tht dch bo t nht.
t tn tht khi lng.
Bo m v sinh.
2.2.3.3 Phng php thc hin: r ng bng khng kh
S dng khng kh c nhit 16 20oC, m 55 60% lm r ng tht.

Thi gian r ng ph thuc vo ln ca khi tht. i vi khi tht sau khi ca
nh ny thng r ng t 16 18 gi ri a vo bn massage. S dng phng php
r ng ny lu nhng tn tht dch bo t, cht lng tht tt hn. Yu cu kt thc qu
trnh r ng nhit ca tm khi tht phi t 1oC, b mt tht kh, khng m t,
trnh nhim vi sinh vt.
2.2.3.4 Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian r ng:
Kch thc nguyn liu.
Kh nng truyn nhit ca nguyn liu.
S chnh lch nhit gia b mt sn phm vi mi trng xung quanh.
2.2.4. p-Massage:
2.2.4.1 Mc ch:
p gia v thm vo tht vi hiu sut cao nht.
Lm thay i cu trc sn phm.
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2.2.4.2 Bin i:
a. Vt l: nhit tht tng dn, kt cu cc si c b ph v.
b. Ha hc: phn ng oxy ha, phn ng nitro ha.
c. Ha l: s khuch tn ca gia v vo khi tht, trch ly protein tan.
2.2.4.3 Thit b:
Tht sau khi r ng c cho vo cc xe bn a vo phng massage. Ti y
cc thanh nng s a tht cng vi gia v vo trong bn v bn massage bt u quay.
Bn cnh , h thng ht chn khng hot ng m bo tht trong qu trnh massage
khng b bin i do cc phn ng vi oxy.
Thit b s dng: s dng bn massage c ht chn khng hot ng ban u lin
tc, sau gin on.
Nhit mi trng: 0 5oC.
p sut: 500 mmHg.
Tc quay: 6 7 vng/pht.
Thi gian: 2 gi lin tc; 2,5 gi gin on.
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Hnh 2.5: Bn masssage
2.2.5. V hp
Yu cu bao b hp:
Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm cho thc phm bin i cht
lng, khng gy mi v, mu sc l cho thc phm.
Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm.
Chu c nhit v p sut cao.
Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, nh.
D gia cng, r tin.
Hnh thc hp dn, thch hp vi sn phm.
S dng vn chuyn, bo qun tin li.
Chun b cho qu trnh v hp:

Trc khi s dng hp phi kim tra li phm cht v ra sch. Bao b kim loi
tiu chun c ra sch bng nc l, nc nng, khi cn thit c th dng dung
dch kim long hay nc x phng long, soa, lm sch tp cht bi ct, du
khong cn dnh v hp khi gia cng, ro hoc sy kh.
2.2.5.1 Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh rt dch.
2.2.5.2 Bin i: khng ng k.
2.2.5.3 Phng php thc hin:
Cng nhn cho sn phm vo hp phi thc hin y cc quy nh v

v sinh v cc yu cu ca quy trnh k thut quy nh.
m bo khi lng tnh v thnh phn ca hp theo t l quy nh.
Khng ln cc tp cht.
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Dng c ch bin ty theo mc b nhim bn, phi lm v sinh nhiu

ln trong mt ca sn xut hay mi ca mt ln.
Thao tc cng nhn:
Hnh 2.6: Vo hp
Chuyn hn hp tht sau khi p-massage vo xe.
a xe cha tht vo phng v hp.
Cho khi tht vo tng hp.
Cn li khi lng ca tng hp bng cn thng dng t c khi

lng yu cu.
Xp hp vo khay v chuyn sang phng ghp np.
2.2.6. Rt dch:
2.2.6.1 Mc ch:
Bo qun: dch rt s chim khong khng trong hp gip cho qu trnh
bi kh din ra d dng hn.
Chun b cho qu trnh tit trng.
Qu trnh rt nng gip bi kh hp.
Gim p sut bn trong hp khi tit trng. Nguyn nhn lm tng p sut bn
trong hp khi tit trng ch yu l do tn ti lng kh trong hp sau khi
ghp m. Bi kh c tc dng lm gim lng kh bn trong hp nn khi tit trng
s trnh c tnh trng hp b bin dng.
Hn ch s oxy ha cc cht dinh dng ca thc phm. Oxy khng kh tn ti
trong hp s dn n cc phn ng oxy ha bn trong hp din ra mnh m
-16-
hn, lm tn tht vitamin, nht l vitamin C. Ngoi ra, khi cc cht hu c b oxy
ha s lm thay i hng v, mu sc ca sn phm.
Hn ch s pht trin ca cc vi khun hiu kh c trong hp. Sau khi tit
trng hp, trong s cc loi vi sinh vt cn sng tn ti cc vi sinh vt hiu kh
v nha bo ca n. Nu trong mi trng cn nhiu oxy, cc vi sinh vt c
iu kin pht trin, gy h hng hp. Khi bi kh, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh
khng c iu kin pht trin.
To chn khng trong hp khi lm ngui.
2.2.6.2 Bin i:
a. Ho hc: gim lng kh
b.
Vi sinh: c ch mt phn vi sinh vt hiu kh
2.2.6.3 Thc hin:
Rt dch vo n khi lng tnh t c 150g hoc 397g. Dch rt l mt

hn hp gm nc, mui, bt ngt. Hn hp ny s c un nng ha tan hon
ton v rt vo hp ti 80oC.
2.2.7. Ghp np:
2.2.7.1 Mc ch:
Ghp np l mt qu trnh quan trng nhm lm cho thc phm cch ly hon ton
vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi. N c tc dng rt quan trng n
thi gian bo qun v cht lng ca sn phm. Np hp phi c ghp tht kn v tht
chc m bo khng b bt np hay h mi ghp khi tit trng.
2.2.7.2 Bin i: khng c bin i.
2.2.7.3 Thit b: thit b ghp np bn t ng (hnh 2.5, hnh 2.6).
Nng sut 20 25 hp/pht.
+ C ch hot ng:
ng c hot ng lm con ln chuyn ng lin tc. Khi bn p c tc ng
th trc mm s c nng ln a mm v hp n gn con ln ng thi c c cu
a con ln tin st vo hp thc hin qu trnh ghp np. hp kim loi, mi ghp
kn l mi kp, tc l ch c thn v np u cun li. ghp kn hp st ngi ta
dng bn con ln: hai con ln cun c rnh su ghp s b, tc l lm cho np v
mp hp gp vo nhau v cun li, np hp vn c th xoay c nhng khng tho ra
c; v hai con ln p c rnh nng ghp kn tc l p cho m hp chc li, np hp
khng xoay c v khng tho c. Sau khi np c ghp kn th ngng tc ng
ln bn p, trc mm s c h xung v sau ly hp ra.
-17-
Hnh 2.7: Cu to h thng ghp np hp kim loi (Bn t ng)

1. ng c in; 2. Bnh rng; 3. Con ln; 4. Hp; 5. Mm; 6. Trc mm;
7. C cu a con ln tin st vo my; 8. Bn p
Hnh 2.8: Thit b ghp np bn t ng

+ Thao tc cng nhn:
Bt cng tc khi ng my.
-18-
Xp np vo tng hp ri t hp vo mm ca my.
Dng chn tc ng ln bn p a hp tin st vo con ln.
Sau khi np c ghp kn vo hp th ngng tc ng ln bn p v ly hp
ra khi mm.
+ Ra hp sau khi ghp m:
Hp sau khi ghp m phi c ra sch du m v cc tp cht khc bm bn
ngoi. Khi ra khng c gy bin dng hp. Thng ra bng my ra t ng.
Nc ra hp phi sch. Nu s dng cht ty ra cho php ra hp th phi
ra li bng nc sch loi b ht cht ty ra cn li.
+ Lu khi ghp m hp: My ghp m phi c k thut vin c kinh nghim
iu chnh trc mi ca sn xut v trong qu trnh sn xut, m bo cho kch thc m
hp nm trong gii hn an ton.
+ Kim tra m hp:
Ly mu hp trc mi ca v t nht 30 pht mt ln khi my ghp m ang lm
vic. Ct m hp kim tra cc thng s: cao, dy, rng ca m hp: kch thc
mc thn, mc np, chng m hp v cc khuyt tt ca m hp.
Nu pht hin m hp c khuyt tt phi dng my, tin hnh kim tra v hiu
chnh my.
C lp cc hp ghp m sau ln kim tra cui cng theo quy nh. S hp ny
ch c php nhp chung vo l hp sau khi c kim tra t yu cu v c quyt

nh cho php bng vn bn ca ngi ph trch cht lng hoc qun c phn xng.
+ Th kn ca hp:
C th tin hnh th kn ca hp theo mt trong cc phng php sau:
Phng php ngm trong nc nng:
Dng kim tra kn ca hp st trong iu kin phn xng: Ra sch
hp bng nc nng v x phng, ng thnh mt lp trong chu thy tinh to c
ng nc nng nhit khng di 850C. Lng nc nng gp khong 4 ln th
tch cc hp, mc nc phi trn mt hp t 25 - 30 cm. Hp trong nc nng t 5
- 7 pht. Lc u y xung, sau lt ngc, np xung di. Sau quan st, nu
thy bt kh trong hp thot ra hng lot hoc thot ra u n cng mt ch, th hp
coi nh b h.
Phng php ht chn khng:
t hp ng sn phm trong mt bnh ht chn khng vi chn khng 50
mmHg. Do chnh lch p sut gia bn trong v bn ngoi hp, lm cho np hp phng
ln nu hp kn. V nc trong sn phm c th theo ch h r ra ngoi trong trng
hp mi ghp khng kn.
+ X l hp h:
-19-
Trng hp pht hin uc hp ghp khng kn trc khi tit trng, cn phi
iu chnh my ghp kp thi v c th m hp ch bin li hay ch bin thnh

cc sn phm ph.
Trng hp pht hin c hp ghp khng kn sau khi tit trng th cc
hp a i ch bin thnh sn phm ph.

2.2.8. Tit trng:
2.2.8.1 Mc ch:
Ch bin: Qu trnh tit trng gy ra cc bin i ha hc v ha l lm thay i
cu trc, tnh cht c l v lm chn sn phm.
Bo qun: c ch v tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c trong sn phm.
2.2.8.2 Bin i:
a. Vt l:
Nhit sn phm tng dn trong qu trnh trong giai on gi nhit sau gim
dn trong giai on h nhit.

Do nhit thay i nn p sut bn trong hp cng bin i theo.
Th tch, t trng ca sn phm bin i khng ng k.
b. Ha hc:
Phn ng thy phn: Protein b phn hy thnh cc peptid v acid amin; cht bo
b oxy ha,
Mt s vitamine b phn hy.
Phn ng Maillard hnh thnh nhm cht Melanoidine to mu cho sn phm.
Cc phn ng to mi thm c trng cho sn phm.
C th xy ra phn ng kh sulfur to ra H2S lm en hp.
c. Ha l: C s bc hi nc v mt s hp cht d bay hi.
d. Ha sinh:
S thay i hot tnh enzyme v tc cc phn ng ha sinh: Trong thi gian
nng nhit cc enzyme thy phn, oxy ha, c hot ha; khi nhit c nng ln
cao th cc enzyme ny b v hot. Do lm thay i tc cc phn ng ha sinh.
Ngoi ra cc phn ng ha sinh cng chu nh hng trc tip bi nhit .
e. Vi sinh: Vi sinh vt c trong hp b c ch v tiu dit.
2.2.8.3 Ch tit trng:
Ch tit trng ph thuc vo mc nhim v tnh cht vi sinh vt, thnh
phn v tnh cht sn phm trong hp, tnh cht bao b v c tnh k thut ca thit b
s dng.
+ Vi sinh vt:
-20-
Nhit v thi gian tit trng ph thuc vo loi v lng vi sinh vt nhim
vo sn phm trc khi tit trng. Lng vi sinh vt cng nhiu, vi sinh vt cng bn
nhit th nhit cng cao, thi gian cng di.
Cc loi vi sinh vt thng nhim vo sn phm tht l: Salmonella, Clostridium
(c bit l Clostridium botulinum). y l vi sinh vt gy thi, c hi n sc khe con
ngi, li a nng nn nhit tit trng cn t 115 121oC trong thi gian 15 30
pht.
+ Thnh phn v tnh cht sn phm.
+ Bao b
Ty theo kch c v hnh dng hp ngi ta chn ch tit trng ph hp. Hp
c th tch cng ln vic un nng sn phm cng chm. Hp nh th thi gian un nng
nhanh do c b mt truyn nhit ln v khong cch n v tr c nhit thp nht
trong hp b hn. Thi gian gia nhit cn ph thuc dn nhit ca vt liu lm hp
v chiu dy ca thnh hp.
Trong qu trnh tit trng hp nhit > 100oC, khng kh trong hp gin
n v nc trong sn phm bay hi to ra mt p sut kh ln bn trong hp. Chnh
lch gia p sut bn trong hp v p sut trong thit b tit trng nu vt qu gii hn
cho php (gi l hiu s p sut ti hn) s gy phng hp, bin dng qu mc, lm bt
np v cc mi hn.V th cn to ra mt p sut i khng trong thit b tit trng
chng li hiu s p sut ti hn . p sut i khng ph thuc nhiu vo n hi
ca vt liu lm hp.
Ch tit trng b hm ng hp ti nh my Vissan:
Bng 2.1: Ch tit trng b hm ng hp
Khi lng (g)
C lon (mm)
Thi gian/Nhit
p sut (kg/cm2)
397
9960
70/121oC
170
8440
60/121oC
-21-
2.2.8.4 Thit b:
Hnh 2.9: Bn tit trng

Cu to:
-22-
Bn tit trng: t nm ngang, bn trong c ng ry y cc xe cha sn
phm vo.
Bn tr nc.
H thng gi nn:
Gi nn c dng trong h thng bao gm hai mc ch:
Cung cp gi vo bn tit trng t p sut mong mun tng

ng vi thi gian v nhit theo yu cu cng ngh trong sut qu
trnh vn hnh h thng.
S dng p lc gi nn lm ng lc iu khin cc van t
ng trong h thng.
Ngun gi nn c cung cp t my nn gi ca cng ty.
Cu to: gm mt ng ng dn kh thng vi bn trn v bn di v van
V5, van V6.
Hot ng: khi p sut trong bn tit trng thp hn yu cu th van V6 m,
kh nn c cp vo bn. Kh p sut trong bn tit trng cao hn yu cu
th van V5 t ng iu chnh x p lc bn trong bn.
B trao i nhit:
Chc nng ca b trao i nhit l lm nng nc trong h thng bng qu
trnh trao i nhit gia h thng nc v hi nc c nhit cao hn
trong giai on gia nhit v lm mt nc h thng bng qu trnh trao i
nhit gia nc trong h thng v nc bn ngoi c nhit thp hn trong
giai on gii nhit.
Hi nc c cung cp t bn hi ca cng ty.
Nc lm mt bn ngoi c tun hon thng qua thp gii nhit.
H thng lm mt tun hon: mc ch ca h thng lm mt nhm gii nhit sn
phm t nhit tit trng n nhit c th ly sn phm ra khi bn.
Bm tun hon h thng.
H thng van:
V1: van cho nc vo gii nhit.

V2: van cho hi nc vo b trao i nhit. Van s thay i khu ty
thuc nhit trong bn tit trng.
V3: van cho ng nc gii nhit ra khi b trao i nhit.
V4: van cho ng nc ngng t ra khi b trao i nhit.
V5: van cho ng x p lc bn tit trng.
V6: van cho ng cp gi nn vo bn tit trng.
V7: van cho ng nc vo bn tr nc. Van s m khi cn d tr nc
vo bn hoc x nc t bn tr nc xung bn tit trng.
-23-
V8: van cho ng ng tun hon vo bn tit trng.

V9: van cho ng nc cp t ngoi vo bn tit trng.
H thng iu khin t ng: c bn phm ci t cc thng s vn hnh, c
mn hnh th hin qu trnh lm vic, thng s ang vn hnh, bo li h thng
v lu tr cc thng s v thi gian hot ng, s m vn hnh.
Ngoi ra h thng cn c b cm bin nhit , p sut v by hi.

Cc thng s ci t khi vn hnh
p sut: trong qu trnh tit trng, p sut trong h thng s tng t t n gi tr

ci t (lc thit b cng t n nhit tit trng), p sut ny s c duy
trnh trong sut thi gian gi nhit. Sau p sut s gim t t (khi bt u gii
nhit) xung n bng p sut kh quyn.
Nhit : cn ci t hai gi tr nhit l nhit tit trng (trong thi gian gi
nhit) v nhit lm mt (nhit h thng phi t c sau khi hon tt giai
on lm mt sn phm).
Thi gian: l thi gian m h thng s duy tr nhit v p sut tit trng.
Mc nc trong bn tit trng: ty thuc vo s lng sn phm cn tit trng
trong mt m m ci t mc nc ph hp. C 4 mc nc:
Mc 1: mc ti thiu, thp hn mc ny bm s t ng ngng.
Mc 2: mc ny bn tit trng lm vic cho giai on gii nhit hoc
ch tit trng kiu ti.
Mc 3: l mc trung bnh, s dng mc 3 cho ch tit trng kiu ngp
nc vi s lng 50% ti thit k.
Mc 4: l mc ti a, s dng cho ch tit trng kiu ngp nc vi
100% ti thit k.
-24-
S nguyn l hot ng:
Hnh 2.10: S nguyn l hot ng bn tit trng

C ch vn hnh:
iu kin ban u:
Khi cp ngun in chnh: van V3 s m, cc van cn li u ng.
Contact an ton np ca bn tit trng hot ng nh sau: khi ca m
th ton b hot ng s ngng, cc van u ng tr van V5 m. Khi ca
ng th bn c php hot ng.
Hot ng ca h thng: sau khi ci t thng s vn hnh v nhn start, h

thng s lm vic nh sau:
Van V7 v V9 m nc t bn d tr chy xung bn tit trng qua
van V7 v nc cp t bn ngoi vo qua van V9.
Khi mc nc t gi tr ci t th van V7 v V9 s ng trong sut qu
trnh vn hnh ca m.
Giai on gia nhit: van V2 v V4 m cho hi nc vo b trao i nhit,
van V1 v V3 ng, V8 m. Bm bt u hot ng, van V5 v V6 hot
-25-
ng. Nhit v p sut trong bn tit trng tng ln tuyn tnh bng
cch t ng iu chnh cc van V2, V5, V6.
Giai on gi nhit: khi nhit v p sut t gi tr ci t, h thng s
duy tr thng s ny n ht thi gian gi nhit, sau s t ng
chuyn sang giai on gii nhit.
Giai on gii nhit: van V2 v V4 ng, V1 v V3 m cho nc vo b
trao i nhit, bm tip tc hot ng. Nhit ca nc tun hon trong
bn tit trng s gim, ng thi p sut cng gim tuyn tnh bng cch
van V5 t iu chnh x p lc trong bn.
Khi nhit gim xung 100oC, van V7 m v V8 ng nc bm vo
bn tr, mc nc trong bn tit trng gim xung mc 2. Van V7
ng li, V8 m v h thng tip tc gii nhit.
Khi nhit nc tun hon gim xung gi tr nhit lm mt, h
thng tip tc tr nc ln 2: van V7 m v V8 ng, nc c bm
vo bn tr n khi lng nc trong bn tit trng t mc 1. Lc ny
h thng hon tt mt m tit trng, tt c cc van u ng tr van V5
m x p lc bn trong bn, bm ngng hot ng.
Lu : khi bn thanh trng ang hot ng m cp in th cc van ng ton b,
k c van V5 duy tr p sut bn trong bn. Khi ngun in c xc lp tr li th
bn lm vic li bnh thng.
Thng s k thut:
p sut cc i ca bn tit trng v bn gi nc: 5 kg/cm2
Nhit cc i ca bn tit trng v bn gi nc: 150oC
Dung tch ca bn tit trng: 4,1 m3
Dung tch ca bn tr nc: 3 m3
Nhit ci t :121oC
Thi gian tit trng: 70 pht (hp 397g), 60 pht (hp 150g).
Nhit nc khi hon lu: 100oC
Nhit ti tm hp b hm khi ra l: 40oC
p sut ci t: 2 kg/cm2
Thao tc cng nhn:
a khay cha cc hp b hm vo bn tit trng. Mt m gm 4 xe y.
Ci t chng trnh thch hp trn bng iu khin tin hnh ch

tit trng hp b hm.
M van x kh nn p sut tng ng vi nhit .
Sau khi tit trng v gii nhit mt phn, ly khay hp b hm ra v

y qua phng thnh phm.
S c c th xy ra cho bn tit trng:
Nu lm vic theo ch t ng th rt n nh. Nhng nu lm vic theo ch

t ci t, do cng nhn iu chnh th c th gp nhng s c sau:
-26-
p sut khng t: kh nn cung cp cho bn tit trng yu, do van m

khng ht, ca khng ng kn. Khc phc: m ht van, ng kn ca, tng
lng kh nn.
Nhit khng t: ngun hi cung cp khng , phi tng p lc hi

nng cung cp.
2.2.9. Bo n:
2.2.9.1 Mc ch:
Sau khi tit trng hp b hm, chuyn ch ca bn tit trng sang ch
gii nhit. Kt thc giai on gii nhit, ly sn phm ra, vn chuyn trn xe y qua
phng thnh phm. Ti y, hp c lm ngui bng qut v lau kh bng khn ri
em i bo n. Mc ch ca giai on ny l nhm theo di sn phm c t yu cu v
ch tit trng, kn ca m ghp c th cho sn phm lu thng trn th trng
hoc c bin php x l kp thi.
2.2.9.2 Bin i:
Vt l: Cc thnh phn trong hp tip tc tng tc vi nhau. Nu bi kh
khng trit c th dn n phng hp.
b. Ha hc: S oxy ha c th xy ra nu bi kh khng trit , lm gim
phm cht ca sn phm.
c. Vi sinh: vi sinh vt c th pht trin nu qu trnh bi kh v tit trng
khng tt
d. Cm quan: mu v mi ca sn phm c ci thin
2.2.9.3 Thc hin:
a.
Cc loi hp sau khi tit trng, dng nc ra lm ngui v nhit

phng, c chuyn n kho thnh phm bo n.
Nhit lng cn li trong sn phm sau khi lm ngui c tc dng lm bay hi
nc trn b mt bao b. Bao b kh s trnh c qu trnh hoen r thn hoc np bao
b. Nu nc trn hp khng bay hi ht, hp t th trong thi gian bo qun hin
tng hoen r xy ra nhanh, c khi ch trong vi ngy sau khi sn xut. Nh vy nhit
lm ngui sau tit trng quyt nh phn no s h hng ca bao b.
Sn phm sau khi lm sch (khi hp kh hoc kh gn ht) c em i bo

n trong phng kn hay kho thnh phm. Nhit v m trong kho phi m bo
trnh c hin tng ngng t m trn b mt hp. Bo qun trong kho thnh phm
30-35oC, m tng i t 70 80%, trong vng 15 ngy.
Kho cn phi kn, kh ro sch s, d thot nc, thng gi v thot nhit. Kho
bo n phi c nh sng, rng m bo dung tch cha ng theo yu cu ca
sn xut. Trong kho phi c k chc chn, c lt giy hoc vi trc khi xp hp
hp c xp theo tng l (cng loi, cng phm cp, ngy v ca sn xut),

chiu cao khng qu 10m. Cc hp trong l xp xen k nhau, cch trn t nht 0,75 m v
-27-
cch nhau hoc cch li i trc 2m tin cho vic bc d hng hoc kim tra khi cn
thit. Trong thi gian ny cc hp phn khc ca hp tip tc n nh ng thi pht
hin sm cc hp b h hng.
hp khng c xut xng trc thi gian ny.
Sau thi gian bo n nu khng c hin tng bt thng xy ra c th em sn
phm i lau sch, dn nhn, ng thng ri a xung kho thnh phm bo qun v a
i tiu th.
Kt thc thi gian bo n, sn phm c kim tra, loi b nhng n v h
hng. Nu t l h hng, phng vt qu mc cho php, cn phi xem xt li qu trnh
sn xut, tm nguyn nhn h hng khc phc. Nu cn thit c th hy b c l sn
phm.
Cc dng h hng hp trong qu trnh bo n:
hp h hng hay mt phm cht l cc hp cha thc phm bin cht, c

th lm hi n sc khe ngi s dng hoc cc bao b c nhng bin i lm nh
hng xu n gi tr dinh dng v gi tr thng phm ca hp.
hp h hng do rt nhiu nguyn nhn, c th pht hin qua hnh thc bn
ngoi ca bao b hoc phi qua kim tra vi sinh v ha hc mi xc nh c. Thng
phn bit theo 3 nguyn nhn :
a) hp h hng do vi sinh vt
Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi
hp h hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to ra
kh CO2, H2S, NH3...hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin khng sinh ra
cht kh. V vy hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy
phng hp nn kh pht hin.
Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp do vi sinh vt :
Do tit trng khng ch
Cc hp tit trng cha nhit v thi gian tit trng cn thit. Vi sinh
vt trong hp cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b chua, hp b mt phm cht c
th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp.
Vic tit trng khng ch c th do thiu st ca cng nhn vn hnh: qu
trnh vn hnh thit b tit trng khng ng quy tc, lng khng kh cn li nhiu
trong thit b tit trng lm nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi nhau, hoc
khi xp hp vo gi v xp gi vo thit b tit trng khng ng quy tc s lm cn tr
s truyn nhit v i lu cng lm cho hp khng t ch tit trng.
Mt s hp b nhim vi sinh vt qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch
bin trc khi tit trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh tit trng theo
cng thc quy nh, cng coi nh tit trng khng ch .
Do lm ngui khng thch hp
-28-
Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit

khong 49 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di
khong nhit ny th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp.
Do mi ghp b h
hp b h c th do my ghp np lm vic khng ng quy tc, hay cc mi
hn dc ca bao b khng c kn. Khi tit trng do p sut trong hp tng ln qu
mc, lm h cc mi ghp, vi sinh vt nhim vo.
Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi tit trng
Hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng quy trnh k thut v ch v
sinh thc phm lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian
ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i tit trng qu lu c th
to iu kin cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp trc khi tit trng
b) hp h hng do cc hin tng ha hc
hp b hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia
cc thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b.
Cc phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i
nhiu.
Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng.
Nhit cng cao, s n mn kim loi cng xy ra nhanh. Ty thuc acid ca
sn phm, phm cht ca bao b, m hm lng kim loi nng tch t trong sn phm
nhiu hay t.
c) hp h hng do cc nh hng c l
Xy ra trong qu trnh tit trng, bo qun v vn chuyn.
hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b tit trng
Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh tit trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh s
gy nn hin tng cng phng hp, hp c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut
trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu.
hp h hng do bi kh khng
Trong qu trnh tit trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s gin n gy
cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy
b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c.
hp h hng do xp hp qu y
Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s gin n th tch khi tit
trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn
phm vo hp lc ngui, tit trng sn phm cng b gin n nhiu.
hp h hng v b mp, mo, r.
-29-
Kim tra thnh phm:
Tin hnh ly mu hp thnh phm cho tng ca sn xut kim tra m ghp
v cc ch tiu cht lng c lin quan.
hp mu phi c nhit v thi gian quy nh v tin hnh kim tra

vi khun chu nhit. L hp khng c a ra th trng tiu th khi vic kim tra
mu cha kt thc.
Cc l hp phi c kim tra cht lng theo quy nh, phi c phiu kt
qu kim nghim cc ch tiu v cht lng v an ton v sinh mi c php a i
tiu th.
Lu gi h s:
Cc biu mu gim st qu trnh sn xut, kt qu kim tra cht lng hp

thnh phm phi c lu gi trong b h s kim sot cht lng.
Thi gian lu gi h s t nht phi bng thi hn s dng ca sn phm hp
c kim sot cht lng.
H s kim sot cht lng phi lun sn cung cp cho c quan nh nc c
thm quyn khi c yu cu.
Cch x l hp h hng:
Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng hay
khng b phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n, phi hy b.
Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th ch bin
thnh cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn (tht xay...) nhng khi c mi ca kim
loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao, th khng th s dng lm thc n.
Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, v cht lng sn phm c th
khng gim nhng gi tr thng phm km, c th thay bao b khc, tin hnh nu li,
hoc x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph.
2.2.10.
Hon thin:
2.2.10.1Mc ch:
Hon thin sn phm: tng gi tr cm quan v cung cp thng tin cho khch
hng.
2.2.10.2
Bin i: khng c bin i no xy ra trong qu trnh ny.
2.2.10.3
Tin hnh:
Sau thi gian bo n nu khng c hin tng bt thng xy ra c th em i
lau sch, dn nhn, ng thng ri a xung kho thnh phm bo qun v a i tiu
th. hp c ng thng vi quy cch 60hp/thng v c bo qun nhit
bnh thng.
-30-
Cc hp ng sn phm a vo dn nhn phi sch, nguyn vn, khng nt m,
phng hp, hp phi kn hon ton. Cc hp b bn sau khi tit trng nht thit phi ra
hay phun hi nng, lm kh ri mi a vo dn nhn.
Cc l hp xp trong kho phi c nhn, bng ghi hoc cc phng tin nh
du ph hp khc trnh nhm ln.

Trn np mi hp v bao b phi in m s l hng. M s phi c in m bo
bn chc, khng d ty xo.

Tin hnh dn nhn hp c th dn bng tay hay bng my. Hin nay cc
nc sn xut hp pht trin, ngi ta in nhn hiu ngay trn thn hp, va lm cho
hp khi b g, bn, va c hnh thc p.
-31-
CHNG 3: SAN PHAM

3.1 CH TIU SN PHM
3.1.1 Ch tiu cm quan
a) Dng bn ngoi hp cha sn phm
Hp phi sch, nhn, khng bin dng, thng, r v li mi ghp. Hp khng c
vt en v bn, khng c vt rng ca mi ghp, cng nh np, y hp khng c
biu hin phng. Hp khng c y cm c pha y hoc np, hoc n hi. Nhn
hiu phi c dn cht vi thn hp. Nhn in r nt, cho php sy st nh. Trn np
hp cn c k hiu bng cc ch s v ng gn, nhng khng lm hng lp thic m,
k hiu cn phi r rng.
b) Dng bn trong hp sau khi ly sn phm ra
Trn mt trong ca hp khng trng vecni, cho php c vt en nh, khng nh
hng ti sn phm. Vi hp trng vecni, b mt pha trong ph u khng b bong,
khng nt, khng c bt.
Tht b v dch rt c mi thm v v c trng ca gia v, khng c mi l, dch
rt khng b ng.
c) Khi lng hp
Cho php sai lch v khi lng tnh tng hp c th nh sau:
T -3,0 n +5,0% i vi hp 300g.
-32-
T -2,5 n + 5,0% i vi hp t 301 n 500g.
Trong mi l hp c ly kim tra, tng s ht khi lng phi nh hn

hoc bng tng s vt khi lng.
3.1.2 Ch tiu ha hc
-
Hm lng mui n: t 1,5 n 2,0 %.

3.1.3 Ch tiu ha l
Bng 3.1: Ch tiu ha l
Tn ch tiu
Gii hn cho php
1. Ch s peroxyt, s mililit natri thia sulphua

(Na2S2O3) 0,002N dng trung ho ht lng
peroxyt trong 1 kg, khng ln hn
5
Theo tiu chun c cng
b ca nh sn xut
2. T l "ci/nc"
3.1.4 Ch tiu vi sinh

Bng 3.2: Ch tiu vi sinh
Vi sinh vt
Gii hn cho php trong 1g sn phm

(cfu/g)
Tng s vi khun hiu kh
3.105
Coliforms
50
Escherichia coli
Clostridium perfringens
Salmonella
Bacillus cereus
10
Staphylococcus aureus
10
Clostridium botulinum
3.1.5 D lng kim loi nng

Bng 3.3: Ch tiu v d lng kim loi nng
Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
-33-
1. Ch (Pb)
2. Cadimi (Cd)
3. Thic (Sn)
4. Thy ngn (Hg)
0,5
0,05
250
0,03
3.1.6 D lng thuc th y

Bng 3.4: Ch tiu v d lng thuc th y
Tn ch tiu
1. H tetraxyclin
2. H cloramphenicol
Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
0,1
Khng pht hin
3.1.7 D lng hoocmon

Bng 3.5: Ch tiu v d lng hoocmon
Tn ch tiu
1. Dietylstylbestrol
2. Testosterol
3. Estadiol
Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
0,0
0,015
0,0005
3.1.8 c t nm mc
Hm lng aflatoxin B1 ca tht hp khng ln hn 0,005 mg/kg.
3.2 M T SN PHM
Hnh 3.1: B hm hp 150g
Hnh 3.2: B hm hp 397g
Hng dn s dng: n ngay, c th lm nng li trc khi dng hoc ch bin

thnh cc mn n khc.
Hng dn bo qun: nhit thng, khng ni nng, m. Sn phm
m np ch dng trong 24 gi hoc c th bo qun lnh.
Thnh phn: Tht b, ng, mui, hnh, ti, gng, cht iu v (621).
Dng thnh phm: Hp thic.
Hn s dng: 3 nm k t ngy sn xut.
-34-
CHNG 4: NHAN XET

4.1 U IM CA CNG TY
Cng ty c xy dng gn sng Si Gn, thun li cho vic vn chuyn sn
phm v nguyn liu theo ng sng.
Cng ty c quy m sn xut ln, trang thit b hin i, a nng, sn phm t
tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm v c cht lng cao.
i ng cng nhn lnh ngh, tun th nghim ngt cc quy nh v an ton lao
ng v v sinh thc phm.
-35-
Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut b hm ca cng ty kh n gin. Cng nhn tun
th cc nguyn tc an ton v sinh thc phm v trong qu trnh sn xut thng xuyn
c ngi kim tra. Cng on v hp do cng nhn thc hin nn linh ng trong vic
iu chnh khi lng tht sao cho t yu cu, tit kim nguyn liu.
4.2 NHC IM CA CNG TY
Do iu kin mt bng phn xng nn vic chuyn tip t qu trnh ny sang
qu trnh khc cha c t ng ha m cn nh cng nhn vn chuyn.
Cng ty cha c h thng x l kh thi.
-36-

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I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

BAO CAO THC TAP TOT NGHIEP

CONG TY TNHH MOT THANH VIEN

TPHCM, thng 7 nm 2009

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Ni TT: Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Ni TT: Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Ni TT: Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

CHNG 1: TONG QUAN VE

Hnh 1.1: Cng vo cng ty Vissan

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Mt khu tn tr vi sc cha 10000 con heo v 4000 con b.

Ba dy chuyn git m heo vi cng sut 2400 con/ca (6gi).

Hai dy chuyn git m b vi cng sut 300 con/ca (6gi).

H thng kho lnh vi cp nhit khc nhau, sc cha trn 2000

Dy chuyn sn xut ch bin tht ngui nhp t Php v Ty

H thng dy chuyn sn xut xc xch tit trng theo thit b,

H thng dy chuyn sn xut ch bin hp vi cng sut

Nh my ch bin thc phm ng lnh theo truyn thng Vit

Nh my ch bin thc phm do Chi nhnh H Ni qun l vi

X nghip Chn Nui G Sao trang b k thut hin i vi cng

Mng li kinh doanh ca Vissan:

11 n v Ca Hng, Trm kinh doanh trc thuc ti a bn cc

47 Ca Hng Gii Thiu Sn phm v trn 700 i l hng ch

Cung cp tht ti sng v rau c qu cho trn 650 trng hc v

X nghip Ch Bin v Kinh Doanh Thc Phm sn xut v kinh

X nghip Ch Bin Kinh Doanh Rau C Qu.

Chi nhnh Vissan ti H Ni sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng

Chi nhnh Vissan ti Nng kinh doanh ti th trng Min

Vn phng i din Vissan ti Cng Ha Lin Bang Nga.

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Xp th nht trong ngnh thc phm ch bin v xp th 15 trong 100

Hnh 1.2: S t chc nhn s

Ni TT: Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Hnh 1.3: Rau c, tri cy ti

Hnh 1.4: Tht ti

Hnh 1.5: Xc xch

Ni TT: Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Hnh 1.6: Tht ngui

Hnh 1.8: Sn phm truyn thng

Tt c cc b phn truyn ng ca thit b u c b phn che chn m

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

Thc hin nghim chnh ch v cc nguyn tc vn hnh, bo dng,

Cng nhn c trang b cc dng d phng h cc nhn: qun o, m

C ch lm vic, n ung v ngh ngi thch hp, khng n ung hay

Tn dng nh sng t nhin v h thng n neon chiu sng c mc

S dng h thng qut gi bng ng c in gip thng gi.

Tp trung cc xng sn xut v cc khu vc gy n.

Trang b b phn chng n v chng rung ng cho tng thit b.

Tun th cc quy nh phng chy cha chy: khng ht thuc ni sn

Trang b bnh cha chy CO2 v chung bo chy.

Trm bm d phng ly nc t nhnh sng Si Gn a vo chng chy

Quanh khu vc cng trnh l khun vin cy xanh v thm c, sn bi, cc

1.6 X L CHT THI

1.7 V SINH CNG NGHIP

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hin

H thng cp nc, tr nc y . Nc dng v sinh git m, v sinh