LI NI U

n mn v hu qu ca n l mt thc t thng gp trong cuc sng hng ngy. Thit hi to ln do n mn gy ra khng ch gii hn trong chi ph bo dng thng xuyn v thay th vt liu m cn phi k n nhng nguy hi lun rnh rp e da mi chng ta ni ring v mi trng ni chung. Do , mt s phn tch khoa hc ngn gn cc qu trnh n mn v ra cc gii php k thut thch hp nhm chng n mn u c th mang li nhng hiu qu ng k. thc hin nhng iu ny, trc ht phi nm vng nhng c s l ha ca qu trnh n mn v c cch nhn c th v tng loi mi trng khc nhau nhm t c hiu qu cao trong cng tc chng n mn. Bi tiu lun ca chng tm hiu v hin tng n mn kim loi trong mi trng axit. Trong qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu do kin thc cn hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong s ng gp b sung ca c v cc bn gip chng em hiu r vn hn na. Chng em c bit gi li cm n chn thnh nht ti PGS.TS Hong Th Bch Thy tn tnh gip chng em hon thnh tiu lun ny. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

N MN KIM LOI TRONG MI TRNG AXIT

I.

C IM MI TRNG:

1.

Tnh cht vt l:

Axit c v chua khi ha tan trong nc (nng nh). Axit l cc cht in ly mnh nn c kh nng dn in.

2.

Tnh cht ha hc:

Axit l nhng cht oxi ha, - Tc dng vi kim loi to mui v gii phng kh - Lm i mu cht ch th. -Tc dng vi baz to mui v nc. - Tc dng vi oxit baz to mui v nc. - Tc dng vi mui to axit mi v mui mi (iu kin axit mi yu hn axit ban u, mui mi khng tan). .

- c bit,

c ngui v

c ngui lm cho st, nhm b th ng.

3.

Tnh in ly:

Trong mi trng nc phn ng sau din ra gia axit AH v nc ng vai tr l baz: AH + +

Hng s axit (hay hng s in ly axit) l hng s cn bng cho phn ng ca AH vi nc:

II.

C CH N MN KIM LOI TRONG AXIT:

Do axit l mi trng in ly nn trong s n mn kim loi trong mi trng axit c gi l n mn in ha. n mn in ha bao gm 3 qu trnh c bn: -Qu trnh ant -Qu trnh catt -Qu trnh chuyn in t

1.

Qu trnh ant:

Qu trnh ant l qu trnh xy ra khu vc m kim loi b ion ha v chuyn vo dung dch, do trn b mt kim loi d mt lng in t tng ng. Qu trnh xy ra theo phng trnh:

Qu trnh ny kim loi mt in t, n b oxi ha.

2.

Qu trnh catt:

Qu trnh catt l qu trnh m cc ion, nguyn t hoc phn t ca axit nhn in t trn b mt kim loi. Ta gi cc ion, nguyn t, phn t l cht kh cc. Cht kh cc nhn in t d trn b mt kim loi theo phng trnh: D + ne [D.ne] Cc ion, nguyn t, phn t nhn in t b kh.

3.

Qu trnh chuyn in t:

Khi hai qu trnh in cc xy ra ng thi c s chuyn in t t vng ant sang vng catt. Trong dung dch in ly cng c s chuyn cation v anion tng ng. Nh vy qu trnh n mn kim loi xy ra ng thi vi s xut hin dng in gia hai cc (hai vng) khc nhau ca kim loi. Vng kim loi b ha tan ng vai tr cc dng (ant). Vng cn li ng vai tr cc m (catt).

III.

CC YU T NH HNG N N MN KIM LOI

TRONG AXIT:

1.

Cc nhn t bn trong:

a.

bn nhit ng ca kim loi:

V phng din nhit ng, qu trnh n mn c kh nng t xy ra khi bin thin nng lng t do ca n G < 0 hoc sc in ng ca cp nguyn t n mn E > 0. in th in cc ph thuc vo bn cht ca kim loi . Kim loi b n mn cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca sn phm n mn hoc kh nng th ng ca n trong mi trng .

b.

bn ca kim loi:

Khc vi mt dng trao i i0 ca h oxi ho kh n, dng n mn iam khng nhng ph thuc vo hiu in th cn bng ca cc h n m cn ph thuc vo dng ca ng cong phn cc anot v catot ca cc h n, ngha l ph thuc vo mt dng trao i i0 ca h n. V d: nhng hai kim loi st (Fe) v km (Zn) vo hai cc cha cng mt dung dch axit. Qu trnh n mn st v km trong mi trng axit u km theo s thot kh hiro. V nguyn tc, s ho tan km vi tc rt ln so vi tc n mn st v hiu in th gia hai in cc hiro v km rt ln so vi hiro v st.

c.

Trng thi b mt kim loi:

B mt kim loi ng nht, nhn bng kim loi bn hn. B mt khng ng nht d b n mn hn.

2.

Cc nhn t bn ngoi:

a.

nh hng gin tip ca mi trng:

To mng sn phm th ng lm gim tc n mn hoc ha tan sn phm n mn lm mt kh nng bo v ca mng.

b.

Thnh phn v nng cht in ly:

Tc n mn ph thuc nhiu vo nng ca dung dch axit, nng dung dch axit cng ln n mn xy ra cng nhanh. Tc n mn cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca cation v anion ca dung dch mun ha tan. Nu s hp ph ca cation hoc anion lm thay i c cu ca lp in tch kp gn in tch in cc kim loi do lm gim tc n mn. Ngc li ph hy mng th ng n s lm tng tc n mn.

c.

Nhit v p sut mi trng:

a s trng hp nhit gy nh hng ti tc n mn, nhit cao tc n mn ln. p sut cng nh hng n tc n mn. Thay i p sut lm thay i ha tan kh trong dung dch, thay i qu trnh thy phn v lm tng ng sut ni trong thit b dn n tng tc n mn.

d.

Tc di chuyn ca dung dch in ly:

nh hng ca tc di chuyn ca dung dch n tc n mn rt phc tp.

e.

nh hng ca cu to thit b:

Cu to thit b khng hp l c th gy ng sut hay gy ng cht lng n mn.

IV.

BIN PHP CHNG N MN TRONG AXIT:

1.