Chng 1 : Nhng khai nim c ban 1.

nh ngha v phn loi : Trong cng nghip ha hc nhiu qu trnh sn xut da trn s tip xc trc tip gia cc pha v s di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc. Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc khi hai pha tip xc trc tip vi nhau gi l qu trnh truyn khi hay l qu trnh khuch tn, qu trnh ny ng vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ha hc, thc phm v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. 1- Hp thu l qu trnh ht kh (hi) bng cht lng, trong vt cht i t pha kh vo lng. 2- Chng l qu trnh tch cc hn hp lng thnh cc cu t ring bit, vt cht i t pha lng vo pha hi v ngc li 3- Hp ph qu trnh ht kh (hi) bng cht rn xp, trong vt cht i t pha kh vo pha rn. 4- Trch ly l qu trnh tch cc cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht rn bng cht lng khc. 5- Kt tinh l qu trnh tch cht rn trong dung dch vt cht i t pha lng vo pha rn. 6- Sy kh l qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt liu m vt cht i t pha rn hay lng vo pha kh. 7- Ha tan l qu trnh vt cht i t pha rn sang lng. 2. Cc biu din thnh phn pha (): Pha lng 1. Phn khi lng 2. Phn mol 3. T s khi lng 4. T s mol 5. Cc lin h
Li L L x= i L Li X = L Li x = X = Li L Li

Pha hi (kh)
Gi G G y= i G Gi Y= G Gi y = Y= Gi G Gi

x Mi x= x Mk k x.M i x= xk .M k

y Mi y= y Mk k y. M i y= yk .M k

Pha lng
X= X= x 1 x x 1 x

Pha hi (kh)
Y= Y= y 1 y y 1 y Y 1+Y Y 1+Y

x=

X 1+ X X 1+ X

y=

x=

y=

Trong :

L,G: sut lng mol pha lng, pha hi, kmol/h

L, G sut lng khi lng pha lng, pha hi, kg/h

i: cu t bt k ca hn hp 3. Cn bng pha : 1. Khi nim v cn bng pha: Gi s c hai pha x v pha y tip xc vi nhau v cc cu t phn b trong chng l M. Gi s lc u ch c trong pha y vi nng l yM cn trong pha x khng c cu t M, ngha l xM = 0. Khi cu t M s di chuyn t pha y vo pha x. Qu trnh khuch tn l thun nghch nn khi trong pha x c cu t M th lp tc c qu trnh di chuyn ngc li. Nhng tc ca vt cht t pha y vo pha x ln hn t pha x vo pha y . Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht thc hin n khi t cn bng ng, ngha l vn tc thun nghch bng nhau. Lc ta c nng cu t M trong pha x t n cn bng. Gi xcb l nng cu t M trong pha x t n cn bng c lin h nh sau: xcb = f(yM) Nu nh y < ycb vt cht chuyn t pha x vo pha y Nu nh y > ycb vt cht chuyn t pha y vo pha x 2. Quy tc pha: Qui tc pha cho php xc nh c th thay i bao nhiu yu t m cn bng khng b ph hy. C=k-+n Trong : C - s bc t do - s pha trong h k - s cu t c lp ca h n s yu t bn ngoi nh hng ln cn bng ca h 2

3. Cc nh lut v cn bng pha: nh lut Henry: i vi dung dch l tng p sut ring phn p ca kh trn cht lng t l vi phn mol x ca n trong dung dch p = H.x (1.2) H l hng s Henry th nguyn l th nguyn ca p sut. Khi nhit tng th H tng. Vi kh l tng phng trnh c biu din bng ng thng cn vi kh thc l ng cong. Nu x nh th phng trnh (1.2) l ng thng. nh lut Raoult:Ap sut ring phn ca mt cu t trn dung dch bng p sut hi bo ha ca cu t ( cng nhit ) nhn vi nng phn mol ca cu t trong dung dch p = Pbhi.x Trong : p - p sut hi ring phn ca cu t trong hn hp hi. Pbhi- p sut hi bo ha ca cu t cng nhit . x - phn mol x ca cu t trong dung dch ycb = (Pbhi/P).x ycb = (H/P).x = m.x 4. Qu trnh khuch tn : 1. nh ngha: Khi hai pha chuyn ng tip xc vi nhau do s cn tr ca pha ny i vi pha kia, ngha l trn b mt phn chia pha to thnh hai lp mng. Ch chuyn ng trong mng v trong nhn l khc nhau. Trong mng l chuyn ng dng v th gi l khuch tn phn t cn nhn chuyn ng xay v gi l khuch tn i lu. Khuch tn trong mng rt chm so vi trong nhn nn n quyt nh n qu trnh khuch tn. 2. ng lc qu trnh:
y x

(1.5)

Hnh 1.2. S ie d glcq a t ob ie o u n n u rnh t y kho ru e n i

Qu trnh truyn khi gia cc pha xy ra mt cch t nhin khi nng lm vic v nng cn bng ca cc cu t phn b trong mi pha khc nhau. Hiu s gia nng

 lm vic v nng cn bng gi l ng lc khuch tn hay ng lc truyn khi, c th biu din bng th (Hnh 1.2) Nu tnh theo pha y ta c ng lc: Nu tnh theo pha x ta c ng lc:
y = y cb y

hay l y = y y cb

x = x cb x hay l x = x x cb

3. Phng trnh truyn khi v ng lc trung bnh: Vn tc ca qu trnh no cng t l thun vi ng lc v t l nghch vi tr lc. Phng trnh truyn khi c th biu din nh sau: G = kyF ytb = kxF xtb Trong : ky , kx l h s truyn khi tnh theo nng pha y v x ytb , xtb ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh. F b mt tip xc pha, m2 - thi gian truyn khi. Khi ng cn bng l ng thng th ng lc trung bnh theo lgarit theo pha y v x nh sau:
y tb = y1 y 2 y ln 1 y 2 xtb = x1 x 2 x ln 1 x 2

(1.6)

y1, y2, x1, x2 l ng lc cui v u theo pha y v x 5. Phng php tnh thit b truyn khi (30 pht ging dy, hng dn): 1. Tnh ng knh thit b:
D= V 0,785 0

(1.9)

trong : V lu lng pha y , m3/s;

0 vn tc pha y i qua ton b tit din thit b m/s

2. Tnh chiu cao thit b: - Theo phng trnh chuyn khi: Mun tnh theo phng trnh truyn khi trc ht phi xc nh h s truyn khi ky, kx v ng lc trung bnh sau tnh b mt tip xc pha
F= G k y y tb G k x xtb

Hay

F=

T tnh chiu cao thit b H. Nu l thp m th: F = V , m2 T rt ra: H = k y . . f , m y tb

G

Hay l
H=

F = Hf , m2
G ,m k x x tb . . f

trong :

V- th tch lm vic ca thit b, m3 - b mt ring ca m, m2/m3 f tit din ngang ca thit b, m2

- Theo s bc thay i nng :

y y

yc x xc x

H h 1.3 h ma s act a n g n ot ot ob h y o o i n o

Trc ht phi xc nh c ng cn bng v ng lm vic. T chng ta xc nh s bc l thuyt trn th Nlt (c biu din trn th 1.3) sau xc nh s mm thc t Ntt
N tt = N lt

- h s hiu chnh (hiu sut ngn) ly t 0.2 0.9

Chiu cao thit b c xc nh nh sau: - i vi thp mm(a): H = h( N tt 1) ,m h khong cch gia hai ngn, m - i vi thp m(chm): H = h0 N tt ,m h0 chiu cao tng ng mt bc thay i nng I. CU HI V BI TP V NH

1. Hn hp lng cha 58,8% mol toluen v 41,2% mol tetracloruacarbon. Xc nh t s khi lng

X ca toluen.

2. Khng kh bo ha hi nc p sut 745mmHg nhit 340C. Xc nh p sut ring phn ca khng kh, phn th tch v phn khi lng ca hi nc trong hn hp khng kh hi nc v t s khi lng. Xc nh khi lng ring ca khng khhi nc(so snh vi khng kh kh). 3. Xc nh lng axit sulfuric s dng lm kh khng kh trong iu kin sau: Nng sut 500m3/h khng kh kh iu kin tiu chun. Hm lng m ban u v cui ln lt l 0,016kg/kgkkk v 0,006kg/kgkkk. Hm lng nc ban u trong axt l

0,6kg/kgaxt. Hm lng cui l 1,4kg/kgaxit. Khng kh c lm vic p sut kh quyn. 4. Trn benzen vi nitrobenzen vi th tch bng nhau cho mi cu t. xc nh khi lng ring ca hn hp, t s khi lng tch C.

X ca nitrobenzen v nng mole-th

CHNG 2 : HP THU (HP TH) Khi nim chung 1. nh ngha: hp th l qa trnh hp kh bng cht lng, kh c ht gi l cht b hp th, cht lng dng ht gi l dung mi ( Cn gi l cht hp th), kh khng b hp th gi l kh tr. Qa trnh hp th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong sn xut ha hc, n c ng dng : - Thu hi cc cu t qy - Lm sch kh - Tch hn hp thnh cu tring - To thnh sn phm cui cng 2. Yu cu la chn dung mi: - C tnh cht ha tan chn lc ngha l ch ha tan tt cu t cn tch ra v khng ha tan cc cu t cn li hoc ch ha tan khng ng k. y l tnh cht ch yu ca dung mi - nht dung mi b. nht cng b cht lng chuyn ng cng d tr lc s nh hn v h s chuyn khi s ln hn. - Nhit dng ring b t tn nhit khi hon nguyn dung mi - Nhit si khc xa vi nhit si ca cht ha tan nh vy s d tch cu t ra khi dung mi. - Nhit ng rn thp trnh c hin tng ng rn lm tc thit b - Khng to thnh kt ta, khi ha tan trnh c tc thit b, v thu hi cu t n gin hn - t bay hi mt mt t - Khng c i vi ngi, khng n mn thit b ni chung trong thc t khng c dung mi no t c tt c cc tnh cht trn. Khi chn ta phi da vo nhng iu kin c th ca sn xut. D sao i na th iu kin th nht cng khng th thiu c trong bt c trng hp no. Cn bng pha ho tan kh trong lng (): ha tan ca kh trong cht lng l lng kh ha tan trong mt n v cht lng. ha tan c th biu th bng kg/kg, kg/m3.g/lt.. ha tan ca kh trong cht lng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh v cht lng, ph thuc vo nhit mi trng v p xut ring phn ca kh trong hn hp. 7

Mun tnh ton c qa trnh hp thu cn phi bit ha tan ca kh trong cht lng hay ni mt cch khc cn phi bit s ph thuc gia nng kh trong hn hp kh v lng S ph thuc c th biu th bng nh lut Henry-an tng nh sau: y cb = mx i vi kh l tng phng trnh (2.1) c dng ng thng. nh lut Henryantng kh ph hp vi kh thc khi nng ca kh khng ln lm v ha tan nh . i vi cc h thng khng tun theo nh lut Henry ta cng c th dng phng trnh (2.1) nhng khi hng s cn bng m l mt i lng bin i ph thuc vo nng x v ng cn bng ycb = mx l mt ng cong. Khi tnh ton hp th, ngi ta thng dng nng phn mol tng i trong trng hp ny ta c : y=
Y X v x= 1+ Y 1+ X mX 1 + (1 m) X

Thay gi tr ca y v x vo phng trnh ta c : Y=

Nh vy trong ta Y X ng nng cn bng s lun lun l ng cong. Cn bng vt cht qu trnh hp th (60 pht): Khi tnh ton hp th thng ngi ta cho bit lng hn hp kh nng u v nng cui ca kh b hp th trong hn hp kh v trong dung mi Gy : lng hn hp kh i vo thit b hp th kmol/h. Yd : nng u ca hn hp kh kmol/kmol kh tr. Yc :nng cui ca hn hp kh kmol/kmol kh tr. Ltr : lng dung mi i vo thit b kmol/h Xd : nng u ca dung mi kmol/kmoldung mi Xc : nng cui ca dung mi kmol/kmol dungmi Gtr :lng kh tr vo thit b kmol/h Th lng kh tr c xc nh theo cng thc sau y: Gtr = Gy
1 = Gy (1 - yd ) 1 + Yd

(2.3)

V phng trnh cn bng vt liu l ; Gtr ( Yd - Yc ) = Ltr( Xc - Xd) T y ta xc nh lng dung mi cn thit
Yd Yc Ltr = Gtr X c X d

(2.4)

(2.5) 8

Lng dung mi ti thiu hp th c xc nh khi nng cui ca dung mi t n nng cn bng, nh vy ta c: Ltrmin = Gtr
Yd Yc X c max X d

(2.6)

Xcmax -nng cn bng ng vi nng u ca hn hp kh Nng cn bng lun lun ln hn nng thc t v th lng dung mi thc t lun ln hn lng dung mi ti thiu thng ta ly lng dung mi thc t ln hn ti thiu khong 20% Lng dung mi tiu hao ring l : l=
Ltr Yd Yc = G tr Xc Xd

(2.7)

Nu ta vit phng trnh cn bng vt liu i vi khong th tch thit b k t mt tit din bt k no vi phn trn ca thit b. Ta c: Gtr ( Y - Yc ) = Ltr ( X - Xd ) T y ta rt ra: Y=
Ltr Ltr X + Yc X G tr G tr d

(2.8)

Lng dung mi, lng kh tr cng nh nng u v nng cui l nhng i lng khng i nn phng trnh (8) l phng trnh ng thng c dng Y = AX +B Trong : A =
Ltr Ltr v B= Yc Xd G tr G tr

(2.9)

Phng trnh (2.9) gi l phng trnh nng lm vic ca qu trnh hp th. Cc yu t nh hng n kch thc thit b trong qu trnh hp th (30 pht): By gi ta xt s lin h gia lng dung mi v kch thc thit b. Mun th ta hy da vo phng trnh chuyn khi. Gtk = Kv.F. Ytb
Y A A 4

Y c

Xd

Xc

Trong iu kin lm vic nht nh th lng kh b hp th Gtk l khng i v c th coi h s chuyn khi Kv l khng i Nh vy b mt tip xc F ch c thay i tng ng vi s thay i ca Ytb sao cho tch s F Ytb l khng i B mt F quyt nh kch thc thit b, do F thay i th kch thc thit b thay i theo. Ta c th kho st s thay i ng lc trung bnh Y trn th Y-X. R rng khi Xd, Yc v Xd c nh th gi tr nng cui ca dung mi quyt nh ng lc V d: im A gn xc ng cn bng lc ng lc trung bnh s nh nht . Nh vy tch s F Ytb l khng i th F phi tng ln . Trn th cng thy rng dc ca ng lm vic (
Ltr ) lc ny b nht, hay G tr

trung bnh ca qu trnh, im cui ca ng lm vic ch c dch chuyn t A n A4

ni mt cch khc l lng dung mi b nht .Nu ng lm vic cng dch v pha trc tung th ng lc trung bnh cng tng, ng vi n b mt tip xc F cng gim v ta cng thy r l dc ung lm vic cng tng, lng dung mi cng tng v n im A th lng dung mi s v cng ln nh vy ta c th kt lun rng b mt tip xc t l nghch vi Ytb v do t l nghch vi lng dung mi tiu tn . ng OA v OA4 l hai ng gii hn. Nu chn lng dung mi t nht th thit b s v cng cao nhng nu chn lng dung mi ln qu cho b mt F nh th s khng kinh t hoc l chng thu c g v nng dung dich qu long. V th khi chn ta phi chn iu kin thch hp nht theo cc ch tiu kinh t k thut S h thng hp th Thng ngi ta thay h thng c mt thp cao bng nhiu thp ni tip (theo kh cng nh cht lng). Cht lng c chuyn t thp n sang thp kia nh bm. ly nhit ra trn ng cht lng i (i kh trn ng kh) gia cc thp ngi ta t cc thit b lm ngui khi ni tip nhiu thp hp th th trong mi thp c th thc hin tun hon cht lng. Trong s nh th kt hp vi qu trnh nh (Hnh 2.5). Trong mi thp hp th cht lng chuyn ng theo chu trnh kn. Cht lng t thp ra i vo bm v li c bm v thp y qua thit b lm ngui ra khi chu trnh cht lng i vo chu trnh ti tip theo, theo ng i ca cht lng. T thp cui(theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng )cht lng qua thit b trao i nhit ri i vo thp nh, y kh ha tan c tch khi cht hp th. Cht hp th ti sinh t thp nh i vo thit b trao i nhit, y n cp nhit cho dung dch trc khi vo thp nh v tip tc qua thit b lm ngui, ri vo thp u tin (theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng). 10

 y chng ta ni nh bng chng, ngha l dng nhit un bc hi cht ha tan trong dung mi. Trong sn xut ta cn dng nhiu phng php nh khc v d nh kh cacbonic sau khi hp th bng nc lnh bng cch gim p sut trn dung dch. C s tnh ton ca phng php ny l da trn nh lut Rauolt CU HI V BI TP V NH 1. Thp mm c s dng hp thu hi benzen trong dng kh. Hn hp kh i vo y thp c lu lng l 820m3/h, nng benzen l 2% theo th tch v cn c hp thu l 95% lng benzen ny. Dung mi i vo nh thp c nng 0.005 phn mol benzen v c phn t lng trung bnh 260. Lng dung mi s dng bng 1,5 ln lng dung mi ti thiu. Thp lm vic p sut 800mmHg v nhit 270C. Phng trng cn bng cho qu trnh hp thu l Y=0.125X (X,Y l nng tnh theo t s mol). Xc nh - Lng dung mi s dng, kg/h - S mm l thuyt ca thp hp thu. 2. Mt thp mm dng hp thu NH3 vo nc t hn hp kh p sut 750mmHg nhit 240C. Lu lng kh i vo thp l 16000m3/h. Hm lng NH3 ban u trong hn hp kh l 90g/m3hn hp kh. T l hp thu l 92%. ng cn bng l ng thng c phng trnh l Y=0.31X. Lng dung mi s dng bng 1.4 ln lng dung mi ti thiu. - Tnh ng knh thp bit vn tc ca pha kh trong thp l 0.85m/s - Tnh chiu cao thp bit hiu sut mm trung bnh bng 0.63

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3. Benzen c hp thu trong mt thp hp thu hot ng ngc chiu. Lu lng hn hp kh i vo thp l 4500m3/h p sut 760 mmHg, nhit l 300C. Hm lng hi benzen trong hn hp l 4% (theo th tch). Thp hp thu c 85% lng benzen. Dung mi ti sinh vo thp hp thu c nng 0,0015 kmol benzen / kmol dung mi. Phng trnh ng cn bng l Y = 0,2X vi Y , X l t s mol. - Xc nh lng dung mi ti thiu v lng dung mi s dng bit lng dung mi s dng bng 1,4 ln lng dung mi ti thiu. - S bc thay i nng (s mm l thuyt) cho qu trnh hp thu.

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6. Thit b hp th : Thp m (): Thp m l mt thp hnh tr gm nhiu on ni vi nhau bng mt bch hay hn. Trong thp ngi ta c y m, thp m c ng dng rng ri trong k ngh ha hc hp th, chng ct, lm lnh. Ngi ta dng nhiu loi m khc nhau, ph bin nht l loi m sau y: m vng (kch thc t 10-100 mm); m ht (kch thc t 20-100 mm); m xon - ng knh vng xon t 3 8 mm.chiu di dy nh hn 25m; m li bng g. Yu cu chung ca tt c cc loi m l: B mt ring ln (b mt trong mt n v th tch bng m2/m3. K hiu l ) - -Th tch t do ln, k hiu l Vtd.tnh bng m2./m3. - -Khi lng ring b. - -Bn ha hc . Trong thc t khng c loi m no c th t tt c cc loi yu cu trn. V th ty theo iu kin c th m ta chn m cho thch hp. m li bng g thng c dng trong cc thp lm lnh hay dng trong hp th khi khng cn tch trit lm Ni chung khi cn phn tch cao th ngi ta chn cc loi m c kch thc b v rng kch thc m cng b th b mt ring ca m cng ln, s tip xc gia cc pha cng tt. Thp m c nhng u im sau: - Hiu sut cao v b mt tip xc kh ln - Cu to n gin - Tr lc trong thp khng ln lm - Gii hn lm vic tng i rng Nhng thp m c nhc im quan trng l kh lm t nhiu m. Nu thp cao qu th, phn phi cht lng khng u. khc phc nhc im , nu thp cao qu th ngi ta chia m ra nhiu tng v c t thm b phn phn phi cht lng i vi mi tng m. Ch lm vic ca thp m. Trong thp m cht lng chy t trn xung theo b mt m v kh i t di ln phn tn u trong cht ln . Trn c s phn tch v gii cc phng trnh khuych tn phn t v i lu theo Capharp th qu trnh chuyn khi trong thp m khng ch c xc nh bng khuych tn phn t m cn ph thuc nhiu vo ch thy ng trong thp . 13

Cng nh khi lu th chuyn ng trong ng ty theo vn tc ca kh m trong thp m cng c 3 ch thy ng l: - Ch dng . - Ch qu - Ch xoy . Khi vn tc kh b lc, ht phn t ln hn v vt lc l, Lc ny qu trnh chuyn khi oc quyt nh bng khuych tn phn t . Tng vn tc ln lc l tr nn cn bng vi lc ht phn t. Qu trnh chuyn khi lc khng nhng ch c quyt nh bng khuych tn phn t m c khuych tn i lu. Ch thy ng ny l ch qu . Nu tng vn tc kh ln na th ch qu chuyn sang ch xoy , qu trnh chuyn khi s c quyt nh bng khuych tn i lu Nu ta tng vn tc kh n mt gii hn no th s xy ra hin tng o pha, lc ny cht lng s chim ton b thp v tr thnh pha lin tc, cn kh phn tn vo trong cht lng v tr thnh pha phn tn. Vn tc ng lc o pha gi l vn tc o pha. Kh sc vo lng v to thnh bt v th trong giai on ny ch lm vic trong thp gi l ch si bt. ch ny vn tc chuyn khi tng nhanh ng thi tr lc cng tng nhanh. Phng php tnh thp m - tnh ng knh thp ng knh thp Tnh theo cng thc chung: D=
VX 0,785W

Thp a (thp mm) (45 pht): Thp a c ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut ha hc. Trong thp a kh hn phn tn qua cc lp cht lng chuyn ng chm t trn xung di, s tip xc pha ring bit trn cc a. So vi thp m th thp a phc tp hn do kh lm hn v tn kim lai hn. Chia thp a(mm) ra lm hai lai c ng chy chuyn, kh v lng chuyn ng ring bit t a n sang a kia v khng c ng chy chuyn, kh v lng chuyn ng t a n sang a kia theo cng mt l hay rnh. Trong thp a c th phn ra nh sau thp chp, thp a li...

14

TN BI GING: HP PH Khi nim hp ph Hp ph l qu trnh ht kh (hi) hay cht lng bng b mt cht rn xp. Cht kh hay hi b ht gi l cht b hp ph, cht rn xp dng ht kh hay hi gi l cht hp ph v nhng kh khng b hp ph gi l kh tr. Ty theo c trng ca qu trnh m chng ta phn bit cc loi hp ph sau y: Hp ph ho hc l hp ph c km theo phn ng ho hc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph. Trong phm vi gio trnh ny chng ta khng xt n hp ph ho hc. Hp ph khng km theo phn ng ho hc bao gm hp ph l hc v hp ph kch ng. Hp ph l hc c nhng c im sau: 1. Lc hp ph l lc Vandecvan, tc l lc ko tng h gia cc phn t. V th hp ph l hc cn c gi l hp ph Vandecvan; 2. Qu trnh l thun nghch hon ton, cn bng t tc thi; 3. Nhit ta ra khng ng k; 4. C th l hp ph mt lp hay hp ph nhiu lp. Hp ph kch ng c nhng c im sau: 1. To thnh hp cht c bit trn b mt cht hp ph gi l hp cht b mt; 2. Qu trnh xy ra rt chm, t c cn bng phi c thi gian lu c khi cn n hnh ngy; 3. Cn kch thch tng tc (nh sng, nhit); 4. Ta nhit ln tng ng vi nhit phn ng; 5. Rt kh nh; Ngoi cc loi hp ph trn cn c ngng t mao qun. Trong trng hp ny hi ngng t vo cc l nh ca cht hp ph xp. Ch rng trong thc t tt c cc loi hp ph trn u c th xy ra ng thi, nhng tu iu kin thc t m loi ny hay loi khc chim u th hn. Qa trnh hp ph c ng dng : 1. Lm sch v sy kh. Khi lm sch v sy kh thng cht b hp ph thng khng c gi tr. V d lm sch amoniac trc khi oxy ho, lm sch H2 trc khi hyrho, lm sch khng kh trong b phn chng kh c, lm sch khng kh kh mi. 2. Tch nhng hn hp kh hay hi thnh nhng cu t. Khi tch cc hn hp th cht b hp ph thng l cht qu. Mun thu c cc kh th sau khi hp ph ta 15

phi tin hnh qa trnh nh v tip theo l ngng t. V d nh thu hi dung mi d bay hi, ly hn xng ra khi kh t nhin, tch hn hp cacbuahyr t cc cht ring bit. 3. Tin hnh qu trnh xc tc khng ng th trn b mt phn chia ph. Trong trng hp ny cht hp ph l cht xc tc. V d qa trnh oxy ha NH3 thnh oxytnit trn b mt bch kim, oxy ha SO2 thnh SO3 trn b mt bch kim hay oxyt vanaium. Nh vy, ta thy rng tr mc ch th 3, hai mc ch u ging nh mc ch ca hp th nhng phm vi s dng hai phng php hp th v hp ph khc nhau. Cht hp ph (45 pht) Yu cu cn bn ca cht hp ph l b mt ring phi ln. Hin ti ngi ta hay dng than hot tnh v silicagel lm cht hp ph. a. Than hot tnh. Nguyn liu lm than hot tnh l nhng vt liu c cha cacbon, than bn, xng ng vt Tnh cht ca than hot tnh ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu u vo, iu kin hot ha.Than hot tnh c th dng dng bt (50 200) hay dng ht kch thc 1-7mm. B mt hot ng biu din bng m2/g. Mt gam than hot tnh c th t t 600 1700m2. Than hot tnh l mt cht hp ph rt tt, n c ng dng ch yu trong thu hi dung mi hu c v lm sch kh. Nhc im ca than hot tnh l d chy nhit cao, thng khng dng than hot tnh nhit ln hn 2000C. khc phc nhc im ngi ta trn silicaghen vi than hot tnh ca than. b. Silicaghen: Silicaghen l axit xilic kt ta khi cho tc dng H2SO4, hay HCl hay l mui ca chng vi silicat natri kt ta em ra sch v sy nhit 115 1300C n m 5 7%. Silicaghen c ng dng dng ht kch thc t 0,2 7mm. B mt ring t n 600m2/g. ng dng ch yu ca silicaghen l sy kh (ht hi nc trong hn hp kh). c. Hot v cht hp ph. Hot l c trng cn bn ca ca cht hp ph. Ta phn bit hai loi hot : hot tnh v hot ng.

16

a)

Hot tnh. Hot tnh l lng cht b hp ph do mt n v th tch hay

mt n v khi lng cht hp ph ht c nhit v nng nht nh ca cht b hp ph cho n khi t c cn bng. b) Hot ng. Hot ng thng tnh bng thi gian hn l tnh bng lng vt cht thu c. l khong thi gian k t khi cho hn hp khi i qua lp cht hp ph n khi pha ng sau lp hp ph c xut hin cht b hp ph trong pha kh i ra. i vi than hot tnh th hot ng bng 85 95% hot tnh, i vi silicaghen th hot ng bng 60 70% hot tnh. I. 1. 2. CU HI V BI TP V NH nh gi s khc, ging nhau gia qu trnh hp thu v qu trnh hp ph trn c s bn cht truyn khi ca qu trnh. Cu to c bn v y d ca mt thit b hp thu l g?

2. Thit b hp ph (60 pht) a. Hp ph gin on. Hp ph gin c th tin hnh theo 3 phng thc sau: Phng php 4 giai an: Hp ph - Nh bng hi nc - Sy cht hp ph bng khng kh nng - Lm lnh cht hp ph bng khng kh lnh . Phng php 3 giai an: Hp ph - Nh bng cch t nng than bng kh tr (kh b hp th i vo thit b ngng t) sau cho hi nc i qua - Lm lnh cht hp ph bng khng kh lnh.

Phng php 2 giai an: Cho hn hp v khng kh nng i qua cht hp ph m v nng (qu trnh hp ph vi qu trnh sy ng thi tin hnh), tip theo l cho khng

17

kh lnh vo - Nh bng hi nc than tr nn m v nng. Phng php ny nng lng tiu tn t v nng sut cao. b. Thit b tng si Trong thi gian gn y tng si c p dng trong hp ph so vi hp ph c lp cht hp ph ng yn th hp ph tng si c u im . V chuyn ng mnh v trn ln nn khng c s phn lp cht hp ph gia cc ht lm vic v cc ht cha lm vic ngha l khng c khu vc cht. - Cng do khuy trn mnh nn nhit phn b u trong lp cht hp ph do trnh c hin tng qu nhit - Tr lc nh, nng sut ln. - D vn chuyn trong dy truyn sn xut. - ng thi hp ph tng si c nhc im sau: - V c s trn ln cc ht cha lm vic v cc ht hp ph ri nn ng lc ca qu trnh gim. Ht chng mn, i hi ht c bn c hc cao.

18

QU TRNH CHNG nh ngha v phn loi (): Chng l phng php dng tch cc hn hp cht lng cng nh cc hn hp kh lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp (ngha l khi cng mt nhit , p sut hi ca cc cu t khc nhau). Trong trng hp n gin nht th chng v c c hu nh khng khc nhau. Tuy nhin gia chng c ranh gii cn bn: trong trng hp chng th dung mi v cht tan u bay hi, trng hp c c th ch c dung mi bay hi cn cht tan khng bay hi. Khi chng ta thu c nhiu sn phm v thng bao nhiu cu t ta s c by nhiu sn phm. i vi trng hp hai cu t ta c: sn phm nh gm cc cu t c bay hi ln v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi b cn sn phm y gm cu t c bay hi b v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi ln . Trong sn xut ta thng gp cc phng php chng sau y: - Chng n gin: Dng tch cc hn hp gm c cc cu t c bay hi rt khc nhau. Phng php ny thng dng tch s b v lm sch cc cu t khi tp cht. - Chng bng hi nc trc tip: Dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cht kh by hi v tp cht khng bay hi, thng c ng dng trong trng hp cht c tch khng tan vo nc. - Chng chn khng: Dng trong trng hp cn h thp nhit si ca cu t. V d nh trng hp cc cu t trong hn hp d b phn hy nhit cao hay trng hp cc cu t c nhit si qu cao. - Chng ct: Chng ct l phng php ph bin nht dng tch hon ton hn hp cc cu t d bay hi c tnh cht ho tan mt phn hoc ho tan hon ton vo nhau. Cn bng pha qu trnh chng ct (): Dung dch l tng l dung dch m trong lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi v lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi bng nhau, khi cc cu t ho tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no. Cn bng gia lng v hi hon ton tun theo nh lut Rauolt. Dung dch thc l nhng dung dch khng hon ton tun theo nh lut Rauolt, s sai lch vi nh lut Rauolt l dng, nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi nh hn lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi, sai lch l m nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi ln hn lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi. Trng hp cht lng ho tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no th p sut hi ca mi cu t s gim i v p sut chung cu hn hp, nhit si ca hn hp cng nh thnh phn 19

ca cu t trong hi khng phi l mt hng s m thay i theo thnh phn ca cu t trong dung dch. ng cong OMD l ng ni lin cc im biu din cho thnh phn hi cn bng vi x. ng ny gi l ng ngng t. ng cong OND l ng ni lin cc im ng vi thnh phn x.ng ny gi l ng cong si. Khu vc pha trn ng OMD l khu cc hi, khu vc di ng cong OND l khu vc lng, khu vc gia hai ng cong l khu vc hn hp hi lng.
O t4 t3 t2 N t1 S D M

x5

x3

x 1

x4

x2

Hnh 3.3 Bie die qua u n trnh chng ca t

V d; ta c hn hp lng, c thnh phn x1 v nhit t1 (im S). un nng hn hp n nhit t2 (im N) khi s sut hin thnh phn hi x2 cn bng vi lng. Ta tip tc tng dn nhit th lng hi trong hn hp s tng ln, lng lng gim i. Nu qu trnh ngng li t1 ta thu c hn hp hi c thnh phn x4<x1; nu ngng t ton b hn hp hi ta s c hn hp lng c thnh phn ca cu t d bay hi l x 4, bng cch lm nh vy ta tch hn hp lng c nng x thnh hai hn hp lng c nng giu cu t d bay hi (x4) v giu cu t kh bay hi (x3). C nh vy, nu ta tip tc cho bc hi mt phn hn hp lng c x1 v ngng t li ta c sn phm c nng cht d bay hi cao hn tu theo yu cu. Cn phi ni rng, phng php chng ny khng phi ch ng dng cho hn hp hai cu t m c th ng dng cho c hn hp nhiu cu t (khi bay hi ca cc cu t khc nhau) Chng n gin (): 1. Nguyn tc v s chng n gin. Trong qu rnh chng n gin hi c ly ra ngay v cho ngng t. V d lc u dung dch c thnh phn biu th im C, khi un n nhit si hi bc ln c thnh phn ng vi im p v trong hi khi no cng c nhiu cu t d bay hi hn trong lng cho nn trong thi gian chng thnh phn lng s chuyn dn v pha cu t kh bay hi. Cui cng ta c cht lng cn li trong ni chng vi thnh phn l Cn v thu c hn hp hi P,P1,P2Pn thnh phn trung bnh ca hn hp hi biu th im Ptb. 20
XW XP XD

t Cn C

Ptb

Dung dch c cho vo ni chng. Hi to thnh vo thit b ngng t. Sau khi ngng t v lm lnh n nhit cn thit cht lng i vo cc thng cha. Thnh phn cht lng ngng lun lun thay i. Sau khi t c yu cu chng, cht lng cn li trong ni c tho ra. Chng n gin c ng dng cho nhng trng hp sau: - Khi nhit si ca hai cu t khc nhau xa: - Khi khng i hi sn phm c tinh khit cao: - Tch hn hp lng ra khi tp cht khng bay hi : - Tch s b hn hp nhiu cu t : 2. Tnh ton qu trnh chng n gin. Lng hn hp u l F kg, thnh phn cu t d bay hi trong hn hp u x F . Ti mt thi im bt k lng cht lng trong ni chng l W vi nng l x . Khi bc hi mt lng v cng nh dw th nng trong ni s gim i mt lg d W v lng cht lng cn li trong ni l W d W . Nh vy lng cu t d bay hi trong ni ti thi im ang xt l: ( W dW )( x - d x ) v lng cu t d bay hi chuyn vo pha hi l: yd W Phng trnh cn bng vt liu i vi cu t d bay hi thi im ang xt l:
W x = (W d W ).( x d x ) yd W hay l W x = W x xdW W d x + d W d x + yd W dW dx dW = = Lng dWd x rt b ta b qua n gin i ta c: W yx W W
F xF

xW

yx

dx

Tnh ton theo phng php th nh sau: tnh cc gi tr

1 v t trn cc gi tr x yx

trn trc honh. Ni tt c cc im ta s c mt ng cong. Din tch gii hn bi ng cong v x W , x F l S t : ln CU HI V BI TP V NH nh gi, kho st v cu to, hot ng v lm vic ca cc thit b hp ph v la chn thit b ph hp. Yu cu v hot ng, tnh ton ca qu trnh chng n gin.
F =S W

21

S h thng v nguyn tc qu trnh chng luyn (): Hi i di ln qua cc l ca a, cht lng chy t trn xung di theo cc ng chy chuyn. Nng cc cu t thay i theo chiu cao ca thp, nhit si cng thay i tng ng vi s thay i nng . Trn a 1 cht lng cha cu t d bay hi nng x1, hi bc ln t a c nng cn bng vi x1 l y1, trong y1 > x1 , hi qua cc l i ln a 2 tip xc vi cht lng . Nhit ca a 2 thp hn a 1 cho nn mt phn hi c ngng li, do nng x2 l x2>x1. Hi bc ln t a 2 c nng tng ng cn bng vi x 2 l y2. Hi t a 2 ln a 3 v nhit a 3 thp hn, hi ngng t li mt phn, do cht lng trn a 3 c nng x3 > x2 Trn mi a xy ra qu trnh chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi. Do mt phn cu t d bay hi chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi v mt phn t hn chuyn t pha hi vo pha lng, lp li nhiu ln bc hi v ngng t nh vy, hay ni mt cch khc, vi mt s a tng ng, cui cng trn nh thp ta thu c cu t d bay hi dng nguyn cht v y thp ta thu c cu t kh bay hi dng nguyn cht. Theo l thuyt th mi a ca thp l mt bc thay i nng : thnh phn hi khi ri khi a bng thnh phn cn bng vi cht lng khi i vo a. Do theo l thuyt th s a bng s bc thay i nng . Thc t th trn mi a qu trnh chuyn khi gia 2 pha thng khng t c cn bng n gin ta tha nhn. S mol ca pha hi i t di ln bng nhau trong tt c tit din ca thp. Hn hp u vo thp nhit si. Cht lng nhng trong thit b ngng c thnh phn bng thnh phn hi ra khi nh thp. un si y thp bng hi t gin tip. S mol cht lng khng i theo chiu cao ca an ct v chng.

Cn bng vt cht (45 pht): Phng trnh cn bng cho ton thp. F =W+D FxF = WxW + DxD Trong : - F, W, D - sut lng nhp liu, sn phm y v nh, kmol/h - xF , xW , xD - phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong nhp liu, sn phm y v nh. Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca an ct. 22 (3.13) (3.14)

y=

x R x+ D R +1 R +1

(3.16)

Vi

R=

Gx l ch s hi lu ca thp D

Gx- lng lng c hi lu, kmol/h Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca an chng.
y= L= L+R L 1 x xW R +1 R +1

(3.17)

F , lng hn hp nhp liu so vi sn phm nh D

Xc nh s a l thuyt (60 pht): - Xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp - V ng cn bng v cc ng lm vic. - Gi tr Rmin c th xc nh theo th. T th hnh 3-9 ta thy :
A = tg =
* * x yF R x min y yF x y* F R x min = D = D = D ; * yF xF R x min + 1 x D x F xD xF

Nu gi Rx l ch s hi lu thch hp ta c : Rx = bRxmin Vn l chng ta xc nh lng R sao cho thch hp vi iu kin kinh t v k thut, nu lng R qu b th thp v cng cao, iu ny kh thc hin, nu lng hi lu ln th thit b c thp i nhng ng knh li to v sn phm nh thu chng bao nhiu. - Xc nh s mm l thuyt I. CU HI V BI TP V NH 1. Thp chng ct lin tc di p sut thng sn xut 300kg/h axit acetic vi nng 70% mol. Nhp liu vo vi nng 29% mol. Sn phm nh l nc cha 7% mol axit acetic. H s hon lu l 4. S mm thc tng ng vi mt bc thay i nng l 2. Thp c gia nhit bng hi bo ha kh. Xc nh s mm thc ca thp 2. Thp chng ct hn hp bezen - toluen. Nhp liu l 3000kg/h nng 30% molbenzen sn phm nh thu c cha 5% mol toluen. Sn phm y cha 95% toluen. Tnh sut lng cc dng sn phm(kmol/h) v lng hi i vo thit b hon lu bit t s hon lu bng hai ln t s hon lu ti thiu tnh

23

1. Cn bng nng lng (90 pht): a). Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b un nng.
QD1 + Q f = Q ,f = Qm .

(3.31)
QD1 - nhit lng do hi t mang vo.

QD1 = D1 r . D1 - lng hi t, kg/s.

(3.32)

r - n nhit ho hi ca hi t, J/kg,. Qf -nhit lng do dung dich u mang vo, w; Qf = Fcf .tf
Qf

(3.33)

Trong :F - lng hn hp u,kg/s;

Qx QD

Cf - nhit dung ring ca hn hp u, J/kg; tf- nhit u ca hn hp, 0C

Q ,f - nhit lng do hn hp mang ra khi

thit b v i vo thp chng. W.

Q ,f = FC ,f t ,f . W (3.34)

QD
2

, trong : C f - nhit dung ring ca hn hp,

J/kg.
0 t ,f - nhit ca dung dch, C.

Q
W

Qm nhiet mt ra khI mi trng xunh quanh.W. ta c th ly Qm bng 5o/o QD1 .thay cc gi tr tnh
F (C ,f t ., C f t f ) f 0,95r

D1=

.kg/s

(3.35)

b)- Cn bng nhit ca thp. (xem hnh 3.11)

Q ,f + QD2 + Qx = Qn + Qw + Qm.

(3.36) (3.37)

D2=

Qn + Qw + Qm Q ,f r

kg/s

Trong : Qm nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh,W. Qn nhit do hi mang ra,W. Qn=D(1+Rx), W D lng sn phm nh,kg/s. 24 (3.38)

Rx ch s hi lu thch hp. - nhit lng ring ca hn hp 1, 2: Nhit lng ring ca cc cu t trong hn hp, J/kg. a1,a2 - nng cc cu t trong hn hp % khi lng. Qw nhit do sn phm y mang ra,W. Qw=twCwW. W lng sn phm y, kg/s Cw nhit dung ring ca sn phm y , J/kg tw nhit sn phm y,0C Qm nhit mt mt ra mi trng xunh quanh, ly bng 5% QD2 Qx nhit lng do mi trng bn ngoi mang vo.W Qx=RxDCxtx Tx nhit ca cht lng hi lu,0C Qf xc nh theo cng thc 3.34 c) Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b ngng t. Nu ch ngng t hi lu DRxr=G1C1(t2t1)
T y ta c lng nc lnh tiu tn l :

(3.39)

(3.40)

Cx nhit dung ring ca cht lng hi lu.J/kg

(3.41)

G1=

DRxr C1 (t 2 t1 )

kg/s

(3.42)

C1 nhit dung ring ca nc nhit trung bnh ttb = 0,5(t1 + t2) R n nhit ho hi J/kg t1,t2 nht vo v ra ca nc, 0C nu ngng t hon ton ta c : P(1+Rx)r=G2C1(t2-t1) do lng nc tiu tn l G=
D(1 = Rx)r kg/s C1 (t 2 t1 )

(3.43)

(3.44)

d) Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b lm lnh. Nu l trng hp ngng t hi lu.

, D[ r + C( t 2 t1, )] , D(t 2 t1, )C = G1C1 (t 2 t1 )

(3.45)

Trong , ngoi cc i lng bit ; C nhit dung ring ca sn phm nh J/kg 25

t1,t2 nhit u v cui ca sn phm nh,0C G0,Gt lng nc lanh tiu tn trong hai trng hp, kg/s

26

QU TRNH TRCH LY 1. Khi nim chung v trch ly (): Trch ly l qu trnh rt cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht rn bng mt cht lng khc. Khi trch ly cht ha tan trong cht lng gi l trch ly cht lng, cn khi trch ly cht ha tan trong cht rn gi l trch ly cht rn. Qu trnh trch ly c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip ha hc, thc phm cng nh trong ngnh dc. V d tch axit acetic, du thc, ng vt i vi bt c cht lng hay rn no vn chn dung mi cho thch hp l mt vn cn thit. Tnh cht cn bn khng th thiu c l tnh ha tan c chn lc ngha l dung mi phi ha tan tt cht cn tch m khng ha tan hoc ha tan rt t cc cu t khc. Ngoi ra i vi dung mi trch ly cht lng th khi lng ring ca n phi khc xa vi khi lng ring ca dung dch. Khi trch ly thu c cu t nguyn cht ta cn tch dung mi ra, thng ta tch bng phng php chng ct, v th t c yu cu tit kim nhit lng trong khi hon nguyn ta cn chn dung mi c nhit dung b. Ngoi ra cn phi c tnh cht thng thng khc nh: khng c, khng n mn thit b, khng c tc dng ha hc vi cc cu t trong hn hp, r tin, d kim 4. S trch ly (). c tin hnh qua ba giai on sau: 1.Giai on trn ln hai lu th: Dung mi v dung dch, ct t phn b chuyn t dung dch vo dung mi. Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht cho n t c cn bng gia hai pha. 2.Giai on tch hai pha ra, hai pha ny phn lp v tch ra d dng, mt pha gi l dung dch trch gm dung mi v cu t phn b mt pha gi l raphinat gm phn cn li ca dung dch, thng th cc cu t trong dung dch v dung mi u t nhiu c tan ln vo nhau, v th trong hai pha thng l c c ba cu t. 3.Giai on hon nguyn dung mi: tch cu t phn b ra khi dung mi. S nguyn tc ca qu trnh trch ly c th biu th hnh di y:

27

Dun d ch A +B g

Dung m i S o

Trch ly

Ph Raphinat B +B(A,S) a

Q, Pha trch S+ A(B)

Hoa n n guye n

Hoa ngu n n ye

Dung m i S o

Du d Raph ng ch inat B(A) =R

Dung d trch ch A(B) =E

Tch hn hp lng bng phng php trch ly phc tp hn chng ct nhiu. Nhng trong nhiu trng hp th trch ly chim u th tuyt i hoc l ch c trch ly mi c kh nng tch hn hp thnh cu t c. Trch ly cht lng thng c ng dng trong cc trng hp sau: 1. Qu trnh trch ly nhit thng cho nn c th dng tch cc cht d b phn hy nhit cao. 2. Trng hp dung dch to thnh hn hp ng ph v dung dch gm cc cu t c bay hi gn nhau. 3. Khi dung dch qua long th dng trch ly tit kim hn l chng ct. . I. CU HI V BI TP V NH 1. Thp chng ct hn hp bezen - toluen. Nhp liu l 3000kg/h nng 30% molbenzen sn phm nh thu c cha 5% mol toluen. Sn phm y cha 95% toluen. Tnh sut lng cc dng sn phm nh v y(kmol/h). T s hon lu bng hai ln t s hon lu ti thiu tnh lng hi i vo thit b hon lu Tnh din tch b mt trao i nhit v lng nc cn dng trong thit b ngng t hon lu bit nhit u ca nc l 250C cui l 500C, h s truyn nhit l 450W/m2. 0C. p sut trong thp l p sut thng. 2. Thp chng ct hn hp metylic - nc Nhp liu l 5tn/h nng 32% mol metylic. Sn phm nh thu c cha 95% mol metylic. Sn phm y cha 95% mol nc. Din tch b mt trao i nhit l56m2. p sut trong thp l p sut thng. Xc nh: Sut lng cc dng sn phm nh v y(kmol/h). 28

Lng hi i vo thit b hon lu bit t s hon lu bng hai ln t s hon lu ti thiu Lng nc cn dng trong thit b ngng t hon lu bit nhit ca nc tng ln l 150C. H s truyn nhit trong thit b ngng t.

29

2. CC PHNG PHP TRCH LY 1. Trch ly mt bc (30 pht) Trong qu trnh trch ly hn hp u v dung mi S cho vo thit b c cnh khuy 1 y hn hp v dung mi trn ln nhau qu trnh tin hnh cho ti trng thi cn bng sau hn hp i vo thit b lng 2 tch ra hai pha Q v P, tip theo l qu trnh hon nguyn dung mi thu dung dch trch ly v dung dch raphinat R. trong R cha nhiu cu t B v t A, ngc li E cha nhiu A v t B
F=A+B

Phng php ny t dng v c nhc im sau: thit b cng knh, tn nhiu dung mi, tinh khit km. 2. Trch ly nhiu bc cho dng (30 pht): Nhc im ca trch ly mt bc l khng th t c trch ly cao, trch ly nhiu bc cho dng c th cho php ta thu c sn phm c tinh khit cao hn. Qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc cho dng thc hin nh sau: Hn hp u F v dung mi S1 cng cho vo thit b trch ly 1, sau khi t c cn bng ta tch ra v thu c pha trch ly Q1, v raphinat P1, pha P1 c tip tc cho vo thit b trch ly 2 vi dung mi S2, sau thit b 2 ta thu c Q2 v P2, pha P2 tip tc i vo thit b trch ly 3 vi dung mi S3 v ta thu c pha Q3 v P3, qu trnh tip tc nh th cho n khi t c yu cu cn thit. Nh vy qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc cho ging chnh l lp li nhiu ln qu trnh trch ly mt bc. S trch ly biu th hnh 4.2.
S1 F 1 Q1 P1 2 Q2 S2 P2 3 Q3 S3 P3 4 Q4 S4 P4

Hnh 4.2. S trch ly nhiu bc cho dng 30

Qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc cho dng biu th th tam gic Hn hp u biu th im F, sau khi trn ln vi dung mi S1 ta c hn hp biu th im

F M P1
1

M1, khi t c trng thi cn bng ta c hai pha Q1

Q1

v P1, pha P1 sau thit b 1 i vo thit b 2 vi lng dung mi khc l S2, ca hn hp chng c biu th
S

Hnh 4.3 Bie thqua u trnh trch ly nhie ba che dog u c o n

im M2, y sau khi t c cn bng ta thu c pha trch v pha raphinat biu th im Q2 v P2,

nu tip tc ta thu c cc pha trch v pha raphint biu th cc im Q 3, Q4 v P3, P4 Mi mt chu k ca mt qu trnh gi l bc trch ly l thuyt. T nhng iu ni trn ta c th kt lun rng: trong trng hp trch ly nhiu bc cho ging ta c th thu c mt sn phm c tinh khit cao khi khng cn nhiu bc trch ly lm. V d y sau bn bc cu t A cn li trong raphint rt t. Kt qu ca qu trnh trch ly ny khng ch ph thuc vo s bc trch ly m cn ph thuc vo h s phn b k v lng dung mi chng dng trch ly. 3. Trch ly nhiu bc ngc chiu (30 pht). a) S trch ly. Trch ly ngc chiu c th tin hnh trong cc thng khuy trn hoc l trong thp. Trong mi trng hp trch ly ngc chiu l mt qu trnh lin tc Dung dch u i vo u ny v dung mi i vo u kia. Hai pha raphint v pha trch lin tc i ngc chiu nhau. Nh vy trong thit b dung dch long nht s lun lun tip xc vi dung mi cha t cu t phn b nht, dung dch m c nht s lun lun tip xc vi dung mi cha nhiu cu t phn b nht iu m bo cho qu trnh trch ly hon ton hn. Khi nghin cu trch ly mt bc, trch ly nhiu bc cho dng v trch ly ngc chiu trong thng khuy lp ni tip theo chiu nm ngang ta khng cn ch n chiu chuyn ng ca dung mi cng nh dung dch, iu khng nh hng n vn k thut ca qu trnh. Nhng i vi trch ly ngc chiu trong thng khuy lp theo chiu ng cng nh trong thp th ta phi ch n chiu chuyn ng ca dung dch v dung mi. Lu th no c khi lng ring ln hn gi l pha nng i t trn xung, lu th no c khi lng ring b hn gi l pha nh i t di ln to nn s chuyn ng d dng ca cc lu th. b) Xc nh s bc trch ly: mt nhit nht nh trch ly ngc chiu c c trng bi cc thng s sau: s bc trch ly, lng tiu hao dung mi, thnh phn dung dch raphint (R) v thnh phn ca dung dch trch (E). mt iu kin nht nh bn thng 31

s khng th chn t do c bi v chng ph thuc ln nhau, c th chn hai thng s bt k cn hai thng s khc ph thuc vo chng. Thng ta chn thnh phn ca dung dch raphint v ca dung dch trch lm bin s c lp.
1 2 3 4

Hnh 4.5 S trch ly ngc chiu

32

QU TRNH KT TINH 1. Khi nim kt tinh (45 pht). Kt tinh l qu trnh tch cht rn ho tan trong dung dch, l mt trong nhng phng php ch yu thu c cht rn dng nguyn cht. Kt tinh cc cht ho tan trong dung dch da vo ho tan hn ch ca cht rn. Dung dch cha lng cht ho tan ln nht mt nhit nht nh gi l dung dch bo ho nhit . Dung dch qu bo ho khng bn v cht ho tan tha s c tch ra khi dung dch. Nc cn li sau khi tch tinh th gi l nc ci. Cc tinh th c tch ra khi nc ci bng phng php lng, lc, ly tm 5.1.1. ho tan.

ho tan ca mt cht l lng ti a cht tan c trong mt n v dung mi mt nhit nht nh. hotan c th tnh bng g/l, g/kg, phn khi lng ho tan ca mt cht ph thuc vo bn cht ho hc ca n, tnh cht v nhit dung mi. i vi mt s ln cht ho tan tng khi nhit tng nhng cng c trng hp ngc li l ho tan tng khi nhit gim.
no ba oa nhie Hnh 5.1 Quan he a ng o o h va t o gi

tin hnh qu trnh kt tinh ta to thnh

nhng dung dch qu bo ho bng nhng phng php sau:

Lm lnh dung dch ng dng cho cc cht c ho tan tng khi tng nhit . un bc hi mt phn dung mi ng dng cho cc cht c ho tan tng hoc

gim khng ng k khi gim nhit . ho tan ca vt cht thng c xc nh bng thc nghim v c biu din bng ng cong ph thuc gia ho tan v nhit , i vi mt s ln cht to thnh tinh th ngm nc th ng cong c im gy (hnh 5.2). ho tan ca cc cht nh th c th gim khi tng nhit . Vn xc nh ho tan ca vt cht nhit nht nh c gi tr thc t ln nhng cho n nay khng c cng thc no bo m chnh xc tnh ton m tu theo trng hp c th ta ng dng nhng s liu thc nghim bit. 5.1.2. S to thnh th tch. S to thnh th tch gm hai giai on: giai on to mm tinh th v giai on pht trin mm tinh th thnh tinh th hon chnh. V d: trn hnh 5.3, dung dch ch to thnh mm khi nng ca cht ho tan ng vi im A. Gia ng bo ho 1 v ng bo ho 2 ch qu trnh pht trin mm. 33

Vn tc to mm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nhit , cc phng php khuy trn, tnh cht ca vt cht, nng cc tp cht. Lng mm to thnh nh hng n kch thc tinh th. Khi s mm to thnh t th tinh th s ln v ngc li khi mm to thnh nhiu th tinh th nh. cho qu trnh to mm c d dng thng ngi ta cho thm vo dung dch nhng tinh th cht ho tan cht no c cng cu trc tinh th nh nht ho tan trong dung dch. Phng php ny c bit cn thit i vi dung dch kh to mm mc d c bo ho rt ln. Qu trnh pht trin mm trong mi trng ng yn (tc l qu trnh chuyn vt cht t pha lng vo pha rn) c c l nh cc ging i lu v khuych tn trong dung dch. 2. Cc phng php kt tinh (90 pht). Qu trnh kt tinh c th l gin on hay lin tc. Qu trnh gin on c nhng nhc im: thit b cng knh, tn nhiu lao ng, tinh th khng u. Qu trnh kt tinh lin tc c ng dng rng ri v ph bin trong cng nghip. Nng sut ca qu trnh lin tc cao v kch thc tinh th thu c u n. - Kt tinh c tch mt phn dung mi. Phng php kt tinh ny c ng dng cho trng hp ho tan ca vt cht thay i t khi nhit thay i. Ta c th thc hin tch dung mi bng hai cch : un si (c c) hoc cho bay hi nhit thp hn nhit si ca dung dch. Phng php tch dung mi bng c c c nghin cu trn. thu c tinh th khng nn c c n qu nng gii hn. Khng phi khi no cng un dung dch n nng bo ho v rng khi rt dung dch vo thit b kt tinh qu trnh kt tinh xy ra rt nhanh, iu dn n s to thnh tinh th rt b v i khi c dung dch ng rn li. V th tu theo trng hp c th ta cn phi bit nng gii hn ca c c (nng gii hn ch xc nh bng thc nghim). Kt tinh c tch dung mi bng cch cho bay hi nhit thp hn nhit si c th chia thnh hai loi l bay hi t nhin v bay hi chn khng. a) Bay hi t nhin thng c tin hnh trong thit b h. Loi thit b n gin nht l 1 thng h hnh vung, bn trong c treo nhng tm bn hoc si ch cho ht tinh th bm vo . Thit b ny thuc loi gin on nng sut thp. Trong cng nghip ngi ta thng dng nhng loi thit b khc nh thit b thp gi l thp kt tinh, thit b kt tinh loi mng, thit b kt tinh thng quay. Qu trnh lm lnh c xy ra c l do s bay hi nhng ht nh cht lng trong khng kh nh vo s chnh lch nhit gia khng kh v dung dch. Tinh th to thnh cng vi nc ci c ly ra, ng thi qu trnh tch dung mi bng cch cho bay hi p sut thng xy ra chm v i hi thit b bay hi phi to. 34

Mng kt tinh. Mng kt tinh l mng h , trong c vt ti. Vt ti va lm nhim v vn chuyn va lm nhim v khuy. Vt ti quay vi vn tc khng ln lm (~2v/ph) trong thit b ny ch c lm lnh t nhin do bay hi t b mt thong. Tuy th qu trnh kt tinh trong thit b ny vn nhanh hn thp kt tinh t 6 7 ln. Loi thit b kt tinh thng quay l thng hnh tr ta trn con ln . Thng t vi 1 gc nghing nh. gim mt mt nhit ngi ta cch nhit cho thng hay l t trong thng v. trnh hin tng tinh th dnh vo thnh thng ngi ta t ng hi pha di thng i trong trng hp b dnh. Dung dch c a vo u ny thng, tinh th v nc ci cng ra u kia, khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu vi dung dch, chiu dy lp cht lng, lng tiu tn khng kh, nng lng tiu hao ph thuc vo tnh cht dung dch v kch thc tinh th, kch thc ca thng cng ph thuc vo nhng tnh cht y v i vi mi trng hp c th, ngi ta thng xc nh bng thc nghim. b) Bay hi chn khng. Kt tinh c th bay hi chn khng c th thc hin gin on trong thng c cnh khuy (hnh 5.5). Thng ni vi bm chn khng tuye v thit b ngng t. Sau khi kt tinh ta tng p sut trong thit b n p sut thng ri tho tinh th v nc ci. Thit b kt tinh chn khng lin tc. Trong thit b ny tinh th cng tun hon vi dung dch cho n khi no vn tc lng thng vn tc tun hon th tinh th lng xung. V th ta c th iu chnh kch thc tinh th bng cch iu chnh vn tc tun hon dung dch. - Kt tinh khng tch dung mi. Thit b kt tinh c cnh khuy vi b phn lm lnh. Nhng thit b ny c th lm vic lin tc hay gin on. Khi kt tinh gin on ta cho dung dch vo y thit b, sau khi kt tinh xong nc ci v tinh th c tho ra pha di. Khi kt tinh kin tc ngi ta lp nhiu thit b ni tip nhau, dung dch chy t thit b ny qua thit b khc v c tho ra ng bn cnh. Nh c cu to n gin nn loi thit b ny c ng dng kh rng ri. . I. CU HI V BI TP V NH 1. nh gi, la chn cc phng php trch ly v ng dng c th ca phng php trong thc t. 2. So snh, lin h v nu ln s khc bit ca qu trnh kt tinh v c c t a ra thng s lm vic tiu bin cho qa trnh kt tinh. 35

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