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Chng 1
GII THIU MATLAB
1.1 Tng quan v Matlab
1.1.1 Khi nim v Matlab
Matlab l mt ngn ng lp trnh thc hnh bc cao c s dng
gii cc bi ton v k thut. Matlab tch hp c vic tnh ton, th hin kt
qu, cho php lp trnh, giao din lm vic rt d dng cho ngi s dng. D
liu cng vi th vin c lp trnh sn cho php ngi s dng c th c
c nhng ng dng sau y.
- S dng cc hm c sn trong th vin, cc php tnh ton hc thng
thng.
- Cho php lp trnh to ra nhng ng dng mi.
- Cho php m phng cc m hnh thc t.
- Phn tch, kho st v hin th d liu.
- Vi phn mm ho cc mnh.
- Cho php pht trin, giao tip vi mt s phn mm khc nh C++,
Fortran.
1.1.2 Tng quan v cu trc d liu ca Matlab, cc ng dng
Matlab l mt h thng tng giao, cc phn t d liu l mt mng
(mng ny khng i hi v kch thc). Chng cho php gii quyt cc vn
lin quan n lp trnh bng my tnh, c bit s dng cc php tnh v ma
trn hay vector v c th s dng ngn ng C hoc Fortran lp trnh ri thc
hin ng dng lp trnh bng cc cu lnh gi t Matlab. Matlab c vit
tt t ch MATrix LABoratory tc l th vin v ma trn, t phn mm
Matlab c vit nhm cung cp cho vic truy cp vo phn mm ma trn mt
cch d dng, phn mm ma trn ny c pht trin bi cc cng trnh
Linpack v Eispack. Ngy nay Matlab c pht trin bi Lapack v Artpack
to nn mt ngh thut phn mm cho ma trn.
a. D liu
D liu ca MATLAB th hin di dng ma trn (hoc mngtng
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qut), v c cc kiu d liu c lit k sau y:
- Kiu n single, kiu ny c li v b nh d liu v n i hi t byte
nh hn, kiu d liu ny khng c s dng trong cc php tnh
ton hc, chnh xc km hn.
- Kiu double kiu ny l kiu thng dng nht ca cc bin trong
Matlab.
- Kiu Sparse.
- Kiu uint8, uint16. . .
- Kiu char v d Hello
- Kiu cell.
- Kiu Structure.
Trong MATLAB kiu d liu double l kiu mc nh s dng trong cc
php tnh s hc.
b. ng dng
MATLAB to iu kin thun li cho:
- Cc kho hc v ton hc.
- Cc k s, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc.
- Dng MATLAB tnh ton, nghin cu to ra cc sn phm tt nht
trong sn xut.
c. Toolbox l mt cng c quan trng trong Matlab
Cng c ny c MATLAB cung cp cho php bn ng dng cc k
thut phn tch, thit k, m phng cc m hnh.
Ta c th tm thy toolbox trong m trng lm vic ca.
- Mng nron.
- Logic m.
- Simulink.
1.1.3 H thng MATLAB
H thng giao din ca MATLAB c chia thnh 5 phn:
Mi trng pht trin.
y l ni t cc thanh cng c, cc phng tin gip chng ta s dng cc
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lnh v cc file, ta c th lit k mt s nh sau.
+ Desktop.
+ Command Window.
+ Command History.
+ Browsers for viewinghelp.
Th vin, cc hm ton hc bao gm cc cu trc nh tnh tng, sin cosin,
atan, atan2 etc..., cc php tnh n gin n cc php tnh phc tp nh tnh
ma trn nghch o, tr ring, chuyn i fourier, laplace, symbolic library.
Ngn ng MATLAB. l cc ngn ng cao v ma trn v mng, vi cc
dng lnh, cc hm, cu trc d liu vo, c th lp trnh hng i tng.
ha trong MATLAB. Bao gm cc cu lnh th hin ho trong mi
trng 2D v 3D, to cc hnh nh chuyn ng, cung cp cc giao din tng
tc gia ngi s dng v my tnh.
Giao tip vi cc ngn ng khc. MATLAB cho php tng tc vi cc
ngn ng khc nh C, Fortran
1.1.4 Lm quen vi matlab

nh a s desktop (ca s ln nht), v cc ca s ph ca n.
Trc tin khi ng MATLAB bn click vo biu tng MATLAB.exe,
trn mn hnh xut hin ca s sau. (Xem hnh v 1.1) Ca s cha cc
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thanh cng c (Giao din ngi v my) cn thit cho vic qun l cc files,
cc bin, ca s lnh, c th coi desktop l cc panel gm cc , vng, qun l
v tc dng ca tng ca s nh c qun l bi desktop.
1.1.5 Cc ca s Lm vic ca MATLAB
a. Ca s Command window
L ca s giao tip chnh ca Matlab bi y l ni nhp gi tr cc
bin, hin th gi tr, tnh ton gi tr ca biu thc, thc thi cc hm c sn
trong th vin (dng lnh), hoc cc hm (dng function) do ngi dng lp
trnh ra trong M_files.
Cc lnh c nhp sau du nhc >> , v nu c sai st trong qu
trnh g (nhp) lnh th hy nhn phm Enter cho n khi nhn c du nhc
>>. Thc thi lnh bng nhn phm Enter.
G cc lnh sau:
>> A= pi/2 ;
>> B= sin(A)
B=1

Hoc chng trnh son tho trong M-file di y:
% Chuong trinh trong M-file
x= 0:pi/6:2*pi;
y=sin(x);
plot(x, y);
% chuong trinh c lu vi tn file l ve_sin.m
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b. Ca s command History
Cc dng m bn nhp vo trong ca s Command window (cc dng
ny c th l dng nhp bin, hoc c th l dng lnh thc hin hm no )
c gi li trong ca s Command History, v ca s ny cho php ta s
dng li nhng lnh bng cch click chut ln cc lnh hoc cc bin,
nu nh bn mun s dng li bin .

click i
chut ln
lnh hoc
bin s
dng li


c. Ca s Workspace
L ca s th hin tn cc bin bn s dng cng vi kch thc vng
nh (s bytes), kiu d liu (lp), cc bin c gii phng sau mi ln tt
chng trnh.

Click i
chut ln
bin
xem d
liu(hoc
thay i
gi tr)

Ngoi ra n cho php thay i gi tri, cng nh kch thc ca bin
bng cch click i chut ln cc bin. Hoc click vo nt bn tri ngay cnh
nt save V d khi chn bin (gi th l bin b) ri click (hoc click chut vo
nt cnh nt save) ta c ca s sau gi l Array Editor.
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Tiu l tn bin b, nh dng d liu c tn l: Numeric format,
mc nh l dng short, Kch thc size l 1 by 3 (tc l mt hng v 3 ct) ta
c th thay i kch thc ny bng cch thay i s c trong kch thc
size.
Dng ca s ny lu cc bin di l d liu ca bin b, ta c th
thay i chng bng cch thay i gi tr trong cc Tt c cc bin u
c lu trong Workspace trong th hin c kch thc (Size), s Bytes v
kiu d liu (class) (8 bytes cho mi phn t d liu kiu double c th l 24
bytes dnh cho b v 8 bytes dnh cho a).
d. Ca s M-file
L mt ca s dng son tho chng trnh ng dng, thc thi
chng trnh vit trong M-file bng cch g tn ca file cha chng trnh
trong ca s Commandwindow.
Khi mt chng trnh vit trong M-file, th tu theo ng dng c th,
tu theo ngi lp trnh m chng trnh c th vit di dng sau:
- Dng Script file: Tc l chng trnh gm tp hp cc cu lnh vit
di dng lit k, khng c bin d liu vo v bin ly gi tr ra.
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- Dng hm function: c bin d liu vo v bin ra.










1.2 Cc hm chuyn i kiu nh
Vi cc thao tc nht nh, s tht hu ch khi c th chuyn i nh t
dng ny sang dng khc. Chng hn, nu ta mun lc mt nh mu c lu
tr di dng nh s, u tin ta nn chuyn i n thnh dng nh RGB. Khi
ta p dng php lc ti nh RGB, Matlab s lc gi tr cng tng ng
trong nh. Nu ta lc nh s Matlab n gin ch p t php lc ti ma trn
nh s v kt qu s khng c ngha.
Ch : Khi chuyn i mt nh t dng ny sang dng khc, nh kt qu c
th khc nh ban u. Chng hn, nu ta chuyn i mt nh mu ch s sang
mt nh cng , kt qu ta s thu c mt nh en trng.
Danh sch sau y s lit k cc hm c s dng trong vic chuyn
i nh:
+ dither: To mt nh nh phn t mt nh cng en trng bng cch trn,
to mt nh ch s t mt nh RGB bng cch trng (dither).
+ gray2id: To mt nh ch s t mt nh cng en trng .
+ grayslice: To mt nh ch s t mt nh cng en trng bng cch t
ngng.
+ im2bw: To mt nh nh phn t mt nh cng , nh ch s hay nh
RGB trn c s ca ngng nh sng.
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+ ind2gray: To mt nh cng en trng t mt nh ch s.
+ ind2rgb: To mt nh RGB t mt nh ch s.
+ mat2gray: To mt nh cng en trng t d liu trong mt ma trn
bng cch ly t l gi liu.
+ rgb2gray: To mt nh cng en trng t mt nh RGB.
+ rgb2ind: To mt nh ch s t mt nh RGB.
Ta cng c th thc hin cc php chuyn i kiu ch s dng c php
ca Matlab. Chng hn , ta c th convert mt nh cng sang nh RGB
bng cch ghp ni 3 phn copy ca ma trn nh gc gia 3 chiu:
RGB=cat(3,I,I,I );
nh RGB thu c c cc ma trn ng nht cho cc mt phng R,G,B
v vy nh hin th ging nh bng xm.
1.3 Giao din ho GUI
1.3.1 Khi nim
tin cho vic s dng cc ng dng hay chng trnh m ta vit
chng ta c th to ra giao din ha GUI (Graphic User Interface) gia
ngi dng v matlab. Trong giao din ny ta c th xut d liu di hai dng
vn bn v ha. Mi mt GUI c th c mt hay nhiu giao din. Vic to
GUI to nn mt cng c nhp xut d liu mt cch trc quan, nhanh chng
v rt thun tin. Ngoi ra c th dng GUI gim st cc qu trnh, hin th
cc i tng
1.3.2 Cch to GUI
C hai cch to ra GUI: To GUI bng cch vit lnh trc tip trong
M-file v to GUI bng cng c ha.
1.3.2.1 To GUI bng lnh
to giao din GUI nh hnh bn di ta lm cc bc sau:
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B1: To khung giao din v t tn cho GUI vi tn Welcome to GUI vi
nhng dng lnh sau:
namefig = 'Welcome to GUI';
figpos = get(0,'DefaultFigurePosition'); % lay vi tri mac nhien
figpos(1)= figpos(1)-10; figpos(2)= figpos(2)-10;
figpos(3)= figpos(3)+10; figpos(4)= figpos(4)+10;
% Tao figure
fig=figure( ...
'Name', namefig, ...
'NumberTitle','off', ...
'Position',figpos);
Ta thu c hnh bn:
Hnh 1.2 Giao din GUI
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B2: To khung ha truy xut nh v dng ch Interface Matlab
axs=axes('Position',[0.05 0.4 0.65 0.55]);
% text
txtpos=[10 50 425 50];
txt=uicontrol(...
'Style','text',...
'BackgroundColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8],...
'ForegroundColor',[0 0 1],...
'String','Interface Matlab ',...
'Position',txtpos,...
'Fontname','Times New Roman',...
'FontWeight','Bold',...
'FontSize',34);
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B3: To cc nt nhn c tn Sphere, Picture, Close v vit lnh cho
chng.
% Close button
closeHndl=uicontrol(...
'Style','pushbutton', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[p1+0.01 p4-0.35 p3-0.025 0.05], ...
'String','Close', ...
'Foregroundcolor','b',...
'Fontsize',9,...
'Callback','close');
% Sphere button
sph=uicontrol( ...
'Style','pushbutton', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[p1+0.01 p4-0.1 p3-0.025 0.05], ...
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'String','Sphere', ...
'Foregroundcolor','b',...
'Fontsize',9,...
'Callback',['[x,y,z]=sphere(35);', 'surfl(x,y,z);', 'axis equal']);
% Picture button
pic=uicontrol(...
'Style','pushbutton', ...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[p1+0.01 p4-0.225 p3-0.025 0.05], ...
'String','Picture', ...
'Foregroundcolor','b',...
'Fontsize',9,...
'Callback','imshow(uigetfile(''*.bmp;*.BMP;*.tif;*.TIF;*.jpg''))');
Kt qu ta thu c:

nh 3 Kt qu thu c bng lnh

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1.3.2.2 To GUI bng cng c ha
Trn y ta xem xt cch to GUI bng phng php th cng. Ta c
th to GUI bng cng c ho. Bng hai cch nh sau:.

Hnh 1.4: To giao din GUI
Cch 1: G lnh guide trong ca s command Window
Cch 2: Click chut vo biu tng guide( )trn thanh cng c.
Khi g lnh guide ta thy xut hin mt hp th thoi nh hnh sau:

Create New GUI: to giao din GUI mi.
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Open Existing GUI: m nhng giao din c trc.
Chng ta chn Create New GUI sau chn Blank GUI (Default)
to GUI trng v thit lp cc thng s theo yu cu. Kt qu cho ra mt layout
rng nh hnh bn:
Sau khi m hp thoai to GUI ta lm cc bc sau:
B1: thit k giao din GUI nh bi trn c hnh sau:

Son tho
thuc tnh
Chy th
Son Menu
Cc phn t
thit k
Vng thit k
Vit lnh
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nh 5 a s thit k giao din GUI
B2: Vit lnh cho cc nt nhn (button).
Function sph_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
[x,y,z]=sphere(35);
surfl(x,y,z);
axis equal

Function pic_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
imshow(uigetfile({'*.tif;*.bmp;*.gif;*.jpg'},'pick an image file'))

Function clo_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
Close
Kt qu thu c:

nh 6 Kt qu thu c bng cng c ha



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Chng 2
NN NH S
2.1 Cc khi nim v nh
2.1.1 im nh (Picture Element)
Gc ca nh (nh t nhin) l nh lin tc v khng gian v sng.
x l bng my tnh (s), nh cn phi c s ho. S ho nh l s bin i
gn ng mt nh lin tc thnh mt tp im ph hp vi nh tht v v tr
(khng gian) v sng (mc xm). Khong cch gia cc im nh
c thit lp sao cho mt ngi khng phn bit c ranh gii gia chng.
Mi mt im nh vy gi l im nh (PEL: Picture Element) hay gi tt l
Pixel. Trong khun kh nh hai chiu, mi pixel ng vi cp ta (x, y).

Hnh 2.1 Hnh minh ha ca pixel
nh ngha:
im nh (Pixel) l mt phn t ca nh s ti to (x, y) vi xm
hoc mu nht nh. Kch thc v khong cch gia cc im nh c
chn thch hp sao cho mt ngi cm nhn s lin tc v khng gian v mc
xm (hoc mu) ca nh s gn nh nh tht. Mi phn t trong ma trn c
gi l mt phn t nh.
2.1.2 Mc xm ca nh
Mt im nh (pixel) c hai c trng c bn l v tr (x, y) ca im
nh v xm ca n. Di y chng ta xem xt mt s khi nim v thut
ng thng dng trong x l nh.
a) nh ngha: Mc xm ca im nh l cng sng ca n c
1 pixel
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gn bng gi tr s ti im .

Hnh 2.2 Hnh biu din mc xm ca nh s
b) Cc thang gi tr mc xm thng thng: 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 (Mc
256 l mc ph dng. L do: t k thut my tnh dng 1 byte (8 bit) biu
din mc xm: Mc xm dng 1 byte biu din: 2
8
=256 mc, tc l t 0 n
255).
c) nh en trng:
nh en trng ch bao gm 2 mu: mu en v mu trng (khng cha
mu khc) vi mc xm cc im nh c th khc nhau. Ngi ta phn mc
en trng thnh L mc Nu s dng s bit B=8 bit m ha mc en trng
(hay mc xm) th L c xc nh :
L=2
B
(trong v d ca ta L=2
8
= 256 mc)
Nu L bng 2, B=1, ngha l ch c 2 mc: mc 0 v mc 1, cn gi l nh nh
phn. Mc 1 ng vi mu sng, cn mc 0 ng vi mu ti. Nu L ln hn 2
ta c nh a cp xm. Ni cch khc, vi nh nh phn mi im nh c m
ha trn 1 bit, cn vi nh 256 mc, mi im nh c m ha trn 8 bit. Nh
vy, vi nh en trng: nu dng 8 bit (1 byte) biu din
mc xm, s cc mc xm c th biu din c l 256. Mi mc xm c
biu din di dng l mt s nguyn nm trong khong t 0 n 255, vi mc
0 biu din cho mc cng en nht v 255 biu din cho mc cng
sng nht.
nh nh phn kh n gin, cc phn t nh c th coi nh cc phn t
logic. ng dng chnh ca n c dng theo tnh logic phn bit i tng
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nh vi nn hay phn bit im bin vi im khc.
d) nh mu: trong khun kh l thuyt ba mu (Red, Blue, Green)
to nn th gii mu) trong R, G, B l mt gi tr xm v c biu biu
din bng 1 byte, khi cc gi tr mu: 2
8*3
=2
24
16,7 triu mu.
Mi mu cng phn thnh L cp mu khc nhau (thng L=256). Mi
khong ny biu din cho cng sng ca mt trong cc mu chnh. Do ,
lu tr nh mu ngi ta c th lu tr tng mu ring bit, mi mu lu
tr nh mt nh a cp xm. Do , khng gian nh dnh cho mt nh mu
ln gp 3 ln mt nh a cp xm cng kch c.
P(x, y) = (R, G, B)
- H mu CMY: l phn b ca h mu
RGB (C, M, Y)=(1, 1, 1)-(R, G, B)
Hay
C+R=M+G=Y+B=1
=> H mu ny thng c dng trong my in.
- H mu CMYK: trong K l m nht ca mu K= min (C, M, Y)
P(x, y) = (C-K, M-K, V-K, K).
+ V d:
Vi (C1, M1, Y1) ta s c K=min (C1, M1, Y1)
vy CMYK = (C1-K, M1-K, Y1-K, K)

Hnh 2.3 H ta RGB

2.1.3 nh ngha nh s
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nh s l tp hp cc im nh vi mc xm ph hp dng m t
nh gn vi nh tht.
Mt nh s gi s c biu din bng hm f(x, y). Tp con cc im
nh l S; cp im nh c quan h vi nhau k hiu l p, q.
2.2 Mt s khi nim nn nh s
2.2.1.Nn d liu (Data Compression)
Nn d liu l qu trnh lm gim lng thng tin "d tha" trong d
liu gc v do vy, lng thng tin thu c sau nn thng nh hn d liu
gc rt nhiu. Vi d liu nh, kt qu thng l 10 : 1. Mt s phng php
cn cho kt qu cao hn. Theo kt qu nghin cu c cng b gn y ti
vin k thut Georgie, k thut nn fractal cho t s nn l 30 trn 1.
Ngoi thut ng "nn d liu, do bn cht ca k thut ny n cn c
mt s tn gi khc nh: gim d tha, m ho nh gc.
T hn hai thp k nay, c rt nhiu k thut nn c cng b trn
cc ti liu v nn v cc phn mm nn d liu xut hin ngy cng nhiu
trn thng trng. Tuy nhin, cha c phng php nn no c coi l
phng php vn nng (Universel) v n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v bn
cht ca d liu gc. Trong chng ny, chng ta khng th hy vng xem xt
tt c cc phng php nn. Hn na, cc k thut nn d liu chung c
trnh by trong nhiu ti liu chuyn ngnh. y, chng ta ch cp cc
phng php nn c c th ring cho d liu nh.
2.2.2.T l nn (Compression rate)
T l nn l mt trong cc c trng quan trng nht ca mi phng
php nn. Tuy nhin, v cch nh gi v cc kt qu cng b trong cc ti liu
cng cn c quan tm xem xt. Nhn chung, ngi ta nh ngha t l nn
nh sau:
T l nn =
1
r
x %
Vi r: l t s nn c nh ngha: r = kch thc d liu gc/ kch thc d
liu thu c sau nn. Nh vy hiu sut ca nn l: (1-t l nn) x %.
Khi ni n kt qu nn, chng ta dng t s nn, th d nh 10 trn 1
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c ngha l d liu gc l 10 phn sau khi nn ch c 1 phn.
Tuy nhin, cng phi thy rng nhng s o ca mt phng php nn
ch c gi tr vi chnh s nn , v rng hiu qu ca nn cn ph thuc vo
kiu d liu nh nn. T l nn cng ch l mt trong cc c trng c bn ca
phng php nn. Nhiu khi t l nn cao cng cha th ni rng phng php
l hiu qu hn cc phng php khc, v cn cc chi ph khc nh thi
gian, khng gian v thm ch c phc tp tnh ton na. Th d nh nn
phc v trong truyn d liu: vn t ra l hiu qu nn c tng hp vi
ng truyn khng.
Cng cn phn bit nn d liu vi nn bng truyn. Mc ch chnh
ca nn l gim lng thng tin d tha v dn ti gim kch thc d liu.
Tuy vy, i khi qu trnh nn cng lm gim bng truyn tn hiu s ho thp
hn so vi truyn tn hiu tng t.
2.2.3. Cc loi d tha d liu
Nh trn ni, nn nhm mc ch gim kch thc d liu bng cch
loi b d tha d liu. Vic xc nh bn cht cc kiu d tha d liu rt c
ch cho vic xy dng cc phng php nn d liu khc nhau. Ni mt cch
khc, cc phng php nn d liu khc nhau l do s dng cc kiu d tha
d liu khc nhau. Nn c 4 kiu d tha chnh:
a. S phn b k t
Trong mt dy k t, c mt s k t c tn sut xut hin nhiu hn
mt s dy khc. Do vy, ta c th m ho d liu mt cch c ng hn. Cc
dy k t c tn sut cao c thay bi mt t m nh phn vi s bt nh;
ngc li cc dy c tn sut thp s c m ho bi t m c nhiu bt hn.
y chnh l bn cht ca phng php m ho Huffman.
b. S lp li ca cc k t
Trong mt s tnh hung nh trong nh, 1 k hiu (bit "0" hay bit "1")
c lp i lp li nhiu ln. K thut nn dng trong trng hp ny l thay
dy lp bi dy mi gm 2 thnh phn: s ln lp v k hiu dng m.
Phng php m ho kiu ny c tn l m ho lot di RLC (Run Length
Coding).
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c. Nhng mu s dng tn sut
C th c dy k hiu no xut hin vi tn sut tng i cao. Do
vy, c th m ho bi t bit hn. y l c s ca phng php m ho kiu
t in do Lempel-Ziv a ra v c ci tin vo nm 1977, 1978 v do c
tn gi l phng php nn LZ77, LZ78. Nm 1984, Terry Welch ci tin
hiu qu hn v t tn l LZW (Lempel-Ziv- Welch).
d. d tha v tr
Do s ph thuc ln nhau ca d liu, i khi bit c k hiu (gi tr)
xut hin ti mt v tr, ng thi c th on trc s xut hin ca cc gi tr
cc v tr khc nhau mt cch ph hp. Chng hn, nh biu din trong mt
li hai chiu, mt s im hng dc trong mt khi d lu li xut hin
trong cng v tr cc hng khc nhau. Do vy, thay v lu tr d liu, ta ch
cn lu tr v tr hng v ct. Phng php nn da trn s d tha ny gi l
phng php m ho d on.
Cch nh gi d tha nh trn hon ton mang tnh trc quan nhm
biu th mt ci g xut hin nhiu ln. i vi d liu nh, ngoi c th
chung , n cn c nhng c th ring. Th d nh c ng dng khng cn
ton b d liu th ca nh m ch cn cc thng tin c trng biu din nh
nh bin nh hay vng ng nht. Do vy, c nhng phng php nn ring
cho nh da vo bin i nh hay da vo biu din nh.
2.2.4. Phn loi cc phng php nn
C nhiu cch phn loi cc phng php nn khc nhau.
- Cch phn loi th nht: da vo nguyn l nn. Cch ny phn cc
phng php nn thnh 2 h ln:
Nn chnh xc hay nn khng mt thng tin: H ny bao gm cc
phng php nn m sau khi gii nn ta thu c chnh xc d liu gc.
Nn c mt mt thng tin: H ny bao gm cc phng php m sau
khi gii nn ta khng thu c d liu nh bn gc. Trong nn nh, ngi ta
gi l cc phng php" tm l th gic". Cc phng php ny li dng tnh
cht ca mt ngi, chp nhn mt s vn xon trong nh khi khi phc li.
Tt nhin, cc phng php ny ch c hiu qu khi m vn xon l chp
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
22
nhn c bng mt thng hay vi dung sai no .
- Cch phn loi th hai: da vo cch thc thc hin nn. Theo cch
ny, ngi ta cng phn thnh hai h:
Phng php khng gian (Spatial Data Compression): Cc phng
php thuc h ny thc hin nn bng cch tc ng trc tip ln vic ly mu
ca nh trong min khng gian.
Phng php s dng bin i (Transform Coding): Gm cc phng
php tc ng ln s bin i ca nh gc m khng tc ng trc tip.
- Cch phn loi th ba: da vo trit l ca s m ho. Cch ny cng
phn cc phng php nn thnh 2 h:
Cc phng php nn th h th nht: Gm cc phng php m mc
tnh ton l n gin, th d nh vic ly mu, gn t m,...
Cc phng php nn th h th hai: Da vo mc bo ho ca t
l nn. Trong cc phn trnh by di y, ta s theo cch phn loi ny. Cng
cn phi k thm mt cch phn loi th t do Anil. K. Jain nu ra. Theo cch
ca Jain, cc phng php nn gm 4 h chnh:
Phng php im.
Phng php d on.
Phng php da vo bin i.
Cc phng php t hp (Hybrid).
Thc ra cch phn loi ny l chia nh ca cch phn loi th ba v da vo c
ch thc hin nn. Xt mt cch k lng n cng tng ng cch phn loi
th ba.
Nhn chung, qu trnh nn v gii nn d liu c th m t mt cch tm tt
theo s di y.

Qu trnh nn
D liu gc D liu nn
Qu trnh gii nn

nh 24 S chc nng qu trnh nn d liu
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
23

2.3 Bin i cosine ri rc (DCT- Discrete cosine Transform)
2.3.1 Phng php bin i
Bin i cosine ri rc (DCT) biu din nh di dng tng ca cc
cosine ca cc thnh phn bin v tn s khc nhau ca nh. Hm dct2 tnh
DCT hai chiu ca mt nh. DCT c tnh cht m vi cc nh in hnh, hu
ht cc thng tin v nh ch tp trung trong mt vi h s ca DCT, trong khi
cc h s cn li ch cha rt t thng tin. V l do ny, DCT thng c s
dng trong cc ng dng nn nh khc nhau nh hiu sut gn nh ti u ca
n i vi cc nh c tng quan cao gia cc im nh ln cn. Chng
hn, DCT l trung tm ca gii thut nn nh theo chun quc t thng c
bit vi tn JPEG (tn ny do nhm pht trin t ra: Joint Photographic
Experts Group)
DCT hai chiu ca ma trn A c kch thc MxN c nh ngha nh
sau :
1 1
0 0
(2 1) (2 1)
cos cos
2 2
M N
pq p q mn
m n
m p n q
B A
M N
t t
o o

= =
+ +
=
vi
0 1
0 1
p M
q N
s s
s s

Trong :
1/
(2/ )
p
M
M
o


0
0 1
p
p M
=
s s
v
1/
(2/ )
q
N
N
o


0
0 1
q
q N
=
s s

Cc gi tr B
pq
c gi l cc h s ca bin i DCT. DCT c th bin i
ngc c v bin i ngc ca n cho bi cng thc :
1 1
0 0
(2 1) (2 1)
cos cos
2 2
M N
mn p q pq
p q
m p n q
A B
M N
t t
o o

= =
+ +
=

vi
0 1
0 1
m M
n N
s s
s s

Trong :
1/
(2/ )
p
M
M
o


0
0 1
p
p M
=
s s
v
1/
(2/ )
q
N
N
o


0
0 1
q
q N
=
s s

Biu thc DCT ngc c th c xem xt khi coi rng mi ma trn A kch
thc MxN nh l tng ca MN hm c dng :

(2 1) (2 1)
cos cos
2 2
p q pq
m p n q
B
M N
t t
o o
+ +

Nhng hm ny c gi l nhng hm c s ca DCT. H s DCT B
pq

c th c xem nh trng s cho mi hm c s. Vi cc ma trn 8x8, 64
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
24
hm c s c minh ho bi nh sau:

nh 25 nh minh ha ma trn 8x8
2.3.2 Nn tn hao da vo DCT
Gii thut nn c tn hao c bit n nhiu nht c l l gii thut
dng DCT. y l gii thut c chun ha vi tn gi JPEG (ly t tn gi
ca t chc nh ra tiu chun nn ny: Joint Photographic Experts Groups
(Nhm lien kt cc chuyn gia x l nh). Chun JPEG c s dng m
ho nh a mc xm, nh mu. N khng cho kt qu n nh lm vi nh en
trng. Chun JPEG cung cp gii thut cho c hai loi nn l nn khng mt
mt thng tin v nn mt mt thng tin.
S khi ca gii thut nn v gii nn nh JPEG:








NH
GC
P
h

n

k
h

i

8x8


8x8


8x8

Lng
t ho
Bng
lng
t
......

M
ho

Bng
m
NH
NN

DCT
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
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Hnh 2.6 S khi ca gii thut nn v gii nn nh JPEG
nn nh theo gii thut JPEG, ta chia nh thnh cc khi 8x8 (hoc
16x16). Mi khi 8x8 ny s c x l ring bit qua cc bc ca qu trnh
nn nh. u tin, ta thc hin bin i DCT thun i vi mi khi. Nh
chng ta bit, do cc in nh k cn nhau thng c tnh tng quan rt
cao, php bin i DCT thun c xu hng tp trung hu ht nng lng ca
bc nh vo trong mt vi h s DCT tn s thp. y l c s ta thc hin
nn nh. Vi mt khi nh kch thc 8x8 trch t nh ngun, hu ht cc h
s ca n u bng 0 hoc gn bng 0. Nh vy, ta c th khng cn biu din
cc h s ny khi truyn d liu nh i. Lu rng bn thn bin i DCT
khng lm mt mt thong tin ca nh gc, n ch chuyn cc thng tin ny v
mt dng khc m ta c th m ha mt cch hiu qu hn.
Sau khi qua b bin i DCT, mi h s trong s 64 h s bin i DCT
c lng t ha da vo mt bng gi tr lng t c thit k k lng.
Mt phng php lng t n gin c th dng l ch gi li mt vi h s
DCT tn s thp (cc h s c gi tr ln) cn tt c cc h s cn li gn bng
0. trong chun nn JPEG, mi h s DCT s c chia cho mt trng s v tr
tng ng trong mt ma trn lng t 8x8, sau lm trn v s nguyn gn
nht. Sau khi lng t ha, cc h s bin i DCT s c sp xp theo mt
chui zig-zag bt u t thnh phn DC, ri n thnh phn AC Cui cng
cc h s ny c chuyn thnh chui bit nh phn bng k thut m ha a
ra nh nn.
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
26
cng on gii m, b gii m s th hin qu trnh ngc li: Gii
m entropy, sau nhn cc h s thu c vi phn t tng ng ca ma trn
lng t, ri bin i ngc DCT ti to li nh ban u.
a. Phn khi
Chun nn JPEG phn nh ra cc khi 8x8. Cng on bin i nhanh
Cosin hai chiu cho cc khi 8x8 t ra hiu qu hn. Bin i Cosin cho cc
khi c cng kch c c th gim c mt phn cc tnh ton chung nh vic
tnh h s C
j
i
. Khi n=8 chng ta ch cn tnh h s C
j
i
cho 3 tng (8= 2
3
), s cc
h s l: 4 + 2 + 1 = 7.
Nu vi mt nh 1024x1024, php bin i nhanh Cosin mt chiu theo
hng ngang hoc hng dc ta phi qua 10 tng (1024 = 2
10
). S cc h s C
j
i

l: 512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 1021. Thi gian tnh cc
h s C
j
i
vi ton b nh 1024x1024 ln gp 150 ln so vi thi gian tnh ton
cc h s ny cho cc khi.
Bin i Cosin i vi cc khi c kch thc nh s lm tng chnh
xc khi tnh ton vi s du phy tnh, gim thiu sai s do lm trn sinh ra.
Do cc im nh k cn c tng quan cao hn, do php bin i
Cosin cho tng khi nh s tp trung nng lng hn vo mt s t cc h s
bin i. Vic loi bt mt s h s nng lng thp trong cc khi ch to ra
mt mt thng tin cc b gip nng cao cht lng nh.
nh s c chia lm B khi vi:

B
N
B
M
l
N
k
M
B = =
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
' '

Cc khi c xc nh bi b s (m,n) vi m = [0..M
B
-1] v n=[0..N
B
-
1], y m ch th t ca khi theo chiu rng, n ch th t ca khi theo
chiu di. Phn khi thc cht l xc nh tng quan gia to ring trong
khi vi to thc ca im nh trong nh ban u. Nu nh ban u k hiu
Image[i,j] th ma trn biu din khi (m,n) l x[u,v]c tnh:
| | v nl u mk age v u x + + = , Im ] , [


Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
27
16
) 1 2 (
16
) 1 2 (
) ,
7
0
7
0
(
4
) , (
2 2 1 1
2 1
1
2
2 1
2 1
H + H +

=

=
=
k n
Cos
k n
Cos k n
k
k
k X n n x
c c
b. Bin i
Bin i l mt cng on ln trong cc phng php nn s dng php
bin i.
Nhim v ca cng on bin i l tp trung nng lng vo mt s t
cc h s bin i.
Cng thc bin i cho mi khi l:
Trong
) 8 0 (
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
< <
=

=
k
k
khi
khi
k
c

) 8 0 (
0
0
2
1
2
2
2
< <
=

=
k
k
khi
khi
k
c

Thut ton bin i nhanh Cosin hai chiu cho mi khi trong trng
hp ny s bao gm 16 php bin i nhanh Cosin mt chiu. u tin, ngi
ta bin i nhanh Cosin mt chiu cho cc dy im nh trn mi hng. Ln
lt thc hin cho 8 hng. Sau em bin i nhanh Cosin mt chiu theo
tng ct ca ma trn va thu c sau 8 php bin i trn. Cng ln lt thc
hin cho 8 ct. Ma trn cui cng s l ma trn h s bin i ca khi tng
ng.
Trong s gii nn ta phi dng php bin i Cosin ngc. Cng
thc bin i ngc cho khi 8x8:


) 8 0 (
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
< <
=

=
k
k
khi
khi
k
c Trong

) 8 0 (
0
0
2
1
2
2
2
< <
=

=
k
k
khi
khi
k
c
c. Lng t ha
Khi lng t ho trong s nn ng vai tr quan trng v quyt
16
) 1 2 (
16
) 1 2 (
) ,
7
0
7
0
(
4
) , (
2 2 1 1
2 1
1 2
2 1
2 1
H + H +

=

=
=
k n
Cos
k n
Cos n n
n n
x k k X
k k
c c
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
28
nh t l nn ca chun nn JPEG. u vo ca khi lng t ho l cc ma
trn h s bin i Cosin ca cc khi im nh.
gim s b lng t, ngi ta tm cch quy cc h s cc khi v cng
mt khong phn b. Chun nn JPEG ch s dng mt b lng t ho. Gi
s rng cc h s u c hm tnh xc sut xut hin nh nhau. Chng ta s
cn chnh li h s y
j
bng php gn:
j
j j
j
y
y
o

=

Vi
j
l trung bnh cng ca h s th j.
o
j
l lch c bn ca h s th j.
d. Nn
u vo ca khi nn gm hai thnh phn: thnh phn cc h s mt
chiu v thnh phn cc h s xoay chiu.
Thnh phn cc h s mt chiu C
i
(0,0) vi i = 0,1,..., 63 cha phn
ln nng lng tn hiu hnh nh. Ngi ta khng nn trc tip cc gi tr
C
i
(0,0) m xc nh lch ca C
i
(0,0):
) 0 , 0 ( ) 0 , 0 (
1 i i i
C C d =
+

d
i
c gi tr nh hn nhiu so vi C
i
nn trong biu din du phy ng theo
chun IEEE754 thng cha nhiu chui bit 0 nn c th cho hiu sut nn cao
hn. Gi tr C
0
(0,0) v cc lch d
i
c ghi ra mt tp tm. Tp ny c
nn bng phng php nn Huffman.
Thnh phn cc h s xoay chiu C
i
(m,n) vi 1 s m s 7, 1 s n s 7
cha cc thng tin chi tit ca nh. nng cao hiu qu nn cho mi b h s
trong mt khi ngi ta xp li chng theo th t ZigZag. C th hnh dung
hnh ZigZag nh bng trang bn.
Tc dng ca sp xp li theo th t ZigZag l to ra nhiu lot h s
ging nhau. Chng ta bit rng nng lng ca khi h s gim dn t gc trn
bn tri xung gc di bn phi nn vic sp xp li cc h s theo th t
ZigZag s to iu kin cho cc h s xp x nhau (cng mc lng t) nm
trn mt dng.
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
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Mi khi ZigZag ny c m ho theo phng php RLE. Cui mi
khi u ra ca RLE, ta t du kt thc khi EOB (End Of Block).
Sau , cc khi c dn li v m ho mt ln bng phng php m
Huffman. Nh c du kt thc khi nn c th phn bit c hai khi cnh
nhau khi gii m Huffman. Hai bng m Huffman cho hai thnh phn h s tt
nhin s khc nhau.
c th gii nn c, chng ta phi ghi li thng tin nh: kch thc
nh, kch thc khi, ma trn T, lch tiu chun, cc mc to li, hai bng
m Huffman, kch thc khi nn mt chiu, kch thc khi nn xoay chiu...
v ghi ni tip vo hai file nn ca hai thnh phn h s.
Tm li, DCT lm gim tng quan khng gian ca thng tin trong
block (khi). iu cho php biu din thch hp min DCT do cc h s
DCT c xu hng c phn d tha t hn. iu ny c ngha l DCT gi mt
phn ln nng lng tn hiu vo cc thnh phn bin i c tn s tng i
thp lu tr hoc truyn dn, to 0 v cc gi tr rt thp i vi thnh phn
tn s cao. Nh c tnh ca h thng nhn ca mt ngi, cc h s DCT c
th c m ha ph hp, ch cc h s DCT quan trng nht mi c m
ha v truyn i. DCT thun kt hp vi DCT nghch s khng cho tn tht
0
2 3 9 10 20 21 35
1 4 8 11 19 22 34 36
5 7 12 18 23 33 37 48
6 13 17 24 32 38 47 49
14 16 25 31 39 46 50 57
15 26 30 40 45 51 56 58
27 29 41 44 52 55 59 62
28 42 43 53 54 60 61 63
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
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nu di t m ca h s l 13 n 14 bits cho tn hiu video u vo c s
ha bng cc mu di 8 bit. Nu h s c lng t ha bng 11 bit (hoc
ngn hn), th nn bng DCT s c tn hao.




























Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
31
Chng 3
CHNG TRNH NN NH
3.1 Giao din chng trnh

nh 3 Giao din chng trnh
3.2 M hnh nn


3.3 Qu trnh nn v gii nn DCT
Khi chn nh gc a vo nn DCT, trc khi nn ta kim tra nh c
phi l nh xm khng. Nu khng phi th chuyn n v dng nh xm sau
thc hin cc bc nn nh nh sau:
B1: Chuyn d liu nh sang kiu double.
B2: Chia nh gc ra thnh nhiu khi (nh con) kch thc 8x8.
B3: Bin i thun DCT i vi mi khi nh 8x8. Ta c th to ma
trn bin i DCT A kch thc NxN bng hm: A=dctmtx(N).
V d: A=dctmtx(8) Ma trn bin i DCT A c gi tr:
0.3536 0.3536 0.3536 0.3536 0.3536 0.3536 0.3536 0.3536
0.4904 0.4157 0.2778 0.0975 -0.098 -0.278 -0.416 -0.49
0.4619 0.1913 -0.191 -0.462 -0.462 -0.191 0.1913 0.4619
0.4157 -0.098 -0.49 -0.278 0.2778 0.4904 0.0975 -0.416
Lng t
ha

nh Gc
nh con 8x8
nh con 8x8
nh con 8x8
nh con 8x8






DCT
M ha

nh nn
Bng lng t ha

Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
32
0.3536 -0.354 -0.354 0.3536 0.3536 -0.354 -0.354 0.3536
0.2778 -0.49 0.0975 0.4157 -0.416 -0.098 0.4904 -0.278
0.1913 -0.462 0.4619 -0.191 -0.191 0.4619 -0.462 0.1913
0.0975 -0.278 0.4157 -0.49 0.4904 -0.416 0.2778 -0.098

B4: Lng t ha cc h s DCT.
Thc hin lng t ha bng cch nhn cc khi nh 8x8 bin i
DCT vi bng lng t ha, y n l mt mt n (mask) ma trn 8x8. Mc
ch ca bc ny l nhm ch gi li nhng phn t mang nng lng ca
khi nh hay ni chnh xc l 10 phn t u tin ca khi nh 8x8.
Mt n (mask) ma trn 8x8 gi li 10 phn t:

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



B5: Gii m cho ra nh (nn + gii nn DCT).
V d: Thc hin nn v gii nn DCT i vi nh Cameraman.tif.
B1 Chuyn d liu nh sang kiu double.
I = imread('cameraman.tif');
I = im2double(I);
B2: Chia nh gc ra thnh nhiu khi: (nh con) kch thc 8x8. Mt
khi nh 8x8 c chia c gi tr pixel:

0.6118 0.6235 0.6196 0.6078 0.6196 0.6118 0.6235 0.6196
0.6275 0.6039 0.6157 0.6196 0.6157 0.6235 0.6196 0.6196
0.6118 0.6235 0.6196 0.6078 0.6196 0.6118 0.6235 0.6196
0.6275 0.6039 0.6157 0.6196 0.6157 0.6235 0.6196 0.6196
0.6118 0.6 0.6078 0.6235 0.6235 0.6078 0.6118 0.6078
0.6078 0.6078 0.6078 0.6157 0.6118 0.6235 0.5961 0.6196
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
Svth: Hong Cao phi-081481D
33
0.6118 0.6 0.6157 0.6118 0.6 0.6078 0.6039 0.6078
0.6235 0.6235 0.6118 0.6196 0.6118 0.6235 0.6157 0.6314

B3: Bin i DCT

4.9211 -0.008 0.0026 0.0018 0.0093 0.0041 0.0101 -0.002
0.015 -0.003 0.0021 0.0028 -0.008 0.0008 -0.009 0.0157
0.008 0.002 0.0132 -0.006 -0.009 -0.006 -0.002 -0.003
-0.02 0.0003 -0.012 -0.002 0.0036 -0.004 0.0021 -0.001
0.0132 -0.002 0.0013 0.0024 0.0034 0.0011 -0.008 0.0021
-0.008 0.0036 0.0044 -0.006 -0.01 0.0002 0.0015 0.0056
0.0078 -0.003 0.004 -0.005 -0.008 -0.021 -0.008 -0.003
-0.011 0.0039 -0.005 -0.008 -0.005 -0.002 -0.015 0.0123

B4: Lng t ha

4.9211 -0.008 0.0026 0.0018 0 0 0 0
0.015 -0.003 0.0021 0 0 0 0 0
0.008 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B5: Gii m

0.6158 0.6151 0.6146 0.6148 0.6158 0.617 0.6179 0.6183
0.6179 0.6174 0.6169 0.6172 0.6183 0.6195 0.6204 0.6208
0.6185 0.6181 0.6178 0.6182 0.6193 0.6206 0.6214 0.6218
0.6151 0.6148 0.6146 0.6152 0.6163 0.6175 0.6182 0.6184
0.6103 0.6101 0.61 0.6105 0.6116 0.6125 0.613 0.6131
0.609 0.6088 0.6087 0.6092 0.61 0.6106 0.6108 0.6108
0.6125 0.6123 0.6121 0.6125 0.6131 0.6134 0.6134 0.6131
0.6167 0.6165 0.6163 0.6166 0.617 0.6172 0.617 0.6166

nh cui cng cho ra cc thng s gi tr pixel nh bng trn v kt qu
thu c hnh nh bn di.
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
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a) b)
nh 32 a) nh gc; b) nh nn

3.4 Cc on m lnh
3.4.1 Chn nh
function chonanh_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
[filename,pathname]=uigetfile({'*.tif;*.bmp;*.gif;*.jpg'},'pick an image file');
S=imread([pathname,filename]);
axes(handles.anh1);
imshow(S);
guidata(hObject, handles);
3.4.2 Nn DCT
function nen_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
S=handles.S;
axes(handles.anh2);
if size(S,3)==3
S=rgb2gray(S);
end
I = im2double(S);
T = dctmtx(8);
B = blkproc(I,[8 8],'P1*x*P2',T,T');
mask = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
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1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
B2 = blkproc(B,[8 8],'P1.*x',mask);
I2 = blkproc(B2,[8 8],'P1*x*P2',T',T);
imshow(I2)
handles.I2=I2;
guidata(hObject, handles);
3.4.3 Xem Pixel nh gc
function pixel_goc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
S=handles.S;
axes(handles.anh3);
if size(S,3)==3
S=rgb2gray(S);
end
I=im2double(S);
I1=imresize(I,[8 8]);
himage=imshow(I1);
hfigure=figure;
hpanel=impixelregionpanel(hfigure,himage);
3.4.4 Xem Pixel nh nn
function pixel_nendct_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
S=handles.S;
axes(handles.anh4);
if size(S,3)==3
S=rgb2gray(S);
end
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
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I=im2double(S);
I1=imresize(I,[8 8]);
T=dct2(I1);
himage=imshow(T);
hfigure=figure;
hpanel=impixelregionpanel(hfigure,himage);
3.4.5 Xem gi tr tng Pixel
function ketqua_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
S=handles.S;
if size(S,3)==3
S=rgb2gray(S);
end
I=im2double(S);
A=imresize(I,[8 8]);
p=get(handles.hang,'string'); %gn p gi tr chui trong handles.hang
q=get(handles.cot,'string'); %gn q gi tr chui trong handles.cot
p=str2num(p); %chuyn t gi tr chui sang gi tr s
q=str2num(q);
p=round(p); %lm trn gi tr s
q=round(q);
c=0;
p1=0;
q1=0;
goc=0;
if (p>0)&(q>0)
if (p<=8)&(q<=8)
for m=0:7
for n=0:7
B=A(m+1,n+1)*cos((pi*(2*m+1)*(p-1))/16)*cos((pi*(2*n+1)*(q-1))/16);
c=B+c;
end
Nn nh S S Dng Matlap
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end
p1=p;
q1=q;
goc=A(p1,q1);
end
end
if (p-1)==0
ap=sqrt(1/8);
else
ap=sqrt(2/8);
end
if (q-1)==0
aq=sqrt(1/8);
else
aq=sqrt(2/8);
end
ketqua=ap*aq*c;
h=num2str(ketqua); %chuyn t gi tr s sang gi tr chui
set(handles.ketqua,'string',h); %hin th gi tr ca h ln handles.ketqua
goc=num2str(goc);
set(handles.goc,'string',goc);

3.5 Kt qu khi chy chng trnh
3.5.1 Chn nh

3.5.2 Nn DCT

3.5.3 Pixel nh gc

3.5.4 Pixel DCT

3.5.6 Kt qu

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