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0
4
45
0
3
60
0
2
90
0
180
0
3
2
270
0
360
2
sin
0
1
2
2
2
3
2
1 0 1 0
cos
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
0 1 0 1
tan
0
3
3
1
3
0
0
cot
3
1
3
3
0
0
2 ; Cc h thc c bn
a; cos
2
x + sin
2
x = 1 b; tan x
cos x
sin x
c;
cos
cot x =
x
x
sin
d;
2
2
1
1 + tan x
cos x
e;
2
2
1
1 + cot x =
sin x
f; tanx . cotx = 1
3; GTLG ca gc lin quan c bit ( Cng thc quy gn gc )
a; Gc i nhau a v a
cos ( a) = cos a sin( a) = sin a
tan( a) = tan a cot( a) = cotg a
b; Gc b nhau a v - a
cos ( - a ) = cos a sin ( - a ) = sin a
tan ( - a ) = tan a cot ( - a ) = cot a
c; Gc ph nhau a v
2
a
cos(
2
a ) = sin a sin(
2
a ) = cos a
tan (
2
a ) = cot a cot(
2
a ) = tan a
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 3
d; Gc hn km nhau : a v + a
cos ( + a) = cos a sin ( + a) = sin
a
tan ( + a) = tan a cot ( + a) = cot a
e; Gc hn km nhau
2
:
2
+ a v a
cos(
2
a
+ ) = sin a sin(
2
a
+ ) = cos a
tan (
2
a
+ ) = cot a cot(
2
a
+ ) = tan a
f; Tng qut
cos
( )
a+k.2 = cos a sin
( )
a+k.2 = sin a
tan
( )
a+k. = tan a cot
( )
a+k. = cot a
4; Cng thc cng
a;
( )
sin ab = sinacosb cosasinb
b;
( )
) cos ab =cosacosb sinasinb
c;
( )
)
a b
1 a. b
tan tan
tan ab =
tan tan
5; Cng thc nhn
a; cos2a = cos
2
a sin
2
a = 2cos
2
a 1 = 1 2sin
2
a
b; sin2a = 2sina . cosa ( sina.cosa = a 2 sin .
2
1
)
c;
3
cos3 4cos 3cos a a a d;
3
sin3 3sin 4sin a a a
6; Cng thc h bc
a;
2 2 2
1+cos2a 1- cos2a 1- cos2a
cos a = ; b; sin a = ; c; tan a =
2 2 1+cos2a
7; Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
a; coa.cosb =
2
1
[ cos(a b) + cos(a + b) ]
b; sina.sinb =
2
1
[ cos(a b) cos(a + b) ]
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 4
c; sina.cosb =
2
1
[ sin(a b) + sin(a + b) ]
8; Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
a; cosa + cosb = 2cos
2
a b +
cos
2
a b
b; cosa cosb = 2sin
2
a b +
sin
2
a b
c; sina + sinb = 2sin
2
a b +
cos
2
a b
d; sina sinb = 2cos
2
a b +
sin
2
a b
9; Cng thc b sung
a;
_ _
, ,
) cosa sina = 2cos a = 2sin a
4 4
b;
,
_
t t
4
sin 2 cos sin
a a a
10; H thc lng trong tam gic
a; a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc.cosA cosA =
bc
a c b
2
2 2 2
+
b; nh l Hm s Sin
R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin
1 HM S LNG GIC
y = sinx y = cosx
TX R D
L hm s l
Hm s tun hon, chu k 2
Tp gi tr 1
]
T 1;1
Hm s ng bin trong
( )
( )
+ + Z k k k
2 2
2 ; 2
Hm s nghch bin trong
( )
( )
+ + Z k k k
3
2 2
2 ; 2
TX R D
L hm s chn
Hm s tun hon, chu k 2
Tp gi tr 1
]
T 1;1
Hm s ng bin trong
( ) ( )
+ Z k k k 2 ; 2
Hm s nghch bin trong
( ) ( )
+ Z k k k 2 ; 2
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 5
y = tanx y = cotx
TX
{ }
+ R Z D k k
2
\ ;
L hm s l
Hm s tun hon, chu k
Tp gi tr R T
Hm s ng bin trong
( )
( )
+ + Z k k k
2 2
;
C cc ng tim cn
+ Z x k k
2
;
TX
{ }
R Z D k k \ ;
L hm s l
Hm s tun hon, chu k
Tp gi tr R T
Hm s nghch bin trong
( ) ( )
+ Z k k k ;
C cc ng tim cn
Z x k k ;
1; Tm tp xc nh ca hm s
a)
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
xc nh khi
( )
0 Q x
b)
( )
y P x xc nh khi
( )
0 P x
c)
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
xc nh khi
( )
0 Q x >
d)
( ) ( )
sin ; os y f x y c f x xc nh khi f(x) xc nh
e)
( )
tan y f x xc nh khi
( ) ( )
2
f x k k
+ Z
f)
( )
cot y f x xc nh khi
( ) ( )
f x k k Z
g)
( )
( )
( )
2
f x a k
tan f x t ana
f x k
'
+
h)
( )
( )
( )
f x a k
cot f x cota
f x k
'
2; Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
a) p dng cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc v vi x ta c :
1 sin 1; 1 cos 1 x x ;
2 2
0 sin 1; 0 cos 1 x x
V d : Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s 2sin 3 y x
x R ta c: 1 sin 1 2 2sin 2 5 2sin 3 1 x x x
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 6
Vy GTLN ca hm s bng 5 ; GTNN ca hm s bng 1 .
b) Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s sin cos y a x b x c + +
x R ta c:
2 2 2 2
sin cos a b a x b x a b + + +
2 2 2 2
sin cos c a b a x b x c c a b + + + + +
Vy GTLN ca hm s bng
2 2
c a b + + ;
GTNN ca hm s bng
2 2
c a b + .
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
1; Phng trnh lng gic c bn
a ; Phng trnh sinx = m
iu kin c nghim : 1 m
Tm gc a sao cho sina = m .
( )
1
: sin SDMT a m
Ta c sinx = sina v p dng :
+
+
2
sin sin
2 ( )
u v k
u v
u v k k Z
Hay
0
0 0
360
180 360
u v k
u v k
nu trong pt c cho
Trng hp c bit sinu = 0 u k
sin 1 2 ; sin 1 2
2 2
u u k u u k
+ +
Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng
_ +
+
,
arcsin 2
sin arcsin
2 2 arcsin 2
u m k
u m Vi m
u m k
( )
sin sin ; cos sin ; osu sin
2 2
u u c u
_ _
, ,
b; Phng trnh cosx = m
iu kin c nghim : 1 m
Tm gc a sao cho cosa = m .
( )
1
: os SDMT a c m
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 7
Ta c cos cos x a v p dng
2
cos cos
2 ( )
u v k
u v
u v k k
Z
Hay
0
0
360
360
u v k
u v k
nu trong pt c cho
Trng hp c bit cosu = 0
2
u k
+
cos 1 2 cos 1 2 u u k u u k +
Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng
( )
arccos 2
cos 0 arccos
arccos 2
u m k
u m Vi m
u m k
( )
_ _
+
, ,
cos cos ; sin os ; sin os
2 2
c c
c; Phng trnh tanx = m
( )
2
x k
+
Tm gc a sao cho tana = m .
( )
1
: tan SDMT a m
Ta c tanx = tana v p dng tan tan u v u v k +
Hay +
0
180 u v k nu trong pt c cho
c bit
t t + tan 0 ; tan 1
4
u u k u u k
Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng
_
+ < <
,
tan arctan arctan
2 2
u m u m k Vi m
( )
_ _
+
, ,
tan tan ; cot tan ; cot tan
2 2
d; Phng trnh cotx = m
( )
x k
Tm gc a sao cho cota = m .
1
1
: tan SDMT a
m
_
_
,
,
Ta c cot cot x v p dng + cot cot u v u v k
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 8
Hay +
0
180 u v k nu trong pt c cho
c bit
cot 0 ; cot 1
2 4
gu u k gu u k
+ t t +
Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng
( )
+ < < cot arccot 0 arccot u m u m k Vi m
( )
_ _
+
, ,
cot cot ; tan cot ; tan cot
2 2
e; Ch : Khng vit cng thc nghim dng
0 0
360 2 k x hay k a x + +
2; Phng trnh bc cao ch cha 1 hm s lng gic
a; Dng phng trnh
1.
1
0 1 1
sin sin . . . sin 0
n n
n n
a x a x a x a + + + +
2.
1
0 1 1
cos cos . . . cos 0
n n
n n
a x a x a x a + + + +
3.
1
0 1 1
tan tan . . . tan 0
n n
n n
a x a x a x a
+ + + +
4.
1
0 1 1
cot cot . . . cot 0
n n
n n
a x a x a x a + + + +
b; Phng php t t = sinx ( hay cosx ; tanx ; cotx ) vi t = sinx
hay t = cosx phi c iu kin 1 t ta c phng trnh
1
0 1 1
. . . 0
n n
n n
a t a t a t a + + + +
gii ly nghim t thch hp v p dng phng trnh c bn
Ch :
2 2
cos2 2cos 1 1 2sin x x x ;
2 2 2 2
sin 1 os ; os 1 sin x c x c x x
c; V d Gii phng trnh
c
1
; cos2x 3cosx 4 = 0 2cos
2
x 3cosx 5 = 0 ( 1 )
t t = cosx ( iu kin 1 t ) ta c ( 1 ) 2t
2
3t 5 = 0
5
1 ( )
2
t hay t loai
Vi t = 1 ta c cosx = 1 2 k x +
c
2
; tan
3
x tan
2
x 3tanx + 3 = 0
t t = tanx ta c t
3
t
2
3t + 3 = 0
3; Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx ; cosx
a; Dng phng trnh : asinx + bcosx = c
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 9
b; iu kin c nghim :
2 2 2
c b a +
c; Cch gii :
Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2 2
b a +
Ta c phng trnh
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos sin
b a
c
x
b a
b
x
b a
a
+
+
+
+
t
2 2 2 2
sin cos
b a
b
b a
a
+
+
Ta c
( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin cos cos sin
b a
c
x
b a
c
x x
+
+
+
+
d; V d Gii phng trnh ) 1 ( 1 cos sin 3 + x x
Cch 1 : V a
2
+ b
2
= 3 + 1 = 4 > c
2
= 1 . Ta c
( 1 )
2
1
6
sin cos
6
cos sin
2
1
cos
2
1
sin
2
3
+ +
x x x x
2 2
6 6
sin sin ( )
2
6 6 5 2
2
3
6 6
x k x k
x k Z
x k
x k
+ +
_
+
+
,
+ +
4; Phng trnh ng cp i vi sin , cosx
a; Dng phng trnh
( )
1
0 1
. . . . 0 1
n n n
n
a sin x a sin x cosx a cos x + + +
b; Cch gii
* Khi cosx = 0 (ta xt
0
a )
Nu
0
0 a ta c
( )
1 0 0 (ng)
2
x k
+ l nghim
ca phng trnh
Nu
0
0 a T (1) ) 0 ( 0 sin
0
a khi x ( V l v
2 2
sin os 1 x c x + )
* Khi cosx 0 chia c 2 v ca pt cho cos
n
x ta c pt
1
0 1
. . . 0
n n
n
a tan x a tan x a + + +
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 10
Vi pt
( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin cos cos 0 sin cos a x b x x c x d ta thay d d x x + + + +
c; V d Gii phng trnh
3sin
2
x + ( 3 3 )sinxcosx 3 cos
2
x = 0 ( 1 )
Khi cosx = 0 ( 1 ) sinx = 0 (V l v
2 2
sin os 1 x c x + )
Khi cosx 0 Ta c ( 1 ) 3tan
2
x + ( 3 3 )tanx 3 = 0
5; Phng trnh lng gic khc
gii mt phng trnh lng gic cha phi l dng quen thuc ta c
th kt hp nhiu dng khc nhau , c th phn tch phng trnh cho
thnh tch cc tha s , hoc p dng tnh cht bt ng thc a v h
phng trnh gii
6; Nhn dng tam gic
Phng php
T iu kin cho lp phng trnh hay h phng trnh v p dng
cng thc quy gn gc ( ch gc b hay ph nhau ) tm cc n s
l cc gc A , B , C ca tam gic . Lu iu kin ca cc gc thuc
( )
0;
I S T HP
1; Php m
a; QUI TC CNG
Gi s hon thnh mt hnh ng (H) ta c th thc hin qua cc
trng hp A hoc B hoc C (mi trng hp u hon thnh cng
vic)
Nu A c m cch ; B c n cch ; C c p cch th (H) c m + n + p
cch
b; QUI TC NHN
Gi s hon thnh mt hnh ng (H) ta cn thc hin qua cc bc
A ; B ; C lin tip nhau
Nu A c m cch ; B c n cch ; C c p cch th (H) c m . n . p cch
2; Giai tha cho n N
a; n! = 1.2.3.4n V d 6! = 1.2.3.4.5.6 = 720
b; Qui c 0! = 1
c; Qui tc ngt giai tha n! = k!.(k + 1)(k + 2)n V d 10! = 8!.9.10
3; Hon v
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 11
a; Hon v : Cho A c n- phn t , mi cch sp th t n- phn t ca A
gi l mt hon v
b; S hon v : P
n
= n!
V d: T cc ch s 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 4 ch
s i mt khc nhau
Gii : Mi cch lp mt s l mt hon v ca 4 phn t..
Vy c P
4
= 4! = 24 s
4; Chnh hp
a; Chnh hp : Cho tp A c n phn t mi b sp th t gm k phn t
ca A ( ; 0 ) k k n < N gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n
b; S chnh hp chp k ca n :
( )
!
( 1)( 2)....
!
k
n
k tha so
n
A n k n k n
n k
+ +
_
V d : Mt nhm hc sinh c 10 ngi , c bao nhiu cch chn 3
ngi lm 3 cng vic khc nhau.
Gii : Mi cch chn l mt chnh hp chp 3 ca 10
Vy c
( )
720 10 . 9 . 8
! 7
10 . 9 . 8 . ! 7
! 7
! 10
! 3 10
! 10
3
10
A
5; T hp
a; T hp : Cho tp A c n phn t mi tp hp gm k phn t ca A
( ; 0 ) k k n N gi l mt t hp chp k ca n
b; S t hp chp k ca n :
( )! . !
!
k n k
n
C
k
n
V d : Mt nhm hc sinh c 10 ngi , c bao nhiu cch chn 3
ngi lm 3 cng vic ging nhau
Gii : Mi cch chn l mt t hp chp 3 ca 10
Vy c
( )
120
! 7 . 3 . 2 . 1
10 . 9 . 8 . ! 7
! 7 . ! 3
! 10
! 3 10 . ! 3
! 10
3
10
C
c; Tnh cht
1
1
1 0
1
+
+
+
+
k
n
k
n
k
n
k n
n
k
n
n
n n
C C C C C C C
6; Cch phn bit t hp v chnh hp : Chnh hp i hi th t c n
t hp khng cn th t tc l khi thay i th t cc phn t m kt
qu thay i th l chnh hp cn kt qu khng thay i th l t hp
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 12
NH THC NIUTN
1; Khai trin nh thc Niutn
( )
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
b C ab C b a C b a C a C b a + + + + + +
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0
...
S hng tng qut th k + 1 ca khai trin :
k k n k
n k
b a C T
+
1
2; Tam gic Pascan ( Gi tr ca
k
n
C ) Cch lp A + B
C
Mun tm
k
n
C ta tm s dng n ct k . V d 15
4
6
C (dng 6; ct 4 )
n \ k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
BI TP
1; T cc ch s 0.1, 2 . 3 ,4 , 5 , 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 5
ch s :
a ; Chia ht cho 5 Gi s cn tm l ABCDE
A c 6 cch chn ; B c 7 cch chn ; C c 7 cch chn; D c 7 cch
chn ; E c 2 cch chn . Vy c : 6.7.7.7.2 = 4116 s
b; i mt khc nhau chia ht cho 2 Gi s cn tm l ABCDE
E { } 6 , 4 , 2 , 0
E = 0
E c 1 cch chn . A c 6 cch
chn B c 5 cch chn. C c 4
cch chn D c 3 cch chn
Vy c : 1.6.5.4.3 = 360 s
E { } 6 , 4 , 2
E c 3 cch chn. A c 5 cch
chn B c 5 cch chn C c 4
cch chn D c 3 cch chn
Vy c : 3.5.5.4.3 = 900 s
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 13
Vy c 360 + 900 = 1260 s
c; Cc ch s cch u ch s ng gia th ging nhau
Gi s cn tm l ABCBA
A c 6 cch chn ; B c 7 cch chn ; C c 7 cch chn .
Vy c 6.7.7 = 294 s
2; T cc ch s 1 , 2 . 3 ,4 , 5 , 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 4
ch s i mt khc nhau . Tnh tng cc s
Mi cch lp mt s l mt chnh hp chp 4 ca 6 . Vy c
360 3 . 4 . 5 . 6
4
6
A s
Trong cc s lp vi mi s x th tn ti mt s y sao cho
x + y = 7777
Vy tng cc s l ( 360 : 2 ) . 7777 = 1399860
3; Cho a gic c n cnh
a gic c n cnh th c n nh
a; Qua 2 nh lp c 1 on thng ( gm cnh v ng cho )
Vy c
2
3
2
) 1 (
2
2
n n
n
n n
n C
n
ng cho
b; Lp c bao nhiu tam gic
Qua 3 nh lp c 1 tam gic . Vy c
3
n
C tam gic
Qua mt nh hp vi 2 cnh k n lp c mt tam gic c 2
cnh l cnh ca a gic nn c n tam gic c 2 cnh l cnh ca a
gic
Qua mt cnh hp vi mt nh khng k cnh ca a gic lp
c mt tam gic ch c mt cnh l cnh ca tam gic nn c
n( n 4) tam gic ch c mt cnh l cnh ca tam gic
Vy c
3
n
C n n (n 4) =
3
n
C n
2
+ 3n tam gic khng cha
cnh no ca tam gic
4; Trong khai trin
10
2
3
2
,
_
+
x
x
a; Tm s hng chnh gia ca khai trin
b; Tm s hng khng cha x ca khai trin
Gii S hng tng qut th k + 1 ca khai trin
k k k
k
k k
k
x C
x
x C T
5 30
10
2
10 3
10 1
2
2
) (
+
,
_
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 14
a; S hng chnh gia ca khai trin l
5 5 5
10
5
6
8064 2 x x C T
b; T
k + 1
l s hng khng cha x 6 0 5 30 k k
Vy s hng khng cha x l 13440 2
6
10
6
7
C T
5; Chng minh mt ng thc
a; T khai trin ca ( )
n n
n
n n
n n n n
n
x C x C x C x C C x + + + + + +
1 1 2 2 1 0
... 1
Cho x = 1 ta c
n n
n
n
n n n n
C C C C C 2 ...
1 2 1 0
+ + + + +
Cho x = 1 ta c ( ) 0 1 ...
2 1 0
+ +
n
n
n
n n n
C C C C
Cho x = a ta c
( )
0 1 2 2 1 1
... 1
n
n n n n
n n n n n
C aC a C a C a C a
+ + + + + +
b; T khai trin ca
( )
2
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 ...
n
n n n n
n n n n n
x C C x C x C x C x
+ + + + + +
Cho x = 1 ta c
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
... 0
n n n n
n n n n n
C C x C x C x C x
+ +
0 2 4 2 1 3 5 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C C C ... C C C C ... C
n n
n n n n n n n n
+ + + + + + + +
c; V
2 1
2 1 2 1
C C , , 2 1
k n k
n n
k k n
+
+ +
+ N nn ta c
0 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
C C C ... C C C C ... C
n n n n n
n n n n n n n n
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
6; Gii phng trnh
gii phng trnh ta cn t iu kin cho n s v p dng cng
thc t hp , chnh hp a v phng trnh i s gii
XC SUT
1. Tp hp tt c cc kt qu c th xy ra ca php th c gi l
khng gian mu
a) Gieo n con sc sc th 6
n
b) Gieo n ng tin th 2
n
c) Ly k vin bi trong thng c n vin th
k
n
C
d) Thng 1 c m vin, thng 2 c n vin . Ly k vin thng 1 v h
vin thng 2 th .
k h
m n
C C
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 15
2. Mt bin c A lin quan ti php th T l
A
. Bin c A xy
ra khi v ch khi kt qu ca T thc
A
. Mi phn t ca
A
gi l kt
qu thun li cho A
3. Hai bin c A, B gi l xung khc nu A, B khng ng thi xy ra.
4. Hai bin c A, B gi l c lp nu vic xy ra hay khng xy ra ca
bin c ny khng nh hng ti xc sut xy ra ca bin c kia.
5. Xc sut ca A l
( )
A
P A
( X l s phn t ca tp X )
6.
1 2
, ,...,
k
A A A l cc bin c i mt xung khc th?
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
... ...
k k
P A A A P A P A P A + + +
7. A l bin c i ca bin c A th
( )
( )
1 P A P A
8.
1 2
, ,...,
k
A A A l cc bin c c lp th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
... ...
k k
P A A A P A P A P A
9. X l bin ngu nhin ri rc vi tp gi tr l
{ }
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x
a. K vng ca X l
( )
1
n
i i
i
E X x p
vi
( ) ( )
, 1, 2, 3,...,
i i
p P X x i n
b. Phng sai ca X l
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
n n
i i i i
i i
V X x p hay V X x p
trong
( ) ( )
, 1, 2, 3,...,
i i
p P X x i n v ( ) E X
c. lch chun ( ) ( ) X E X
DY S - CP S
DY S
I/- Tnh n iu ca dy s
1/- nh ngha : Cho dy s (u
n
) nu vi
*
n N ta c :
a; u
n
< u
n + 1
th dy s (u
n
) l dy s tng
b; u
n
> u
n + 1
th dy s (u
n
) l dy s gim
c; Mt dy s tng (hay gim) gi l dy s n iu
2/- Cch xt tnh n iu ca dy s
Phng php : xt tnh n iu ca dy s ta c th p dng tnh
cht bt ng thc suy ra trc tip . Hoc xt hiu M = u
n + 1
u
n
a, Nu u
n + 1
u
n
> 0 ,
*
n N th (u
n
) l dy s tng
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 16
b, Nu u
n + 1
u
n
< 0 ,
*
n N th (u
n
) l dy s gim
c, Ngoi 2 trng hp trn th (u
n
) l dy s khng tng, khng gim
Nu 0
n
u n > ta c th xt
1
n
n
u
u
+
1
1
n
n
u
u
+
> th (u
n
) l dy s gim
1
1
n
n
u
u
+
< th (u
n
) l dy s tng
3/- V d : Xt tnh n iu ca dy s sau :
a; u
n
= n
2
+ 1
Cch 1 :
*
n N ta c 1 n < n + 1 n
2
< (n + 1)
2
n
2
+ 1< (n + 1)
2
+ 1 ; u
n
< u
n + 1
nn (u
n
) l dy s tng
Cch 2 :
*
n N ta c u
n + 1
u
n
= (n + 1)
2
+ 1 [n
2
+ 1]
= (n + 1)
2
n
2
= 2n + 1 > 0
*
n N nn (u
n
) l dy s tng
b; u
n
=
2
1
5 7 n n +
*
n N ta c u
n + 1
u
n
=
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
5 7
1 5 1 7
n n
n n
+
+ + +
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
5 1 5( 1)
4 2
( 1) 5( 1) 7 5 7
1 5( 1) 7 5 7
n n n n
n
n n n n
n n n n
+ + +
1 1 + + + +
1 + + + +
]
]
]
V n
2
5n + 7 > 0
*
n N v 4 2n > 0 khi n < 2 ; 4 2n < 0 khi
n>2. Vy (u
n
) l dy s khng tng , khng gim
c; u
n
= (1)
n
.n Ta c u
1
= 1 ; u
2
= 2 ; u
3
= 3 .
Vy (u
n
) l dy s khng tng , khng gim
II/- Tnh b chn ca dy s
1/- nh ngha
Cho dy s (u
n
) nu vi
*
n N ta c:
a;
n
M saocho u M th dy s (u
n
) b chn trn
b;
n
msaocho u m th dy s (u
n
) b chn di
c; Dy s va b chn trn va b chn di gi l dy s b chn
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 17
2/- V d Xt tnh b chn ca dy s
2 3
1
n
n
u
n
+
Ta c u
n
= 2
5
1 n
+
. V
*
n N ta c 1 < n + 1
5 5 5
5 5 0 3 2 2
1 1 1 n n n
< < < < <
+ + +
Vy (u
n
) l dy s b chn
CP S CNG
1/- nh ngha
(
n
u ) l mt cp s cng nu
*
n N , d sao cho
1 n
u
+
=
n
u + d
d : cng sai ;
n
u l s hng tng qut th n .
V d 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , . . . . . l cp s cng c cng sai d = 2
2 , 1 , 0 , 1 ; 2 , . . . l cp s cng c cng sai d = 1
2/- Tnh cht
a; S hng tng qut th n :
1
( 1)
n
u u n d +
b; (u
n
) l cp s cng th u
n 1
+ u
n + 1
= 2u
n
Hay 3 s a ; b ; c lp thnh cp s cng a + c = 2b
3/- Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s cng
( )
( )
1
1
2 1
S
2 2
+ 1
+
]
n
n
n u n d
n u u
Bi tp
Vn 1 Chng minh mt dy s l cp s cng
Phng php
Cch 1 : Chng minh u
n + 1
u
n
= d . d l 1 s khng i
*
n N
Cch 2 : Chng minh u
n 1
+ u
n + 1
= 2 u
n
,
*
n N , n >1
V d
1/- Cho (u
n
) vi u
n
= 1 3n . Chng minh rng (u
n
) l cp s cng
Ta c u
n + 1
u
n
= 1 3(n + 1) (1 3n) = 3
*
n N
Vy (u
n
) l cp s cng c cng sai d = 3
2; Chng minh rng 3 s dng a; b; c lp thnh cp s cng khi v
ch khi
1 1 1
; ;
b c c a a b + + +
lp thnh cp s cng .Ta c
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 18
1 1 1 1 1 2
SC ; ; C
b c c a a b a b b c a c
+
+ + + + + +
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 a c a b a c b c a b b c + + + + + + +
a +2 ab +2 bc +2 ca + c = 2 ab +2 bc +2 ca +2b
a + c = 2b a, b, c lp thnh cp s cng
Vn 2 Xc nh cp s cng
Phng php xc nh 1 cp s cng t iu kin cho p dng
cng thc u
n
= u
1
+ (n 1).d v
( )
1
2 1
S
2
+ 1
]
n
n u n d
a v h
phng trnh n s u
1
v d
V d
1/- Xc nh u
1
v d ca cp s cng bit
2 3 5
1 6
10
17
u u u
u u
+
'
+
Ta c
2 3 5
1 6
10
17
u u u
u u
+
'
+
1 1 1
1 1
( 2 ) 4 10
5 17
u d u d u d
u u d
+ + + +
'
+ +
1 1
1
3 10 1
2 5 17 3
u d u
u d d
+
' '
+
2/- Gia 2 s a ; b hy t thm k s na c cp s cng
Ta c cp s cng c k + 2 s hng nn u
1
= a ; u
k +2
= b
u
1
+ (k + 1)d = b a + (k + 1)d = b
1
b a
d
n
+
p dng u
n
+ (n 1)d ta ln lt tnh c cc s cn tm
Vn 3
Tm gi tr tham s phng trnh c nghim lp thnh cp s
cng
1/- Phng trnh
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + + c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s
cng
Ph trnh c 3 nghim x
1
; x
2
; x
3
lp thnh cp s cng x
1
+ x
3
= 2x
2
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 19
Theo nh l Viet ta c x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
=
b
a
3x
2
=
b
a
x
2
=
3
b
a
x
2
l nghim ca p. trnh nn thay x
2
vo p. trnh ta tm c gi tr
tham s
Th li : Thay gi tr tham s vo phng trnh v gii kim tra ,ch
phng trnh c 1 nghim l x
2
=
3
b
a
V d : Tm m phng trnh : x
3
3x
2
+ 2mx + m 1 = 0 (1) c
3 nghim phn bit lp thnh cp s cng
Gi s phng tnh (1) c 3 nghim x
1
; x
2
; x
3
lp thnh cp s cng
x
1
+ x
3
= 2x
2
. Theo nh l Viet ta c x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
=
b
a
= 3
3x
2
= 3 x
2
= 1
x
2
= 1 l nghim ca phng trnh (1) 1 3 + 2m + m 1 = 0
m = 1
Khi m = 1 ta c (1) x
3
3x
2
+ 2x = 0 x (x
2
3x + 2) = 0
2
0
0
1 2
3 2 0
x
x
x x
x x
Ta c (1) c 3 nghim 0 ; 1 ; 2 lp thnh cp s cng . Vy m = 1
2/- Phng trnh
4 2
0 ax bx c + + c 4 nghim phn bit lp thnh cp
s cng
t t = x
2
( )
0 t ta c at
2
+ bt + c = 0 (2)
Phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit phng trnh (2) c 2
nghim phn bit t
1
; t
2
tho 0 < t
1
< t
2
. Khi (1) c 4 nghim phn
bit
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t lp thnh cp s cng
2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 3 9 t t t t t t t
V t
1
; t
2
l nghim ca (2) theo nh l Viet ta c
1 2 1 1
10
10
b b b
t t t t
a a a
+
T iu kin t
1
l nghim ca pt (2) ta tm c gi tr tham s v th
li
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 20
CP S NHN
1/- nh ngha
Dy s (u
n
) c gi l cp s nhn nu q sao cho
u
n +1
= u
n
.q n N* . q c gi l cng bi ca cp s nhn
Nu u
1
= 0 th CSN 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; . . . . . q tu
Nu q = 0 th CSN u
1
; 0; 0; 0; . . . . . .
Nu q = 1 th CSN u
1
; u
1
; u
1
; . . . . . .
2/- Tnh cht
a; S hng tng qut u
n
= u
1
.q
n 1
b ; u
n 1
. u
n + 1
= ( u
n
)
2
( vi n > 1 ) hay CSN a; b; c a.c = b
2
c ; Tng n s hng u tin
q = 1 th S
n
= n.u
1
q 1 th
1
1
S .
1
n
n
q
u
q
CSN li v hn l CSN c cng bi 1 q vi q < c tng
1
1
u
S
q
Vn 1 Chng minh 1 dy s l cp s nhn
Phng php
chng minh 1 dy s l cp s nhn ta chng minh
1 n
n
u
q
u
+
.
*
n N
hoc chng minh u
n 1
. u
n + 1
= ( u
n
)
2
( vi
*
n N , n > 1 )
V d
1/- Chng minh rng dy s u
n
= 3.2
n
l 1 cp s nhn . Tnh
8
S
Ta c
1
1
*
3.2
2
3.2
n
n
n
n
u
n
u
+
+
N .
Vy u
n
l 1 cp s nhn c cng bi q = 2
v u
1
= 3.2
1
= 6 .
.
8 8
8 1
1 2 1
S . 6. 1530
1 2 1
q
u
q
2/- Chng minh rng :
2 1 2
; ; ; ; a b c
b a b b c
-- -
-- -
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 21
Ta c
2 1 2 2 2 2
; ; ( ) ( ) ( )( ) b b c b b a b a b c
b a b b c b a b c b
+ +
-
-
b
2
bc + b
2
ab = b
2
bc ab + ac b
2
= ac ; ; a b c
--
--
Vn 2 Xc nh cp s nhn
Phng php
xc nh 1 cp s nhn t iu kin cho p dng
1
1
.
1
n
n
q
S u
q
v u
n
= u
1
.q
n 1
lp h phng tnh n s l u
1
v q
V d
1/- Tm u
1
v q ca cp s nhn bit :
( )
( )( )
2 4
2 4
1
1 1 1
6
2 2 4
1 1
1
1 65
65
. . 65
5 1 3
325
. 325
1 1 325
7 1
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
' ' '
u q q
u u u
u u q u q
u u
u u q
u q q q
( )
2
2 4
1
1
1 5
2
5 1 65
+
t
' '
+
q
q
u u q q
2/- Cho 2 s a ; b dng, gia 2 s a ; b t thm k s na c mt
cp s nhn
GII : Cp s nhn c k + 2 s hng
Ta c
1
1 1
1 1
2
1
.
k k
k
u a
u a u a
b
u b
q u q b
a
+ +
+
' ' '
Tm q v p dng u
n
= u
1
.q
n 1
tm c cc s cn li
GII HN CA DY S
1/- nh ngha
a ; lim 0
n
u ,
n
n u nh hn mt s dng cho trc nh ty
k t mt s hng no tr i.
b;
( )
lim lim 0
n n
u L u L R
c ; limu
n
= +
n
u ln hn mt s dng cho trc k t mt s
hng no tr i.
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 22
d; limu
n
=
n
u nh hn mt s m cho trc k t mt s
hng no tr i.
2/- Tnh cht
( )
; lim( ) lim lim ; lim . lim .lim t t
n n n n n n n n
a u v u v b u v u v
( )
lim
; lim . .lim ; lim ( lim 0)
lim
n n
n n n
n n
u u
c k u k u d v
v v
e; Nu
3
3
lim : lim , lim ( 0)
n n n
u L u L u L ne u L R
f.
,
lim 0
lim 0
n n
n
n
u v n
u
v
<
;
R
3/- Mt s gii hn c bn
*
0 1
1
; lim 0 ; lim ( ) ; lim
1
<
+
+ >
N
n
q
a b n c q
n
q
3
1 1
; lim 0; . lim 0 d e
n
n
Vn 1 Chng minh lim
n
u L
Phng php CM : lim( ) 0
n
u L
CM lim 0
n
u tac th s dng tnh cht
,
lim 0
lim 0
n n
n
n
u v n
u
v
<
;
R
V d Chng minh rng
( )
1 sin3 2
2
lim
3 3
+
n
n n
n
Xt
( ) ( )
1 sin3 2 3. 1 sin3
2
3 3 9
n n
n
n n n
u
n n
+
( )
1 sin3
1
3 3
lim 0
1
lim 0
3
n
n
n
n n
Ma u
n
Vy
( )
1 sin3 2
2
lim
3 3
+
n
n n
n
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 23
Vn 2 Tm gii hn
1/- Tm gii hn bng cch trong t s v mu s t lu tha bc cao
nht lm tha s chung n gin tha s chung hay chia c t v mu
cho lu tha bc cao nht ca n v p dng
( )
( )
k
*
m m k
n 1 1
m k va lim 0
n n n
> N
2/- Khi trong gii hn c cha cn thc ta c th nhn chia cho biu
thc lin hp
3/
1 2
*
0 1 2
1 2
0 1 2
...
lim ( , )
...
k k k
k
m m m
m
a n a n a n a
k m
b n b n b n b
+ + + +
+ + + +
N
Nu k m chia c t v mu cho
m
n ( p s = 0 nu k < m,
0
0
a
b
nu k =
m )
1 2
0 1 2
1 2
0 1 2
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
...
Khi lim
...
...
...
lim lim
...
...
k k k
k
m m m
m
k
k
k
k
k
k m
m m
m
m
m
a n a n a n a
k m
b n b n b n b
a a
a a
n a
a
n n
n n
n
b b
b b
b
n b
n n
n n
+ + + +
>
+ + + +
_
_
+ + +
+ + +
,
_
+ + +
+ + +
,
,
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
khi
b
a
khi
b
+ >
<
GII HN CA HM S
Kin thc cn nh
1) [ ]
x a x a x a
lim uv = limu lim v
2) ( )
lim . lim . lim
x a x a x a
u v u v
3)
( )
lim
lim lim 0
lim
x a
x a x a
x a
u
u
v
v v
_
,
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 24
4)
lim lim lim 0
x a x a x a
u u u
_
,
5) Nu ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) va lim lim
x a x a
g x f x h x g x h x L
th
( )
lim
x a
f x L
6/- Nu
( )
1
lim ( ) lim 0
x a x a
f x
f x
+
7/- Cc quy tc
Nu lim ( ) lim ( ) 0 lim[ ( ). ( )]
x a x a x a
f x va g x L f x g x
t
bng hay + ty theo tch 2 du ca lim ( )
x a
f x
v L
8/- Hm s y = f(x) lin tc ti a
( ) ( )
lim
x a
f x f a
9/- Hm s y = f(x) lin tc trong (a ; b) v f(a).f(b) < 0 th
phng tnh f(x) = 0 c nghim trong (a ; b)
10/ Gii hn mt bn
a.
( ) ( )
lim ; lim
x a x a
f x x a f x x a
+
> <
b. Gii hn v cc (trong gii hn mt bn)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
lim lim 0, 0
x a x a
f x f x
hay khi f a g a
g x g x
+
Phn tch
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
f x f x
g x x a g x
. Tnh
( )
( )
1
f a
M
g a
Ta c :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
lim . ; lim .
x a x a
f x f x
M M
g x g x
+
+
V d :
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 5 2 5 2.2 5
lim lim 1; 1.
3 2 2 1 2 1
x x
x x
x x x x
_
+ +
+
,
Vn 1 Tm gii hn ca hm s
Dng 1 Dng v nh
0
0
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 25
Phng php Tm
( )
lim
( ) x a
f x
g x
m f(a) = g(a) = 0
Phn tch t s v mu s thnh cc tha s trong c cha ( x a)
sau n gin cho ( x a)
Ch : Phng tnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 c nghim x
0
th
ax
2
+ bx + c =
( )
0
0
c
x x ax
x
_
,
Hoc c th thc hin php chia a thc cho ( x x
0
)
Khi trong gii hn c cha cn thc ta c th nhn chia cho biu thc
lin hp
V d Tm cc gii hn sau
1/-
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1 2x 1
2x 3x 1 2x 1
lim lim lim 2
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x
+ +
+ + +
+
2/-
( )
( )
1 1 1
3 1 2
3 1 4 3 3
lim lim lim
1 4
3 1 2
1 3 1 2
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
+
+
+ +
+ +
3/-
3 3
1 1 1
7 3 1 7 2 3 1 2
1 3 2
lim lim lim
1 1 1 12 4 3
+ + + +
x x x
x x x x
x x x
Dng 2 Dng v nh
Phng php p dng
( )
*
1
lim lim 0
lim
neu n chan
neu n le
+ t
+
+
N
x x
n
x
x
x
x
1
0 1
1
0 1
.....
lim
....
n n
m m
x
a x a x
b x b x
+ +
+ +
t lu tha bc cao nht trong t,
trong mu lm tha s chung ( p dng
1
( )
t
k k t
x
k t
x x
> ) n
gin v p dng
1
lim 0
x
x
Nu n m chia c t v mu cho
m
x
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 26
( p s = 0 nu n < m,
0
0
a
b
nu n = m )
1 2
0 1 2
1 2
0 1 2
...
Khi lim
...
n n n
n
m m m
x
m
a x a x a x a
n m
b x b x b x b
t
+ + + +
>
+ + + +
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
...
...
lim lim
...
...
t t
_
_
+ + +
+ + +
,
_
+ + +
+ + +
,
,
k
n
n
n
n
n m
x x
m m
m
m
m
a a
a a
x a
a
x x
x x
x
b b
b b
b
x b
x x
x x
Ta c
1
0 1 0
1
0 1 0
0
0
0
.....
lim
....
.
<
+ +
+ +
t >
n n
m m
x
khi n m
a x a x a
khi n m
b x b x b
a
khi n m
b
Ch :
Vi a > 0 ta c
2
2
2
.
.
b c
x a khi x
x x
ax bx c
b c
x a khi x
x x
+ + +
+ +
+ +
V d : Tm
( )( )
3 4
3 4
3 4
7 3
7
4 7
3 1
2 1
2 3 1
1/ lim lim
3 2 3 2
1
+ +
_ _
+
+
, ,
+ _
+
,
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
3 4
x
4 7
3 1
2 1
x x
lim 2
3 2
1
x x
+
_ _
+
, ,
_
+
,
2
3 2
2 / lim
2 3
x
x x
x
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 27
2
2 2
3 2 3 2
. 1 1
3 2
1
lim lim lim
2
2 3 2 3 3
3
+ +
+
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
Dng 3 Dng v nh
Phng php Thc hin php bin i a v dng
0
0
hay
V d
( )( ) ( )( )
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1
1 1 1 1 x 2 1
1/ lim lim lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2
x x 2
1 1
lim
x 2 3
_ _
+
+ +
+
, ,
+
2 2
2
x x x
2
2
x 2x 4 x 2x 4
2 / lim x 2x 4 x lim lim
2 4
x 2x 4 x
x. 1 x
x
x
+ + +
+ _
+
,
+ +
+ +
2
4
2
lim 1
2 4
1 1
x
x
x
x
+
+ +
Dng 4 Dng v nh 0.
Phng php Thc hin php bin i a v dng
0
0
HM S LIN TC
1/- Xt tnh lin tc ca y = f(x) ti
0
x
Tnh f(x
o
) ( nu f(x
0
) khng tn ti th hm s khng lin tc )
Tm
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
Khi cn c th tm gii hn mt bn
So snh f(x
0
) v
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
kt lun
V d Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s :
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 28
1.
2
3 2
2
2
1 2
x x
Khi x
y x
Khi x
+
'
ti x = 2
Ta c f(2) = 1
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2
3 2
lim lim lim 1 1 2
1 1
x x x
x x
x x
x f
x x
+
Vy hm s lin tc ti x = 2
2.
2
3 2
1
1
2 1 1
+
>
'
x x
Khi x
y x
x Khi x
ti x = 1
Ta c f(1) = 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
1 2
3 2
lim lim lim 2 1 1
1 1
+ + +
+
x x x
x x
x x
x f
x x
( )
1 1
lim ( ) lim 2 1 3 (1)
x x
f x x f
+
Vy hm s khng lin tc ti x = 1
2/- Tm m hm s y = f(x) lin tc ti im ch ra
Phng php Tnh f(a) v tm lim ( )
x a
f x
Hm s lin tc ti x = a
( ) ( )
lim
x a
f x f a
t iu kin ny tm m
Khi cn c th tm gii hn mt bn
V d
1/- Hm s
1
3 2
x
y
x
+
cha lin tc ti x = 1 . nh f(1)
hm s lin tc ti x = 1
Ta c hm s lin tc ti x = 1
1
lim ( ) ( 1)
x
f x f
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1
1 3 2
1
( 1) lim lim lim 3 2 4
3 4
3 2
+ +
+
+
x x x
x x
x
f x
x
x
2/- Tm m hm s
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 29
3 1 2
1
( )
1
1
x
khi x
f x
x
mx khi x
+
>
'
a; Lin tc ti x = 1 b; Lin tc trn R
Gii
a; Ta c f(1) = m
1 1
lim ( ) lim
x x
f x mx m
1 1 1 1
3 1 2
3 1 4 3 3
lim ( ) lim lim lim
1 4
( 1)( 3 1 2) 3 1 2
x x x x
x
x
f x
x
x x x
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + +
Hm s lin tc ti x = 1
1 1
lim ( ) lim ( ) (1)
x x
f x f x f
+
3
4
m
b; Hm s lin tc ti 1 x nn hm s lin tc trn R hm s
lin tc ti x = 1
3
4
m
3/- Hm s
3 2
2 3 4 9
( )
1
x x x
f x
x
+ +
+
cha xc nh ti x = 1 .
nh f( 1) hm s lin tc trn R
Hm s lin tc trn R Hm s lin tc ti x = 1
1
( 1) lim ( )
x
f f x
3/- Chng minh phng trnh c nghim
Phng php
t f(x) l v tri ca phng trnh . f(x) lin tc trong D
Tm 2 s a ; b D sao cho f(a).f(b) < 0 th p trnh c nghim x thuc
(a ; b)
V d
1/- Chng minh rng phng trnh x
3
3x + 1 = 0 c 3 nghim phn
bit
t f(x) = x
3
3x + 1 lin tc trn R
Ta c : f(2) = 1 ; f( 1) = 3 ; f( 1 ) = 1 ; f( 2 ) = 3
V : f(2).f(1) = f(1).f( 1 ) = f( 1 ).f( 2 ) = 3 < 0
Nn phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit trn [2 ; 2 ]
2/- Chng minh rng phng trnh 3sin2x + x + 2 = 0 c nghim
t f(x) = 3sin2x + x + 2 lin tc trn R
Ta c f(0) = 2 v
( )
2 f
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 30
V (0). ( ) 2(2 ) 0 f f < nn phng trnh c nghim
3/- i khi ta cn s dng gii hn .
V d : Chng minh rng phng trnh
2008 2007
11 2006 0 x x c t nht 2 nghim
t
2008 2007
( ) 11 2006 f x x x lin tc trn R
Ta c f(0) = 2006
2008
2 2008
11 2006
lim ( ) lim 1
t t
_
+
,
x x
f x x
x x
Nn 0 : ( ) 0; 0 : ( ) 0 a f a b f b < > > >
V f(a).f(0) < 0 v f(0).f(b) < 0 nn phng trnh c t nht 2
nghim
O HM CA HM S
Hm s y = f(x) Hm s hp y = f(u) ; u = g(x)
( C ) = 0 C: hng s
x u x
y y . u
(x) =1
( )
x
x
2
1
( )
u
u
u
2
2
1 1
x x
,
_
2
1
u
u
u
,
_
( )
1
.
x x ( ) u u u
. .
1
( ) x x cos sin
( ) u u u cos . sin
( ) x x sin cos
( ) u u u sin . cos
( )
2
2
1
tan 1 tan
cos
x x
x
+
( )
tanu
u
u
2
cos
( )
2
1
cot
sin
x
x
( )
2
cot
sin
u
u
u
CC QUI TC TNH O HM
Cho cc hm s u ; v ; w ln lt c o hm u ; v ; w. Ta c :
1; ( u + v w ) = u + v w 2; ( u.v) = uv + uv
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 31
H qu : ( C.v ) = C.v ( C : hng s )
M rng : ( uvw ) = uvw + uvw + uvw
3;
( ) 0
' '
2
,
_
v
v
uv v u
v
u
4; u = u(x) c o hm theo x l u
x
y = f(u) c o hm theo u l y
u
Th hm s y = f ( ) [ ] x u c o hm theo x l y
x
= y
u
.u
x
O HM CP CAO
1. nh ngha
o hm ca y gi l o hm cp 2, k hiu y
o hm ca y gi l o hm cp 3, k hiu y
o hm ca o hm cp
( )
1 n gi l o hm cp n, k hiu
( )
n
y
2. Chng minh ng thc v o hm
Tm o hm n cp cao nht c trong ng thc th vo v chng
minh ng thc ng
TIP TUYN CA NG CONG ( C ) : ( ) y f x
L thuyt
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ( C ) ti M(x
0
; y
0
) :
0 0 0
( )( ) y y f x x x
Vn 1 : Lp phng tnh tip tuyn ca ( C ) ti M(
0 0
; x y )
Phng php : p dng cng thc
0 0 0
( )( ) y y f x x x
Nu cha cho y
0
th tnh y
0
= f(x
0
)
Nu cha cho x
0
th x
0
l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = y
0
V d Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s :
y = f(x) = x
3
3x + 2 ti:
a; im M c honh x
M
= 0 b; Giao im ca ( C ) vi trc honh
Gii :a; x
M
= 0 y
M
= 2 ( ) 2 ; 0 M f(x) = 3x
2
3 f(0) = 3
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn : y 2 = 3( x 0 ) y = 3x + 2
b; Phng trnh trc Ox : y = 0 . Ta c x
3
3x + 2 = 0
( )( ) 2 1 0 2 1
2
+ x x x x x
x = 1 phng trnh tip tuyn y = f(1)(x 1) 0 y
x = 2 phng trnh tip tuyn y = f( 2)(x + 2)
18 9 ) 2 ( 9 + + x y x y
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 32
Vn 2 Lp phng trnh tip tuyn c h s gc k cho trc
Phng php
Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l tip im. Tip tuyn c h s gc k
( ) k x f
0
. Gii phng trnh tm x
0 ( )
0 0
x f y D
Phng trnh tip tuyn y y
0
= k( x x
0
)
Lu Cho (d) : y = a.x + b nu :
(d
1
) song song vi (d) th (d
1
) c h s gc k = a
(d
2
) vung gc vi (d) th (d
1
) c h s gc k =
a
1
hay a.k = 1
V d
Cho ( C ) : y = f(x) = x
3
2x + 2. lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca ( C )
bit
1; Tip tuyn song song vi (d) : y = x + 1
2; Tip tuyn vung gc vi (d)
GII
1; Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l tip im. Tip tuyn song song vi (d) nn c h
s gc k = 1 ( ) 1 1 2 3 1
0
2
0 0
t
x x x f
x
0
= 1 y
0
= 1 . Phng tnh tip tuyn : y = x
x
0
= 1 y
0
= 3 . Phng tnh tip tuyn : y = x + 4
2; V tip tuyn vung gc vi (d) nn c h s gc k = 1 .
Vn 3 : Lp phng trnh tip tuyn i qua mt im A(
1 1
; x y )
Phng php
Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l tip im.Tnh y
0
= f(x
0)
v f(x
0
) theo x
0
. Phng
trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M l : y y
0
= f(x
0
)( x x
0
) (1) V tip
tuyn i qua A nn
y
1
y
0
= f(x
0
)( x
1
x
0
) gii phng trnh tm x
0
thay vo (1).
V d Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) : y = f(x) = x
3
3x + 2 bit
rng tip tuyn i qua A(2 ; 4 )
Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l tip im . Ta c y
0
= x
0
3
3x
0
+2 v
f(x
0
) = 3x
0
2
3 Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M l
y (x
0
3
3x
0
+ 2) = (3x
0
2
3)( x x
0
) ( ) 2 2 3 3
3
0
2
0
+ x x x y (1)
V tip tuyn i qua A(2; 4) nn 4 = (3x
0
2
3).2 2x
0
3
+ 2
3 0 0 3
0 0
2
0
3
0
x x x x
x
0
= 0 phng trnh tip tuyn l y = 3x + 2
x
0
= 3 phng trnh tip tuyn l y = 24x 52
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 33
HNH HC
Chng I : PHP BIN HNH
DNG 1 : V NH CA MT HNH QUA PHP BIN HNH
Phng php:
1. V nh ca mt im:
a. Qua php tnh tin : Ly M sao cho MM a
b. Qua php i xng Trc d : Ly M sao cho d l ng trung trc
ca MM.(Qua M dng t d ct d tai H, ly M sao cho H l trung
im ca MM)
c. Qua php i xng Tm O : Ly M sao cho O l trung im ca
MM.
d. Qua
( )
; O k
V : Trn ng thng OM ly M sao cho on
. OM k OM v :
M, M cng pha i vi O nu k > 0.
M, M khc pha i vi O nu k < 0.
e. Qua php quay
( )
; O
Q
:
V cung trn tm O, bn knh OM.
Trn cung trn ly im M sao cho
( )
, . OM OM
( )
MOM
0
0
MM ngc chieu kim ong ho neu
MM cung chieu kim ong ho ne u
>
<
-
-
2. V nh ca Tam gic : Ln lt v nh ca cc nh
3. V nh ca ng thng (d) : Trn (d) ly 2 im A, B. V nh A,
B ca A, B, nh l ng thng AB.
4. V nh ca mt ng tr n :
a. V I l nh ca tm I qua php bin hnh.
b. V ng trn nh c tm I v bn knh bng R ( Nu l php Tnh
tin, i xng Trc, i xng tm), bn knh
. R k R
( nu l php
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 34
V t
( )
; O k
V ). Hoc ly im M trn ng trn , v nh M sau v
ng trn tm I, bn knh IM.
5. V d :
Phep Tnh tien T
a
M'
I'
A'
C'
B'
a
B
C
A
I
M
d
d
Phep oi xng Truc
d
M'
I'
A'
C'
B'
B
C
A
I
M
Phep oi xng Tam
O
M'
I'
A'
C'
B'
B
C
A
I
O
O
M
> 0
< 0
Phep Quay Tam O, goc
B'
A'
C'
I'
M'
B
C
A
I
O
O
M
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 35
k > 0
k < 0
Phep V t Tam O, ty so k
M'
I'
A'
C'
B'
B
C
A
I
O
O M
DNG 2 : TM PHNG TRNH NH
Phng php :
1. Phng php chung :
Cho hnh H c phng trnh F(x; y) = 0. Vit phng trnh H l nh
ca H qua php bin hnh f c biu thc ta
( )
( )
x u x
y v y
'
GII : Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
; ; ; M x y M x y f M
'
( )
( )
x u x
y v y
tnh x theo x, y theo y
M(x; y) H
( )
; 0 F x y
thay x, y vo ta c phng trnh
( )
; 0 G x y
. Vy phng trnh nh l
( )
; 0 G x y
Lu :
a. Qua php Tnh tin theo
( )
; :
x x a
v a b
y y b
+
'
+
,
b. Qua php i xng trc Ox
x x
y y
'
c. Qua php i xng trc Oy
x x
y y
'
d. Qua php i xng tm
( )
2
; :
2
x a x
A a b
y b y
'
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 36
e. Qua php
( ) ( )
; ; V I k vi I a b
: Ta c
, ,
. IM k IM
( )
( )
+
' '
+
x a k x a
x kx ka a
y ky kb b
y b k y b
2. nh ca ng trn (I,R) qua php Tnh tin, i xng trc, i
xng tm, v t : Tm ta nh I, sau vit phng trnh ng trn
tm I, bn knh R ( hoc
R k R
' ' '
+ +
( ) ( )
; 3 2 1 0 M x y d x y +
+ + _ _
+ +
, ,
2 3
3 2 1 0 3 2 2 0
2 2
x y
x y
Vy phng trnh nh ca
( )
: 3 2 1 0 la x y
2. Vit Phng trnh nh ca ng trn
( )
2 2
: 13 9 5 0 C x y x y + +
qua php i xng trc Ox
Gi M(x; y)
( ) ( )
;
Ox
x x x x
M x y M
y y y y
' '
( ) ( )
2 2
; 13 9 5 0 M x y C x y x y + +
+
2 2
13 9 5 0 x y x y
Vy phng trnh ng trn nh l
2 2
13 9 5 0 x y x y +
3. Vit Phng trnh
( )
C l nh ca ng trn
( )
2 2
: 4 6 3 0 C x y x y + +
a. Qua php tnh tin theo
( )
2; 1 v
,
b. Qua php i xng tm O(0; 0)
c. Qua php i xng tm A(4; 3)
d. Qua php v t
( )
, 2 V A
Gii
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 38
a. ng trn c tm
( )
2; 3 , 4 I ban knh R .
Gi
( ) ( )
,
;
v
I x y T I
( )
2 2 4
4; 4
3 1 4
x x
I
y y
+
' '
( )
C c tm
( )
4; 4 4 I va ban knh R
Vy
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 4 4 16 C x y + +
( ) ( ) ( )
'
2
. ; 2; 3
3
O
x
b I x y I I
y
( )
C c tm
( )
2;3 4 I va ban knh R
Vy
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 2 3 16 C x y
+ +
( ) ( )
+
' '
A
2 8 6
. ;
3 6 9
x x
c I x y I
y y
( )
C c tm
( )
6; 9 4 I va ban knh R
Vy
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 6 9 16 C x y
+
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
' ' '
+
, ,
, 2
. ; 2.
4 2. 2 4
4 4 8
12 3 15
3 2 3 3
A
d I x y V I AI AI
x
x x
y y
y
( )
8;15 I v bn
knh
2 . 2.4 8 R R
( )
C c tm
( )
10; 15 8 I va ban knh R
Vy
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 10 15 64 C x y + +
Dng 3 : V tm v t ca 2 ng tn
( ) ( )
, , I R va I R
1. Nu I trng I v R R
th tm v t l I,
R
k
R
t
2. Nu I trng I v R R
th c v s tm v t vi t s k = 1
3. Nu I khng trng I: trn (I, R) ly im A, trn ng trn (I,R)
ly ng knh BC // IA. Tm v t l giao im ca II vi AB hoc
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 39
AC ,
R
k
R
t ( nu R = R ch c mt tm v t l trung im ca II v
k = -1 )
DNG 4 . CHNG MINH, QU TCH
Phng php chung :
T iu kin cho xc nh cho c 2 i tng lin h l nh ca
nhau qua php bin hnh no? suy ra iu cn chng minh hoc qu
tch.
Nu M bin thnh M m :
1.
a
MM a la T
2. O l trung im ca MM l php i xng tm O.
3. d l ng trung trc ca MM l php i xng trc d.
4. OM = OM v
( )
( )
;
, ( )
O
OM OM kho ng o i la phep quay Q
5.
( )
;
.
O k
OM
OM k OM k la V
OM
_
,
Chng II NG THNG V MT PHNG
Vn 1 Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
Phng php
Cch 1 : tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) ; (Q) ta tm hai im
chung phn bit A ; B giao tuyn l ng thng AB
( ) ) ( ; Q A P A A l im chung th nht
) ( ; ) ( Q B P B B l im chung th hai
Vy ) ( ) ( Q P = AB
Cch 2 : ( Khi hc chng song song )
Tm mt im chung S ca (P) v (Q) Sx Q P ) ( ) (
Chng minh Sx song song vi 1 ng thng cho trc
Ch :
'
( );( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A d d P A P
A d a A d va A a
A d P A d va A P
P Q d d P va d Q
Vn 2 Tm giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 40
Phng php tm giao im ca ng thng (d) vi mt phng (P)
:
Cch 1 : * Tm mt mt phng ph (Q) cha (d)
Tm giao tuyn a ca (P) v (Q)
Trong mt phng (Q) tm M = a ) (P d M d
Cch 2 : Tm trong mt phng (P) ng thng a m M d a
) (
) ( ) ( ;
P d M
d M
P M P a a M
'
Vn 3 : Chng minh nhiu im thng hng
Phng php chng minh nhiu im thng hng ta chng minh
cc im l im chung ca hai mt phng phn bit no
) ( ; ) (
) ( ; ) (
) ( ; ) (
Q C P C
Q B P B
Q A P A
A ; B ; C thng hng
Vn 4 Tm thit din
Phng php
tm thit din to bi mt khi a din vi mt mt phng ta tm cc
giao im ca mt phng vi cc cnh ca khi a din (nu c).Cc
giao im l cc nh ca a gic thit din. Hoc tm cc on giao
tuyn ca mt phng vi cc mt ca a din
V d 1/- Cho t din ABCD . M, P ln lt l trung im ca AB, CD
. N l im trn cnh AD sao cho AN = 2ND
a; Tm giao im E ca MN vi (BCD)
b; Tm giao tuyn ca (MNP) vi (BCD)
c; Tm giao im Q ca BC vi (MNP)
d; MQ ct NP ti F. Chng minh rng A, C , F thng hng
e; Tm thit din khi ct t din bi (MNP)
GII
a; Trong (ABD) gi E = MN
( )
'
BCD E BD E
MN E
BD
( ) BCD MN E
b; Xt hai mt phng (BCD) v (MNP) ta c
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 41
( )
( )
BCD P CD P
MNP P
P l im chung th nht
( )
( )
( )
'
BCD E
MNP E MN E
BCD MN E E l im chung th 2
Vy ( ) ( ) PE MNP BCD
c; Ta c BC ( ) BCD m (BCD) (MNP) = PE
Trong (BCD) gi Q = BC ( ) Q MNP BC PE
d; Xt hai mt phng (ABC) v (ACD) ta c
A, C l hai im chung (1)
( )
; ( )
; ( ) ( )
F MQ MQ ABC F ACD
F MQ NP
F NP NP ACD F ACD
'
F l im chung (2). T (1) v (2) ta c A, C, F thng hng.
e; Ta c (MNP) ct AB, AD, DC, CB ln lt ti M, N, P, Q nn
(MNP) ct t din ABCD theo thit din l t gic MNPQ.
A
B
D E
C
F
N
M
P
Q
Chng III S SONG SONG
I/- nh ngha :
1; a // b a, b cng nm trong mt mt phng v khng c im
chung
2; a // (P) ( ) a P 3; (P) // (Q) ( ) ( ) P Q
II/- Tnh cht
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 42
1; b a
c b
c a
//
//
//
'
2; c b a
Q c P a
b Q P c a
// //
) ( ; ) (
) ( ) ( ; //
'
3; Ba mt phng ct nhau theo ba giao tuyn phn bit th ba giao tuyn
y song song hoc ng qui.
4; ) ( //
) (
) ( ; //
P a
P b
P a b a
'
5; b a
b Q P
Q a P a
//
) ( ) (
) ( ; ) ( //
'
6; b a
b Q P
Q a P a
//
) ( ) (
) ( // ; ) ( //
'
7; ) ( //
) ( // ) (
) (
P a
P Q
Q a
'
8; Trong (P) c 2 ng thng a, b ct nhau cng song song vi (Q)
th (P) // (Q)
9;
) ( // ) (
) ( // ) (
) ( // ) (
Q P
R Q
R P
'
10;
( ) // ( )
//
( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( )
P Q
a b
P R a Q R b
'
Vn 1 Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng ( b sung )
Phng php tm giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P) ; (Q) ta c th tm
mt im chung S Sx Q P ) ( ) ( v chng minh Sx song song vi
mt ng thng cho trc
V d Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh . Tm giao
tuyn ca 2 mt phng (SAB) v (SCD)
GII : Xt 2 mt phng (SAB) v (SCD) ta c S l im chung
Sx SCD SAB ) ( ) ( m AB // CD Sx // AB
Vn 2 Chng minh hai ng thng song song
Phng php chng minh hai ng thng a ; b song song ta c
th Chng minh:
1; b a
c b
c a
//
//
//
'
2; b a
b Q P
Q a P a
//
) ( ) (
) ( ; ) ( //
'
3;
( ) ; ( )
//
// ; ( ) ( )
a P c Q
a b
a c P Q b
'
4;
// ( ) ; // ( )
//
( ) ( )
a P a Q
a b
P Q b
'
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 43
5; b a
b R Q a R P
Q P
//
) ( ) ( ; ) ( ) (
) ( // ) (
'
6; Chng minh ba mt phng ct nhau theo 3 giao tuyn phn bit v 3
giao tuyn khng ng qui th song song vi nhau
7; S dng cc tnh cht hnh hc phng : ng trung bnh, nh l
Talet, t/c hnh bnh hnh v.v
8; Chng minh b a
P b
P a
//
) (
) (
'
Vn 3 Chng minh ng thng song song vi mt phng
Phng php Ta chng minh
1; ) ( //
) (
//
P a
P b
b a
'
2; ) ( //
) ( // ) (
) (
P a
P Q
Q a
'
3;
) ( //
) (
) (
P a
P a
b P b a
'
4;
) ( //
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
P a
P a
Q P Q a
'
Vn 4 Chng minh hai mt phng song song
Phng php Ta chng minh
1;
; ( ) ;
( ) // ( )
// ( ) ; // ( )
a b P a b
P Q
a Q b Q
'
( a b l a ct b)
2; ) ( // ) (
) ( // ) (
) ( // ) (
Q P
R Q
R P
'
3; ) ( // ) (
) (
) (
Q P
a Q
a P
'
Vn 5 Chng minh hai ng thng cho nhau
Chng minh bng phng php phn chng
Gi s a , b khng cho nhau suy ra a v b cng nm trong mt
mtphng t cc iu kin cho v p dng cc tnh cht dn n iu
tri gi thit
Chng IV S VUNG GC
Vn 1 Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc
Phng php chng minh a b ta chng minh
1; S dng cc phng php Hnh hc phng : Gc ni tip, nh l
Pitago,
2; a b gc gia 2 t a,b = 90
0
3; . 0 a b a b
, ,
4; a // c c b a b
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 44
5; b a
P b
P a
'
) (
) (
6; b a
P b
P a
'
) (
) ( //
7; p dng nh l 3 ng vung gc : a l hnh chiu ca a ln (P)
( ) ; ' b P a b a a
Vn 2 Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mt phng
Phng php chng minh a ) (P ta chng minh
1; ( )
; ( )
a b a c
b c a P
b c P
'
2; ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
P a
a R Q
P R
P Q
'
3;
( ) ( ); ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ;
P Q P Q b
a P
a Q a b
'
4; ) (
) (
//
P a
P b
b a
'
5; ) (
) ( // ) (
) (
P a
P Q
Q a
'
Vn 3 Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc
Phng php chng minh (P) (Q) ta chng minh
1; ) ( ) (
) (
) (
Q P
Q a
P a
'
2; ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
Q P
b a
Q b P a
'
3; Chng minh gc gia (P) v (Q) bng 90
0
12 GC
1; Gc gia hai ng thng a , b : T mt im O ty dng a // a
b // b ( thng chn O trn a hay b ) th = gc gia 2 t ; a b
2; Gc gia ng thng a v mt phng (P) :
Nu a vung gc vi (P) th = 90
0
Nu a khng vung gc vi (P) th = gc gia ; a a trong a l hnh
chiu ca a ln (P) ( Tm
( )
M a P , trn a ly im A khc M, H l hnh
chiu ca A ln (P) th
AMH )
3; Gc gia hai mt phng (P) ; (Q) :
T Vnh Hoi TM TT KIN THCTON 11 Trang 45
a ;
'
) (
) (
Q b
P a
= gc gia 2 t a, b
b ; (P) // (Q) ; (P) (Q) th = 0
0
c; Khi (P) (Q) = d . Trong (P) dng a d ; trong (Q) dng b d th
= gc gia 2 t a, b
Ch :
Vi l gc gia a v b ; a v (P) ; (P) v (Q) th
0 0
90 0
Trong hnh chp S.ABCD c SH l ng cao :