1

T BA

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

NHIM V THIT KT TT NGHIP

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

LI NI U
Thng tin di ng ra i u tin vo cui nm 1940. Ngy nay thng tin di ng l ngnh vin thng c s pht trin nhanh nht. Bt u l h thng thng tin di ng tng t, n nay khi cc h thng di ng th h th ba c a vo hot ng v ng dng rng ri, c th cung cp c nhiu dch v bng rng v cc dch v truyn s liu tc cao. T chc ITU a ra n tiu chun ha h thng thng tin di ng th ba vi tn gi l IMT-2000 nhm p ng cc mc tiu chnh nh: Tc truy nhp cao m bo cc dch v bng rng nh cc dch v a phng tin v truy nhp Internet nhanh. Linh hot m bo cc dch v mi nh nh s c nhn ton cu v in thoi v tinh. Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c m bo s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng. C nhiu tiu chun cho h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba IMT-2000 c xut, trong c hai h thng l WCDMA UMTS v cdma-2000 c ITU chp thun v s c a vo hot ng trong nhng nm 2000. WCDMA UMTS s l s pht trin tip theo ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th hai s dng cng ngh TDMA nh: GSM, PDC, IS-136. Truy nhp gi tc cao ng xung (HSDPA: High Speed Down Link Packet Access) c 3GPP chun ha trong pht hnh R5 vi phin bn tiu chun u tin vo nm 2002. Truy nhp gi tc cao ng ln (HSUPA: High Speed Up Link Packet Access) trong 3GPP c chun ha trong R6 vo thng 12 nm 2004. C hai HSDPA v HSUPA c gi chung l HSPA. y l cng ngh tip sau WCDMA trong qu trnh tin ln cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th t, nng cao tc truyn d liu v cung cp cc dch v mi.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

5 Trong bi cnh Vit Nam v cc nc trn th gii ang trin khai rng ri hai cng ngh WCDMA v HSPA. Xut pht t mong mun tm hiu hai cng ngh trn nn em thc hin n: NGHIN CU CNG NGH THNG TIN DI NG 3G WCDMA V PHT TRIN LN TH H 3,5G HSPA Ni dung n c trnh by trong 4 chng vi ni dung chnh sau: Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng th h ba WCDMA Chng 2: Cc k thut s dng trong h thng WCDMA Chng 3: Giao din v tuyn ca mng WCDMA UMTS Chng 4: Cng ngh truy nhp gi tc cao HSPA Trong qu trnh hon thnh n khng trnh khi c nhiu thiu st, em rt mong nhn c nhng gp qu bu ca thy c v cc bn n c hon thin hn. hon thnh n ny, em xin chn thnh cm n c gio, th.s m M Hnh, cc thy c gio trong b mn K thut Vin thng, gia nh v bn b gip em trong sut thi gian qua. H Ni, ngy thng 5 nm 2010 Ngi thc hin

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

MC LC
Trang T BA ........................................................................................................................... 1 NHIM V THIT KT TT NGHIP ........................................................................ 2 LI NI U ................................................................................................................ 4 MC LC ...................................................................................................................... 6 CC T VIT TT ........................................................................................................ 8 DANH MC CC HNH V ....................................................................................... 13 CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H BA WCDMA ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG LN TH H 4G ............................................................................................................... 16 1.1.1 H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht ................................. 16 1.1.2 H thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ................................... 17 1.1.3 H thng thng tin di ng th h th ba .................................... 17 1.1.4 H thng thng tin di ng th h th t..................................... 18 1.2 KIN TRC CHUNG MT H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G ............................................................................................................... 19 1.2.1 Cng ngh WCDMA .................................................................... 19 1.2.2 Tng quan h thng UMTS.......................................................... 20 1.2.3 Kin trc chung ca mt mng WCDMA .................................... 22 1.2.4 Cc loi lu lng v dch v c mng 3G WCDMA h tr .. 23 1.3 CC KIN TRC CHO CNG NGH WCDMA THEO 3GPP ......... 24 1.1.3 Kin trc WCDMA UMTS R3 ..................................................... 25 1.3.2 Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS R4............................................ 31 1.3.3 Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6 ................................. 34 1.4 KIN TRC MNG DCH CHUYN T GMS SANG UMTS ........... 37 CHNG 2 - CC K THUT S DNG TRONG H THNG WCDMA .............. 40 2.1 S MY THU PHT V TUYN TRONG H THNG WCDMA ..................................................................................................... 40 2.2 M HA KIM SOT LI .................................................................. 42 2.2.1 M vng ....................................................................................... 43

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

7 2.2.2 M xon ....................................................................................... 44 2.2.3 M ha turbo ............................................................................... 45 2.3 PHI HP TC V AN XEN .................................................... 46 2.3.1 Phi hp tc ............................................................................ 46 2.3.2 an xen ........................................................................................ 47 2.4 CNG NGH A TRUY NHP CA WCDMA ................................. 47 2.4.1 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph................................................... 48 2.4.2 Nguyn l chung ca DSSS v p dng DSSS vo CDMA .......... 48 2.4.3 H thng DSSS-BPSK.................................................................. 52 2.4.4 H thng DSSS-QPSK ................................................................. 54 2.4.5 M hnh h thng DS CDMA ...................................................... 56 2.5 NGU NHIN HA............................................................................. 59 2.6 CC M TRI PH DNG TRONG WCDMA ................................. 59 2.7 MY THU PHN TP A NG MY THU RAKE .................. 61 2.8 IU KHIN CNG SUT ................................................................ 63 2.9 CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG WCDMA................................ 64 CHNG 3 - GIAO DIN V TUYN CA MNG WCDMA UMTS ...................... 66 3.1 GII THIU CHUNG ......................................................................... 66 3.2 KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC CA GIAO DIN V TUYN ....................................................................................................... 68 3.3 CC KNH CA WCDMA.................................................................. 69 3.4 KNH VT L ..................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Cc knh vt l ............................................................................ 70 3.4.2 Cc knh ng ln ..................................................................... 73 3.4.3 Tri ph v iu ch ng ln ................................................... 77 3.4.4 Cc knh ng xung ................................................................ 80 3.4.5 Tri ph v iu ch cho ng xung ....................................... 86 3.5 CC KNH TRUYN TI ................................................................... 88 3.5.1 Cc knh truyn ti ...................................................................... 89 3.5.2 Chuyn i v ghp cc knh truyn ti ln cc knh vt l ....... 90 3.6 KNH LOGIC ..................................................................................... 92 3.6.1 Cc knh iu khin..................................................................... 92 3.6.2 Cc knh lu lng ..................................................................... 92 SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

8 3.7 THIT LP CUC GI TRONG WCDMA UMTS ............................. 93 3.8 PHN TP PHT ................................................................................ 97 3.8.1. Phn tp vng h ........................................................................ 97 3.8.2. Ch vng kn .......................................................................... 98 CHNG 4 - CNG NGH TRUY NHP GI TC CAO HSPA ..................... 99 4.1 GII THIU CHUNG ......................................................................... 99 4.2 KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC GIAO DIN V TUYN HSPA ........................................................................................................ 100 4.3 TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG XUNG ....................... 102 4.3.2 Lp biu ph thuc knh............................................................ 103 4.3.3 iu khin tc v iu ch bc cao ...................................... 105 4.3.4 HARQ vi kt hp mm ............................................................. 107 4.3.5 Kin trc .................................................................................... 108 4.4 TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG LN .............................. 112 4.4.1 Lp biu ..................................................................................... 113 4.4.2 HARQ vi kt hp mm ............................................................. 116 4.4.3. Kin trc ................................................................................... 117 KT LUN ............................................................................................... 121 NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN ......................................... 122 LI CM N ........................................................................................... 123 TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................... 124

CC T VIT TT
2G 3G 3GPP 3GPP2 AICH Second Generation Third Generation 3ird Genaration Partnership Project 3ird Generation Patnership Project 2 Acquisition Indication Channel Th h th 2 Th h th ba n cc i tc th h th ba n i tc th h th ba hai Knh ch th bt

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

9 AMC AMR AMPS ARQ BCCH BCH BER BPSK BS BTS CDMA CD/CAICH CN CPCH CPICH CRC CSICH DCCH DCH DPCCH DPCH DPDCH DSCH Adaptive Modulation and Coding Adaptive MultiRate Advanced Mobile Phone System Automatic Repeat-reQuest Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Bit Error Rate Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Base Tranceiver Station Code Division Multiple Access CPCH Collision Detection/ Channel Assignment Indicator Channel Core Network Common Packet Channel Common Pilot Channel Cyclic Redundancy Check CPCH Status Indicator Channel Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Channel Dedicated Physycal Control Channel Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel Downlink Shared Channel M ha v iu ch thch ng a tc thch ng H thng in thoi di ng tin tin Yu cu pht li t ng Knh iu khin qung b Knh qung b T s li bit Kha chuyn pha hai trng thi Trm gc Trm thu pht gc a truy nhp phn chia theo m Knh ch th pht hin va chm CPCH/ n nh knh Mng li Knh gi chung Knh hoa tiu chung Kim tra vng d Knh ch th trng thi CPCH Knh iu khin ring Knh iu khin Knh iu khin vt l ring Knh vt l ring Knh s liu vt l ring Knh chia s ng xung

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

10 DSSS E-AGCH E-DCH EDGE EIR FACH FDD GERAN GGSN GPRS GSM GPS HARQ HHO HLR HSDPA HSDPCCH HSDSCH HSPA HSPDSCH Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel Enhanced Dedicated Channel Enhanced Data rates for GPRS Evolution Equipment Identity Register Forward Access Channel Frequency Division Duplex GSM EDGE Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Support Node General Packet Radio Service Global System For Mobile Communications Global Position System Hybrid Automatic Repeat request Hard Handover Home Location Register High Speed Downlink Packet Access High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel High-Speed Dedicated Shared Channel High Speed Packet Access High-Speed Physical Dedicated Shared Channel Tri ph chui trc tip Knh cho php tuyt i tng cng Knh ring tng cng Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GPRS B ghi nhn dng thit b Knh truy nhp ng xung Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian Mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM EDGE Nt h tr GPRS cng Dch v v tuyn gi chung H thng thng tin di ng ton cu H thng nh v ton cu Yu cu pht li t ng lai ghp Chuyn giao cng B ghi nh v thng tr Truy nhp hi ng xung tc cao Knh iu khin vt l ring tc cao Knh chia s ring tc cao Truy nhp gi tc cao Knh chia s ring vt l tc cao

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

11 HSSCCH HSUPA IMT2000 IMS IP ISDN LTE MAC MMS MSC Node B PCCPCH PCH PCPCH PDCP PDSCH PHY PICH PS PSTN QAM High-Speed Shared Control Channel High-Speed Uplink Packet Access International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 IP Multimedia Subsystem Internet Protocol Integrated Servive Digital Network Long Term Evolution Medium Access Control Multimedia Messenging Service Mobile Services Switching Center Knh iu khin chia s tc cao Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao Thng tin di ng quc t 2000 Phn h a phng tin IP Giao thc Internet Mng s a dch v Pht trin di hn iu khin truy nhp mi trng Dch v nhn tin a phng tin Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng

L nt logic kt cui giao din IuB vi RNC Primary Common Control Physical Channel Paging Channel Physical Common Packet Channel Packet-Data Convergence Protocol Physical Downlink Shared Channel Physical Layer Page Indication Channel Packet Switch Public Switched Telephone Network Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp Knh tm gi Knh vt l gi chung Giao thc hi t s liu gi Knh chia s ng xung vt l Lp vt l Knh ch th tm gi Chuyn mch gi Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng iu ch bin vung gc

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

12 QoS QPSK RACH RAN RLC RNC RRC SCCPCH SCH SF SGSN SIM SHO SNR TDD Quality of Service Quatrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Channel Radio Access Network Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Control Secondary Common Control Physical Channel Synchronization channel Spreading Factor Serving GPRS Support Node Subscriber Identity Module Soft Handover Signal to Noise Ratio Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiplex Time Division Mulptiple Access Transport Format Combination Transmission Time Interval User Equipment Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Cht lng dch v Kha chuyn pha vung gc Knh truy nhp ngu nhin Mng truy nhp v tuyn iu khin lin kt v tuyn B iu khin mng v tuyn iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp Knh ng b H s tri ph Nt h tr GPRS phc v Modun nhn dng thu bao Chuyn giao mm T s tn hiu trn tp m Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Kt hp khun dng truyn ti Khong thi gian pht Thit b ngi s dng H thng thng tin di ng ton cu Truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS

TDM TDMA TFC TTI UE UMTS UTRA

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

13 UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng Cht lng khng dy cao Tng h truy nhp vi ba ton cu Thoi trn IP

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Wifi WiMAX VoIP Wireless FIdelitity Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access Voice over IP

DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G........................ 19 Hnh 1.2. Cc ph tn dng trong UMTS ................................................................... 21 Hnh 1.3. Kin trc tng qut ca mt mng 3G s dng cng ngh WCDMA ......... 22 Hnh 1.4. Vng ph sng ca UMTS ........................................................................... 24 Hnh 1.5. Kin trc mng 3G trong 3GPP pht hnh nm 1999 ................................ 25 Hnh 1.6. Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS pht hnh 4 ............................................. 32 Hnh 1.7. Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6 .................................................. 34 Hnh 1.8. Kin trc tn ti ng thi GSM v UMTS ................................................. 37 Hnh 1.9. Kin trc mng RAN tch hp ca 3GR2 ..................................................... 38 SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

14 Hnh 1.10. Kin trc RAN thng nht ca 3GR3 ......................................................... 39 Hnh 2.1. My pht v tuyn ........................................................................................ 40 Hnh 2.2. My thu v tuyn .......................................................................................... 41 Hnh 2.3. Mch m ha vng vi a thc sinh ............................................................ 44 Hnh 2.4. Cu hnh b m ha v gii m turbo ......................................................... 46 Hnh 2.5. Trch b cc knh TrCH c m ha turbo ............................................... 47 Hnh 2.6. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) ................................................................... 50 Hnh 2.7. Qu trnh gii tri ph v lc tn hiu ca ngi s dng k t tp K ngi s dng ............................................................................................................... 52 Hnh 2.8. S khi ca my pht DSSS BPSK.......................................................... 52 Hnh 2.9. S my thu ca h thng DSSS-BPSK .................................................... 54 Hnh 2.10. S tri ph DSSS-QPSK........................................................................ 55 Hnh 2.11. S khi my thu DSSS-QPSK................................................................ 55 Hnh 2.12. H thng DSCDMA: My pht v my thu tng quan ............................ 58 Hnh 2.13. Quan h gia tri ph v ngu nhin ha ................................................. 59 Hnh 2.14. Cy m nh knh ....................................................................................... 60 Hnh 2.15. Truyn sng a ng ............................................................................... 62 Hnh: 2.16. My thu RAKE .......................................................................................... 63 Hnh 2.17. Chuyn giao mm (a) v mm hn (b) ....................................................... 66 Hnh 3.1. Kin trc giao thc ca giao din v tuyn WCDMA ................................. 69 Hnh 3.2. Cc knh ca lp vt l ................................................................................ 71 Hnh 3.3. Cu trc khung v tuyn cho DPDCH/DPCCH ng ln ......................... 74 Hnh 3.4. Qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH ...................................................... 74 Hnh 3.5. Cu trc pht truy nhp ngu nhin ............................................................ 75 Hnh 3.6. Cu trc khung v tuyn phn bn tin ca RACH ....................................... 75 Hnh 3.7. Th tc truy nhp gi CPCH ....................................................................... 76 Hnh 3.8. Tri ph v iu ch DPDCH v DPCCH ng ln ................................. 78 Hnh 3.9. Chm tn hiu i vi ghp m I/Q s dng ngu nhin ha phc ............. 79 Hnh 3.10. Tri ph v iu ch phn bn tin PRACH ............................................... 80 Hnh 3.11. Cu trc khung cho DPCH ng xung .................................................. 81 SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

15 Hnh 3.12. Cu trc khung cho knh hoa tiu chung ................................................... 82 Hnh 3.13. Cu trc khung v tuyn cho knh P-CCPCH ........................................... 82 Hnh 3.14. Cu trc khung cho S-CCPCH .................................................................. 83 Hnh 3.15. Cu trc knh ng b (SCH) .................................................................... 84 Hnh 3.16. Cu trc khung cho PDSCH ...................................................................... 85 Hnh 3.17. Cu trc knh ch th bt (AICH) ............................................................... 86 Hnh 3.18. Cu trc knh ch th tm gi (PICH) ......................................................... 86 Hnh 3.19. S tri ph v iu ch cho cc knh vt l ng xung.................... 87 Hnh 3.20. Chuyn i gia knh cc knh truyn ti v cc knh vt l ................... 91 Hnh 3.21. Ghp cc knh truyn ti ln knh vt l .................................................. 92 Hnh 3.22. Chuyn i gia cc knh logic v cc knh truyn ti ng ln v xung ............................................................................................................................ 93 Hnh 3.23. Th tc thit lp cuc gi WCDMA UMTS ............................................ 94 Hnh 3.24. Phn tp pht vng h ca WCDMA......................................................... 98 Hnh 3.25. Phn tp pht vng kn ca WCDMA ........................................................ 99 Hnh 4.1. Tc s liu khc nhau trn cc giao din (cng ngh HSDPA) ........... 100 Hnh 4.2. Kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA ...................................... 101 Hnh 4.3. Cu trc m ca HS-DSCH ....................................................................... 103 Hnh 4.4. Nguyn l lp biu HSDPA ca node B ..................................................... 104 Hnh 4.6. Chm tn hiu iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM v khong cch cc tiu gia hai im tn hiu ......................................................................................................... 106 Hnh 4.7. Nguyn l x l pht li ca node B .......................................................... 108 Hnh 4.8. Kin trc HSDPA ....................................................................................... 110 Hnh 4.9. Cu trc knh HSDPA kt hp WCDMA ................................................... 110 Hnh 4.11. Chng trnh khung lp biu ca HSUPA ............................................... 115 Hnh 4.12. Kin trc mng c lp cu hnh E-DCH (v HS-DSCH) .................... 118

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

16

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H BA WCDMA

1.1 L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG LN TH H 4G Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh, cc cng ngh thng tin di ng c chia thnh cc th h: Th nht, th hai, th ba v th t; c vit tt l 1G, 2G, 3G v 4G. 1.1.1 H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht H thng thng tin di ng th h mt (1G) s dng phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) v ch h tr cc dch v thoi tng t v s dng k thut iu ch tng t mang d liu thoi ca mi ngi s dng. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s l phng thc truy nhp m trong mi knh dnh cho ngi s dng c cp pht mt tn s c nh, khng trng vi cc knh ngi dng khc nh phn chia ph tn s thnh nhiu on ring bit. Mt s h thng FDMA in hnh l: H thng AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Servise Dch v in thoi di ng tin tin) c s dng trn ton nc M. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System H thng in thoi di ng Bc u) TACS (Total Access Communication System H thng thng tin truy nhp ton b) Tuy nhin, thng thng cc cng ngh 1G thng c trin khai ti mt s nc, khng c tiu chun ha bi cc c quan tiu chun quc t. Khng tha mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi dng v dung lng v tc . Chnh v vy, h thng thng tin di ng th h hai c a ra gii thiu.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

17 1.1.2 H thng thng tin di ng th h th hai Khc vi th h th nht, h thng thng tin di ng th h th hai (2G) c thit k trin khai quc t, cc thit k 2G nhn mnh hn ln tnh tng thch, kh nng chuyn mch phc tp v s dng truyn dn ting s ha trn cc knh v tuyn. H thng 2G s dng hai phng php a truy nhp: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). Mt s h thng trong mng 2G in hnh l: GSM (Global for System Mobile Communications - H thng thng tin di ng ton cu), cdma One, ngoi ra cn mt s h thng khc l: iDEN, D-AMPS, GPRS (2,5G), HSCSD v WiDEN. 1.1.3 H thng thng tin di ng th h th ba p ng yu cu pht trin dung lng mng, tc (tc dch chuyn d liu) v nhng ng dng a phng tin, chun 3G bt u c a ra. Nhng h thng trong chun ny l s pht trin tuyn tnh ca h thng 2G, chng da vo hai c s h tng chnh cng tn ti song song l nhng node chuyn mch knh v nhng node chuyn mch gi. Mt h thng thng tin di ng l 3G nu n p ng mt s yu cu c ITU ra nh sau: Hot ng trong mt trong s cc tn s c n nh cho cc dch v 3G. Phi cung cp cc dch v s liu mi cho ngi s dng bao gm c cc dch v a phng tin, c lp vi cc cng ngh giao din v tuyn. Phi h tr truyn dn s liu di ng ti 144 kbps cho ngi s dng di ng tc cao v truyn dn s liu ln n 2 Mbps cho ngi s dng c nh hoc tc thp. Phi cung cp cc dch v s liu gi. m bo tnh c lp ca mng li vi giao din v tuyn. Lp: KTVT B - K46

SVTH: Phm c Vit

18 Mt s h thng 3G: UMTS (WCDMA), CDMA2000&1xEV-DO, iS865, TD-SCDMA; 3,5G: UMTS (HSPA). 1.1.4 H thng thng tin di ng th h th t Vic trin khai ti mt s nc ch ra mt vi vn m 3G cha gii quyt c hoc mi ch gii quyt c mt phn l: S kh khn trong vic tng lin tc bng thng v tc d liu tha mn nhu cu ngy cng a dng cc dch v a phng tin, cc dch v khc nhau vi nhu cu v cht lng dch v (QoS) v bng thng khc nhau. S gii hn ca gii ph s dng. D c s tha thun v cc kh nng chuyn vng ton cu nhng do tn ti nhng chun cng ngh 3G khc nhau nn gy kh khn trong vic chuyn vng (roaming) gia cc mi trng dch v khc bit trong cc bng tn s khc nhau. Thiu c ch chuyn ti lin mch gia u cui vi u cui khi m rng mng con di ng vi mng c nh. Trong n lc khc phc nhng vn ca 3G, hng ti mc tiu to ra mt mng di ng c kh nng cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v thoi, truyn d liu v c bit l cc dch v bng rng multimedia ti mi ni, mi lc; do vy mng di ng th h th t (4G) c xut nghin cu v ha hn nhng bc trin khai u tin. C s h tng cho 4G s ch l gi (all-IP) Nhng k thut ang c xem xt nh pre-4G l Wimax, WiBro, iBurst, 3GPP Long Term Evolution v 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

19

Kh nng di ng
1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
LTE UMB

Thi gian

Cao GSM cdma One

HSPA 1xEVDO

4G E3G

3G+ 3G
WCDMA cdma 20001x

2G 1G
Thp
AMPS TASC

WiMax WiFi

Tc s liu
< 100 Mbps 100Mbps 1Gbps

< 10 kbps

< 200 kbps

300kbps 10Mbps

Hnh 1.1. L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G 1.2 KIN TRC CHUNG MT H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G 1.2.1 Cng ngh WCDMA WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) l mt cng ngh pht trin ca GSM tng tc truyn nhn d liu bng cch s dng k thut CDMA hot ng bng rng thay th cho TDMA. Trong cc cng ngh thng tin di ng th h th ba th WCDMA nhn c s ng h ln nht nh vo tnh linh hot ca lp vt l trong vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau c bit l dch v tc bt thp v trung bnh. Mt s c im ca WCDMA: L h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m tri ph trc tip, c tc bit cao (ln n 2 Mbps) Tc chip 3,84 Mcps vi rng sng mang 5 Mhz, do h tr tc d liu cao em li nhiu li ch nh li a phn tp.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

20 H tr tc ngi s dng thay i lin tc. Mi ngi s dng c cung cp mt khung, trong khung tc d liu gi c nh nhng tc c th thay i t khung ny n khung khc. H tr hai m hnh v tuyn FDD v TDD. Trong m hnh FDD sng mang 5 Mhz s dng cho ng ln v ng xung, cn trong m hnh TDD sng mang 5 Mhz chia s theo thi gian gia ng ln v ng xung. WCDMA h tr hot ng khng ng b ca cc trm gc, do d dng pht trin cc trm gc va v nh. WCDMA s dng tch sng c tham chiu n sng mang da trn knh hoa tiu, do c th nng cao dung lng v vng ph. WCDMA c thit k tng thch vi GSM m rng vng ph sng v dung lng ca mng. Lp vt l mm do d tch hp c tt c thng tin trn mt sng mang. H s ti s dng bng 1. H tr phn tp pht v cc cu trc thu tin tin. 1.2.2 Tng quan h thng UMTS H thng thng tin di ng th h th ba c xy dng vi mc ch cung cp cho mt mng di ng ton cu vi cc dch v phong ph bao gm thoi, nhn tin, internet v d liu bng rng. Ti Chu u h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba c tiu chun ha bi hc vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI: European Telecommunications Standard Institute) ph hp vi tiu chun ITM-2000 ca ITU (International Telecommunication Union). H thng c tn l UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). UMTS c xem l h thng k tha ca h thng GSM, nhm p ng cc yu

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

21 cu pht trin ca cc dch v di ng v ng dng internet vi tc truyn dn ln ti 2 Mbps v cng cp mt tiu chun chuyn vng ton cu. UMTS c pht trin bi Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) l d n pht trin chung ca nhiu c quan tiu chun ha (SDO) nh: ETSI (Chu u), ARIB/TCC (Nht Bn), ANSI (M), TTA (Hn Quc) v CWTS (Trung Quc). Hi ngh v tuyn th gii nm 1992 a ra cc ph tn s dng cho h thng UMTS: 1920 1980 MHz v 2110 2170 MHz dnh cho cc ng dng FDD (Frequency Division Duplex: Ghp knh theo tn s) ng ln v ng xung, khong cch knh l 5MHz. 1900 1920 MHz v 2010 2025 MHz dnh cho cc ng dng TDD (Time Division Duplex: Ghp knh theo tn s), khong cch knh l 5MHZ. 1980 2010 MHz v 2170 2200 MHz: ng xung v ng ln v tinh.
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200 MHz

20

60

30

15

85

60

30

UMTS TDD

UMTS FDD

UMTS Satellite

Hnh 1.2. Cc ph tn dng trong UMTS

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

22 1.2.3 Kin trc chung ca mt mng WCDMA Mng thng tin di ng th h ba ban u s l mng kt hp gia cc vng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh truyn d liu gi v ting. Cc trung tm chuyn mch gi l cc chuyn mch s dng cng ngh ATM. Trong qu trnh pht trin n s dng ton mng IP, chuyn mch knh dn c thay th bng chuyn mch gi. Cc dch v s liu v thi gian thc cui cng s c chuyn trn cng mt mi trng IP bng cc chuyn mch gi. 1.2.3.1 Thit b ngi s dng Thit b ngi s dng (UE: User Equipment): Thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi s dng vi h thng. 1.2.3.2 Mng truy nhp v tuyn

iu khin dch v

Thng tin v tr

Internet

Mng bo hiu

TE
Node B BTS
RNC

Thit b cng Chc nng dch v CS Chc nng dch v PS

BSC

Chc nng dch v CS Chc nng dch v PS

ME
PLMN

Nt kt hp dch v CS v PS

Hnh 1.3. Kin trc tng qut ca mt mng 3G s dng cng ngh WCDMA Mng truy nhp v tuyn (UTRAN: UMTS Terestrial RadioAccess Network): C nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy nhp v tuyn. Kin trc ban u ca mng 3G c th s dng hai kiu mng truy nhp v tuyn. SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

23 Kiu th nht s dng cng ngh a truy nhp WCDMA c gi l UTRAN. Kiu th hai s dng cng ngh a truy nhp TDMA c gi l GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network: Mng truy nhp v tuyn da trn cng ngh EDGE ca GSM). 1.2.3.3 Mng li Mng li (CN: Core Network): Thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn cuc gi v kt ni s liu. Mng li l kt hp ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi c th hin bng nhm cc n v chc nng logic (hnh 1.3). Trong thc th cc min chc nng ny t vo cc thit b v cc nt vt l. Nh chc nng chuyn mch knh CS (MGC/GMSC) v chc nng chuyn mch gi (SGSN/GGSN) trong mt nt duy nht c mt h thng tch hp cho php chuyn mch v truyn dn cc kiu phng tin khc nhau t lu lng ting n lu lng s liu dung lng ln. 1.2.4 Cc loi lu lng v dch v c mng 3G WCDMA h tr WCDMA UMTS cung cp cc loi dch v xa (teleservices) nh dch v in thoi hoc bn tin ngn (SMS) v cc loi dch v mang (bearer service: Mt dch v vin thng cung cp kh nng truyn tn hiu gia hai giao din ngi s dng - mng).V th, ni chung mng 3G h tr cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin. Do vi mi kiu lu lng cn m bo mt mc QoS nht nh ty theo ng dng ca dch v. QoS h thng WCDMA UMTS c phn loi nh sau: Loi hi thoi (Thoi, thoi thy hnh): Thng tin tng tc yu cu tr nh. Loi lung (a phng tin, video theo yu cu): Thng tin mt chiu i hi dch v lung vi tr nh. Loi tng tc (duyt web, tr chi qua mng, truy nhp c s d liu..): i hi tr li trong mt thi gian nht nh v t l li thp.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

24 Loi c bn (th in t, SMS, ti d liu xung): i hi cc dch v n lc nht c thc hin trn nn c s. Vng ph sng ca mng WCDMA UMTS c chia thnh bn vng vi cc tc bt Rb phc v nh sau: Vng 1: Vng trong nh, pico, Rb 2 Mbps Vng 2: Vng thnh ph, micro, Rb 384 Kbps Vng 3: Vng ngoi , macro, Rb 144 Kbps Vng 4: Ton cu, Rb = 12,2 Kbps

Hnh 1.4. Vng ph sng ca UMTS 1.3 CC KIN TRC CHO CNG NGH WCDMA THEO 3GPP Mng di ng th h 3 c xy dng theo cc pht hnh chnh c gi l R3, R4, R5 v R6. Trong R3 v R4 c mng li bao gm hai min chuyn mch: Min CS (Circuit Switch: Chuyn mch knh) v PS (Packet Switch: Chuyn mch gi). Vic kt hp ny ph hp vi giai on u khi PS cha p ng tt cc dch v thi gian thc nh thoi v hnh nh. Khi min CS s thc hin cc dch v thoi, cn cc dch v s liu c truyn trn min PS. R4 pht

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

25 trin hn R3 ch CS chuyn sang chuyn mch mm, v th ton b mng truyn ti gia cc nt chuyn mch u trn IP. Lch trnh nghin cu trong 3GPP: Pht hnh 1999 (R3) thng 12/1999 Pht hnh 4 (R4) thng 03/2001 Pht hnh 5 (R5) thng 02/2001 Pht hnh 6 (R6) thng 12/2004

1.1.3 Kin trc WCDMA UMTS R3 y l kin trc mng 3G s dng cng ngh WCDMA trong 3GPP nm 1999, tp tiu chun u tin cho h thng UMTS. UE
Uu TE R Node B F Node B RNC MSC/VLR GMSC C D EIR Node B RNC USIM Node B Gf SGSN Gn n GGSN Gr HLR/AuC Gc Inter net ISDN

UTRAN
Iub
Iu

CN
E PSTN

Iur
ME Cu

Hnh 1.5. Kin trc mng 3G trong 3GPP pht hnh nm 1999 Mng UMTS R3 c h tr c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Tc thng tin ln ti 384 Kbps trong min chuyn mch knh v 2 Mbps trong min chuyn mch gi. Cc kt ni tc cao ny m bo cung cp mt tp cc dch v mi cho ngi s dng di ng gm: in thoi c hnh (hi ngh Video) m thanh cht lng cao (CD) v tc truyn cao ti u cui.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

26 Mng UMTS R3 gm ba phn chnh l: Thit b di ng (UE: User Equipment), mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network) v mng li (CN: Core Network). 1.3.1.1 Thit b ngi s dng Thit b ngi s dng (UE): L u cui mng UMTS ca ngi s dng. l phn c nhiu thit b nht v s pht trin ca n s nh hng ln ln cc ng dng v cc dch v kh dng. Thit b u cui (TE: Terminal Equipment): Trong mng 3G, thit b u cui khng n thun dnh cho in thoi m cn cung cp dch v s liu mi. Thit b di ng (ME: Mobile Equipment): L u cui v tuyn giao tip vi mng qua ng v tuyn. Modun nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM: UMTS Subcriber Identity Modulo) L mt th thng minh cha thng tin nhn dng thu bao. USIM cha cc hm v s liu cn nhn dng, nhn thc thu bao v c th gi cc kha nhn thc cng mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho thit b u cui. Ngi s dng phi t mnh nhn thc i vi USIM bng cch nhp m PIN. iu ny m bo rng ch ngi s dng ch thc mi c truy nhp UMTS, v mng cng ch cung cp dch v cho ngi no s dng u cui da trn nhn dng USIM c ng k. 1.3.1.2 Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS (UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Netwok): L mng lin kt gia ngi s dng v mng li. N bao gm mt hay nhiu h thng con mng v tuyn RNS (Radio Network Subsystem), trong mt RNS gm mt RNC v gm mt hay nhiu nt B (node B). UTRAN c nh ngha gia hai giao din: Giao din Iu gia UTRAN v mng li (CN) gm hai phn l IuPS cho min chuyn mch gi v IuCS cho min chuyn mch knh v giao din Uu gia UTRAN v thit b ngi dng (UE).

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

27 Cc c tnh chnh ca UTRAN: H tr UTRAN v tt c cc chc nng lin quan. c bit l cc nh hng chnh ln vic thit k l yu cu h tr chuyn giao mm (mt u cui kt ni qua hai hay nhiu tch cc) v cc thut ton qun l ti nguyn c th WCDMA. m bo tnh chung nht cho vic x l s liu chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi bng mt ngn xp giao thc giao din v tuyn duy nht v bng cch s dng mt giao din kt ni t UTRAN n c hai vng PS v CS ca mng li. m bo tnh chung nht vi GSM khi cn thit. S dng truyn ti ATM l c ch truyn ti chnh UTRAN.

Hai thnh phn ca UTRAN l b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) v node B. B iu khin mng v tuyn B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC: Radio Network Controller): L mt phn t mng, chu trnh nhim cho mt hay nhiu trm gc v iu khin ti nguyn cho chng. y cng chnh l im truy nhp dch v m UTRAN cung cp cho mng li (CN). N c ni n CN bng hai kt ni, mt cho min chuyn mch gi n SGSN v mt n chuyn mch knh n MSC. Cc chc nng chnh ca RNC: iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn Cp pht knh Thit lp iu khin cng sut iu khin cng sut vng h iu khin chuyn giao Phn tp Macro Mt m ha Bo hiu qung b

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

28 Node B Trong h thng UMTS, trm gc c gi l node B v nhim v ca n l thc hin kt ni v tuyn vt l gia u cui vi n. N nhn tn hiu trn giao din Iub t RNC v chuyn n vo tn hiu v tuyn trn giao din Uu. N cng thc hin mt s thao tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c s nh iu khin cng sut vng trong. Tnh nng ny l phng nga vn gn xa, ngha l khi tt cc u cui u pht cng mt cng sut, th cc u cui gn node B nht s che lp tn hiu t cc u cui xa. Node B kim tra cng sut thu t cc u cui khc nhau v thng bo cho chng gim cng sut hoc tng cng sut sao cho node B lun thu c cng sut nh nhau ti tt c cc u cui. 1.3.1.3 Mng li Mng li (CN: Core Network) ca h thng UMTS chia thnh hai phn: Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Thnh phn chuyn mch gi gm nhng nt h tr dch v GPRS (SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node) v cng h tr dch v GPRS (GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node). Thnh phn chuyn mch knh l MSC v GMCS. Mt s thnh phn ca mng nh HLR v AuC c chia s cho c hai phn. Cu trc ca mng li c th c thay i khi cc dch v mi v cc c im mi ca h thng c a ra. Cc phn t chnh trong mng li: SGSN SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): L nt chnh ca min chuyn mch gi. N ni n UTRAN thng qua giao din IuPS v n GGSN thng qua giao din Gn. SGSN chu trch nhim cho tt c kt ni PS ca tt c cc thu bao. N lu hai kiu d liu thu bao: Thng tin ng k thu bao v thng tin v tr thu bao. S liu thu bao lu trong SGSN gm: IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

29 Cc nhn dng tm thi gi (P-TMSI: Packet - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity: S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi gi) Cc a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi)

S liu v tr lu trn SGSN: Vng nh tuyn thu bao (RA: Routing Area) S VLR Cc a ch GGSN ca tng GGSN c kt ni tch cc GGSN Khi mt SGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) kt ni vi mng s liu khc. Tt c cc cuc truyn d liu t thu bao n cc mng ngoi u qua GGSN. Cng nh SGSN, n lu c hai kiu s liu: Thng tin thu bao v thng tin v tr. S liu v thng tin thu bao: IMSI Cc a ch PDP

S liu v v tr: a ch SGSN hin thu bao ang ni n. MSC MSC (Mobile Switching Center) thc hin chc nng kt ni chuyn mch knh gia thit b u cui v mng. N thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu v chuyn mch cho cc thu baoo trong vng qun l ca mnh. Chc nng ca MSC trong UMTS ging chc nng MSC trong GSM, nhng n c nhiu chc nng hn. Cc kt ni chuyn mch knh c thc hin trn giao din chuyn mch knh gia UTRAN v MSC. Cc MSC c ni n cc mng ngoi qua GMSC. GMSC GMSC (Gateway MSC) chu trch nhim thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn n vng c MS. Khi mng ngoi tm cch kt ni n PLMN ca mt nh SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

30 khai thc khc, GMSC nhn yu cu thit lp kt ni v hi HLR v MSC hin thi qun l MS. VLR VLR (Visitor Location Register): L bn sao ca HLR, d liu thu bao cn thit cung cp cc dch v thu bao c ly t HLR v lu y. C MSC v SGSN u c VLR ni vi chng. HLR HLR (Home Location Register): L mt c s d liu c nhim v qun l cc thu bao di ng. Mt mng di ng c th c nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu bao, dung lng ca tng HLR v t chc bn trong mng. HLR v AuC l hai nt mng logic nhng thng c thc hin trong cng mt nt vt l. HLR lu tr mi thng tin v ngi s dng v ng l thu bao nh: Thng tin tnh cc, cc dch v no c cung cp v cc dch v no b t chi, thng tin chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln chuyn hng cuc gi. Trung tm nhn thc Trung tm nhn thc (AuC: Authentication Center) lu gi ton b s liu cn thit nhn thc, mt m ha v bo v thng tin ca ngi dng. N lin kt vi HLR v c hin cng vi mt nt vt l. B nhn dng thit b B nhn dng thit b (EIR: Equipment Identity Register) chu trch nhim lu cc s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t (IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity). y l s nhn dng duy nht cho thit b u cui. C s d liu ny c chia thnh ba danh mc: Danh mc trng, xm v en. Danh mc trng cha cc s IMEI c php truy nhp mng, danh mc xm cha IMEI ca cc u cui ang b theo di cn danh mc en cha cc s IMEI ca cc u cui b cm truy nhp mng. Danh mc nay cng c th c s dng cm cc

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

31 seri my c bit khng c truy nhp mng khi chng khng hot ng theo tiu chun. Cc giao din v tuyn Giao din Cu: L giao din chun cho cc card thng minh. Trong UE y l giao din kt ni gia USIM v UE Giao din Uu: L giao din v tuyn m UE truy nhp vo phn c nh ca mng. Giao din ny nm gia nt B v thit b u cui. Giao din Iu: L giao din kt ni UTRAN v CN. Mt CN c th kt ni vi nhiu UTRAN, nhng vi mi UTRAN th ch c th kt ni vi mt im truy nhp CN. Giao din Iur: y l giao din gia RNC vi RNC. Giao din ny c cc tnh nng c bn sau: Di ng gia cc RNC Lu thng knh ring Lu thng knh chung Qun l ti nguyn ton cc

Giao din Iub: Giao din Iub ni nt B vi RNC. y l mt giao din m 1.3.2 Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS R4 Mng WCDMA UMTS pht hnh 4 to ra tng cng ng k cho kin trc mng li. S khc bit c bn gia pht hnh 1999 (R3) vi R4 l ch khi ny mng li ca R4 l mng phn b. R4 thay th cho cc MSC chuyn mch knh truyn thng l MSC Server v cc cng phng tin MGW (Media Gateway). MSC cha tt c cc phn mm iu khin cuc gi, chc nng qun l di ng c mt MSC tiu chun. Tuy nhin n khng cha ma trn chuyn mch. Ma trn chuyn mch nm trong MGW c MSC Server iu khin v c th t xa MSC Server. MGW khng cha cc phn mm ni trn m ch c nhim v SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

32 thit lp iu khin v gii phng cc lung phng tin (cc lung ting) di s iu khin ca MSC Server. MGW nhn cc cuc gi t RNC v nh tuyn cc cuc gi ny n ni nhn trn cc ng trc gi. S liu gi t RNC i qua SGSN v t SGSN n GGSN trn mng ng trc IP. Bo hiu iu khin cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC v MSC Server. ng truyn cho cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC v MGW. MGW nhn cc cuc gi t RNC v nh tuyn cc cuc gi ny n ni nhn trn cc ng trc gi. Trong nhiu trng hp ng trc gi s dng giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP: Real Time Transport Protocol) trn giao thc Internet (IP). Trong kin trc trn ta thy lu lng s liu gi t RNC i qua SGSN v t SGSN n GGSN trn mng ng trc IP. C s liu v ting u c th s dng truyn ti IP bn trong mng li. y l mng truyn ti hon ton IP.

HSS/HL R RNC
Iur IP

MGW

MSC Server
Iu-CS H248/IP H248/IP

GMSC Server

MGW

SS7

Node B

PCM
Iub

RNC
Iu-CS

MGW
RTP/IP

MGW

PSTN

Node B

SGSN
Iu-PS Gn

GGSN
Gi

Internet

Hnh 1.6. Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS pht hnh 4 Khi cuc gi cn c nh tuyn n mt mng khc, PSTN chng hn, s c mt cng cc phng tin khc (MGW) c iu khin bi MSC Server cng (GMSC server). MGW ny s chuyn ting thoi c ng gi thnh PCM tiu SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

33 chun a n PSTN. c ci nhn r rng, gi thit rng nu ting giao din v tuyn c truyn ti tc 12,2 kbps, th tc ny ch phi chuyn vo 64 kbps MGW giao tip vi PSTN. Truyn ti kiu ny cho php tit kim ng k rng bng tn nht l khi cc MGW cch xa nhau. Nh vy chuyn i m ch cn thc hin ti im kt ni vi PSTN v mng ng trc gi, ch cn truyn ting rng bng tn nh hn, iu ny cho php gim gi thnh ca mng. Trong nhiu trng hp MSC h tr c chc nng ca GMSC Server. Giao thc iu khin gia MSC Server hoc GMSC Server vi MGW l giao thc ITU H.248. Giao thc ny c ITU v IETF cng tc pht trin. N c tn l iu khin cng cc phng tin (MEGACO: Media Gateway Control). Giao thc iu khin cuc gi gia MSC Server v GMSC Server c th l mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi bt k. MGW c kh nng giao din vi c RAN v PSTN. Khi ny cuc gi n hoc t PSTN c th chuyn ni ht, nh vy c th tit kim ng k u t. v d, xt trng hp khi mt RNC c t ti thnh ph A v c iu khin bi mt MSC t ti thnh ph B. Gi s thu bao thnh ph A thc hin cuc gi ni ht. Nu khng c cu trc phn b, cuc gi cn chuyn t thnh ph A n thnh ph B (ni c MSC) u ni vi thu bao PSTN ti chnh thnh ph A. Vi cu trc phn b, cuc gi c th c iu khin ti MSC Server thnh ph B nhng ng truyn cc phng tin thc t c th vn thnh ph A, nh vy gim ng k yu cu truyn dn v gi thnh khai thc mng. HLR cng c th c gi l Server thu bao ti nh (HSS: Home Subscriber Server). HSS v HLR c chc nng tng ng, ngoi tr giao din vi HSS l giao din trn c s truyn ti gi (v d l IP) trong khi HLR s dng giao din trn c s bo hiu s 7. Ngoi ra cn c cc giao din gia SGSN vi HLR/HSS v gia GGSN vi HLR/HSS khng c ch ra trn hnh v. Rt nhiu giao thc c s dng bn trong mng li l cc giao thc trn c s gi s dng hoc IP hoc ATM. Tuy nhin mng phi giao din vi cc mng truyn thng qua vic s dng cc cng cc phng tin. Ngoi ra mng SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

34 cng phi giao din vi cc mng SS7 tiu chun. Giao din ny c thc hin thng qua cng SS7 (SS7 GW). y l cng m mt pha n h tr truyn ti bn tin SS7 trn ng truyn ti SS7 tiu chun, pha kia n truyn ti cc bn tin ng dng SS7 trn mng gi (v d l IP). Cc thc th nh MSC Server, GMSC Server v HSS lin lc vi cng SS7 bng cch s dng cc giao thc truyn ti c thit k c bit mang cc bn tin SS7 mng IP. B giao thc ny c gi l Sigtran.

1.3.3 Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6

IMS CSCF
Cx

R-SGW

SS7

CSCF
Cx Mr

MGCF

T-SGW

RNC
Iur

HSS/HL R
Gr

SS7
Gi

MRF
Gi PCM

Node B
Iub

RNC
Iu

SGSN
Gn

GGSN

MGW Internet
Gi

PSTN

Node B

Hnh 1.7. Kin trc mng WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6 Kin trc WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6 l a ra kin trc mng a phng tin IP. Bc pht trin ny th hin s thay i ton b m hnh cuc gi. y c ting v s liu c x l ging nhau trn ton b ng truyn t u cui

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

35 ca ngi s dng n ni nhn cui cng. C th coi kin trc ny l s hi t ton din ca ting v s liu. im mi ca R5 v R6 l n a ra mt min mi c gi l phn h a phng tin IP (IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem). y l mt min mng IP c thit k h tr cc dch v a phng tin thi gian thc IP. C d liu ting v s liu khng cn cc giao din cch bit, ch c mt giao din Iu duy nht mang tt c phng tin. Trong mng li giao din ny kt cui ti SGSN v khng c MGW ring. Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) cha cc phn t sau: CSCF (Connection State Control Function: Chc nng iu khin trng thi kt ni) MRF (Multimedia Resource Function: Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin) MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function: Chc nng iu khin cng cc phng tin) T-SGW (Transport Signalling Gateway: Cng bo hiu truyn ti) R-SGW (Roaming Signalling Gateway: Cng bo hiu chuyn mng)

CSCF: Qun l vic thit lp , duy tr v gii phng cc phin a phng tin n v t ngi s dng. N bao gm cc chc nng nh bin dch v nh tuyn. CSCF hot ng nh mt i din Server. SGSN v GGSN: L cc phin bn tng cng ca cc nt c s dng GPRS v UMTS R3 v R4. im khc nhau duy nht l ch cc nt ny khng ch h tr dch v s liu gi m c dch v chuyn mch knh. V th cn h tr cc kh nng cht lng dch v (QoS) hoc bn trong SGSN v GGSN hoc t nht cc Router kt ni trc tip vi chng.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

36 Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin (MRF): L chc nng lp cu hi nghi c s dng h tr cc tnh nng nh t chc cuc gi nhiu pha v dch v hi ngh . Cng bo hiu truyn ti (T-SGW): L mt cng bo hiu SS7 m bo tng tc SS7 vi cc mng tiu chun ngoi nh PSTN. T-SGW h tr cc giao thc Sigtran. Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW): L mt nt m bo tng tc bo hiu vi cc mng di ng hin c s dng SS7 tiu chun. Trong nhiu trng hp TSGW v R-SGW cng tn ti trn cng mt nn tng. MGW thc hin tng tc vi cc mng ngoi mc ng truyn a phng tin. MGW kin trc mng ca UMTS R5 c chc nng ging nh R4. MGW c iu khin bi chc nng cng iu khin cc phng tin (MGCF). Giao thc iu khin gia cc thc th ny l ITU-T H.248. MGCF cng lin lc vi CSCF. Giao thc c chn cho giao din ny l SIP. im ng ch l kin trc ny th hin s b sung thm cho mng li ch khng thay i mng li hin c (R4). Pht hnh 3GPP R5 v R6 a vo mt vng mng li mi b sung cho cc vng CS v PS, l vng a phng tin IP (IM: IP Multimedia). Vng mi ny cho php mang c thoi v s liu qua IP trn ton tuyn ni n my cm tay. Nh vy UTRAN by gi c th kt ni n ba vng ca mng li logic khc nhau: Vng CS, vng PS v vng a phng tin IP (IM). Khi UE mun s dng cc dch v ca mng li, n phi ch ra c vng n mun (vng IM l vng s dng cc dch v ca vng PS). Tt c lu lng ca IM u l gi v c truyn ti qua cc nt ca vng PS nh SGSN v GGSN. Kin trc IM cho php x l ting v gi mt cch thng nht trn ng truyn t UE n ni nhn, y xy ra s ha nhp hon ton ca ting v s liu, v th ting ch l mt dng s liu c cc yu cu QoS ring. S ha nhp ny cho php pht trin nhiu dch v mi. SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

37 1.4 KIN TRC MNG DCH CHUYN T GMS SANG UMTS Phn ny gii thiu chin lc dch chuyn t GSM sang UMTS ca hng Alcatel. Hng ny d kin s pht trin mng truy nhp RAN t GSM ln UMTS theo ba pht hnh l: 3GR1, 3GR2 v 3GR3.

1.4.1 Pht hnh 3GR1: Kin trc mng UMTS chng ln

OMC GSM Node B Node B

Iur Iub IuPs

Gn

SGSN ng trc GPRS

IuCs

RNC GGSN MSC/VLR

A X25

RNC Node B
Iub Gb

PSTN Router

Gi

Internet BTS
Abis

BSC
X25

OMC GSM

Hnh 1.8. Kin trc tn ti ng thi GSM v UMTS Pht hnh 3GP1 da trn pht hnh ca 3GPP vo thng 3 v cc c t k thut vo thng 6 nm 2000. Pht hnh u ca 3GR1 ch h tr UTRA-FDD v s c trin khai chng ln ln GSM. Chin lc dch chuyn t GSM sang UMTS pht hnh 3GR1 c chia thnh ba giai on c k hiu l R1.1, R1.2 v R1.3 (R: Release - pht hnh). Trong cc pht hnh ny cc phn cng v cc tnh nng SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

38 mi c a ra. Cc node B c gi l MBS (Multistandard Base Station: Trm gc a tiu chun). 1.4.2 Pht hnh 3GR2: Tch hp cc mng UMTS v GSM Trong giai on trin khai UMTS th hai s tch hp u tin gia hai mng s c thc hin bng cch a ra cc thit b a tiu chun nh: Node B kt hp BTS v RNC kt hp BSC Cc chc nng khai thc v bo dng mng v tuyn cng c th c thc hin chung bi cng mt OMC. Kin trc mng RAN tch hp ca giai on hai (hnh 1.11)

SGSN UMTS/GSM OMC Iu-PS

Gn

ng trc GPRS

Node B RNC/BSC GSM/UMTS Node B/BTS BSC BTS Gi

Iu-CS MSC/VLR

GGSN

Internet PSTN

GSM OMC

Hnh 1.9. Kin trc mng RAN tch hp ca 3GR2

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

39

1.4.3 Pht hnh 3GR3: Kin trc RAN thng nht

SGSN UMTS/GSM OMC Node B

ng trc GPRS

GGSN Node B/BTS BTS RNC/BSC GSM/UMTS MSC/VLR Internet PSTN

Hnh 1.10. Kin trc RAN thng nht ca 3GR3

Trong kin trc RAN ca pht hnh ny c xy dng trn c s pht hnh R5 vo thng 9 nm 2000 ca 3GPP. Trong pht hnh ny RAN chung cho c h thng UMTS v GSM. C UTRA-FDD v UTRA-TDD u c h tr. Giao thc truyn ti c thng nht cho GSM, E-GPRS v UMTS, ngoi ra c th ATM kt hp IP. GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN) cng s c h tr bi pht hnh ny ca mng

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

40

CHNG 2 - CC K THUT S DNG TRONG H THNG WCDMA

2.1 S MY THU PHT V TUYN TRONG H THNG WCDMA My pht
Cc bt hoa tiu Knh truyn ti B S liu pht

Knh truyn ti A
Cng CRC Phn on khi m M ha knh Phi hp tc an xen

Ghp

TPC

Anten iu ch QPSK B lc Niquist cosin tng cn hai iu ch vung gc B khuch i pht

Tri ph

D/A

Bin i nng tn

Hnh 2.1. My pht v tuyn

S khi ca my pht v tuyn trong WCDMA (hnh 2.1). Lp vt l b sung CRC cho tng khi truyn ti (TB: Transport Block) l n v s liu gc cn x l nhn c t lp MAC (Medium Access Control: iu khin truy nhp trung gian) pht hin li pha thu. Sau s liu c m ha knh v an xen. M ha ngun thc hin bin i tng t sang s v loi b cc thng tin SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

41 tha khng cn thit. Mt m ha ngn s xm nhp v can thip vo lung thng tin. M ha knh nhm gim yu cu i vi rng bng tn v tr gi bng t s tn hiu trn tp m v xc sut li. S liu sau an xen c b sung thm cc bit iu khin cng sut pht TPC (Transmit Power Control), c sp xp ln cc nhnh I v Q ca QPSK v c tri ph hai lp (tri ph v ngu nhin ha). Chui chip sau ngu nhin ha c gii hn trong bng tn 5 MHz bng b lc Niquist cosin tng cn hai (h s dc 0,22) v c bin i thnh tng t bng b bin i D/A a ln iu ch vung gc cho sng mang. Tn hiu trung tn (IF) sau iu ch c bin i nng tn vo sng v tuyn (RF) trong bng tn 2 GHz, sau c a ln khuch i trc khi chuyn n anten pht vo khng gian. My thu

Anten
B khuch i m thp Bin i h tn Khuch i AGC A/D B lc Niquist cosin tng cn hai

o SIR Ngn hng gii tri ph B kt hp RAKE

B to lnh TPC

Knh truyn ti B

Gii an xen

Gii m knh

Knh truyn ti A Pht hin li khi

S liu khi phc

B tm ng truyn

Hnh 2.2. My thu v tuyn

Ti pha thu, tn hiu thu c khuch i bng b khuch i tp m nh, sau c a vo tng trung tn (IF) thu ri c khuch i tuyn tnh bi b khuch i AGC. Sau khuch i AGC, tn hiu c gii iu ch c cc SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

42 thnh phn I v Q. Cc tn hiu tng t ca cc thnh phn ny c bin i thnh s ti b bin i A/D sau tn hiu qua b lc Nyquist coin tng cn hai v c phn chia theo thi gian vo mt s thnh phn ng truyn c cc thi gian tr truyn sng khc nhau. Sau gii tri ph cho cc thnh phn ny, chng c kt hp li bi b kt hp my thu RAKE, tn hiu tng c gii an xen, gii m knh, c phn thnh cc khi truyn ti TB v c pht hin li. Cui cng chng c a n lp cao hn. Trong h thng thng tin di ng, cc bc x l s v tn hiu sau y c thc hin: M ha ngun Cng CRC cho tng khi truyn ti hoc khung v tuyn M ha knh an xen Phi hp tc iu ch

phn di s xt nguyn l ca cc bc ni cho cc thit b v tuyn. 2.2 M HA KIM SOT LI C hai phng php sa li l: M ha knh (Sa li thun - FEC) v yu cu pht li t ng (ARQ). Trong h thng WCDMA s dng phng php m ha knh (FEC) do c bng thng rng nh qu trnh tri ph tn hiu bng cc m ngu nhin, vic s dng ny c th lm tng thm li x l (so vi li x l sau khi tri ph) C ba loi m kim sot li c s dng trong WCDMA l: M khi tuyn tnh hay c th l m vng M xon M turbo

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

43 Trong ba loi m trn, m vng c s dng pht hin li, cn hai loi m cn li c s dng sa li. M Turbo ch c s dng cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba khi tc bit cao. 2.2.1 M vng M vng cho php kim tra d vng (CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Cheek) hay ch th cht lng khung cc khung bn tin. M vng l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn tnh. B m ha c c trng bng a thc to m. C k bit u vo th b to m s cho ra mt t m n bit, trong n-k bit l cc bit CRC c b sung vo k bit u vo. T s c gi l t l m vi l s bit a thm vo b m ha cng vi s bit c truyn. Do n bit ra ch ph thuc vo k bit thng tin u vo, b to m khng cn nh v c th c th hin bng mch logic t hp. m ny, t m c rt ra t hai a thc: a thc to m g(x) hay cn c gi l a thc sinh c bc r a thc bn tin u(x). T m ny c tnh ton nh sau: Nhn a thc bn tin u(x) vi Chia tch u(x). c phn d b(x). Kt hp tch u(x). u(x). + b(x) vi phn d b(x) ta c a thc t m: va thc hin trn cho a thc sinh g(x)

Trong h thng WCDMA, cc a thc sinh c th c s dng l: gCRC24(x) = gCRC16(x) = gCRC12(x) = SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

44 gCRC8(x) =

Cng g0 g1 g2 gn-k

b0

b1

b2
Thng tin u(x).

bn-k

Cc s kim tra chn l

Mt khu ca thanh ghi dch

Cng XOR

Mi lin kt: g = 1: C lin kt g = 2: Khng c lin kt Hnh 2.3. Mch m ha vng vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1+ g1x + g2 ++ gn-k

2.2.2 M xon Cc m vng c gi l cc m khng c s ghi nh, cc t m hoc cc bit thm vo ch l mt hm ca khi bit hin ti. Tri li, cc m xon (Convolutional Code) hot ng c s ghi nh. i vi cc m xon, cc bit sau khi m ha l cc hm ca cc bit thng tin v cc hm ca di gii hn. c bit, mi bit sau khi m ha (ti u ra ca b m ha xon) l mt t hp tuyn

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

45 tnh ca mt s bit thng tin trc (n bit m c to ra khng ch ph thuc vo k bit u vo). M xon xc nh bi cc thng s sau: T l m r = k/n di hu hn ca k bit u vo (ph thuc vo s phn t nh ca thanh ghi dch to nn b m ha) Mt b m ha xon gm mt thanh ghi dch to thnh cc phn t nh, cc u ra ca cc phn t nh c cng li vi nhau theo mt quy lut nht nh to nn cc chui m, sau cc chui ny c ghp xem vi nhau to chui m u ra. 2.2.3 M ha turbo B m ha turbo (hnh 2.4) bao gm hai b m ha xon theo phng php quy RSC1 v RSC2 v mt b an xen turbo bn trong b m ha turbo.
bk
RSC1

x1 x2

an xen
RSC1

x3

y1 y2

Gii an xen Gii m 1 Gii an xen Gii an xen

L e

y
3

Gii m 2
L e

L Sau m tng tc

bk

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

46

Hnh 2.4. Cu hnh b m ha v gii m turbo My thu s a vo b gii m turbo (ti to) cc knh an xen n t u ra ca b thu RAKE quyt nh mm (y1, y2, y3). Trong thut ton gii m lp ca b gii m turbo th b gii m 1 s tnh ton thng tin ra L theo y1, y2 v Le phn hi v b gii m 1 lp li qu trnh trn. Sau m php lp, chui s liu pht s c khi phc bi mt ngng quyt nh (quyt nh cng) thep t l loga gn ng (LLR) l L(bk). LLR cho ra bit gii m bk. L(bk) c biu din bi phng trnh sau: L(bk) = ln [P(bk= +1)/P(bk= -1)] (2.1)

Trong phng trnh ny, P(bk= +1) v P(bk= -1) l cc xut tng ng bk= +1 v bk= -1. Trong WCDMA, m ha knh s dng m xon cho truyn s liu tc thp v tn hiu thoi cn m turbo c s dng cho truyn s liu tc cao 64 kbps hoc 384 kbps. 2.3 PHI HP TC V AN XEN 2.3.1 Phi hp tc
.111101011 .11x10101x Thut ton phi hp tc .11x10101x

X M ha knh r = 1/3 Phn tch bit Y Y

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

47

Hnh 2.5. Trch b cc knh TrCH c m ha turbo Phi hp tc c ngha l lp hoc trch b cc k hiu knh truyn ti (vit tt l TrCH) t c tc k hiu nh nhau cho cc knh c tc bit khc nhau cc cu hnh v tuyn khc nhau. Lp cao s n nh thuc tnh ca phi hp tc cho tng TrCH. Thuc tnh ny l bn c nh v ch c th thay i theo thng bo ca lp cao. Thuc tnh phi hp tc c s dng tnh s bit cn lp hoc trch b. Ta xt trch b cho m turbo WCDMA lm v d cho phi hp trch b phi hp tc p dng ring r cho Y v Y. Trch b khng p dng cho X (tr cc bit ui m li) nn cn tch ring cc chui bit X, Y, Y. Chc nng phn tch bit s trong sut i vi cc TrCH khng c m ha cc knh TrCH m ha xon v cc knh m ha turbo c lp. 2.3.2 an xen an xen c thc hin trn nguyn tc l lung k hiu pht c vit vo mt ma trn nh gm cc hng v cc ct theo trnh t pht, sau c c ra t ma trn ny theo cc a ch c xc nh bi mt quy nh no bo m vic hon v v tr cc k t. 2.4 CNG NGH A TRUY NHP CA WCDMA H thng WCDMA s dng a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA hot ng bng tn rng. CDMA l phng php a truy nhp m mi my u cui c cung cp mt knh tn s v mt m duy nht. y l phng thc a truy nhp da trn nguyn l tri ph. Tn ti ba phng php tri ph l: Tri ph theo chui trc tip (DS: Direct Sequency) Tri ph theo nhy tn (FH: Frequency) Tri ph theo nhy thi gian (TH: Time Hopping) Lp: KTVT B - K46

SVTH: Phm c Vit

48 2.4.1 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng thng l vn quan tm chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng thng cng tt. Trong cc h thng iu ch bin song bin, rng bng thng cn thit pht mt ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai ln rng bng thng ca ngun ny. Trong cc h thng iu tn rng bng thng ny c th bng vi ln rng bng thng ngun ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt s tn hiu s, rng bng thng chnh xc cn thit trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK..). Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (SS: Spread Strectrum) rng bng thng ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht. Khi ch c mt ngi s dng trong bng thng SS, s dng bng thng nh vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, nhng ngi s dng ny c th dng chung mt bng thng SS (tri ph) v h thng tr nn s dng bng thng c hiu sut cao m vn duy tr c cc u im ca tri ph. Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu: Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng thng ln hn rng bng thng ti thiu cn thit pht thng tin. Tri ph c thc hin bng mt ma trn c lp vi s liu.

2.4.2 Nguyn l chung ca DSSS v p dng DSSS vo CDMA H thng WCDMA s dng DSSS. H thng DSSS t c tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip (Rc = 1/Tc, Tc l thi gian mt chip) cao hn nhiu tc bit (Rb = 1/Tb, Tb l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s liu cn pht. Qu trnh tri ph (hnh 2.6) trong Tb = 10Tc. S n gin ca b tri ph DSSS (hnh 2.6 a), lung s liu cn truyn l x c tc l Rb c nhn vi mt m tri ph c c tc l Rc c lung u ra l y c tc l Rc ln hn rt nhiu so vi tc Rb ca lung vo.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

49 Ti pha thu lung y thc hin nhim v gii tri ph khi phc li lung x bng cch nhn lung ny vi m tri ph c ging nh pha pht: x = yc

x Rb c Rc

y = cx

a. S tri ph DSSS x(t ) Tb t

c

y(t )

X(f)

Tb = 15Tc Tc t
c

B = Rc
C(f)

c(t )

Tb = 15Tc Tb = 15Tc Tc t
c

Y(f )

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46 Bss = Rc

50

Hnh 2.6. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) Trong cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m da trn CDMA, mt tp m trc giao c s dng v mi ngi s dng c gn mt m tri ph ring. Cc m tri ph ny phi m bo iu kin trc giao, gi s c l m tri ph th iu kin trc giao l: 1. Tch hai m ging nhau bng 1: cici =1 2. Tch hai m khc nhau s l mt m mi trong tp m: cicj = ck 3. Nu c s bit 1 bng s bit -1 trong mt m hay:

(2.2)

Trong N l s chip v Ck l gi tr chip k trong mt m. Trong h thng WCDMA c nhiu ngi s dng mt ti nguyn v tuyn. Nu xt mt h thng gm K ngi s dng, th sau tri ph nhng ngi s dng ny s pht vo khng gian tp cc tn hiu sau:

(2.3)

Ta xt qu trnh x l tn hiu ti mt my thu k bt k no . My thu ny s phi c nhim v l ly ra tn hiu xk mong mun t tp cc tn hiu trn, v loi b cc tn hiu cn li (nhng tn hiu ny c gi l nhiu ng knh v trong h thng CDMA chng c pht trn cng mt tn s). my k bt k c th ly c tn hiu xk, theo nguyn tc tri ph v gii tri ph mc trn th ta phi nhn tn hiu thu c (2.3) vi m gii tri ph ring ca xk l ck v p dng quy tc trc giao trn ta c:

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

51

(2.4)

Trong biu thc (2.4), yk l thng tin my k thu c, thnh phn th nht bn v phi l tn hiu my thu k mong mun thu (thng tin hu ch), cn thnh phn th hai l nhiu ca nhng ngi s dng khc c gi l MAI (Multiple Access Interferrence: Nhiu a ngi s dng). loi b thnh phn th hai, my thu s dng b lc tng quan trong min thi gian kt hp vi b lc tn s trong min tn s. Qu trnh gii tri ph v lc ra tn hiu hu ch ti mt my thu k bt k trong mt h thng CDMA c K ngi s dng (hnh 2.7.) vi gi thit cng sut pht t K my nh nhau ti u vo my thu k. S gii tri ph DSSS (hnh 2.7.a), ph ca tn hiu tng c pht i t K my pht sau tri ph (hnh 2.7.b), ph ca tn hiu sau gii tri ph ti my thu thu k (hnh 2.7.c) v ph ca tn hiu sau b lc thng thp vi bng thng bng Rb (hnh 2.7.d). T hnh 2.7 ta thy t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR: Signal to Interference Ratio) l t s gia din tch hnh ch nht (phn t m) trn hnh 2.7c v din tch phn t m trn hnh 2.7d: SIR = S1/S2.

yk
Lc thng thp B = Rb

ck Hnh a. S gii tri ph DSSS

Xk(f) XK(f) XK(f)

S1

Xk(f) S2

Xk(f)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

X2(f) X1(f) f

X2(f) X1(f)

Lp: KTVT B - K46

f

MAI

52

Hnh 2.7. Qu trnh gii tri ph v lc tn hiu ca ngi s dng k t tp K ngi s dng

2.4.3 H thng DSSS-BPSK My pht DSSS BPSK

B iu ch BPSK

Tn hiu nh phn
b(t) c(t ) b(t)c(t)

Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK S = Ab(t)c(t)sin(2fct + ) Sng mang Acos(2fct + )

Tn hiu PN nh phn

Hnh 2.8. S khi ca my pht DSSS BPSK D liu hoc tin tc b(t) nhn cc gi tr 1. Tn hiu b(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu tri ph c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny vi nhau. Tn hiu nhn c b(t)c(t) sau c iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK, cho ta tn hiu DS/SSBPSK xc nh theo cng thc: b(t)=Ab(t)c(t)cos(2fct+) (2.5)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

53 Trong : A l bin , fc tn s v l pha ca sng mang Trong rt nhiu ng dng mt bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l T=NTc. My thu DSSS BPSK Mc ch ca my thu l ly ra bn tin b(t) (tn hiu thu c gm tn c hiu pht v tp m). Do tn ti tr truyn lan nn tn hiu thu c l: s(t-) = Ab(t-)c(t-)cos[2fc(t-)+] + n(t) trong : n(t) l tp m ca knh v u vo my thu. m t li qu trnh khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit khng c tp m. Trc ht tn hiu c gii tri ph a t bng tn rng v bng tn hp sau gii iu ch nhn c tn hiu bng gc. gii tri ph, tn hiu thu c nhn vi tn hiu (ng b) PN c(t-) c to ra my thu. w(t) = Ab(t-)c2(t-)cos[2fc(t-)+ ] = Ab(t-)cos[2fc(t-)+ ] (2.7) (2.6)

V c2(t) = 1 trong = -2fc. Tn hiu nhn c l mt tn hiu bng hp vi rng bng tn l 2/T. gii iu ch ta gi thit rng my thu bit c pha v tn s fc v im khi u ca tng bit. Tn hiu w(t) thu c nhn vi tn hiu sng mang ta c tn hiu gc b(t). Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt m bit trc my thu ch nh do n c th khi phc bn tin, cn cc my thu khc nhn th thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1.

Khi phc nh thi symbol Khi phc sng mang

s(t-) = Ab(t-)c(t-)sin(2fct + )

ti

sin(2fct + )
zi
+ -

w(t)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

ng b PN

C(t-)

Lp: KTVT B -- K46

B gii iu ch BPSK

To PN ti ch

54

Hnh 2.9. S my thu ca h thng DSSS-BPSK

my thu c th khi phc bn tin th my thu phi ng b vi tn hiu thu c. Qu trnh xc nh ny c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin hai bc l bt v bm m. Qu trnh nhn c ti gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h STR (Symbol Timing Recovery: nh thi). Qu trnh nhn c cng nh fc l qu trnh khi phc sng mang. 2.4.4 H thng DSSS-QPSK S khi chc nng ca my pht DSSS-QPSK nh trn hnh 2.10 cng vi cc biu dng sng ti cc im khc nhau. N gm hai nhnh: Nhnh cng pha v nhnh vung pha. S my pht ca h thng DSSS-QPSK
c1(t)b(t) c1(t)
b(t) To chui PN1 To chui PN1 Acos(2fct + (t)) Dch /2 Acos(2fct + (t)) S(t) B iu ch (BPSK) S1(t)

Tn hiu DSSSQPSK

c2(t) c2(t)b(t)

B iu ch (BPSK)

S2(t)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

55 Hnh 2.10. S tri ph DSSS-QPSK Trong v d ny cng mt d liu vo l b(t) iu ch cc tn hiu PN c1(t) v c2(t) trong c hai nhnh. Tn hiu DS/SS-QPSK l: s(t) = s1(t) + s2(t) = Ab(t)c1(t)sin(2fct + ) + Ab(t)c2(t)cos(2fct + ) = A sin(2fct + + (t)) Trong : (t) = (2.8)

(
/4

)
c1(t) b(t) = 1 & c2(t) b(t) = 1 (2.9)

3/4 c1(t) b(t) = -1 & c2(t) b(t) = 1 5/4 c1(t) b(t) = -1 & c2(t) b(t) = -1 7/4 c1(t) b(t) = 1 & c2(t) b(t) = -1

Nh vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn 4 pha khc nhau: + /4, + 3/4, + 5/4 v + 7/4. S my thu DSSS-QPSK
w1(t) u1(t)
u(t) zi
+ -

s(t-)

c1(t-) c2(t-)

sin(2fct + ) cos(2fct + )

w2(t)

u2(t)

Hnh 2.11. S khi my thu DSSS-QPSK Cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha c gii tri ph ring bit bi c1(t) v c2(t). Gi s tr truyn lan l th tn hiu ti s l (b qua tp m). s(t - ) = Ab(t - )c1(t - )sin(2fct + ) + Ab(t - )c2(t - )cos(2fct + ) SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

56 trong = - 2fc. Cc tn hiu trc b cng l: u1(t) = Ab(t - ) + ) = Ab(t - ) [1- cos(4fct + 2)]+Ab(t - )c1(t - ) c2(t - ) u2(t) = Ab(t - ) + ) = Ab(t - ) [1- cos(4fct + 2)]+Ab(t - )c1(t - ) c2(t - ) sin(4fct + 2) sin(4fct + 2) (2fct + ) + Ab(t - )c1(t - )c2(t - )sin(2fct + )cos(2fct (2.10)

(2fct + ) + Ab(t - )c1(t - ) c2(t - )sin(2fct + )cos(2fct

Tng ca cc tn hiu u1(t) v u2(t) c ly tch phn trn mt khong bit, to ra zi = AT nu bit tin tng ng l +1 hay zi = -AT nu bit tin tng ng l -1, v tt c cc s hng c tn s 2fc u c trung bnh bng 0. Do , li ra ca b so snh l +1 (hoc 1 logic) khi bit tin l +1, v bng -1 (hoc 0 logic) khi bit tin l -1. Hai tn hiu PN c th l hai tn hiu c lp hoc c th ly t mt tn hiu PN. Cc h thng DSSS c th c s dng cc cu hnh khc nhau. Cc h thng trn c s dng pht mt tn hiu c tc bit l 1/T bit/s. PG ( li x l) v rng bng tn b chim bi tn hiu DSSS-QPSK ph thuc vo cc tc chip ca c1(t) v c2(t). Ta cng c th s dng mt h thng DSSS-QPSK pht hai tn hiu s 1/T bit/s bng cch mi tn hiu iu ch mt nhnh. Mt dng khc c th s dng mt h thng DSSS-QPSK pht mt tn hiu s c tc bit gp i 2/T bit/s bng cch chia tn hiu s thnh hai tn hiu c tc bit 1/T bit/s v chng iu ch mt trong hai nhnh. 2.4.5 M hnh h thng DS CDMA Trong tri ph chui trc tip, tn hiu bng gc c tri thnh bng rng bng m tri ph hay m gi tp m PN. Tn hiu tri ph c mt cng sut thp (W/Hz). N xut hin gn nh l tp m nn i vi my thu thng

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

57 thng v ni chung ch gy nn nhiu nh. C th coi thng tin tri ph nh thng tin ring, ch my thu ch nh bit c m tri mi c th gii tri tn hiu tri ph v gii m tin tc. Khi hai tn hiu tri ph chia s cng bng tn, s c c lng xuyn m hoc nhiu l nhau nht nh, tuy nhin khc vi cc truyn dn bng hp, nhiu ny khng c hi. l v chng ta c th thit k cc m tri tt vi cc gi tr tng quan cho thp sao cho chng gn nh l trc giao, tc hm tng quan cho gn bng 0. Kt qu l nhiu tn hiu tri ph c th chia s cng knh tn s v s khng c nhiu tng h nghim trng. Di y l h thng DSSS v ng dng vo CDMA. tm hiu r hn v h thng DS-CDMA, ta xt s khi ca mt h thng DS-CDMA in hnh (hnh 2.12.). s ny, c k tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng khc nhau pht ng thi ti my thu. Mi tn hiu pht c gn mt ch s k, trong k = 1, 2, ..,K. Dng sng s liu c s hai () dk(t) l hm ch nht c bin +1 hay -1 v c th i du sau Tb giy. Dng sng tri ph () ck(t) cng c hnh ch nht nhng n tun hon v c tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc bit s liu. Ta coi rng thi gian 1 bit s liu (Tb giy) cha ng 1 chu k (N chip) m tri ph sao cho tc chip = N/Tb = 1/Tc; trong Tc l thi gian chip hay tc chip. My pht DSCDMA
d1(t) c1(t) d2(t) c2(t)

Lp1,1 cos(2fct +1) Lp2,2 cos(2fct +2)

n(t)

r(t)

dk(t) ck(t)

Lpk,k cos(2fct +k) Lp: KTVT B - K46

SVTH: Phm c Vit

58

My thu tng quan

r(t)

d'k(tk) -1

ck(t)

cos(2fct +rk)

Hnh 2.12. H thng DSCDMA: My pht v my thu tng quan V th tc chip (k hiu l Rc) gp N ln tc bit (Rb= 1/Tb), dng sng ca tri ph chui trc tip l: Sj(t) = dk(t)cj(t) cos(2fct + j) (2.11)

C rng bng tn truyn dn gn bng B = 1/Tc = N/Tb, ln gp N ln rng bng truyn dn cn thit thng thng i vi BPSK. Gi thit rng my thu ang gii m lung bit pht k. Trc ht, n phi ng b vi ng h ca my pht k. Sau n gii tri ph bng cch nhn vi ck(t k), loi vi b sng mang bng phng php nht qun (nhn

cos(2fct +rk)) v sau tch phn trong khong thi gian Tb giy

khi phc li nng lng s liu v ng thi loi b tp m ngoi bng. Thng s rk = k - 2fck b dao ng ni my thu, c nh gi (chng hn nh mch ng b vng kha pha) u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu sau a n mch ngng (b phn bit) v bit s liu + c quyt nh nu mu > 0V v l nu ngc li.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

59 2.5 NGU NHIN HA Khi nim tri ph va c xt trong mc 2.4. Ngoi tri ph, mt b phn ca my pht s thc hin vic ngu nhin ha. Qu trnh ny cn thit phn bit cc UE v cc node B. Ngu nhin ha c thc hin thm, v th n khng lm thay i rng bng tn, nhng cho php phn bit cc tn hiu t cc ngun khc nhau. Hnh 2.13 cho thy quan h gia tc chip trong knh vi tri ph v ngu nhin ha UTRA. Tc chip iu ch tri ph WCDMA l 3,84 Mcps. V vy tc chip t c khi tri ph bng cc m nh knh nn tc k hiu khng thay i khi ngu nhin ha.

M nh knh S liu Tc bit

M ngu nhin ha

Tc chip

Tc chip

Hnh 2.13. Quan h gia tri ph v ngu nhin ha

2.6 CC M TRI PH DNG TRONG WCDMA Khi nim tri ph c p dng cho cc knh vt l. C hai giai on, u tin l nh knh, trong mi k hiu s liu c chuyn thnh mt s chip nh vy tng rng ph tn hiu. S chip trn mt k hiu (hay t s gia tc chip v tc k hiu) c gi l h s tri ph (SF: Spectrum Factor), hay ni cch khc SF=Rs/Rc trong Rs l tc k hiu cn Rc l tc chip. H s tri ph l mt gi tr kh bin, ngoi tr i vi knh chia s ng xung vt l tc cao (HS-PDSCH ) trong HSDPA c SF=16. Th hai l ngu nhin ha tng tnh trc giao trong mt m ngu nhin ha c trn vi tn hiu tri ph. M ngu nhin ho c xy dng trn c s m Gold.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

60 Trong qu trnh nh knh, cc k hiu s liu c nhn vi mt m OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spread Factor: M trc giao h s kh bin) ng b v thi gian vi bin ca k hiu. Trong 3GPP, OVSF c s dng cho cc tc k hiu khc nhau v c k hiu l Cch,SF,k trong SF l h s tri ph ca m v k l s th t m (0 k SF-1). Cc m nh knh c cc tnh cht trc giao v c s dng phn bit cc thng tin c pht i cng t mt ngun: Cc kt ni khc nhau trn ng xung trong cng mt trn ng xung v gim nhiu ni Cc knh s liu vt l ng ln t mt UE (1) (2)

Trn ng xung cc m OVSF trong m b hn ch v th cn c qun l bi RNC, tuy nhin iu ny khng xy ra i vi ng ln. Khi chn m nh knh chng khng tng quan vi nhau. Chng hn khi chn m Cch,8,4=+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1, khng c s dng m Cch,16,8=+11+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1; v hai m ny hon ton ging nhau (tch ca chng bng 1) v chng s gy nhiu cho nhau.

Hnh 2.14. Cy m nh knh Cc m OVSF ch hiu qu khi cc knh c ng b hon ho ti mc k hiu. Mt tng quan cho do truyn sng a ng c b tr bi thao tc ngu nhin ha b sung. Vi thao tc ngu nhin ha, phn thc (I) v phn o (Q) ca SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

61 tn hiu tri ph c nhn b sung vi m ngu nhin ha phc. M ngu nhin ha phc c s dng phn bit cc ngun pht: Ngun (1) cc khc nhau i vi ng xung v ngun (2) cc UE khc nhau i vi ng ln. Cc m ny c cc tnh cht tng quan tt (trung bnh ha nhiu) v lun c s dng trn vi cc m tri ph nhng khng lm nh hng rng ph tn hiu v bng thng truyn dn. ng truyn gia node B v UE trong WCDMA cha nhiu knh. C th chia cc knh ny thnh hai loi: Knh ring truyn lu lng Knh chung mang cc thng tin iu khin v bo hiu

ng truyn t UE n node B c gi l ng ln, cn ng ngc li t node B n UE c gi l ng xung. Trc ht ta xt tri ph cho cc knh ng ln. 2.7 MY THU PHN TP A NG MY THU RAKE Phadinh a ng trn knh v tuyn dn n phn tn thi gian v chn lc tn s lm hng tn hiu thu. nh gi hin tng phn tn thi gian trn ng truyn v tuyn, ngi ta pht i mt xung hp (xung kim) v o p ng xung ny ti pha thu. p ng th hin s ph thuc cng sut ca cc ng truyn khc nhau n my thu vo thi gian tr ca cc ng truyn ny. Chui tn hiu gi ngu nhin c pht i CDMA c thuc tnh l cc phin bn dch thi ca n ti pha thu hu nh khng tng quan.

t1 t0 t2

Trm gc u cui di ng

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

62

Hnh 2.15. Truyn sng a ng Nh vy mt tn hiu c truyn t my pht n my thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau (thi gian tr khc nhau) c th c phn gii vo cc tn hiu phadinh khc nhau bng cch ly tng quan tn hiu thu cha nhiu phin bn dch thi ca chui gi ngu nhin. My thu s dng nguyn l ny c gi l my thu phn tp a ng hay my thu RAKE (hnh 2.16). Trong my thu RAKE nhn c cc phin bn dch thi ca chui ngu nhin, tn hiu thu phi i qua ng tr trc khi c ly tng quan v c kt hp. ng tr bao gm nhiu mt tr c thi gian tr bng thi gian mt chip Tc. My thu dch nh thi bn sao m tri ph tng chip cho tng k hiu thng tin gii tri ph k hiu trong vng mt k hiu. Vi tham kho l lch tr cng sut, my thu chn cc ng truyn c cng sut vt ngng kt hp RAKE trn c s s lng b tng quan, b c tnh knh v b b tr thay i pha. Trong trng hp p dng thu phn tp khng gian hay phn tp gia cc on , l lch tr cng sut c to ra cho mi nhnh v cc ng truyn c chn t l lch tr cng sut sut tng hp ca tt c cc nhnh. Phng php chn ng truyn kt hp ca my thu RAKE

Ngng chn ng truyn u ra b tng quan

Mc tp m nn

Cu hnh my thu RAKE SVTH: Phm c Vit

Chn ng truyn L

Lp: KTVT B - K46

Tn hiu

63

Hnh: 2.16. My thu RAKE

Trong thc t, v cc tn hiu tri ph gm nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc v cc tn hiu a ng ca knh ngi s dng, nn gi tr ngng c lp da trn mc cng sut tp m nn v cc ng truyn c SIR hiu dng (c cng sut thu vt ngng) c chn. V MS chuyn ng (hoc mi trng truyn sng thay i khi MS c nh), nn v tr ng truyn (thi gian tr) c kt hp RAKE cng s thng xuyn thay i, my phi nh k cp nht l lch tr ng truyn v cp nht cc ng truyn c kt hp RAKE trn c s l lch mi (qu trnh ny c gi l tm kim ng truyn v n lin quan n tm kim ng truyn kt hp RAKE). 2.8 IU KHIN CNG SUT Trong trng hp mt my pht gy nhiu n gn my thu k (n gn node B chng hn), cng sut ca my pht ny tng cao dn n MAI tng cao, t s tn hiu trn nhiu gim mnh v my thu k khng th tch ra c tn hiu ca mnh. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn v xa. trnh hin tng ny SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

64 h thng phi iu khin cng sut sao cho cng sut thu ti node B ca tt c cc UE u bng nhau. iu khin cng sut trong WCDMA c chia thnh: iu khin cng sut vng h iu khin cng sut vng kn

iu khin cng sut vng h c thc hin t ng ti UE khi n thc hin th tc xin truy nhp node B (da trn cng sut m n thu c t knh hoa tiu pht i t B), khi ny UE cha c kt ni vi nt ny. Cn iu khin cng sut vng kn c thc hin khi UE kt ni vi node B. iu khin cng sut vng h li c chia thnh: iu khin cng sut vng trong c thc hin ti node B. iu khin cng sut vng trong c thc hin nhanh vi 1500 ln trong mt giy da trn so snh SIR thu vi SIR ch iu khin cng sut vng ngoi c thc hin ti RNC thit lp SIR ch cho node B. iu khin cng sut ny da trn so snh t l li khi (BLER) thu c vi t l ch. 2.9 CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG WCDMA Thng thng chuyn giao (HO: Handover) c hiu l qu trnh trong knh lu lng ca mt UE c chuyn sang mt knh khc m bo cht lng truyn dn. Tuy nhin trong CDMA khi nim ny ch thch hp cho chuyn giao cng cn i vi chuyn giao mm khi nim ny phc tp hn, ta s xt c th trong phn di y. C th chia HO thnh cc kiu HO sau: HO ni h thng xy ra bn trong mt h thng WCDMA. C th chia nh HO ny thnh HO ni h thng gia cc thuc cng mt tn s sng mang WCDMA HO gia cc tn s (IF-HO) gia cc hot ng trn cc tn s WCDMA khc nhau

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

65 HO gia cc h thng (IS-HO) gia cc thuc hai cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn (RAT) khc nhau hay cc ch truy nhp v tuyn (RAM) khc nhau. Trng hp thng xuyn xy ra nht i vi kiu th nht l HO gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM/EDGE. Tuy nhin cng c th l ISHO gia WCDMA v h thng cc h thng CDMA khc (cdma20001x). V d v HO gia cc RAM l HO gia cc ch UTRA FDD v UTRA TDD. C th c cc th tc HO sau: Chuyn giao cng (HHO) l cc th tc HO trong tt c cc ng truyn v tuyn c ca mt UE c gii phng trc khi thit lp cc ng truyn v tuyn mi Chuyn giao mm (SHO) v chuyn giao mm hn (hnh 2.18) l cc th tc trong UE lun duy tr t nht mt ng v tuyn ni n UTRAN. Trong chuyn giao mm UE ng thi c ni n mt hay nhiu thuc cc nt B khc nhau ca cng mt RNC (SHO ni RNC) hay thuc cc RNC khc nhau (SHO gia cc RNC). Trong chuyn giao mm hn UE c ni n t nht l hai on ca cng mt nt B. SHO v HO mm hn ch c th xy ra trn cng mt tn s sng mang v trong cng mt h thng. Ph thuc s tham gia trong SHO, cc trong mt h thng WCDMA c chia thnh cc tp sau y: Tp tch cc bao gm cc (on ) hin ang tham gia vo mt kt ni SHO ca UE Tp ln cn/ tp c gim st (c hai t c s dng nh nhau). Tp ny bao gm tt c cc c gim st/o lin tc bi UE v hin thi khng c trong tp tch cc Tp c pht hin. Tp ny bao gm cc c UE pht hin nhng khng thuc tp tch cc ln tp ln cn.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

66

a. Chuyn giao mm gia hai on ca hai

b. Chuyn giao mm hn gia hai on ca cng mt

Hnh 2.17. Chuyn giao mm (a) v mm hn (b)

CHNG 3 - GIAO DIN V TUYN CA MNG WCDMA UMTS

3.1 GII THIU CHUNG H thng WCDMA UMTS l mt trong cc tiu chun ca IMT-2000 nhm pht trin ca GSM cung cp cc kh nng cho th h ba. WCDMA UMTS s dng mng a truy nhp v tuyn trn c s cng ngh WCDMA v mng li c pht trin t GSM/GPRS. WCDMA c th c hai gii php cho giao din v tuyn: Ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplex) Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD: Time Division Duplex)

C hai giao din ny u s dng tri ph chui trc tip (DS-CDMA). Gii php th nht s c trin khai rng ri cn gii php th hai ch yu s c trin khai cho cc nh (Micro v Pico). Hin nay mi ch c WCDMA/FDD c trin khai nn chng ta ch xt ti gii php ny. SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

67 Gii php FDD s dng hai bng tn 5 MHz vi hai sng mang phn cch nhau 190 MHz: ng ln c bng tn nm trong di ph t 1920 MHz n 1980 MHz, ng xung c bng tn nm trong di ph t 2110 MHz n 2170 Mhz. rng bng danh nh l 5 MHz, ta cng c th chn rng bng t 4,4 MHz n 5 MHz vi nc tng l 200 KHz. Vic chn rng bng ng n cho php trnh c nhiu giao thoa nht l khi khi 5 MHz tip theo thuc nh khai thc khc. Gii php TDD s dng cc tn s nm trong di 1900 - 1920 MHz v t 2010 - 2025 MHz, y ng ln v ng xung s dng chung mt bng tn. Giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA/FDD (v trong bi ch ni ti gii php WCDMA/FDD nn ta ch ni ti WCDMA). WCDMA s dng phng php tri ph chui trc tip vi tc chip l 3,84 Mcps. Trong WCDMA mng truy nhp v tuyn c gi l UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). Cc phn t ca UTRAN rt khc vi cc phn t mng truy nhp v tuyn ca GSM. V th kh nng s dng li cc BTS v BSC ca GSM l rt hn ch. Mt s nh sn xut cng c k hoch nng cp cc BTS ca GSM cho WCDMA h s thay th mt s b thu pht BTS t GSM v thay vo cc b thu pht mi cho WCDMA. Mt s t nh sn sut cn lp k hoch xa hn. H ch to cc BSC ng thi cho c GSM v WCDMA. Tuy nhin a phn cc nh sn sut phi thay th GSM BSC bng RNC mi cho WCDMA. WCDMA s dng rt nhiu kin trc ca mng GSM, GPRS hin c cho mng ca mnh. Cc phn t nh MSC, HLR, SGSN, GGSN c th c nng cp t mng hin c h tr ng thi WCDMA v GSM. Giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA/FDD c xy dng trn ba kiu knh: Knh logic, knh truyn ti v knh vt l. Knh logic c hnh thnh trn c s ng gi cc thng tin t lp cao trc khi sp xp vo knh truyn ti. Nhiu knh truyn ti c ghp chng vo knh vt l. Knh vt l c xy dng trn cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA kt

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

68 hp vi FDMA/FDD. Mi knh vt l c c trng bi mt cp tn s v mt m tri ph. 3.2 KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC CA GIAO DIN V TUYN Kin trc giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA trn hnh 3.1. Ngn xp giao thc ca giao din v tuyn bao gm 3 lp giao thc: Lp vt l (L1): c t cc vn lin quan n giao din v tuyn nh iu ch v m ha, tri ph.. Lp lin kt ni s liu (L2): Lp khun s liu vo cc khi s liu v m bo truyn dn tin cy gia cc nt ln cn hay cc thc th ng cp Lp mng (L3): c t nh a ch v nh tuyn

Mi khi th hin mt trng hp ca giao thc tng ng. ng khng lin nt th hin cc giao din iu khin, qua giao thc RRC iu khin v lp cu hnh cc lp di.
Mt phng iu khin C Mt phng s dng U L3 RRC
PDCP PDCP
BMC

L2/PDCP L2/BMC

RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

RLC

L2/RLC
RLC

Cc knh logic

MAC

L2/MAC Cc knh truyn ti

SVTH: Phm c Vit PHY

iu khin

Lp: KTVT B - K46

L1 im truy nhp dch v (SAP) cho thng tin ng cp

69

Hnh 3.1. Kin trc giao thc ca giao din v tuyn WCDMA Lp 3 v RLC c chia thnh hai mt phng: Mt phng iu khin (C-Plane) v mt phng ngi s dng (U-Plane). PDCP v BMC ch c mt phng U. Trong mt phng C lp 3 bao gm RRC (Radio resource Control: iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn) kt cui ti RAN v cc lp con cao hn: MM (Mobility Management) v CC (Connection Management), GMM (GPRS Mobility Management), SM (Session Management) kt cui ti mng li (CN). Lp 2 c chia thnh cc lp con: MAC (Medium Access Control: iu khin truy nhp mi trng) v RLC (Radio link Control: iu khin lin kt), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol: Giao thc hi t s liu gi) v BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control: iu khin qung b/ a phng ). Lp vt l l lp thp nht giao din v tuyn. Lp vt l c s dng truyn dn giao din v tuyn. Mi knh vt l lp ny c xc nh bng mt t hp tn s, m ngu nhin ho (m nh knh) v pha (ch cho ng ln). Cc knh c s dng vt l truyn thng tin ca cc lp cao trn giao din v tuyn, tuy nhin cng c mt s knh vt l ch c dnh cho hot ng ca lp vt l. truyn thng tin giao din v tuyn, cc lp cao phi chuyn cc thng tin ny qua lp MAC n lp vt l bng cch s dng cc knh logic. MAC sp xp cc knh ny ln cc knh truyn ti trc khi a n lp vt l lp ny sp xp chng ln cc knh vt l. 3.3 CC KNH CA WCDMA Cc knh ca WCDMA c chia thnh cc loi knh sau y:

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

70 Knh vt l (PhCH): Knh mang s liu trn giao din v tuyn. Mi PhCH c mt tri ph m nh knh duy nht phn bit vi knh khc. Mt ngi s dng tch cc c th s dng cc PhCH ring, chung hoc c hai. Knh ring l knh PhCH dnh ring cho mt UE cn knh chung c chia s gia cc UE trong mt . Knh truyn ti (TrCH): Knh do lp vt l cung cp cho lp 2 truyn s liu. Cc knh TrCH c sp xp ln cc PhCH. Knh Logic (LoCH): Knh c lp con MAC ca lp 2 cung cp cho lp cao hn. Knh LoCH c xc nh bi kiu thng tin m n truyn. 3.4 KNH VT L 3.4.1 Cc knh vt l Mi knh vt l c coi l t hp ca tn s, m ngu nhin, m nh knh v c pha tng i (i vi ng ln). Lp vt l nh hng ln ln s phc tp ca thit b v mt m bo kh nng x l bng tn c s cn thit trm gc v trm u cui. Cc h thng th h ba l cc h thng bng rng, v th cn thit k cc lp vt l m bo tnh linh hot cho cc dch v tng lai

DPDCH DPCH DPCCH CPICH PHYSICAL CHANNEL P-CCPCH S-CCPCH SCH PDSCH CPCH PRACH PCPCH AICH

ng ln SVTH: Phm c Vit ng xung

PICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH

Lp: KTVT B - K46

71

Hnh 3.2. Cc knh ca lp vt l DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel: Knh vt l ring) Knh hai chiu ng xung, ng ln c n nh ring cho UE. Gm DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel: Knh vt l s liu ring) v DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh vt l iu khin ring). Trn ng xung DPDCH v DPCCH c ghp theo thi gian vi ngu nhin ha phc cn trn ng ln c ghp m I/Q vi ngu nhin ha phc. DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel: Knh vt l s liu ring) Khi s dng DPCH mi UE c n nh t nht mt DPDCH. Knh c s dng pht s liu ngi s dng t lp cao hn. DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh vt l iu khin ring) Khi s dng DPCH, mi UE ch c n nh mt DPCCH. Knh c s dng iu khin lp vt l ca DPCH. DPCCH l knh i km vi DPDCH. CPICH (Common Pilot Channel: Knh hoa tiu chung) Knh chung ng xung. C hai kiu knh CPICH: P-CPICH (Primary CPICH: CPICH s cp) v S-CPICH (Secondary CPICH: CPICH th cp). PCPICH m bo tham chun nht qun cho ton b UE thu c SCH. Knh S-CPICH m bo tham kho nht qun chung trong mt phn hoc on cho trng hp s dng anten thng minh c bp sng hp. P-CCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp): Knh chung ng xung. Mi c mt knh truyn BCH

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

72 S-CCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel: Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp) Knh chung ng xung. Mt c th c mt hay nhiu SCCPCH. c s dng truyn PCH v FACH. SCH (Synchrronization Channel: Knh ng b) Knh chung ng xung. C hai kiu knh SCH: SCH s cp v SCH th cp. Mi ch c mt SCH s cp v th cp. c s dng tm . PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel: Knh vt l chia s ng xung) Knh chung ng xung. Mi c nhiu PDSCH (hoc khng c). c s dng mang knh truyn ti DSCH. PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel: Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin) Knh chung ng ln. c s dng mang knh truyn ti RACH. PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel: Knh vt l gi chung) Knh chung ng ln. c s dng mang knh truyn ti CPCH. AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel: Knh ch th bt) Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PRACH. c s dng iu khin truy nhp ngu nhin ca PRACH. PICH (Page Indication Channel: Knh ch th tm gi) Knh chung ng xung i cp vi S-CCPCH (khi knh ny mang PCH) pht thng tin kt cui cuc gi cho tng nhm cuc gi kt cui. Khi nhn c thng bo ny, UE thuc nhm kt cui cuc gi th n s thu khung v tuyn trn S-CCPCH. CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel: Knh ch th trng thi CPCH) Knh chung ng xung lin kt vi AP-AICH pht thng tin v trng thi kt ni ca PCPCH. CD/CA-ICH (CPCH Collision Detection/ Channel Assignment Indicator Channel: Knh ch th pht hin va chm CPCH/ n nh knh): Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PCPCH. c s dng iu khin va chm PCPCH.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

73 3.4.2 Cc knh ng ln 3.4.2.1 Cu trc knh DPDCH v DPCCH Knh vt l ng ln s dng ghp m I-Q cho s liu ca ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin lp vt l. Thng tin iu khin lp vt l c mang bi knh iu khin lp vt l ring (DPCCH) vi h s tri ph c nh bng 256. Thng tin lp cao hn bao gm s liu ca ngi s dng c mang knh s liu vt l ring (DPDCH) vi di h s tri ph t 256 n 4. Truyn dn s liu ng ln c th gm mt hay nhiu knh s liu vt l ring (DPDCH) vi h s tri ph thay i v mt knh iu khin vt l (DPCCH) duy nht vi h s tri ph c nh. DPCCH s dng cu trc khe vi 15 khe trn mt khung v tuyn 10ms. Mt khe thi gian c lu l 2560 chip. iu ny dn n 2560 chip s c rng l 666 s. Nh vy rng khe rt gn vi rng khe bng 577 s. Mi khe gm bn trng dnh cho cc bit hoa tiu, TFCI (ch th kt hp khun dng), cc bit iu khin cng sut pht (TPC: Transmit Power Control) v cc bit thng tin phn hi (FBI: Feedback Information). Cc bit FBI c s dng khi s dng phn tp pht vng kn ng xung. C tt c 6 cu trc khe cho DPCCH ng ln. C cc ty chn sau: 0, 1 hay hai bit cho FBI v c hoc khng c cc bit TFCI. Cc bit hoa tiu v TPC lun lun c mt v s bit ca chng c thay i lun s dng ht khe DPCCH. Hnh 3.3 cho thy cu trc khung ca cc knh vt l ring ng ln, mi khung c di 10ms c chia thnh 15 khe, mi khe di Tslot = 2560 chip, tng ng vi mt chu k iu khin cng sut.

DPDCH

S liu Ndata bit Hoa tiu TFCI NTFCI bit FBI NFBI bit TPC NTPC bit

DPCCH
Npilot bit

Tkhe = 2560 chip, 10.2k bit (k = 06)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Khe 0 Khe 2 Khe 3 ..

Lp: KTVT B - K46

Khe 14

74

Hnh 3.3. Cu trc khung v tuyn cho DPDCH/DPCCH ng ln Trn hnh 3.3 xc nh s bit trn khe ca DPDCH/DPCCH ng ln. N lin quan n h s tri ph ca knh vt l nh sau: SF = 256/2k. Nh vy h s tri ph ca DPDCH c th thay i t 256 xung 4. 3.4.2.2 Cu trc knh PRACH v knh PCPCH a. Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH) c s dng mang RACH. Hnh 3.4 di l qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH.
UE AP (tin t truy nhp) AICH (ch th bt) PRACH (bn tin truy nhp ngu nhin) Node B OK

Hnh 3.4. Qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH Cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin nh sau: UE khi xng th tc truy nhp ngu nhin RACH bng cch pht i mt AP (tin t truy nhp). Nu chp nhn (OK) th node B pht AICH (ch th pht hin bt) n UE. Sau UE c th pht bn tin trn knh RACH (knh truy nhp ngu nhin).

Tin t

Tin t

Tin t

Phn bn tin 10 ms (Mt khung v tuyn)

4096 chip

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Tin t Tin t Tin t

Lp: KTVT B - K46

Phn bn tin

75

Hnh 3.5. Cu trc pht truy nhp ngu nhin Pht truy nhp ngu nhin hnh 3.5 gm mt hay nhiu tin t di 4096 chip v mt bn tin di 10 hay 20 ms. UE thng bo di ca phn bn tin cho mng bng cc ch k ring hoc cc khe truy nhp. Cc lp cao hn s quy nh ch k v khe thi gian truy nhp no c s dng cho di bn tin no. Phn tin t ca cm truy nhp ngu nhin gm 256 ln lp li mt ch k. V c 16 tng s ch k c xy dng trn tp m Hadamard c di 16, do vy phn tin t c di l 4096 chip. Hnh 3.6 l cu trc khung v tuyn phn bn tin ca RACH. Khung v tuyn phn bn tin 10 ms c chia thnh 15 khe, mi khe di Tslot= 2560 chip. Mi khe gm hai phn: Phn s liu mang thng tin lp 2 v phn iu khin mang thng tin lp 1.
S liu iu khin S liu (Ndata bit) Hoa tiu (Npilot bit) TFCI (NTFCI bit)

Tkhe = 2560 chip, 10.2k bit (k = 03)

Khe 0

Khe 2

Khe 3

..

Khe 14

1 khung v tuyn: TRACH = 10 ms

Hnh 3.6. Cu trc khung v tuyn phn bn tin ca RACH Cc phn s liu v iu khin c pht ng thi. Phn bn tin di 20 ms gm hai khung v tuyn lin tip ca phn bn tin. Phn s liu gm 10.2k bit, SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

76 trong k = 0, 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi h s tri ph l 256, 128, 64 v 32 cho phn bn tin. b. Knh gi chung vt l (PCPCH) Knh gi chung vt l (PCPCH) c s dng mang CPCH v y l s m rng ca RACH. S khc bit ch yu so vi truyn s liu RACH l knh ny c th dnh trc nhiu khung, v c s dng iu khin cng sut (iu ny khng cn thit i vi RACH v n ch s dng mt hoc hai khung). CPCH i cp vi DPCCH ng xung cung cp thng tin iu khin cng sut nhanh. Ngoi ra mng cng c mt ty chn thng bo cho cc u cui pht hin cc tin t iu khin cng sut trc khi pht thc s.
UE CSICH (chit th trng thi CPCH) AP (tin t truy nhp) OK AP-AICH(ch th bt tin t truy nhp) CD (tin t pht hin va chm) CD/CA-ICH PCPCH (knh gi chung) Node B

Hnh 3.7. Th tc truy nhp gi CPCH Cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin CPCH nh sau: Da trn thng tin kh dng ca tng knh PCPCH do CSICH thng bo, UE khi xng th tc truy nhp CPCH trn knh cha s dng bng cch pht i mt AP (tin t truy nhp). Nu c node B chp nhn (OK) UE pht i mt CP (tin t pht hin va chm) thng bo rng n chim knh ny. Cui cng node B pht i CD/CA-ICH (ch th pht hin va chm v n nh knh) n UE. Sau UE c th pht gi trn knh CPCH (knh gi chung).

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

77 3.4.3 Tri ph v iu ch ng ln 3.4.3.1 Tri ph v iu ch cc knh ring ng ln Nguyn l tri ph cho DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel: knh s liu vt l ring, knh truyn lu lng ca ngi s dng) v DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: knh iu khin vt l ring; knh i cng vi DPDCH mang thng tin iu khin lp vt l) c minh ha trn hnh 3.8.

Cd,1
DPDCH1

Cd,3
DPDCH1

Cd,5 d

I cos(t) Spdch,n
I

DPDCH1

Cd,2
DPDCH1

d S

Cd,4
DPDCH1

d -sin(t)

Cd,6
DPDCH1

Q Cd,i: M nh knh dng tri ph phn bit knh.

Cc
DPCCH

d: H s khuch i (dng iu chnh)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

78 Hnh 3.8. Tri ph v iu ch DPDCH v DPCCH ng ln Mt DPCCH v cc i su DPDCH song song gi tr thc c th c tri ph v pht ng thi. DPCCH lun c tri ph bng m Cc=Cch,256,0, trong k=0. Nu ch mt knh DPDCH c pht trn ng ln, th DPDCH1 c tri ph vi m Cd,1=Cch,SF,k, trong k=SF/4 l s m OVSF v k=SF/4. Ngha l nu h s tri ph SF=128 th k=32. Nu nhiu DPDCH c pht, th tt c DPDCH u c h s tri ph l 4 (tc bit knh l 960 kbps) v DPDCHn c tri ph bi m Cd,n=Cch,4,k, trong k=1 nu n{1,2}, k=3 nu n{3,4} v k=2 nu n{5,6}. b tr s khc nhau gia cc h s tri ph ca s liu, tn hiu tri ph c nh trng s bng cc h s khuych i k hiu l c cho DPCCH v d cho DPDCH. Cc h s khuych i ny c tnh ton bi SRNC v c gi n UE trong giai on thit lp ng truyn v tuyn hay t li cu hnh. Cc h s khuych i nm trong di t 0 n 1 v t nht mt trong s cc gi tr ca c v d lun lun bng 1. Lung chip ca cc nhnh I v Q sau c cng phc vi nhau v c ngu nhin ha bi mt m ngu nhin ha phc c k hiu l Sdpch,n (hnh 3.8). M ngu nhin ha ny c ng b vi khung v tuyn, ngha l chip th nht tng ng vi u khung v tuyn.
Trc khi ngu nhin ha phc X X X X X X X X X =1 0,5 X Cc DPDCH c ghp m I/Q vi ngu nhin ha phc

=1 X

= 0,5

= 0,5 X X

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

79

Hnh 3.9. Chm tn hiu i vi ghp m I/Q s dng ngu nhin ha phc Cc m ngu nhin ha phc c to ra bng cch quay pha gia cc chip trong mt chu k k hiu trong gii hn 900. Bng cch ny hiu sut ca b khuch i (lin quan n t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh) trong UE hu nh khng i khng ph th thuc vo t s gia DPDCH v DPCCH. DPCCH v cc DPDCH c th c ngu nhin ha bng cc m ngu nhin di hoc ngn. C 224 m ngu nhin ha di ng ln v 224 m ngu nhin ngn ng ln. V c th s dng c hng triu m nn khng cn quy hoch m ng ln. S m ngu nhin cho DPCH (0,.., 16777215), cng vi SF thp nht c php ca m nh knh (4, 8, 16, 32, 128 v 256) cho phn s liu c n nh bi cc lp cao hn, chng hn khi thit lp kt ni RRC hoc khi iu khin chuyn giao. 3.4.3.2 Tri ph v iu ch cc knh chung ng ln Tri ph v ngu nhin ha phn bn tin PRACH c minh ha trn hnh 3.10.
Cd
Phn s liu PRACH

d I Sr-msg,n

cos(t)

Cc
Phn iu khin PRACH

c Q I+jQ
S

I Q

-sin(t)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

80 Hnh 3.10. Tri ph v iu ch phn bn tin PRACH Phn iu khin ca bn tin PRACH c tri ph bng m nh knh Cc = Cch,256,m, trong m=16.s+15 v s (0 s 15) l ch k tin t v phn s liu c tri ph bng m nh knh Cd = Cch,SF,m, trong SF (c gi tr t 32 n 256) l h s tri ph s dng cho phn s liu v m = SF.s/16. Phn bn tin PRACH lun lun c tri ph bng m ngu nhin ha di. di ca m ngu nhin ha c s dng cho phn bn tin l 10ms. C tt c l 8192 m ngu nhin ha. 3.4.4 Cc knh ng xung 3.4.4.1 Cu trc knh ring ng xung (DPCH) Knh ring ng xung (DCH) c pht trn knh vt l ring ng xung. Ch c mt kiu knh vt l ng xung. Knh vt l ring ng xung (DPCH ng xung). Trong mt knh DPCH ng xung, s liu ring c to ra bi lp hai v cc lp trn, ngha l knh truyn ti ring (DCH) c ghp knh theo thi gian vi thng tin iu khin c to ra lp mt (cc bit hoa tiu, cc lnh iu khin cng sut pht TPC v mt TFCI ty chn). DPCH ng xung c th c coi nh l ghp knh theo thi gian ca hai knh DPDCH v DPCCH nh ng ln. UTRAN s quyt nh c pht TFCI hay khng v nu c quyt nh th tt c cc UE phi h tr vic s dng TFCI ng xung.

DPDCH S liu 1 Ndata 1 bit

DPCCH TPC NTCP bit TFCI NTCP bit

DPDCH S liu 2 Ndata 2 bit

DPCCH Hoa tiu Npilot bit

Tslot = 2560 chip, 10.2k bit (k = 07)

Khe 0

Khe 1

Khe i Mt khung v tuyn, Tf = 10ms

Khe 14

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

81

Hnh 3.11. Cu trc khung cho DPCH ng xung hnh 3.11 cho thy cu trc khung ca DPCH ng xung. Mi khung di 10 ms c chia thnh 15 khe, mi khe di Tslot = 2560 chip tng ng vi mt chu k iu khin cng sut. Thng s k trn hnh 3.11 xc nh tng s bit trn mt khe ca DPCH ng xung. Quan h ca n vi h s tri ph nh sau: SF = 512/2k. H s tri ph c th thay i t 512 n 4.

3.4.4.2 Cc knh vt l chung ng xung a. Knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) CIPCH l knh vt l ng xung c tc c nh (30 kbps, SF = 256) mang chui bit/k hiu c nh ngha trc. Hnh 3.12 cho thy cu trc khung ca CPICH. Trng hp phn tp pht (vng kn hay phn h, CPICH s c pht c hai anten vi cng m nh knh ngu nhin ha).

Chui k hiu c nh ngha trc

Tslot = 2560 chip, 10.2k bit (k = 07)

Khe 0

Khe 1

Khe i Mt khung v tuyn, Tf = 10ms

Khe 14

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

82

Hnh 3.12. Cu trc khung cho knh hoa tiu chung b. Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (P-CCPCH) 256 chip (Tx tt) S liu 18 bit
Tslot = 2560 chip, 20 bit

Khe 0

Khe 1

Khe i Mt khung v tuyn, Tf = 10ms

Khe 14

Hnh 3.13. Cu trc khung v tuyn cho knh P-CCPCH

P-CCPCH l cc knh vt l ng xung tc c nh (30 kbps, SF = 256) c s dng mang BCH. Cu trc khung ca P-CCPCH (hnh 3.13). Cu trc khung ny khc vi DPCH ng xung ch khng c lnh TPC, TFCI v cc bit hoa tiu. PCCPCH khng c pht trong 256 chip u ca tng khe. Trong khong thi gian ny SCH s cp v th cp c pht c. Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp (S-CCPCH) S-CCPCH c s dng mang thng tin FACH v PCH. C hai kiu SCCPCH: Kiu c TFCI v kiu khng c TFCI. UTRAN xc nh c pht TFCI hay khng, nu c cc UE phi h tr vic s dng TFCI. Tp cc tc cng ging nh i vi DPCH ng xung. Cu trc khung ca S-CCPCH (hnh 3.14).

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

83 Thng s k trn hnh 3.14 xc nh tng s bit trn khe thi gian knh SCCPCH ng xung. Quan h gia k v h s tri ph nh sau: SF = 256/2k. H s tri ph thay i t 256 xung 4. Cc tc bit v k hiu knh l cc tc ngay khi tri ph.

TFCI NTFCI bit

S liu Ndata bit

Tslot = 2560 chip, 10.2k bit (k = 07)

Hoa tiu Npilot bit

Khe 0

Khe 1

Khe i Mt khung v tuyn, Tf = 10ms

Khe 14

Hnh 3.14. Cu trc khung cho S-CCPCH

FACH v PCH c sp xp trn cng mt hay cc knh S-CCPCH khc nhau. Nu FACH v PCH c sp xp trong cng khung. S khc bit chnh gia knh CCPCH v knh vt l ring ng xung l CCPCH khng c iu khin cng sut vng trong. S khc bit chnh gia P-CCPCH v S-CCPCH l PCCPCH c tc nh trc c nh cn S-CCPCH c th h tr tc thay i vi s gip ca TFCI. Ngoi ra P-CCPCH pht lin tc trn ton b cn SCCPCH pht khi c s liu v c th pht trong mt bp hng hp ging nh knh vt l ring (ch ng cho S-CCPCH cho S-CCPCH mang FACH). d. Knh ng b (SCH) Knh ng b (SCH) l tn hiu ng xung c s dng tm .

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

84 SCH gm hai knh con: SCH s cp v th cp. Cc khung 10 ms ca SCH s cp v th cp c chia thnh 15 khe, mi khe di 2560 chip. Hnh 3.15 minh ha cu trc khung v tuyn SCH. SCH s cp gm mt m c iu ch 256 chip, m ng b s cp PSC (Primary Synchronization) k hiu cp (hnh 3.15). PSC nh nhau trong mi h thng.
Khe 0 Khe 1 Khe 14

SCH s cp SCH th cp

acp acpi,0
256 chip 2560 chip

acp acpi,1

acp acpi,14

Mt khung v tuyn, Tf = 10ms

Hnh 3.15. Cu trc knh ng b (SCH) SCH th cp gm pht lp 15 chui cc m c iu ch c di 256 chip. Cc m ng b th cp (SSC) c pht ng thi vi SCH s cp. SSC c k hiu csi,k trn hnh 3.15, trong i = 1, 2, .., 64 l con s ca nhm m di 256. Chui ny SCH l th cp ch th m ngu nhin ng xung ca thuc nhm m ny. e. Knh vt l dng chung ng xung (PDSCH) Knh vt l dng chung ng xung (PDSCH) c s dng mang knh dng chung ng xung. Knh ny c nhiu ngi s dng dng chung trn c s ghp knh m. V DSCH lun lin kt vi DCH nn PDSCH lun lin kt vi DPCH. Cu trc khung v tuyn v khe thi gian ca PDSCH (hnh 3.16). C hai phng php bo hiu thng bo cho UE v vic c s liu cn gii m trn DSCH: Hoc bng trng TFCI hoc bng bo hiu lp cao. Truyn SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

85 dn PDSCH lin ht vi PPCH l trng hp c bit ca pht a m. PDSCH v DPCH khng nht thit phi c cng h s tri ph, i vi PDSCH PDSCH h s tri ph c th thay i theo khung. Thng tin iu khin lp 1 lin quan c pht trn phn DPCCH v DPCH lin kt, PDSCH khng cha thng tin lp vt l. S liu Ndata bit
Tslot = 2560 chip, 10.2k bit (k = 06)

Khe 0

Khe 1

Khe i Mt khung v tuyn, Tf = 10ms

Khe 14

Hnh 3.16. Cu trc khung cho PDSCH f. Knh ch th bt (AICH) Knh ch th bt (AICH: Acquisition indicator Channel) l mt knh vt l c s dng mang cc ch th bt. Ch th bt AIs tng ng vi ch k s trn knh PRACH hoc PCPCH. Lu rng i vi PCPCH, AICH hoc tng ng tin t truy nhp hoc tin t CD. AICH tng ng tin t truy nhp l AP-AICH cn AICH tng ng tin t CD l CD-AICH. AP-AICH v CD-AICH s dng cc m nh knh khc nhau.
Phn AI a0 a1 a2 a31 5120 chip, 40 bit Phn khng s dng a32 a39

AS

AS 0

AS 1

AS i 20 ms

AS

AS 0

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

86

Hnh 3.17. Cu trc knh ch th bt (AICH) Cu trc ca AICH (hnh 3.17), AICH gm mt chui lp ca 15 khe truy nhp lin tip (AS: Time Slot), mi khe di 40 bit. Mi khe gm hai phn: Phn ch th bt (AI) gm 32 k hiu gi tr thc a0,, a31 v mt phn khng s dng gm 8 k hiu gi tr thc a32,, a39. Knh c h s tri ph bng 256. g. Knh ch th tm gi (PICH) Knh ch th tm gi (PICH) l knh vt l tc c nh (SF = 256) c s dng mang cc ch th tm gi (PI) lun lin kt vi S-CCPCH m knh PCH c sp xp ln. Hnh 3.18 minh ha cu trc khung v tuyn ca PICH. Mt khung PICH di 10 ms cha 300 bit (b0, b1,, b299). Trong s , 288 bit (b0, b1,, b287) c s dng mang cc ch th tm gi v 12 bit cn li (b288, b289,, b299) khng c nh ngha.

288 bit cho ch th tm gi b0 b1 b287

12 bit khng nh ngha b288 b299

Mt khung v tuyn (10ms)

Hnh 3.18. Cu trc knh ch th tm gi (PICH) 3.4.5 Tri ph v iu ch cho ng xung 3.4.5.1 S tri ph v iu ch cho ng xung

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

87

Ngu nhin ha phc phn bit ngun pht (node B) I

P-SCH Gp S-SCH

iu chnh h s khuch i

cos(t)

Sdl,n
Gs

Cch,SF,m
Q I + jQ G1

I Q

j Tri ph bng m nh knh phn bit knh

G2 Phn chia phn thc v o

-sin(t)

Hnh 3.19. S tri ph v iu ch cho cc knh vt l ng xung S tri ph v ngu nhin ha tt c cc knh ng xung (tr knh ng b SCH) (hnh 3.19). Mi cp hai bit knh trc ht c bin i t ni tip vo song song tng ng mt k hiu iu ch, sau c t ln cc nhnh I v Q. Sau cc nhnh I v Q c tri ph n tc 3,84 Mcps bng cng mi m nh knh Cch,SF,m. Cc chui chip gi tr thc trn cc nhnh I v Q sau c ngu nhin ha bng m ngu nhin ha phc nhn dng ngun pht node B, m ny c k hiu l Sdl,n. M ngu nhin ha ny c ng b vi m ngu nhin ha s dng cho P-CCPCH, trong chp phc u tin ca khung PCCPCH c nhn vi chip s 0 ca m ngu nhin ha ny. Sau tri ph, mi knh vt l ng xung (tr cc SCH) c nh trng s bng cc h s trng s ring k hiu l Gi nh trn hnh 3.19. P-SCH v SSCH gi tr phc c nh trng s ring bng cc h s trng s Gp v Gs. Tt c cc knh ng xung c kt hp vi nhau bng cng phc. Chui nhn c sau tri ph v ngu nhin ha c iu ch QPSK. 3.4.5.2 Cc m tri ph ng xung SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

88 Trn ng xung, cng cc m nh knh nh trn ng ln (m OVSF) c s dng. Thng thng mi ch c mt cy m v mi cy m c t di mt m ngu nhin ha dng chung cho nhiu ngi s dng. Theo quy inh, cc m nh knh dng cho P-CPICH (knh hoa tiu chung s cp) v PCCPCH l Cch,256,0 v Cch,256,1. B qun l ti nguyn trong RNC n nh cc m nh knh cho tt c cc knh khc vi gii hn SF=512 trong trng hp s dng chuyn giao phn tp. M OVSF c th thay i theo tng khung trn knh PDSCH (knh vt l chia s ng xung). Quy tc thay i nh sau, m (cc m) OVSF c s dng cho kt ni pha di h s tri ph nh nht l m t nhnh cy, m nhnh cy m c ch ra bi h s tri ph thp nht ny. Nu DSCH c sp xp ln nhiu PDSCH song song, th quy tc tng t c p dng, nhng tt cc nhnh m c s dng bi cc m ny tng ng vi h s tri ph nh nht u c th s dng cho n nh h s tri ph cao hn. 3.5 CC KNH TRUYN TI Cc knh logic c lp MAC chuyn i thnh cc knh truyn ti. Tn ti hai kiu knh truyn ti: Cc knh ring v cc knh chung. im khc nhau gia chng l: Knh chung l ti nguyn c chia s cho tt c hoc mt nhm cc ngi s dng trong , cn knh knh ring c n nh ring cho mt ngi s dng duy nht. Cc knh truyn ti chung bao gm: BCH (Broadcast channel: Knh qung b), FACH (Fast Access Channel: Knh truy nhp nhanh), PCH (Paging Channel: Knh tm gi), RACH (Random Access Channel: Knh truy nhp ngu nhin), DSCH (Down Link Shared Channel: Knh chia s ng xung), CPCH (Common Packet Channel: Knh gi chung). Knh ring ch c mt knh duy nht l DCH (Dedicated Channel: Knh ring). Knh truyn ti chung c th c p dng cho tt c cc ngi s dng trong hoc cho mt ngi hoc nhiu ngi c th. Khi knh truyn ti chung

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

89 c s dng pht thng tin cho tt c cc ngi s dng th knh ny khng cn c a ch. Chng hn knh BCH pht thng tin qung b cho tt c cc ngi s dng trong . Khi knh truyn ti chung p dng cho mt ngi s dng c th, th cn pht nhn dng ngi s dng trong bng (trong bn tin s c pht). Knh PCH l knh truyn ti chung c s dng tm gi mt UE c th s cha thng tin nhn dng ngi s dng bn trong bn tin pht. 3.5.1 Cc knh truyn ti DCH (Dedicated Channel: Knh ring) Knh hai chiu c s dng pht s liu ca ngi s dng. c n nh ring cho ngi s dng. C kh nng thay i tc v iu khin cng sut nhanh. BCH (Broadcast Channel: Knh qung b) Knh chung ng xung pht thng tin qung b (chng hn thng tin h thng, thng tin ) FACH (Forward Access Channel: Knh truy nhp ng xung) Knh chung ng xung pht thng tin iu khin v s liu ca ngi s dng. Knh chia s chung cho nhiu UE. c s dng truyn s liu tc thp cho lp cao hn. PCH (Paging Channel: Knh tm gi) Knh chung dng xung pht cc tn hiu tm gi RACH (Random Access Channel: Knh truy nhp ngu nhin) Knh chung ng ln pht thng tin iu khin v s liu ngi s dng. p dng trong truy nhp ngu nhin v c s dng truyn s liu thp ca ngi s dng. CPCH (Common Packet Channel: Knh gi chung) Knh chung ng ln pht s liu ngi s dng. p dng trong truy nhp ngu nhin v c s dng trc ht truyn s liu cm. DSCH (Dowlink Shared Channel: Knh chia s ng xung) SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

90 Knh chung ng xung pht s liu gi. Chia s cho nhiu UE. S dng trc ht cho truyn dn s liu tc cao.

3.5.2 Chuyn i v ghp cc knh truyn ti ln cc knh vt l Hnh 3.20 minh ha cc knh truyn ti c sp xp ln cc knh vt l. Hnh 3.21 l ghp cc knh truyn ti ln knh vt l. Cc knh truyn ti DCH RACH CPCH BCH FACH PCH Knh ng b (SCH) Knh vt l chia s ng xung (PDSCH) Knh ch th bt (AICH) Knh ch th bt tin t truy nhp (AP-AICH) Lp: KTVT B - K46 Knh ch th tm gi (PICH) Knh ch th trng thi CPCH (CSICH) Knh ch th pht hin va chm/n nh knh Cc knh vt l Knh vt l s liu ring (DPDCH) Knh vt l iu khin ring (DPCCH) Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin (PRACH) Knh vt l gi chung (PCPCH) Knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (P-CCPCH)

Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (P-CCPCH)

SVTH: DSCH c Vit Phm

91

Hnh 3.20. Chuyn i gia knh cc knh truyn ti v cc knh vt l

Khi truyn ti 1

Khi truyn ti 2

Khi truyn ti TF1 Khi truyn ti TF 1

Khi truyn ti Khi truyn ti TF1

Khi truyn ti v ch th li Khi truyn ti v ch th li

Khi truyn ti v ch th li Khi truyn ti v ch th li

TF1

Cc lp cao hn

TFCI

M ha v ghp knh Cc knh s liu vt l

Lp vt l Gii TFCI

Gii m ha v ghp knh Cc knh s liu vt l

Knh iu khin vt l

Knh iu khin vt l

My pht

My thu

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

92 Hnh 3.21. Ghp cc knh truyn ti ln knh vt l TFI (Transport Format Indicator): Ch th khun dng truyn ti TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator): Ch th kt hp khun dng truyn ti 3.6 KNH LOGIC 3.6.1 Cc knh iu khin Cc knh iu khin (CCH: Control Channel) c chc nng truyn thng tin iu khin, bao gm cc knh: BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel: Knh iu khin qung b): Knh ng xung pht qung b thng tin h thng. PCCH (Paging Control Channel: Knh iu khin tm gi): Knh ng xung pht qung b thng tin tm gi CCCH (Common Control Channel: Knh iu khin chung): Knh hai chiu pht thng tin iu khin gia mng v cc UE. c s dng khi khng c kt ni RRC hoc khi truy nhp mt mi. DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel: Knh iu khin ring): Knh hai chiu im n im pht thng tin iu khin ring gia UE v mng. c thit lp bi thit lp kt ni ca RRC. 3.6.2 Cc knh lu lng Cc knh lu lng (TCH: Traffic Channel) c chc nng truyn thng tin ca ngi s dng, bao gm cc knh: DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel: Knh lu lng ring): Knh hai chiu im n im ring cho mt UE truyn thng tin ca ngi s dng. DTCH c th tn ti c ng ln ln ng xung. CTCH (Common Traffic Channel: Knh lu lng chung): Knh mt chiu im a im truyn thng tin ca mt ngi s dng cho tt c hay mt nhm ngi

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

93 s dng quy nh hoc ch cho mt ngi s dng. Knh ny ch c ng xung. 3.6.3 Chuyn i gia cc LoCH v TrCH trn ng ln v ng xung ng ln ng xung
Cc knh logic

CCCH

DTCH/DCCH

BCCH

PCCH

CCCH

CTCH

DTCH/DCCH

Cc MAC SAP

Cc knh truyn RACH ti

CPCH

DCH

BCH

PCH

FACH

DCH

DSCH

HS-DSCH

Hnh.22. Chuyn i gia cc knh logic v cc knh truyn ti ng ln v xung

3.7 THIT LP CUC GI TRONG WCDMA UMTS UE

CCCH: RRC Connection Request (Yu cu kt ni) CCCH: RRC Connection Setup (Thit lp kt ni RRC) DCCH: RRC Connection Conplete (Kt ni RRC hon thnh) DCCH: Innitial Direct Transfer (Truyn trc tip khi u) DCCH: Innitial Direct Transfer (Authentication Request) (Truyn trc tip (Yu cu nhn thc)) DCCH: Innitial Direct Transfer (Authentication Response) (Truyn trc tip (Tr li nhn thc)) DCCH: Security mode Conmand (Lnh ch bo mt) RANAP: Innitial UE message (CM Service Request) (Bn tin UE khi u (Yu cu dch v CM)) RANAP: Direct Transfer (Truyn trc tip (Yu cu nhn thc)) RANAP: Direct Transfer (Truyn trc tip (Tr li nhn thc))

RNC

MSC/VLR

RANAP: Security mode Command (Lnh ch nhn thc) RANAP: Security Mode Complete Lp: KTVT (Hon thnh ch bo mt) B - K46 RANAP: director Transfer (Set up) (Truyn trc tip (Thit lp))

SVTH: Phm c Vit ch bo mt) (Hon thnh

DCCH: Director Transfer (Setup) (Truyn trc tip (Thit lp))

DCCH: Security mode Complete

94

DCCH: Director Transfer (Alerting) (Truyn trc tip (Bo chung))

RANAP: Direct Transfer ( Alerting) (Truyn trc tip (Kt ni)) RANAP: Direct Transfer ( Connect) (Truyn trc tip (Kt ni)) RANAP: Direct Transfer ( Connect Acknowledge) (Truyn trc tip (Cng nhn kt ni))

DCCH: Director Transfer (Connect) (Truyn trc tip (Kt ni))

DCCH: Director Transfer (Connect Acknowledge) (Truyn trc tip (Cng nhn kt ni))

Hnh 3.23. Th tc thit lp cuc gi WCDMA UMTS Th tc thit lp mt cuc thoi c s WCDMA UMTS c cho hnh 3.23 (b qua truyn cc bn tin NBAP). Qu trnh ny bt u bng yu cu truy

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

95 nhp t UE. Yu cu truy nhp ny c pht trn knh truyn ti RACH hoc knh truyn ti CPCH. Bn tin c pht l mt yu cu thit lp mt kt ni RRC (iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn), trc khi thc hin cc giao dch bo hiu hay thit lp vt mang. Yu cu kt ni RRC bao gm c l do yu cu kt ni. RNC tr li mt bn tin thit lp kt ni RRC. Bn tin ny c pht knh logic CCCH (thng c truyn trn knh truyn ti FACH). Nu mt knh truyn ti DCH c cp pht, th bn tin thit lp kt ni RRC s ch ra mt m ngu nhin UE s dng ng ln. Cn lu mt DPCCH lin kt vi mt m ngu nhin UE s dng ng ln. PPCCH cha TFCI, TFCI cha thng tin v h s tri ph SF (Spectrum Factor) v cho php UTRAN xc nh c m nh knh cho DPDCH. Nu RNC khng n nh mt knh DCH th bo hiu tip tc c pht trn FACH ng xung v PACH hay CPCH ng ln. UE tr li RNC bng bn tin kt ni RRC hon thnh. Bn tin ny c mang trn knh logic DCCH ng ln. Sau UE pht mt bn tin cho mng li. Bn tin ny c pht bn tin truyn trc tip khi u, v khi ny cha c thit lp mt quan h bo hiu ni gia UE v mng li. Bn tin ny ch th cho RNC v mng li l cn thit lp mt quan h bo hiu ni gia UE v mng li. RNC t bn tin truyn trc tip khi u vo bn tin UE khi u ca RANAP (Radio Access Network Applocation Part: Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v tuyn) RANAP l giao thc bo hiu Iu, v gi bn tin ny n mng li. Trong trng hp ny bn tin c gi n MSC. Vic chn MSC hay SGSN ph thuc vo thng tin tiu ca bn tin truyn khi u, pht i t UE. Tip theo, MSC s khi u cc th tc bo an. Th tc ny bt u bng nhn thc trn nguyn tc hiu lnh tr li ging nh GSM. y c mt im khc l UE v mng nhn thc ln nhau. Ngha l mng khng ch pht s ngu nhin n UE nhn thc tr li ng m cn pht c th nhn dng mng (AUTN: Anthentication Token Network) c tnh ton c lp UE trong SIM.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

96 UE pht yu cu nhn thc bng cch pht i bn tin truyn trc tip ca RANAP v giao thc RRC. Nu nhn thc thnh cng, UE pht tr li bng mt bn tin tr li nhn thc MSC kim tra. Bn tin ny c mang bng cch s dng cc kh nng truyn trc tip ca RANAP v RRC. Sau mng li khi u cc th tc m ha MSC gi bn tin lnh ch bo mt RRC n UE. UE tr li MSC bng bn tin RANAP. Hon thnh ch bo mt. Ti thi im ny, thng tin thit lp cuc gi thc s nh: S in thoi b gi c gi bn tin thit lp t UE n MSC bng cch s dng bo hiu truyn trc tip. Nu c th x l c cuc gi ny, MSC s tr li bn tin ang tin hnh cuc gi. Sau RNC cn thit lp vt mang truy nhp v tuyn (RAB) truyn ti lung ting thc s ca ngi s dng. RAB l mt vt mang gia UE v mng li truyn ti s liu ca ngi s dng. Ting hoc s liu gi RAB c t trn mt hay nhiu vt mang v tuyn giao din v tuyn. Mi RAB c s nhn dng ring ca mnh s dng trong qu trnh bo hiu gia UE v mng. Mng li pht trin yu cu thit lp RAB thng qua bn tin yu cu n nh RAB ca RANAP. Trn c s thng tin yu cu n nh RAB, NRC c th thit lp mt vt mang v tuyn mi cho UE hoc c th lp li cu hnh vt mang hin ang hot ng. RNC s dng hoc bn tin RRC thit lp vt mang v tuyn hng dn UE s dng cc vt mang mi hoc lp li cu hnh. UE tr li hoc bng bn tin thit lp vt mang v tuyn hon thnh hoc bn tin lp li cu hnh vt mang v tuyn hon thnh. n lt mnh RNC tr li MSC bng bn tin RANAP: Hon thnh n nh RAB. Khi ny c mt ng dn vt mang t UE n MSC. Phn cn li ca qu trnh thit lp cuc gi hon ton ging nh thit lp cuc gi GSM. Phn cn li ny bo gm: Cc bn tin bo chung, kt ni v xc nhn kt ni c truyn bo hiu truyn trc tip.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

97 3.8 PHN TP PHT Khi nhiu anten thu c s dng, ta ni my thu s dng phn tp anten thu (Rx). Phn tp Rx c th c s dng ti node B tng dung lng ng ln v vng ph sng. Do gi thnh v khng gian chim ln, phn tp anten thu khng ph bin ti my u cui. khc phc nhc im ny WCDMA s dng phn tp pht cho my u cui. Tn ti hai k thut phn tp pht WCDMA: Phn tp vng h v phn tp vng kn. 3.8.1. Phn tp vng h Phn tp pht vng h s dng b m ha c gi l STTD (Space time Transmit Diversity: Phn tp pht khng gian thi gian). S my pht v my thu s dng STTD c cho trn hnh 3.24a v 3.24b. STTD c xy dng trn c s m Alamouti nh sau :

(3.1)

Trong ct 1 cha cc k hiu c pht i t anten 1 cn ct 2 cha cc k hiu c pht i t anten 2.

CPICH cho ANT1 ANT2 Ghp Tn hiu pht cho ANT2 Tn hiu pht cho ANT1

Hoa tiu TFCI

S liu pht

TPC

X l s

Ghp

M ha STTD

Ghp B to m tri ph

a. My pht
Tn hiu thu
S liu c khi phc

MF cho DPCH

B c tnh cho ANT1 B c tnh cho ANT1

B kt hp RAKE B kt hp RAKE

B gii m STTD

X l s

SVTH: Phm c Vit

MF cho DPCH

Lp: KTVT B - K46

98

b. My thu Hnh 3.24. Phn tp pht vng h ca WCDMA 3.8.2. Ch vng kn Pht hnh R3 v R4 s dng phn tp pht vng kn. Trong c hai ch ny, thng tin ng chnh pha c pht trn mt knh hi tip nhanh (tc 1500 bps) cho php chn 4 hoc 16 kh nng trng s bp sng. C hai khi nim ny u c th coi l truyn dn nht qun (to bp thch ng knh) vi s dng cn bng knh v cc chin lc bo hiu hi tip khc nhau. Kin trc my pht v my thu node B (hnh 3.26a v 3.26b). Trong c hai ch trng s pht c la chn theo th tc di y: u cui o cc knh hoa tiu chung CPICH1 v CPICH2 c pht trn anten 1 v anten 2. u cui nhn c c tnh knh cho ng truyn h1 v h2 Vect trng s pht cn thit W(w1, w2) c xc nh, c lng t v c gi n BTS trong trng FBI ca knh DCCH.
CPICH cho ANT1 ANT2
W1,n

Hoa tiu TFCI

S liu pht

TPC

X l s

Ghp W2,n

Ghp

Tn hiu pht cho ANT2 Tn hiu pht cho ANT1

Ghp

Bit FBI t UE

B nh trng s ANT

B to m tri ph S liu X l c Lp: KTVT B - K46 s khi phc

SVTH:DPCH c Vit Phm

c tnh knh cho ANT1

MF cho

B kt hp RAKE B kt hp RAKE

99

Hnh 3.25. Phn tp pht vng kn ca WCDMA

CHNG 4 - CNG NGH TRUY NHP GI TC CAO HSPA

4.1 GII THIU CHUNG Cng ngh HSPA l cng ngh c 3GPP chu trch nhim chun ha. 3GPP pht hnh R3 cho WCDMA vo nm 1999, y l ln pht hnh u tin cha ng ton b cc c t WCDMA. Pht hnh R4 c a ra sau vo u nm 2001. Truy nhp gi tc cao ng xung (HSDPA: High Speed Down Link Packet Access) c 3GPP chun ha trong pht hnh R5 vi phin bn tiu chun u tin vo nm 2002. Truy nhp gi tc cao ng ln (HSUPA: High Speed Up Link Packet Access) trong 3GPP c chun ha trong R6 vo thng 12 nm 2004. C hai HSDPA v HSUPA c gi chung l HSPA. HSDPA v HSUPA c a vo thng mi ln lt vo nm 2005 v 2007. Trong pht hnh R6, HSDPA c tc nh l 14,4 Mbps, HSUPA l 5,7 Mbps.
Node B

SVTH: Phm c Vit

UE

RN C

Iu b

SGSN

Iu-cs

S liu GGSN Lp: KTVT B - K46 t GGSN

Tc HS-DSCH nh

Tc bit Iub

Tc bit cc

100

Hnh 4.1. Tc s liu khc nhau trn cc giao din (cng ngh HSDPA) Tc s liu nh ca HSDPA lc u l 1,8 Mbps v tng ln 3,6 Mbps v 7,2 Mbps vo nm 2006 v 2007, tim nng c th t n trn 14,4 Mbps vo nm 2008. Trong giai on u tc nh HSUPA l 1-2 Mbps trong giai on sau tc ny c th t n 4-5,7 Mbps vo nm 2008. Khc vi WCDMA trong tc s liu trn cc giao din nh nhau, tc s liu HSPA trn cc giao din khc nhau. Trn hnh 4.1 tc nh (14,4Mbps trn 2 ms) ti u cui ch xy ra trong thi im iu kin knh truyn tt v th tc trung bnh c th khng qu 3 Mbps. m bo truyn lu lng mang tnh cm ny, nt cn c b m lu li lu lng v b lp biu truyn lu lng ny trn h tng mng 4.2 KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC GIAO DIN V TUYN HSPA Kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA cho s liu ngi s dng. Mt phng bo hiu khng c th hin trn hnh 4.2 (trong mt phng ny bo hiu c ni n RLC sau c a ln DCH hay HSDPA hoc HSUPA). S liu t cc dch v khc nhau c nn tiu IP ti PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol). MAC-hs (high speed) thc hin chc nng lp biu nhanh da trn node B. Nn tiu IP (PDCP)

Cc dch v CS nh: Ting thoi SVTH: Phm c Vit AMR, video

Phn on v lp (RLC) Lp: KTVT B - K46 Ghp knh (MAC-d)

Sp t li

101

MAC-hs: High Speed MAC: MAC tc cao; MAC-e - E-DCH MAC: MAC knh E-DCH; MAC-es: Thc th MAC knh E-DCH sp t li th t Hnh 4.2. Kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA Chc nng mi ca cc phn t trong WCDMA khi a vo HSPA: a. Cc chc nng mi do HSDPA RNC: Qun l di ng v ti nguyn v tuyn HSDPA, qun l lu lng HSDPA Iub, th tch s liu ln hn. Node B: Nh m s liu, x l HARQ, gii m phn hi, iu khin lung, lp biu ng xung, iu ch 16QAM. UE: X l HARQ bng b nh m gi tr mm. To tn hiu phn hi v pht gii iu ch 16QAM. b. Cc chc nng mi do HSUPA RNC: Qun l di dng v ti nguyn v tuyn HSUPA, n nh dung lng HSUPA Iub, th tch s liu UL ln hn, sp xp li th t gi. Node B: X l HARQ bng b nh gi tr mm, m ha phn hi, lp biu ng ln ph thuc vo nhiu bng gc v dung lng Iub. UE: X l HARQ, to thng tin phn hi v trng thi b m v cng sut pht, truyn dn a m, lp biu ng ln. SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

102 4.3 TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG XUNG Truy nhp gi tc cao ng xung (HSDPA) c thit k tng thng lng s liu gi ng xung bng cch kt hp cc cng ngh lp vt l: Truyn dn kt hp pht li nhanh v thch ng nhanh c truyn theo s iu khin ca node B. Mc tiu ca HSDPA l m rng giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA, tng cng hiu nng v dung lng (tc s liu nh cao) ca WCDMA. 4.3.1 Truyn dn knh chia s c im ch yu ca HSDPA l truyn dn knh chia s. Trong truyn dn knh chia s, mt b phn ca tng ti nguyn v tuyn ng xung kh dng trong (cng sut pht v m nh knh trong WCDMA) c coi l ti nguyn chung c chia s ng theo thi gian gia cc ngi s dng. Truyn dn knh chia s c thc hin thng qua knh chia s ng xung tc cao (HSDSCH: High-Speed Dowlink Shared Channel). HS-DSCH cho php cp pht nhanh mt b phn ti nguyn ng xung truyn s liu cho mt ngi s dng c th. Phng php ny ph hp cho cc ng dng s liu gi thng c truyn theo dng cm v v th c cc yu cu v ti nguyn thay i nhanh. Cu trc m ca HS-DSCH c cho trn hnh 4.4. Ti nguyn m cho HSDSCH bao gm mt tp m nh knh c h s tri ph 16, trong s m c th s dng lp cu hnh cho HS-DSCH nm trong khong t 1 n 15. Cc m khng dnh cho HS-DSCH c s dng cho mc ch khc, nh cho bo hiu iu khin, cc dch v MBMS hay cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16

Cc m nh knh c s dng cho truyn dn HS-DSCH (v d l 10)

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

103 Hnh 4.3. Cu trc m ca HS-DSCH Ngoi vic c n nh mt b phn ca tng ti nguyn m kh dng, mt phn tng cng sut kh dng ca phi c n nh cho truyn dn HSDSCH. HS-DSCH khng c iu khin cng sut m c iu khin tc . Trong trng hp s dng chung tn s vi WCDMA, sau khi phc v cc knh WCDMA, phn cng sut cn li c th c s dng cho HS-DSCH, iu ny cho php khai thc hiu qu tng ti nguyn cng sut kh dng. 4.3.2 Lp biu ph thuc knh Lp biu (Scheduler) iu khin vic dnh knh chia s cho ngi s dng no ti mt thi im cho trc. B lp biu ny l mt phn t then cht v quyt nh rt ln n tng hiu nng ca h thng, c bit khi mng c ti cao. Trong mi TTI, B lp biu quyt nh HS-DSCH s c pht n ngi (hoc cc ngi) s dng no kt hp cht ch vi c ch iu khin tc (ti tc s liu no). Dung lng h thng c th c tng ng k khi c xt n cc iu kin knh trong quyt nh lp biu: Lp biu ph thuc knh. V trong mt , cc iu kin ca cc ng truyn v tuyn i vi cc UE khc nhau thay i c lp, nn ti tng thi im lun lun tn ti mt ng truyn v tuyn c cht lng knh gn vi nh ca n. V th c th truyn tc s liu cao i vi ng truyn v tuyn ny. Gii php ny cho php h thng t c dung lng cao. li nhn c khi truyn dn dnh cho cc ngi s dng c cc iu kin ng truyn v tuyn thun li thng c gi l phn tp a ngi s dng v li ny cng ln khi thay i knh cng ln v s ngi s dng trong mt cng ln. V th tri vi quan im truyn thng rng phadinh nhanh l hiu ng khng mong mun v rng cn chng li n, bng cch lp biu ph thuc knh phadinh c li v cn khai thc n. Chin lc ca b lp biu thc t l khai thc cc thay i ngn hn (do phadinh a ng) v cc thay i nhiu nhanh nhng vn duy tr c tnh cng SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

104 bng di hn gia cc ngi s dng. V nguyn tc, s mt cng bng di hn cng ln th dung lng cng cao. V th cn cn i gia tnh cng bng v dung lng. Ngoi cc iu kin knh, b lp biu cng cn xt n cc iu kin lu lng. Chng hn, s v ngha nu lp biu cho mt ngi s dng khng c s liu i truyn dn cho d iu kin knh ca ngi s dng ny tt. Ngoi ra mt s dch v cn c cho mc u tin cao hn. Chng hn cc dch v lung i hi c m bo tc s liu tng i khng i di hn, trong khi cc dch v nn nh ti xung khng c yu cu gt gao v tc s liu khng i di hn. Nguyn l lp biu ca HSDPA c cho trn hnh 4.4. Node B nh gi cht lng knh ca tng ngi s dng HSDPA tch cc da trn thng tin phn hi nhn c t ng ln. Sau lp biu v thch ng ng truyn c tin hnh theo gii thut lp biu v s u tin ngi s dng.

Hnh 4.4. Nguyn l lp biu HSDPA ca node B

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

105 4.3.3 iu khin tc v iu ch bc cao iu khin tc c coi l phng tin thch ng ng truyn cho cc dch v truyn s liu hiu qu hn so vi iu khin cng sut thng c s dng trong CDMA, c bit l khi n c s dng cng vi lp biu ph thuc knh. i vi HSDPA, iu khin tc c thc hin bng cch iu chnh ng t l m ha knh v chn la ng gia iu ch QPSK v 16QAM. iu ch bc cao nh 16QAM cho php t c mc s dng bng thng cao hn QPSK nhng i hi t s tn hiu trn tp m (Eb/N0) cao hn. V th 16QAM ch yu ch hu ch trong cc iu kin knh thun li. Node B la chn tc s liu c lp cho tng TTI 2ms v c ch iu iu khin tc c th bm cc thay i knh nhanh.

4.3.3.1 M ha knh HS-DSCH Do m ha turbo c hiu nng vt tri m ha xn nn HS-DSCH ch s dng m ha turbo. Nguyn l tng qut ca b m ha turbo nh sau (hnh 4.5). Lung s a vo b m ha turbo c chia thnh ba nhnh, nhnh th nht khng c m ha v cc bit ra ca nhnh ny c gi l cc bit h thng, nhnh th hai v th ba c m ha v cc bit ra ca chng c gi l cc bit chn l 1 v 2. Nh vy c mt bit vo th c ba bit ra, nn b m ha turbo ny c t l m l r=1/3.

d
Lung vo

B m ha 1 B m ha 2
B m ha turbo

P1

Lung ra

B c l

P2

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

106 d: Bit h thng (khng c m ha); P1: Bit chn l 1; P2:Bit chn l 2 Hnh 4.5. M ha turbo v c l 4.3.3.2 iu ch HS-DSCH HS-DSCH c th s dng iu ch QPSK v 16-QAM. Chm tn hiu QPSK v 16QAM (hnh 4.6). iu ch QPSK ch cho php mi k hiu iu ch truyn c hai bit, trong khi iu ch 16QAM cho php mi k hiu iu ch truyn c bn bit v th 16QAM cho php truyn tc s liu cao hn. Tuy nhin t hnh 4.6 ta thy khong cch gia hai im tn hiu trong chm tn hiu 16QAM li ngn hn khong cch ny trong chm tn hiu QPSK v v th kh nng chu nhiu v tp m ca 16QAM km hn QPSK.

Khong cch cc tiu gia hai im ca chm tn hiu

QPSK

16-QAM

Hnh 4.6. Chm tn hiu iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM v khong cch cc tiu gia hai im tn hiu

4.3.3.3 Truyn dn thch ng trn c s iu ch v m ha knh thch ng Truyn dn thch ng l qu trnh truyn dn trong tc s liu c thay i ty thuc vo cht lng ng truyn: Tc ng truyn c tng khi cht lng ng truyn tt hn, ngc li tc ng truyn b gim.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

107 thay i tc truyn ph hp vi cht lng knh, h thng thc hin thay i s iu ch v t l m nn phng php ny c gi l iu ch v m ha thch ng (AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding). Chng hn khi cht lng ng truyn tt hn, h thng c th tng tc truyn dn s liu bng cch chn s iu ch 16QAM v tng t l m bng 3/4 bng cch c l, tri li khi cht lng truyn dn ti hn h thng c th gim tc truyn dn bng cch s dng s iu ch QPSK v khng c l gim t l bng 1/3. 4.3.4 HARQ vi kt hp mm HARQ vi kt hp mm cho php u cui yu cu pht li cc khi thu mc li, ng thi iu chnh mn t l m hiu dng v b tr cc li gy ra do c ch thch ng ng truyn. u cui gii m tng khi truyn ti m n nhn c ri bo co v node B v vic gii m thnh cng hay tht bi c 5ms mt ln sau khi thu c khi ny. Cch lm ny cho php pht li nhanh chng cc khi s liu thu khng thnh cng v gim ng k tr lin quan pht li so vi pht hnh R3. Nguyn l x l pht li HSDPA (hnh 4.7). u tin gi c nhn vo b nh m ca nt B. Ngay c khi gi c gi i node B vn gi gi ny. Nu UE gii m tht bi n lu gi nhn c vo b nh m v gi lnh khng cng nhn (NAK) n node B. Node B pht li c gi hoc ch phn sa li ca gi ty thuc vo gii thut kt hp gi ti UE. UE kt hp gi pht trc vi gi c pht li v gii m. Trong trng hp gii m pha thu tht bi, node B thc hin pht li m khng cn RNC tham gia. My di ng thc hin kt hp cc pht li. Pht theo RNC ch thc hin khi xy ra s c hot ng lp vt l (li bo hiu chng hn). Pht li theo RNC s dng ch cng nhn RLC, pht li RLC khng thng xuyn xy ra. Khng nh HARQ truyn thng, trong kt hp mm, u cui khng loi b thng tin mm trong trng hp n khng th gii m c khi truyn ti m kt hp thng tin mm t cc ln pht trc vi pht li hin thi tng xc sut

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

108 gii m thnh cng. Tng phn d (IR) c s dng lm c s cho kt hp mm trong HSDPA, ngha l cc ln pht li c th cha cc bit chn l khng c trong cc ln pht trc. IR c th cung cp li ng k khi t l m i vi ln pht u cao v cc bit chn l b sung lm gim tng t l m. V th IR ch yu hu ch trong tnh trng gii hn bng thng khi u cui gn trm gc v s lng cc m nh knh ch khng phi cng sut hn ch tc s liu kh dng. Node B iu khin tp cc bit c m ha s s dng pht li c xt n dung lng nh kh dng ca UE.

Hnh 4.7. Nguyn l x l pht li ca node B 4.3.5 Kin trc T cc phn trn ta thy rng cc k thut HSDPA da trn thch ng nhanh i vi cc thay i nhanh trong cc iu kin knh. V th cc k thut ny phi c t gn vi giao din v tuyn ti pha mng, ngha l ti node B. Ngoi ra mt mc tiu quan trng ca HSDPA l duy tr ti a s phn chia chc nng gia cc lp v cc nt ca R3. Cn gim thiu s thay i kin trc, v iu ny s n

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

109 gin ha vic a HSDPA vo cc mng trin khai cng nh m bo hot ng trong cc mi trng m khng phi tt c cc u c nng cp bng chc nng HSDPA. V th HSDPA a vo node B mt lp con MAC mi, MA-hs, chu trch nhim cho lp biu, iu khin tc v khai thc giao thc HARQ. Do vy ngoi tr cc tng cng cho RNC nh iu khin cho php HSDPA i vi cc ngi s dng, HSDPA ch yu tc ng ln node B (hnh 4.8). Di ng t mt h tr HSDPA n mt khng h tr HSDPA c x l d rng. C th m bo dch v khng b gin on cho ngi s dng (mc d ti tc s liu thp hn) bng chuyn mch knh trong RNC trong ngi s dng c chuyn mch n knh dnh ring (DCH) trong khng c HSDPA. Tng t, mt ngi s dng c trang b u cui c HSDPA c th chuyn mch t knh ring sang HSDPA khi ngi ny chuyn vo c h tr HSDPA.

Mng li

RNC
n cc node B khc Chc nng MAC-hs - Lp biu - Thch ng tc - HARQ Node B
(F-)DPCH trn DL DCH trn UL

RNC
n cc node B khc

TE
HSDPA

phc v

khng phc v

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

110

Hnh 4.8. Kin trc HSDPA

Cu trc knh tng th ca HSDPA kt hp WCDMA (hnh 4.9)

Knh chia s, cho mt Knh ring, cho mt UE

Node B

UE
HS-DSCH
S liu ngi s dng

HS-SCCH
Bo hiu iu khin cho HSDSCH

(F-)DPCH
Cc lnh iu khin cng sut

DPDCH
S liu ngi s dng

DPCCH
Bo hiu iu khin cho DPDCH

HS-DPCCH
Bo hiu iu khin lin quan n HSDSCH

ng xung

ng ln

Hnh 4.9. Cu trc knh HSDPA kt hp WCDMA a. HS-DSCH HS-DSCH (High Speed-Downlink Shared Channel: Knh chia s ng ln tc cao). c sp xp ln nhiu knh vt l HS-PDSCH truyn ti lu lng gi chia s cho nhiu ngi s dng, trong mi HS-PDSCH c h s tri ph khng i v bng 16. Cu hnh cc i ca HS-DSCH l 15SF16 (tng ng vi tc nh khi iu ch 16QAM v t l m 1/1 l 14,4Mbps). Cc ngi s

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

111 dng chia s HS-DSCH theo s knh vt l HS-PDSCH (s m vi SF=16) v khong thi gian truyn dn TTI=2ms. b. HS-SCCH HS-SCCH (High Speed-Shared Control Channel: Knh iu khin chia s tc cao). S dng h s tri ph 128 v c cu trc thi gian da trn mt khung con c di 2ms bng di ca HS-DSCH. Cc thng tin sau y c mang trn HS-SCCH: S m nh knh S iu ch Kch thc khi truyn ti Gi c pht l gi mi hay pht li (HARQ) hoc HARQ theo RNC RLC Phin bn d Phin bn chm tn hiu

Khi HSDPA hot ng trong ch ghp theo thi gian, ch cn lp cu hnh mt HS-SCCH, nhng kho HSDPA hot ng trong ch ghp theo m th cn c nhiu HS-SCCH hn. Mt UE c th xem xt c nhiu nht l 4 HSSCCH ty vo cu hnh c lp bi h thng. c. HS-DPCCH HS-DPCCH (High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh iu khin vt l ring tc cao). ng ln c h s tri ph 256 v cu trc t 3 khe 2ms cha cc thng tin sau y: Thng tin phn hi (CQI: Channel Quality Indicator: ch th cht lng knh) bo cho b lp biu nt B v tc s liu m UE mong mun ACK/NAK (cng nhn v ph nhn) cho HARQ d. DPCCH

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

112 DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh iu khin vt l ring). L knh i cng vi HS-DPCCH ng ln cha cc thng tin ging nh R3. e. F-DPCH F-DPCH (Fractional-Dedicated Physical Channel: DPCH mt phn (phn on)): L knh ng xung c h s tri ph 256 cha thng tin iu khin cng sut cho 10 ngi s dng tit kim ti nguyn m trong truyn dn gi. 4.4 TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG LN Cng ngh truy nhp gi tc cao ng ln (HSUPA) cng s dng hai cng ngh c s nh HSDPA: Lp biu nhanh v HARQ nhanh vi kt hp mm. Cng ging nh HSDPA, HSUPA s dng khong thi gian ngn 2ms cho TTI ng ln. Cc tng cng ny c thc hin trong WCDMA thng qua mt knh truyn ti mi, E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Channel: Knh ring tng cng). Mc d s dng cc cng ngh ging HSDPA, HSUPA cng c mt s khc bit cn bn so vi HSDPA v cc khc bit ny nh hng ln vic thc hin chi tit cc tnh nng: Trn ng xung, cc ti nguyn chia s l cng sut v m u c t trong mt nt trung tm (node B). Trn ng ln, ti nguyn chia s l i lng nhiu ng ln cho php, i lng ny ph thuc vo cng sut ca nhiu nt nm phn tn (cc UE) Trn ng xung b lp biu v cc b m pht c t trong cng mt nt, cn trn ng ln b lp biu c t trong nt B trong khi cc b m s liu c phn tn trong cc UE. V th cc UE phi thng bo thng tin v tnh trng b m cho b lp biu ng ln WCDMA v HSUPA khng trc giao v v th xy ra nhiu gia cc truyn dn trong cng mt . Tri li trn ng xung cc knh c pht trc giao. V th iu khin cng sut quan trng i vi ng ln x l vn gn xa. E-DCH c pht vi khong dch SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

113 cng sut tng i so vi knh iu khin ng ln c iu khin cng sut v bng cch iu chnh dch cng sut cho php cc i, b lp biu c th iu khin tc s liu E-DCH. Tri li i vi HSDPA, cng sut pht khng i ( mc nht nh) cng vi s dng thch ng tc s liu. Chuyn giao c E-DCH h tr. Vic thu s liu t u cui ti nhiu l c li v n m bo tnh phn tp, trong khi pht s liu t nhiu trong HSDPA l phc tp v cha chc c li lm. Chuyn giao mm cn c ngha l iu khin cng sut bi nhiu gim nhiu gy ra trong cc ln cn v duy tr tng tch ngc vi UE khng s dng E-DCH Trn ng xung, iu ch bc cao hn (c xt n hiu qu cng sut i vi hiu qu bng thng) c s dng cung cp cc tc s liu cao trong mt s trng hp, chng hn khi b lp biu n nh s lng m nh knh t cho truyn dn nhng i lng cng sut truyn dn kh dng li kh cao. i vi ng ln tnh hnh li khc; khng cn thit phi chia s cc m nh knh i vi cc ngi s dng khc v v th thng thng t l m ha knh thp hn i vi ng ln. Nh vy khc vi ng ln iu ch bc cao t hu ch hn trn ng ln trong cc v m v v th khng c xem xt trong pht hnh u ca HSUPA. 4.4.1 Lp biu i vi HSUPA, b lp biu l phn t then cht iu khin khi no v ti tc s liu no mt UE c php pht. u cui s dng tc cng cao, th cng sut thu t u cui ti nt B cng phi cng cao m bo t s Eb/N0 (Eb=Pr/Rb, Pr l cng sut thu ti nt B cn Rb l tc bit c pht i t UE) cn thit cho gii iu ch. Bng cch tng cng sut pht, UE c th pht tc s liu cao hn. Tuy nhin do ng ln khng trc giao, nn cng sut thu t mt UE s gy nhiu i vi cc u cui khc. V th ti nguyn chia s i vi SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

114 HSUPA l i lng cng sut nhiu cho php trong . Nu nhiu qu cao, mt s truyn dn trong , cc knh iu khin v cc truyn dn ng ln khng c lp biu c th b thu sai. Tri li mc nhiu qu thp cho thy rng cc UE b iu chnh thi qu v khng khai thc ht ton b dung lng h thng. V th HSUPA s dng b lp biu cho php cc ngi s dng c s liu cn pht c php s dng tc s liu cao n mc c th nhng vn m bo khng vt qu mc nhiu cc i cho php trong .

Hnh 4.10. Nguyn l lp biu HSUPA ca node B Khc vi HSDPA, b lp biu v cc b m pht u c t ti node B, s liu cn pht c t ti cc UE i vi ng ln. Ti cng mt thi im b lp biu t ti nt B iu phi cc tch cc pht ca cc UE trong . V th cn c mt c ch thng bo cc quyt nh lp biu cho cc UE v cung cp thng tin v b m t cc UE n b lp biu. Chng trnh khung HSUPA s dng cc cho php lp biu pht i t b lp biu ca node B iu khin tch cc pht ca UE v cc yu cu lp biu pht i t UE yu cu ti nguyn. Cc cho php lp biu iu khin t s cng sut gia E-DCH v hoa tiu c php m u cui c th s dng; cho php ln hn c ngha l u cui c th s dng tc s liu SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

115 cao hn nhng cng gy nhiu nhiu hn trong . Da trn cc kt qu o c mc nhiu tc thi, b lp biu iu khin cho php lp biu trong tng u cui duy tr mc nhiu trong ti mc quy nh (hnh 4.11). Trong HSDPA, thng thng mt ngi s dng c x l trong mt TTI. i vi HSUPA, trong hu ht cc trng hp chin lc lp biu ng ln c th thc hin lp biu ng thi cho nhiu ngi s dng. L do v mt u cui c cng sut nh hn nhiu so vi cng sut node B: mt u cui khng th s dng ton b dung lng mt mnh.

Hnh 4.11. Chng trnh khung lp biu ca HSUPA Nhiu gia cc cng cn c iu khin. Thm ch nu b lp biu cho php mt UE pht ti tc s liu cao trn c s mc nhiu ni chp thun c, nhng vn c th gy nhiu khng chp nhn c i vi cc ln cn. V th trong chuyn giao mm, phc v chu trch nhim chnh cho hat ng lp biu, nhng UE gim st thng tin lp biu t tt c cc m UE nm trong chuyn giao mm. Cc khng phc v yu cu tt c cc ngi s dng m n khng phc v h tc s liu E-DCH bng cch pht i ch th qu ti trn ng xung. C ch ny m bo hot ng n nh cho mng. Lp biu nhanh cung cp mt chin lc cho php kt ni mm do hn. V c ch lp biu cho php x l tnh trng trong nhiu ngi s dng cn pht

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

116 ng thi, nn s ngi s dng s liu gi tc cao mang tnh cm c cho php ln hn. Nu iu ny gy ra mc nhiu cao khng th chp nhn c trong h thng, th b lp biu c th phn ng nhanh chng hn ch cc tc s liu m cc UE c th s dng. Khng c lp biu nhanh, iu khin cho php c th chm tr hn v phi dnh mt d tr nhiu trong h thng trong trng hp nhiu ngi s dng hot ng ng thi. 4.4.2 HARQ vi kt hp mm HARQ nhanh vi kt hp mm c HSUPA s dng vi mc ch c bn ging nh HSDPA: m bo tnh bn vng chng li cc sai li truyn dn ngu nhin. S c s dng ging nh i vi HSDPA. i vi tng khi truyn ti c pht trn ng ln, mt bit c pht t nt B n UE thng bo gii m thnh cng (ACK) hay yu cu pht li khi truyn ti thu b mc li (NAK). im khc bit chnh so vi HSDPA bt ngun t vic s dng chuyn giao mm trn ng ln. Khi UE nm trong chuyn giao mm, ngha l giao thc HARQ kt cui ti nhiu . V th trong nhiu trng hp s liu truyn dn c th c thu thnh cng ti mt s node B nhng li tht bi ti cc node B khc. Nhn t pha UE, iu ny l , v t nht mt node B thu thnh cng s liu. V th trong chuyn giao mm tt c cc nt B lin quan u gii m s liu v pht ACK hoc NAK. Nu UE nhn c ACK t nht t mt node B, UE coi rng s liu c thu thnh cng. HARQ vi kt hp mm c th c khai thc khng ch m bo tnh bn vng chng li nhiu khng d bo c m cn ci thin hiu sut ng truyn tng dung lng v (hoc) vng ph. Cc bit c m ha b sung ch c pht khi cn thit. V th t l m sau cc ln pht li c xc nh theo t l m cn thit cho iu kin knh tc thi. y cng chnh l mc tiu m thch ng tc c gng t c, im khc chnh l thch ng tc c gng tm ra t l m ph hp trc khi pht.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

117 4.4.3. Kin trc hot ng hiu qu, b lp biu phi c kh nng khai thc cc thay i nhanh theo mc nhiu v cc iu kin ng truyn. HARQ vi kt hp mm cng cho li t cc pht li nhanh v iu ny gim chi ph cho cc pht li. V th hai chc nng ny phi c t gn giao din v tuyn. V th cng ging nh HSDPA, cc chc nng lp biu v HARQ ca HSUPA c t ti node B. Ngoi ra cng ging nh i vi HSDPA, cng cn m bo gi nguyn cc lp cao hn lp MAC. V th mt m, iu khin cho php...vn t di quyn iu khin ca RNC. iu ny cho php a HSUPA m vo cc vng c chn la; trong cc khng h tr truyn dn E-DCH, c th s dng chuyn mch knh sp xp lung s ca ngi s dng ln DCH. Ging nh trit l thit k HSDPA, mt thc th MAC mi (MAC-e) c a vo UE v node B. Trong node B, MAC-e chu trch nhim truyn ti cc pht li HARQ v lp biu, cn trong UE, chu trch nhim chn la tc s liu trong cc gii hn do b lp biu trong MAC-e ca node B t ra.

Mng li RNC
Chc nng MAC-es - Sp t li th t n cc node B khc

RNC
n cc node B khc

Chc nng MAC-e - Lp biu - HARQ

E-DCH HS-DSCH

E-DCH

TE
Node B

phc v

khng phc v

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

118

Hnh 4.12. Kin trc mng c lp cu hnh E-DCH (v HS-DSCH) Khi UE nm trong chuyn giao mm vi nhiu node B, cc khi truyn ti khc nhau c th c gii m ng ti cc node B khc nhau. Kt qu l mt khi truyn ti c th c thu ng ti mt node B, trong khi mt node B khc vn tham gia v cc pht li ca mt khi truyn ti c pht sm hn. V th m bo chuyn cc khi truyn ti ng trnh t n giao thc RLC, cn c chc nng sp xp li th t trong RNC dng mt thc th mi: MAC-es. Trong chuyn giao mm, nhiu thc th MAC-e c s dng cho mt UE v s liu c thu t nhiu . Tuy nhin MAC-e trong phc v chu trch nhim chnh cho lp biu; MAC-e trong khng phc v ch yu x l giao thc HARQ (hnh 4.12). Trong cc knh cn thit cho HSUPA. E-DCH c sp xp ln mt tp cc m nh knh ng ln c gi l cc knh s liu vt l ring ca E-DCH (E-DPDCH). Ph thuc vo tc s liu tc thi, s cc E-DPDCH v cc h s tri ph c th thay i. Ngoi knh s liu E-DCH cn c cc knh bo hiu cho n nh sau. Cc knh E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel: Knh cho php tuyt i ca E-DCH) v E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel: Knh cho php tng i ca E-DCH) l cc knh h tr cho iu khin lp biu. Knh EHICH (E-DCH HARQ Indicator Channel: knh ch th HARQ ca E-DCH) l knh h tr cho pht li s dng c ch HARQ. Khng nh HSDPA, HSUPA khng h tr iu ch thch ng v n khng h tr cc s iu ch bc cao. L do l cc s iu ch bc cao phc tp hn v i hi pht nhiu nng lng trn mt bit hn, v th n gin ng ln s dng s iu ch BPSK kt hp vi truyn dn nhiu m nh knh song song. Tng kt cc knh ng ln cn thit cho hot ng ca E-DCH c minh ha trn hnh 4.18 cng vi cc knh s dng cho HSDPA.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

119 V ng ln khng trc giao theo thit k, nn cn thit iu khin cng sut nhanh x l vn gn xa. E-DCH khng khc vi mi knh ng ln khc v v th cng sut c iu khin theo cch ging nh cc knh ng ln khc. Node B o t s tn hiu trn nhiu v pht i cc lnh iu khin cng sut trn ng xung n UE iu chnh cng sut pht ca UE. Cc lnh iu khin cng sut c th c pht bng cch s dng DPCH hay tit kim cc m nh knh bng F-DPCH.
Chia s, cho phc v
UE

Ring, cho mt UE

Node B HS-DSCH HS-SCCH E-AGCH E-RGCH E-HICH (F-)DPCH E-DPDCH E-DPCCH DPCCH

S liu ngi s dng

ng xung

Bo hiu iu khin cho HSDSCH

Cho php tuyt i

Cho php tng i

HARQ

ACK/ NAK

Cc lnh iu khin cng sut

S liu ngi s dng

ng ln

Bo hiu iu khin cho DPDCH

Bo hiu iu khin

(Cc knh mi c a vo cho HSUPA c th hin bng cc ng t nt) Hnh 4.13. Cu trc knh tng th vi HSDPA v HSUPA a. E-DPCH EDPDCH (bao gm hai knh truyn ng thi: E-DPDCH v DPCCH) c h s tri ph kh bin t 2 n 256 vi cu hnh cc i 2xSF2+2SF4 (tc s liu nh bng 5,76 Mbps vi t l m ha 1/1). Khong thi gian truyn dn (TTI) ca E-DPDCH c th l 2ms (tc s liu ln hn 2Mbps) hoc 10ms (tc s liu bng hoc di 2Mbps). DPCCH truyn ng thi vi E-DPDCH cha cc thng tin hoa tiu v iu khin cng sut (TPC). b. E-DPCCH

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

120 L knh vt l mi ng ln tn ti song song vi E-DPDCH truyn thng tin ngoi bng lin quan n truyn dn E-DPDCH. E-DPCCH c h s tri ph 256 cha cc thng tin sau: E-TFCI (Enhanced-Transport Format Combination Indicator: ch th kt hp khun dng truyn ti) thng bo cho my thu node B v kch thc khi truyn ti c mang trn cc E-DPDCH. T thng tin ny my thu rt ra s knh E-DPDCH v h s tri ph c s dng. S th t pht li (RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number) thng bo v s th t ca khi truyn ti hin thi c pht trong chui HARQ. Bit hnh phc thng bo rng UE c hi lng vi tc hin thi (cng sut tng i n nh cho n) hay khng v n c th s dng c n nh cng sut cao hn hay khng. c. HICH HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel: knh ch th HARQ). L knh vt l ng xung truyn ACK hoc NAK cho HARQ. d. E-RGCH E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel: knh cho php tng i EDCH). L knh vt l ng xung mi pht lnh tng/gim mt nc cng sut ca lp biu (thng ch 1dB) so vi gi tr tuyt i c n nh bi knh EAGCH. E-RGCH c s dng cho cc iu chnh nh trong khi ang xy ra truyn s liu. 20E-RGCH c ghp chung vi 20HICH trn c s 40 ch k vo mt DPDCH c m nh knh vi h s tri ph 128. e. E-AGCH E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel: knh cho php tuyt i). L knh vt l ng xung mi c m nh knh vi h s tri ph 128 ch th mc cng sut chnh xc ca E-DPDCH so vi DPCCH. SVTH: Phm c Vit Lp: KTVT B - K46

121

KT LUN

Vic trin khai rng ri cc h thng 3G ni chung v h thng 3G WCDMA ni ring p ng phn no s bng n v nhu cu truyn thng khng dy c v s lng, cht lng v cc loi hnh dch v. Cc h thng 3G WCDMA vi nhng u im ni bt v cung cp cc dch v bng rng, dch v truyn d liu tc cao v ang c s dng rt hiu qu, em li nhng tin ch to ln cho con ngi. Truy nhp gi tc cao ng xung (HSDPA) c 3GPP chun ha ra trong R5 vi phin bn tiu chun u tin vo nm 2002. Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao (HSUPA) c 3GPP chun ha trong R6 v thng 12 nm 2004. C hai HSDPA v HSUPA c gi chung l HSPA. Cc mng HSDPA v HSUPA u tin c a vo thng mi ln lt vo cc nm 2005 v 2007. Tc s liu nh ca HSDPA lc u l 1,8 Mbps v tng n 3,6 Mbps v 7,2 Mbps vo nm 2006 v 2007, tim nng c th t n trn 14,4 Mbps nm 2008. Trong giai on u tc nh HSUPA l 1-2 Mbps trong giai on hai tc ny c th t n 4-5,7 Mbps vo nm 2008. Trong khun kh ca ti em trnh by tng qut cng ngh 3G WCDMA v cng ngh 3,5G HSPA. Do cc ni dung ca hai cng ngh ny rt su v rng, trong khi thi gian hon thnh n v kh nng nghin cu hn ch nn n ch gii thiu nhng vn chung nht ca hai cng ngh trn. Hng pht trin ca n s l nghin cu qu trnh trin khai cng ngh WCDMA v HSPA ti Vit Nam.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

122

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .................................. Ngy thng 5 nm 2010

ThS. M M HNH

NHN XT CA GIO VIN C DUYT

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .................................. Ngy thng 5 nm 2010

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

123

LI CM N
Vi nhng tnh cm chn thnh, em xin by t lng cm n su sc nht n c gio, Th.s m M Hnh, ngi tn tnh hng dn, gip em hon thnh n ny. Em cng gi li cm n n cc thy, c gio trong b mn K thut Vin thng, khoa in - in t, Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti gip em trong sut thi gian hc tp. Xin cm n gia nh, ngi thn v bn b lun quan tm, ng h em trong qu trnh hc tp v lm n va qua. Em xin chn thnh cm n!

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46

124

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, sch Thng tin di ng th h ba, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, nh xut bn Bu in, 2004. 2. TS Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Bi ging Thng tin di ng, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin Thng 2007. 3. TS Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, gio trnh L trnh pht trin thng tin di ng 3G ln 4G, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin Thng, 12/2008
4. Thng tin di ng th h 3, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2001. 5. W-CDMA Mobile Communications System, John Wiley & Sons LTD, 2002. 6. WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications Harri Holma and Antti Toskala. 7. WCDMA for UMTS lectures Nokia Research Centre, Finland. 8. GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems - Raymond Steele, Chin-Chun Lee and Peter Gould - Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 9. M.R.Karim and M.Sarrap, W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 for 3G Mobile Networks, McGraw-Hill Telecom professional, 2002.

SVTH: Phm c Vit

Lp: KTVT B - K46