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Hnh hc 11_Chng 3. Quan h vung gc BI TP XC NH KHONG CCH LOI 1.

Khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng

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Phng php: Gi s ta cn tnh khong cch t mt im M n mt phng ( P) . Ta c th tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Ly mt mt phng ( Q) i qua im M v vung gc vi mt phng ( P) . Tc l mt phng ( Q) cha mt ng thng vung gc vi mt phng ( P) hoc mt phng

( P) cha mt ng thng vung gc vi mt phng ( Q) .


Bc 2: Xc nh giao tuyn V ca hai mt phng ( P) v ( Q) . Bc 3: T im M k MH vung gc vi giao tuyn V , vi H V . Khi MH ^ ( P) v do on MH l khong cch t im M n mt phng ( P) . Vic tnh khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng c th da vo cc kt qu ca hnh hc phng v thng gn lin vi ng cao trong tam gic: Tam gic vung; h thc lng trong tam gic. Trn y l phng php chung gii quyt bi ton ny. Ngoi ra, nu bi ton c s c bit no ta c th tnh da vo cc kt qu di y: Tnh cht 1: ng thng AB ct mt phng ( a ) ti im I khc A, B th d ( A, ( a ) ) d ( B, ( a ) ) = IA . IB

Tnh cht 2: Nu ng thng d song song vi mt phng ( a ) , M l mt im thuc d th d ( M, ( a ) ) = d ( I, ( a ) ) , vi mi im I thuc ng thng d. Tnh cht 3: Nu mt phng ( a ) song song vi mt phng ( b) v M l mt im thuc mt phng ( b) th d ( M, ( a ) ) = d ( I, ( a ) ) , vi mi im I thuc ( b) . V d 1. Hnh chp c cnh bn vung gc vi y. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = b . Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA = c . a) K ng cao AH ca tam gic SAB. Chng minh rng AH ^ ( SBC) v tnh khong cch t im A n mt phng ( SBC) . b) Tnh khong cch t im D n mt phng ( SBC) . c) Gi O l tm ca hnh ch nht ABCD. Tnh khong cch t im O n mt phng ( SBC) . d) K ng cao AK ca tam gic ABD. Chng minh rng BD ^ ( SAK ) v tnh khong cch t B n mt phng ( SAK ) . V d 2. Hnh chp u. Cho hnh chp u S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a, cnh bn SA = a 3 . Gi O l tm ca y. Bin son: Nguyn Tin Tin, THPT Gia Vin B

Hnh hc 11_Chng 3. Quan h vung gc a) Chng minh rng ( SAO) ^ ( SBC) . b) Tnh khong cch t nh S n mt phng ( ABC) .

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c) Gi M l trung im ca BC. K ng cao OH ca tam gic SOM. Chng minh rng OH vung gc vi mt phng ( SBC) . Tnh khong cch t im O v im A n mt phng

( SBC) .
V d 3. Hnh chp c cc cnh bn bng nhau. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AC = a, AB = a 2 v SA = SB = SC = a 3 . Gi O l trung im ca cnh BC. a) Chng minh rng SO ^ ( ABC) v tnh khong cch t nh S n mt phng ( ABC) . b) K ng cao BH ca tam gic OAB. Chng minh rng BH ^ ( SAO) v tnh khong cch t im B n mt phng ( SAO) . c) Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic SAB. Tnh khong cch t im G n mt phng ( SAO) . V d 4. Hnh chp c mt bn vung gc vi y. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a v mt bn SAD l tam gic u nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Gi I l trung im ca AD. a) Chng minh rng SI ^ ( ABCD) v tnh khong cch t im S n mt phng ( ABCD) . b) Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic SBC. Tnh khong cch t im G n mt phng ( ABCD) . c) Gi J l trung im ca cnh BC. K ng cao IH ca tam gic SIJ. Chng minh rng IH ^ ( SBC) v tnh khong cch t im I n mt phng ( SBC) . d) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng ( SBC) . LOI 2. Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau Phng php: tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau d1 v d 2 , ta c th tin hnh theo mt trong cc cch di y: Cch 1: Da vo nh ngha (xc nh ng vung gc chung). Cch ny thng c tin hnh khi ta bit c hai ng thng d1 v d 2 vung gc vi nhau. Khi ta lm nh sau: Bc 1: Xc nh mt mt phng ( P) cha d1 v vung gc vi ng thng d 2 . Tc l ng thng d 2 vung gc vi hai ng thng ct nhau nm trong mt phng ( P) , trong c ng thng d1 . Bc 2: Tm giao im I ca ng thng d 2 vi mt phng ( P) . T I k IH vung gc vi d1 , vi H d1 . Khi IH l on vung gc chung ca hai ng thng d1 v d 2 . Bc 3: Tnh di on thng IH.

Bin son: Nguyn Tin Tin, THPT Gia Vin B

Hnh hc 11_Chng 3. Quan h vung gc

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Ta thng vn dng h thc lng trong tam gic v tam gic ng dng; nh l Pitagor tnh di on IH. Cch 2: Da vo khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng song song. Gi s ta cn tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau d1 v d 2 , ta c th tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Ly mt phng ( P) cha ng thng d1 v song song vi ng thng d 2 . Khi d ( d1 , d 2 ) = d ( d2 , ( P) ) . Nn ly sao cho ta d dng tnh c khong cch. Bc 2: Tnh khong cch gia ng thng d 2 v mt phng ( P) . V d 5. Hai ng thng cho nhau vung gc vi nhau. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung A v D, AB = AD = a, DC = 2a . Cnh bn SD vung gc vi mt phng ( ABCD) v SD = a . a) K ng cao DH ca tam gic SAD. Chng minh rng DH l ng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng SA v DC. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v CD. b) Gi M l trung im ca CD. Chng minh rng AM ^ SB . c) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AM v SB. V d 6. Da vo khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng song song. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung A v D, AB = AD = a,
DC = 2a . Cnh bn SD vung gc vi mt phng ( ABCD) v SC = a 5 .

a) K ng cao DH ca tam gic SAD. Chng minh rng DH ^ ( SAB) v tnh khong cch t im D n mt phng ( SAB) . b) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SB v CD. c) Gi M l trung im ca CD v K l chn ng vung gc k t D xung cnh AM. Chng minh rng AM ^ ( SDK ) . d) Tnh khong cch t im D v im C n mt phng ( SAM ) . e) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BC.

Bin son: Nguyn Tin Tin, THPT Gia Vin B

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