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PHN II : SN XUT SINH KHI VI TO. I.

SINH KHI VI TO : sinh khi ca vi khun lam v vi to c gi chung l vi to, c cha mt lng ln cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc. Hm lng protein cao, vi to c th t ti 40 60% khi lng kh, cn vi khun lam hm lng cao hn 60 70%. Hm lng amino acid ca protein ca vi to kh cn i, trong hm lng amino acid khng thay th trong protein rt cao 42%. Gi tr dinh dng ca sinh khi vi to cn c gi tr do trong chng cn cha cc vitamin khc nhau nh vitamin A, vitamin nhm B, vitamin K, mt s loi cn c vitamin C, vitamin B12. Ngoi ra, chng cn cha cc sc t t nhin, c th khai thc thay th cc cht mu tng hp ang c s dng trong cng nghip thc phm, m phm. 1. Tc nhn vi sinh vt : Cc chng ging vi to c chn s dng sn xut quy m ln cn p ng cc c im sau : * Tc sinh trng nhanh, nng xut quang hp cao, c kh nng chng chu vi s thay i ca iu kin ngoi cnh nh nhit , chiu sng ca nh sng mt tri, nng mui cao, chng chu c mt s bnh. * Sinh khi c hm lng v cht lng protein cao, khng cha c t. * T bo lun trng thi huyn ph, d thu bng cch vt, lc hay ly tm. Trong nui trng hin nay, ngi ta s dng ph bin mt s loi vi to nh Chlorella, Scenedesmus, v vi khun lam nh Spirulina. Chi chlorella c Beijerinski pht hin nm 1980, hin c nghin cu nui v trng i tr t nhng nm 1950 ti M v Chu u. L loi to n bo c kch thc nh, t dng ; mt s loi c th sng khng cn nh sng v s dng ngun ha c nh glucose, acetate. Cc loi c nui trng nui thu sinh khi l Cholorella, Spirulina,... trong Spirulina. V loi ny c cc u im nh : Hm lng protein trong to Spirulina t 60 70% (Chlorella ch t 40 50 %). 5.1.GII THIU V TO SPIRULINA 5.1.1. c im ca to Spirulina: t lu, to l mn n dn gian ca nhiu a phng trn th gii. Dn min Kanem dng thng mng vt loi to lam a bo Spirulina maxima trong cc ao h giu mui cacbonat lm thc n nhng lc h cha bit c trong to lam cha rt nhiu cc cht c gi tr dinh dng. u nhng nm 70 ca th k XX, Vin nghin cu du m ca Php pht hin ra to c kh nng pht trin nhanh v c hm lng protein rt cao. T nm 1967, Sosa Texcoco( Cng ha Sat, chu Phi) tr thnh c s sn xut cng nghip to Spirulina u tin trn th gii. Trc y ngi ta sn xut nhiu Chlorella nhng dn dn, do nhng im ni bt, to Spirulina chim v tr ch yu. Hin nay rt nhiu nc trn th gii trong c c Vit Nam cng t chc sn xut loi to ny nhng qui m khc nhau. To Spirulina c cu to hnh si a bo, c hnh dng xon l xo, kkhong 0.25 0.5 mm, sng t nhin nc kim giu natri bicacbonat.ch thc

To Spirulina sinh sn bng cch gy ra tng khc, tc sinh trng rt nhanh, c th sng trong mi trng ngho cht dinh dng, iu kin nui cy n gin. c bit iu kin t nhin c cng chiu sng ln v trong mi trng c pH =8.5 9 th tc sinh trng l ln nht. Hiu sut s dng nng lng mt tri cao ti 3 4.5 %. Hiu sut s dng kh CO2 lm ngun cacbon cng rt cao, ti 80 85 % trong khi Chlorella ch t khong 30 %. To Spirulina c kch thc ln, li c xu hng ni ln mt nc v t tp sinh khi nn d dng thu hoch bng cch vt v lc trong khi Chlorella c kch thc nh nn phi thu nhn bng phng php ly tm phc tp. Nng sut tnh trn n v din tch nui trng rt cao do n c gi tr kinh t rt cao. Theo bo Vietnam Net, Long An nui trng to Spirulina bng nh knh, so vi s dng t trng la vi thu nhp 50 triu ng/ha/nm, vic chuyn sang nui to Spirulina s to mc thu nhp khong1.2 t ng/nm, tc tnggp 24 ln so vi trng la. Ngoi nhng u im trn, vic to Spirulina c a vo sn xut vi qui m ln nhiu nc trn th gii cn do gi tr dinh dng to ln ca n. To Spirulinacha hm lng protein rt cao, khong 60 70 % trng lng cht kh c bit l c y cc axit amin khng thay th. Hm lng cc axit amin ca nhng protein ny gn vi qui nh ca protein tiu chun, tng ng vi protein ng vt v cao hn hn protein thc vt. BNG 5.1

Gi tr dinh dng ca to cn th hin cn th hin cht lng v s lng cc vitamin cha trong n nh caroten, vitamin B3, B6, B1, E v c bit rt nhiu vitamin B12. Vin nghin cu ng dng cng ngh chit c caroten dng lm thc n bi dng sc khe, chng suy dinh dng cho tr em. Ngoi ra trong Spirulina cn cha nhiu xantophyl l cht rt cn thit cho gia cm. Nu dng to vi lng 10 % trong khu phn thc n nui c th s c tc dng lm tng cao t l sng ca c bt. Ngy nay ngi ta pht hin v chit tch t to Spirulina cht phycoxianin l mt cht c tc dng cha bnh ung th vng hm, vm hng. Qua nghin cu cho thy rng nu dng phycoxianin kt hp vi gamma Cobalt 60 s hn ch c 70 80% s pht trin cc t bo ung th. To cn c tc dng bo v c th khi tc hi ca cht phng x v chng suy mn do nhim hi c Chnh v nhng li ch to ln trn ca Spirulina nn hin nay to ang c nui trng rt rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii lm thc n dinh dng cho ngi, l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bt dinh dng cho tr em, s dng trong lnh vc y hc cha bnh ung th, sn xut thuc li sa, thuc chng suy dinh dng ..., s dng lm thc n gia cm, lm m phm... 5.1.2.TNH HNH SN XUT TO SPIRULINA TRN TH GII VVIT NAM 5.1.2.1. Trn th gii: Hin nay trn th gii pht trin rt mnh vic nui cy to Spirulina v Chlorella thu nhn sinh khi cho ngi v ng vt, trong Spirulina c sn xut nhiu hn. Thc t cho thy, 1 ha b mt nui cy to thu nhn c 10- 15 tn to mt nm, cao hn rt nhiu so vi trng la. Mt trong nhng ging c s dng nhiu nht l Spirulina maxima. To lam ny pht trin thnh si, do d thu nhn thm ch bng cc phng php th cng nh co v lc. T thp nin 70, Nht Bn v M to Spirulina c xem l mt loi siu thc phm. n nhng nm 1990, vn tiu th Spirulina tng vt bc ti Trung Quc, n , chu , Bc M lm cho Spirulina ngy cng tr nn ph bin. Mexico: vo nhng nm 70, mt cng ty ca Php pht hin to trong h Texcoco pht trin tt trong mi trng kim c nhiu mui cacbonat. Nh my sn xut cng nghip ln u tin trn th gii c xy dng y.

H Sosa Texcoco -Mexico Nm 1979, ln u tin Mexico xut khu nhng loi thc n dinh dng t Spirulina sang U.S. Myanmar: Vic sn xut bt u vo nm 1988 h Twin Taung. Nm 1993, 30 tn to c thu hoch v tiu th trong a phng. Vo nm 1999, vic sn xut tng ln 100 tn/ nm. Khong 60 % to c thu hoch bng thuyn bn ngoi ca h v khong 40 % mc dc theo cnh h. trong sut thi k to pht trin mnh vo ma h, khi Spirulina mc thnh nhng thm dy bn trong h, ngi ta dng thuyn

thu hoch to vo trong nhng ci thng. Sau khi thu hoch xong c em i lc, ra sch vi nc tinh khit, tch nc v lp qu trnh mt ln na

H Twin Sat: Nhng ci ao c tnh kim xung quanh h Sat chu Phi l mt vng l tng cho to Spirulina pht trin. Ph n bn x thu hoch Spirulina v ch bin thnh mn n gi l dih, sn lng thu hoch khong 30 tn/nm. Thailand: To c trng vo nm 1978 gn Bangkok. Vi iu kin kh hu nhit i, to y pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao 150 tn/nm v lc ny l 170 tn/ nm. Ngoi ra cn mt vi c s sn xut nh Thi Lan. To c bn cho NhtBn

lm thc n dinh dng. H trng Spirulina ca cng ty Siam- Thi Lan Hawaii, USA: Cyanotech m mt nng tri sn xut Spirulina vo nm 1985 trn b bin Kon thuc o Big- Hawaii, nhng nm gn y, khu vc ny c m rng v sn sinh hn 400 tn Spirulina/nm cng vi to Dunaliella. Trung Quc: Ngy nay Trung Quc c khong 80 loi Spirulina vi nng sut thu hoch khong 500 tn/nm trong o Hainan c sn lng 300 tn/nm. i Loan: Vo thp nin 70, i Loan ch yu trng Chlorella nhng c 5 loi Spirulina c kh nng sn sinh vi trm tn/nm. Ngy nay Spirulina c nui trng rt nhiu v c thu hoch khong 460 tn/nm. n : Vic nghin cu bt u vo cui nhng nm 70, t qui m gia nh h chuyn sang dng canh tc ln hn. Vo nm 1990, n thnh lp nn mt tiu chun quc t v cc loi thc n t Spirulina. Hin nay c 2 c s sn xut ln ctnh sn lng khong vi trm tn/nm. Cuba: C hai c s sn xut khong 40 tn/ nm. Chil: Nm 1991, Solarium bt u sn xut vng Atacama, sn lng khong 3 tn/nm. Israel: Vin nghin cu Desert nghin cu Spirulina c hn 20 nm nhng s sn xut vi qui m ln Israel khng thnh cng. Cc ni khc: Spirulina cn c trng mt s nc nh Bangladesh, Philippiness, Martinique, Peru, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Australia v mt s nc khc. Vic nui trng Spirulina ang pht trin trn khp th gii 5.1.2.2.Vit Nam:

Cng ty c phn nc khong Vnh Ho -Tnh Bnh Thun c c s nui trng to Spirulina Platensis i tr vi qui m ln Vit Nam. Sn lng hin nay t 8 10 tn/nm. D kin tng sn lng ln 15 tn/nm. To Spirulina Platensis nui trng Vnh Ho cha lng m rt cao v nhiu thnh phn sinh ha c gi tr: Protein: 60 70 % trng lng kh, c y cc axit amin khng thay th. Gluxit: 3 6% Lipit: 2 3 % Cc vitamin: caroten, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, E Cc nguyn t khong: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe Cc sc t: clorophyll, pycobiliproten v carotenoit. Th trngchnh tiu th to l cc cng ty dc , cng ty thc phm cao cp. Mt s hnh nh v vic nui trng to vng sui khong Vnh Ho:

Phng th nghim Khu nhn ging cao tc

H nui trng to

Sn phm Ngoi ra, nm 2003, m hnh nui to bng nh knh Long An theo qui trnh nui to sch ca Thc s L Vn Lng c sn xut n nh v c hiu qu kinh t. Hin nay m hnh nui trng ny c a vo ng dng vi qui m sn xut 2 3 tn/nm. Gi thnh ca loi to xon ny khong 10 16 USD/kg. n nay, to Spirulina c cng ty thc phm ng Tm dng lm nguyn liu chnh sn xut bt dinh dng cho tr em. To Spirulina c mt s cng ty dc mua bo ch sn xut cc loi thuc li sa, thuc chng suy dinh dng... Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty dc liu nc ngoi t mi quan h v t hng to Spirulina dng kh. Theo Thc s Lng, sp ti s c k hoch m rng qui m sn xut gp 3 ln hin nay tc khong 7500m2 tin ti m rng v xy dng mt trung tm nghin cu sn xut to Spirulina v mt s vi to khc c gi tr nh to Chlorella, to Dualiella,... 5.2.Cng ngh sn xut to Spirulina: Qui trnh sn xut to ni chung gm c 2 giai on : - Nui cy to.

- Thu nhn sinh khi. 5.2.1.Nui Cy To 5.2.1.1.GING Spirulina l mt chi gm mt s loi c s dng ph bin trong cng ngh nui trng to l Spirulina platensis, Spirulina maxima.Chn Spirulina vi nhng si nh xon cn i thu hoch. Spirulina phi cha t nht 1 % axit - linoleic tnh theo trng lng cht kh. To phi tp trung li vi nhau, ni l lng thnh tng lp. Trong qu trnh nui cy, phi tin hnh khuy trn, nu c th khuy trn lin tc nng ca to c th t n 0,8 g/l. 5.2.2.2. Mi trng c bn nui cy to Spirulina: a. Cc iu kin k thut ca mt qu trnh nui cy to; - Phi c nh sng vi cng chiu cao: v vy, nui to phi c iu kin kh hu thun li, trc ht l mt thi k nh sng mt tri mnh v ko di c y nng lng nh sng.To t b chi phi bi chu k sng/ti nhng nu c chiu sng lin tc th gi tr sinh khi s t c cao nht. Cng nh sng thch hp nht cho Spirulina nm trong khong 25.000 30.000 lux. Nhng si to nh d b ph hy do cng chiu sng mnh v ko di. Bi vy, chng ta cn phi gim bt thi gian chng c chiu sng bi nh sng mt tri. Ma s lm gim bt s bay hi nc nhng vi iu kin khng c y trn ao nui trng to. nh sng v s chiu sng nhn to gip Spirulina pht trin nhanh hn mc d ykhng phi l bin php kinh t v rt phin phc v mt cng ngh. Ngi ta dng nhng ci n hunh quang v n halogen nhm va chiu sng va lm nng mi trng nui cy. - pH mi trng phi duy tr= 8,5 -9 (i vi to Spirulina) v trung tnh (i vi to Chlorella) - Phi c cung cp y cc mui vi lng. - Phi c khuy o lin tc, to s tip xc thng xuyn vi nh sng (i vi Spirulina) v phi to ra chu k sng ti thch hp (i vi Chlorella). V vy qu trnh nui cy to i hi nhng thit b c bit. Thng thng ngi ta dng nhng b phng ( b trn), hoc nhng mng phng un khc. Nhng thit b ny c tc dng lt o nhm hn ch s lng ca t bo v a t bo lun tr li b mt chiu sng. 61 - Cung cp CO2: ti u khong 4-5% so vi khng kh ( c tc gi cho l 1-3%). Vic cung cp CO2 vi vai tr l ngun cacbon trong qu trnh quang hp rt cn thit. CO2 c th c cung cp bng nhiu cch khc nhau: .Ly trc tip t cc qu trnh ln men khc nh ln men ru etanol, ln men bia v..v hoc ngun kh thi cng nghip. . Sc khng kh c cha CO2 (1-3%) kt hp vi sc CO2 100% ngt qung v..v.. 5.2.1.4. Cc phng php nui to: Hin nay trn th gii c ba hnh thc nui trng Spirulina: thu hoch Spirulina t nhin trong cc h, nui cy trong h hoc trong nh knh c mi che v mi y pht trin h thng nui trong nhng ng trong sut tng s tip xc gia to v nh sng mt tri. Nhng h thng nui cy bn t nhin th cho cht lng tt hn thu hoch to mc t nhin. V qui m c chia lam 3 loai:

- Nui qui m thu cng n gian: Nui cac ao t nhin hay cac b ( xy bng xi mng) hay la thung g, nha. Trong trng hp nay thng ngi ta khng suc kh CO2, khng khuy ao -Nui qui m ban cng nghip: Mt m hnh nui qui m ban cng nghip nh m hnh nui trng Chlorella u tin Hoa Ky. Tai y tao uoc nui trong cac ng cht deo trong sut, hnh ch U, dai hn 20m, ng knh 1,2 m. Khi ng nm ngang, cho mi trng bvvao trong ng vi cao khoang 0,625m. Kh CO2 c bm vao mi trng, ng thi mi trng c lun chuyn vn ng tun hoan nh mt may bm khac. Nui tao bng nng lng anh sang mt tri vi nhit mi trng duy tr khoang 25-260C. - Nui qui m cng nghip: nui trng vi tao, vi khun lam qui m cng nghip, co 2 h thng chnh : H thng kn va h thng h. Du la h thng nao i na,vic khuy ao, suc kh tao iu kin cho t bao tip xuc vi anh sang mt tri va kh CO2 la yu cu rt quan trong cac chung ging thc hin qua trnh quang hp. Do o, cac h thng nui trng c thit k gn lin vi h thng khuy ao va suc kh. H kn: h thng nui nay, vi tao, vi khun lam c nui trong cac b ln men chu yu dung anh sang nhn tao ( anh sang en), co cng va h thng suc kh CO2 tuy theo yu cu cng ngh. u im :. Khng phu thuc vao iu kin kh hu , thi tit. 62 . iu kin nui cy c kim tra, khng ch mt cach chu ng. . Nng sut cao Nhc im : Gia thanh t nn t c ap dung rng rai. H h: c im :. Qua trnh quang hp cua vi tao va vi khun lam gn lin vi vic s dung anh sang t nhin ( anh sang mt tri). . Chiu cao ct mi trng khoang 15-17 cm, bng 0,7 chiu cao b nui cy. . Khuy ao vi mt ch thch hp tao c tip xuc vi anh sang mt tri va giup cho tao khng b lng xung ay b, am bao cho s phn b u cht dinh dng cho toan b t bao cua h thng nui

ARTISANAL FARM Sn xut th cng

MEDIUM SIZE FARM Sn xut vi qui m trung bnh

MASS PRODUCTIONFARM San xut qui m cng nghip 5.2.2. Thu nhn sinh khi: Vic thu nhn sinh khi thng qua cac bc sau: - Lam c s b - Loc bng trong lc va chn khng - Pha v t bao - Sy kh - Nghin - ong goi 64 Khi hm lng sinh khi t cc i th tin hnh thu hoch to. Vic thu hoch l mt thao tc kh d dng tr khi n tr nn qu gi v dnh li vi nhau th vic thu hoch tr nn rt kh khn. Thi gian thu hoch to tt nht l vo bui sng sm v nhiu l do: Cng vic s d dng hn khi thi tit mt m. Tri nng s d lm kh sn phm. Phn trm protein trong Spirulina cao nht vo bui sng. V c bn, vic thu hoch to c 2 bc: C c s b thu c khong 10 % cht kh v phn cn li cha 50 % mi trng nui cy. Vic loi b phn cn li ca mi trng nui cy trong sinh khi Spirulina ti s c tin hnh trong qu trnh s dng hoc qu trnh sy kh, n s cha khong 20 % vt cht kh v dng nh khng cn mi trng nui cy. Cch lc th c tin hnh n gin bng cch cho c to v mi trng qua mt lp vi lc nh vo trng lc. Lp vi c lm t poliamide hoc poliester vi kch thc mt li c 30 50 m l thch hp nht. Vic h tr thm mt li lc mn s lm tng nhanh qu trnh lc v bo v lp vi lc khng b thng. Nhng cch n gin nht l c th s dng mt ti ln lc. Vic lc c th c tin hnh trc tip ao nui cy to phc hi nc lc. vic thu hoch to s c tin hnh thng qua mt ci sng vi kch thc mt li 200 m gi li bt k nhng cht l no nh su b, u trng, l cy, s vn cc ca cc polysacarit hoc bn. Tht tin li xc nhng mng Spirulina khi chng ni ln trn, c th s dng

nhng ci thng mc to. vic thu hoch to khi n ni thnh tng lp s c khuynh hng tng thm phn trm Spirulina, nu n khng ni ln trn th s gy kh khn cho qu trnh thu hoch. Khi hu ht nc c lc, sinh khi s c tp trung li thnh nhng ci cun. Vic tch s thc hin tt hn vi vi lc bng cotton. *B sung mi trng dinh dng: Nhng cht dinh dng b tch ra cng vi sinh khi khi thu hoch cn phi c b sung duy tr mi trng dinh dng. 65 Cht dinh dng chnh l cacbon, n c th c ly trc tip t khng kh nh kh CO2 mi khi pH > 10. Tuy nhin trong khng kh ch cha mt lng rt nh kh CO2 nn s hp th n l mt qu trnh rt chm, qu trnh ny ch t cc i khi pH > 10,5. CO2 tinh khit c cung cp t hi t hoc oxi ha cc hp cht hu c nh ng. Lng kh cn thit khi sc chim khong 4 % tng din tch ca h. Vic thm HCO3 - l mt cch lm gim bt pH c hiu qu v d thc hin nht nhng n s lm tng mn ca mi trng. Thnh thong phi rt bt mt phn mi trng nui cy v thay th bng mi trng giu HCO3 - mi duy tr mt mn nht nh. Hm lng kh, r ng, HCO3 - b sung s iu chnh c pH khong 10,4. pH< 10,2 c th gy ra s sn sinh tha khng mong mun nhng khng nguy him. ng c th gy ra mt s bin i ca mi trng dinh dng v vy ch nn s dng mt lng nh hn 0,3 kg/kg v cung cp cng u n cng tt. Ngoi C, Spirulina cn phi c cc cht dinh dng cn thit nh: N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Fe v mt s nguyn t vi lng khc. Trong mt s trng hp, cc nguyn t vi lng v canxi c th khng cn cung cp v n c sn trong nc v nhng cht ha hc s dng lm thc n cho Spirulina. Trong mt vi trng hp, nc c cha mt lng ln Ca, Mg, Fe, n s lm c mi trng. Nu s dng phn bn ha hc th chng phi ha tan c phng vic c cc kim loi nng nh Hg, Cd, Pb, Spirulina s d dng hp thu nhng cht v s b kt dnh li. Nitrat l mt ngun cung cp nit tt, n cha ng nhiu cht dinh dng ngoi nit. Ngun nit r nht l ur, ur c to thnh t NH3 v CO2 l mt cht dinh dng tuyt vi cho Spirulina nhng hm lng phi c gi mc thp, khong 60 mg/l. Ur tha cng c th chuyn ha thnh NH3 hoc NO3 - trong mi trng. Trong trng hp cn thit, tt c cc cht dinh dng v cc nguyn t vi lng tr Fe c th c cung cp bi nc tiu ly t ngi hoc ng vt c tnh trng sc khe tt, khng dng thuc vi lng khong 15 20 l/kg Spirulina. Fe c th c cung cp bng cch ha tan trong mi trng axit. Phn khc vi ur, n c th c cung cp mt thng mt ln nhng ur th phi c cung cp hng ngy da vo hm lng c xc nh. *Bo qun sn phm: 66 Sinh khi ti mi thu hoch s khng gi c lu trong t lnh v khng hn

vi gi nhit phng. Thm vo 10 % mui l mt phng php tng thi hn bo qun ln ti vi thng nhng v b ngoi v mi v sn phm b thay i: mu xanh ca phycocyanin b mt i, sn phm s tr nn lng v mi v c phn ging nh bt c Vic lnh ng l mt cch gi Spirulina trong mt thi gian di. N cng lm mt mu xanh ca to nhng khng lm thay i mi v. Sy l mt phng php ph bin bo qun v phn phi Spirulina. Nu Spirulina c sy v ng gi ng k thut th sy c coi l phng php tt gi Spirulina trong vng 5 nm. *. Sy kh: My sy Spirulina dng trong cng nghip l my sy phun, iu ny l ngoi tm vi ca nhng ngi sn xut th cng. Sy kh bng nh nng mt tri l phng php ph bin nht lm kh sn phm i vi nhng ngi sn xut nh. Vic sy trc tip bng nh nng mt tri phi tin hnh nhanh nu khng cholorophyl s b ph hy. D dng ngun nhit no th lp sinh khi to phi mng c th kp kh trc khi n bt u ln men. Khng kh m v kh xuyn qua sinh khi phi vi tc cao vo lc bt u qu trnh sy. Trong qu sy cng nh v sau, sn phm sy phi c bo v chng li s nhim bn t bi, su b v khng c tip xc trc tip vi tay. Nhit sy cn phi nh hn 68oC. S ln men xut hin trong qu trnh sy c th c pht hin bi vic xut hin mi trong v sau qu trnh sy. Tuy nhin, mi s mnh nht khi bt u qu trnh sy.[9] *Vic thu hoch Spirulina Myanmar: Spirulina thu hoch xong c em i lc, ra bng nc sch v p, qu trnh ny c lp li mt ln na. Bt nho sau khi lc c p thnh tng cy v c sy di nh nng mt tri trn nhng tm nha trong sut.

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