Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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M U
Bia l mt loi ung ln men c cn thp, giu cht dinh dng, mi
v thm ngon. Ung bia vi mt lng thch hp khng nhng c li cho sc
kho, n ngon, d tiu ho m cn gim c s mt mi sau ngy lm vic nng
nhc. Khi i sng pht trin nhu cu tiu th bia cng cao, thm ch l loi
nc gii kht khng th thiu i vi ngi dn phng Ty. Vit Nam ngy
nay khi i sng kinh t ca ngi dn tng, nhu cu s dng bia cng gia tng
theo v c cht lng ln sn lng.
Khng ging nh cc loi nc gii kht khc, bia cha lng cn thp (3%5%) v nh c CO2 trong bia nn to nhiu bt khi rt, to nn tnh gii kht v
c trng ca bia.
V mt dinh dng, mt lt bia c cht lng trung bnh tng ng vi
25g tht b hoc 150g bnh m, tng ng vi 500 kcal. V th bia c mnh
danh l bnh m nc. Ngoi ra bia cha nhiu vitamin nh B1, B2, PP v axit
amin rt tt cho c th.
V th bia tr thnh nhu cu ph bin c nhiu ngi a thch, tr
thnh vn ho. Theo dng lch s ngnh bia pht trin t s khai, ngi lm bia
cha bit s dng hoa Huoblon nu n nay cng vi s tin b ca khoa hc,
li nhun ca nh sn xut, ngun ngn sch khng l ca nh nc thu c t
cc nh my bia m ngnh bia c s pht trin vt bc c v quy m v trnh
sn xut.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Mc Lc
Chng 1. LP LUN KINH T K THUT...............................................................5
1.1. Gii thiu v sn phm bia.........................................................................................5
1.1.1. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngnh bia trn th gii.....................................5
1.1.2. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip bia Vit Nam.................6
1.2. Lp lun kinh t..........................................................................................................7
1.2.1. Tnh hnh chung...................................................................................................7
1.2.2. Tnh hnh th trng bia Vit Nam ni chung v tnh Nam nh ni ring.. .8
1.2.3. La chn a im...............................................................................................9
1.2.4. Nng sut.............................................................................................................9
1.2.5. La chn nh cung cp thit b.........................................................................10
1.2.6. La chn nh cung cp nguyn liu..................................................................10
1.2.7. Ngun nng lng.............................................................................................11
1.2.8. Ngun nhn lc ................................................................................................11
Chng 2. CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN CNG NGH..................12
2.1. Ch tiu cht lng ca bia.......................................................................................12
2.1.1. Thnh phn ca bia............................................................................................12
2.1.2. Tnh cht ca bia thnh phm...........................................................................12
2.2. Gi tr dinh dng ca bia........................................................................................13
2.3. Nguyn liu sn xut bia..........................................................................................13
2.3.1. Malt i mch....................................................................................................14
2.3.2. Hoa Houblon......................................................................................................15
2.3.3. Nc..................................................................................................................16
2.3.4. Nm men............................................................................................................17
2.3.5. Nguyn liu thay th (go)................................................................................18
2.3.6. Ch phm Enzym ..............................................................................................18
2.3.7. Nguyn liu ph............................................................................................19
2.4. Chn phng php sn xut.....................................................................................19
2.4.1. Phng php nghin nguyn liu......................................................................19
2.4.1.1. Nghin go v malt lt..............................................................................19
2.4.1.2. Nghin malt................................................................................................20
2.4.2. Phng php h ho..........................................................................................21
2.4.3. Phng php ng ha....................................................................................21
2.4.4. Phng php lc dch ng............................................................................22
2.4.4.1. Lc bng my lc khung bn.....................................................................22
2.4.4.2. Lc bng thng lc ....................................................................................23
2.4.5. Nu hoa..............................................................................................................23
2.4.5.1. Cp nhit trc tip......................................................................................23
2.4.5.2. Cp nhit bng nc nng.........................................................................23
2.4.5.3. Cp nhit bng hi.....................................................................................24
2.4.5.4. Ni un hoa vi h thng cp nhit bn ngoi..........................................24
2.4.5.5. Cp nhit bn trong....................................................................................24
2.4.6. Chn phng php lng trong dch ng......................................................25
2.4.7. Chn phng php lnh nhanh.........................................................................26
2.4.8. Ln men.............................................................................................................27
2.4.8.1. Mc ch.....................................................................................................27

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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2.4.8.2. Phng php ln men.................................................................................27
2.4.8.3. Chn phng thc ln men........................................................................29
2.4.9. Lm trong bia.....................................................................................................29
2.4.10. B xung CO2...................................................................................................30
2.4.11. Tng tr............................................................................................................30
2.4.12. Chit chai.........................................................................................................30
2.4.13. Chit bc..........................................................................................................31
2.5. S dy chuyn cng ngh....................................................................................32
2.6. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh........................................................................33
2.6.1. Nghin nguyn liu............................................................................................33
2.6.1.1. Nghin malt................................................................................................33
2.6.1.2. Nghin malt lt v go...............................................................................33
2.6.2. H ha................................................................................................................33
2.6.3. ng ho.........................................................................................................34
2.6.4. Lc dch ng..................................................................................................35
2.6.5. Nu hoa Houblon...............................................................................................36
2.6.6. Lng xoy..........................................................................................................37
2.6.7. Lm lnh nhanh.................................................................................................37

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Chng 1. LP LUN KINH T K THUT

1.1. Gii thiu v sn phm bia
1.1.1. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngnh bia trn th gii
Bia l loi ung c ngun gc t rt lu i. Khong 7 nghn nm trc
y, theo cc nh kho c hc th dng c nu bia u tin c ngun gc t ngi
Babilon, c ch to t th k 37 trc cng nguyn. Bia t y mi c truyn
qua Chu u, mi n th k IX ngi ta mi bt u dng hoa Houblon v th k
XV th hoa Houblon mi c dng chnh thc to hng v cho bia.
Nm 1870 ngi ta bt u dng my lnh trong cng ngh sn xut bia.
Nm 1897, nh bc hc ngi Php Lui Pasteur pht hin ra nm men. T
cht lng bia c nng ln, ngnh cng ngh sn xut bia pht trin mnh.
Sn phm to ra thnh nhu cu thit yu trong cuc sng con ngi.
Ngy nay, nguyn liu ch yu sn xut bia vn l malt, i mch, hoa
Houblon v nc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s nguyn liu thay th nh: M, go, ng,
ng, mt s cht ph gia v nguyn liu ph khc.
Sn lng bia trn th gii t nm 1960 n nay tng kh nhanh nhng gia
cc chu lc v cc nc c mc tng trng khc nhau.
Hin nay trn th gii c 25 nc sn xut bia vi sn lng tn 100 t
lt/nm, trong : M, c mi nc sn xut trn di 10 t lt/nm, Trung Quc
7 t lt/nm.
Sn lng bia mt s quc gia

n v:triu hl
Quc gia
c
Nga
Anh
Ty Ban Nha
Ba Lan
H Lan
Uckraina

2002
108,4
73,9
56,7
27,9
26
24,9
15,0

2003

2004
105,5
75,6
58
29,7
27,3
25,1
16,9

105,8
84,2
58,8
30,2
28
23,8
19,2

2005
105,8
88,4
58,9
30,2
28,5
23
21,9

Tng lng tiu th trn th gii nm 2003 khong 144,296 triu kl, nm
2004 khong 150,392 triu kl(tng 4,2%)
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

* Ngun t Internet - Kirin news Nht Bn.

Quy m sn xut - chnh sch th trng:

Ti cc th trng tho mn c nhu cu nh M, Nht mt s hng bia
siu ln thng lnh th trng: M do 5cng ty kim sot, Nht 4 cng ty bia hng
u chim 40% th phn, ti Canada 94% th trng do 2 cng ty kim sot.
Do th trng bia trn th gii ang pht trin mt cch nng ng, cc hng
bia s dng cc chin lc kinh doanh khc nhau. Ti M v Chu u, do th
trng n nh, chin lc kinh doanh bia l dnh th phn, gim chi ph sn
xut. Ngc li ti Trung Quc l th trng ang tng trng chin lc l pht
trin sn xut, tng sn lng v nng cao cht lng.

1.1.2. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip bia Vit
Nam
Ngnh sn xut bia c ngi Php a vo Vit Nam t cui th k 19 vi
hai nh my l Nh my bia H Ni v Nh my bia Si Gn. Lc u thit b rt
th s, lao ng hon ton th cng, do hai ngi Php ph trch. ng Alfred
Hommel qun l nh my bia H Ni, ng Victor LaRue qun l nh my bia Si
Gn. Cui thi k Php thuc cng sut nh my bia H Ni t 20 triu lt/nm
v nh my bia Si Gn l 30 50 triu lt/nm.
Sau nm 1954 nh my bia H Ni ngng sn xut, mi n nm 1958
1959 vi s gip ca chuyn gia Tip Khc mi khi phc li sn xut. Nm
1975 sn lng ca nh my bia H Ni tng ln 28,5 triu lt. i vi nh my
bia Si Gn, t nm 1954-1964 l thi k ci to, hin i ho nh cc nc
chu u lc by gi, sn lng lc khong 100 triu lt/nm.
Ngnh ru bia nc gii kht nc ta c qu trnh pht trin lu di, t
cui th k 19 n u th k 20. c bit 15 nm tr li y do chnh sch i
mi, m ca ca nc ta, i sng ca tng lp dn c c nhng bc ci thin
quan trng, lng khch du lch tng. Cc nh kinh doanh nc ngoi u t vo
Vit Nam tng nhanh, cng thc y s pht trin. Do ch trong thi gian ngn
ngnh Ru - Bia - Nc gii kht c nhng bc pht trin vt bc. c
hng lot cc nh my bia c xy dng mi, c u t khi phc, c m
rng sn xut t cc nh my c sn. Tnh n nay c hn 500 doanh nghip
sn xut bia ln nh trn ton quc. Cc doanh nghip ny c u t bng nhiu
ngun vn khc nhau v c u t bi nhiu loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau:
Doanh nghip nh nc, cng ty c phn, cng ty lin doanh, cng ty 100% vn
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

nc ngoi, doanh nghip t nhn. Kt qu ca s pht trin l sn lng bia
ca nc ta tng vt trong nhng nm gn y. iu c th hin qua bng s
liu sau:
Sn lng bia cc loi ca Vit Nam t nm 1992
n v: Triu lt

Nm

Tng sn lng
(triu lt)

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2010

169,0
230,0
351,0
502,0
584,0
602,0
613,7
680
779,1
871,2
939,8
1290
1370
1530
1700
3500

T l tng
trng (%)
36,09
52,60
43,19
16,33
3,1
2
10,8
14,57
11,82
7,87
13,7
10,62
11,16
11,1
205

Ghi ch
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
Thc hin
K hoch

Ngun: Bo co v nh hng ca B Cng Thng

Ngnh bia Vit Nam cho ra i hng lot sn phm c cht lng v gi
c ph hp vi mi i tng khch hng, t ngi c thu nhp thp n cao. n
by gi th hu nh tnh no cng c nh my bia v hu ht l dy chuyn cng
ngh ca cc nc nh c, Tip (c)..V cng sn xut c trong nc
nhng loi bia c cht lng tm c quc t nh Tiger, Heineken, p ng c
nhu cu v cht lng ca ngi tiu dng.
Tuy nhin, nhng nm gn y do kinh t ca Vit Nam tng cao nn nhu
cu ca ngi dn cng tng cao. Sn lng bia Vit Nam vn cha p
ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. Do vy, vic u t xy dng thm cc nh my
bia l rt cn thit.

1.2. Lp lun kinh t

1.2.1. Tnh hnh chung

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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u nhng nm 1990 l giai on bng n cc nh my, xng sn xut bia
Vit Nam trong ch yu l cc nh my v cc xng sn xut nh nng xut
thp v cht lng bia khng cao. Tuy nhin cng vi s tng trng mnh m
ca nn kinh t, mc thu nhp ca ngi dn ngy cng cao ko theo yu cu cht
lng bia cng tng ln, nhng nm gn y nghnh cng nghip sn xut bia
nh hnh v pht trin theo xu hng, cc nh my nh, cc xng sn xut nh
khng th cnh tranh vi cc nh my ln c cng ngh hin i, nng sut cao
nn phi ng ca, thay vo l cc nh my ln c xy dng, cc nh my
c nng xut v cng ngh trung bnh th m rng nng lc sn xut, thay i cng
ngh sn xut hin i.
Theo quy hoch pht trin nghnh bia ca chnh ph th ti nm 2010 sn
lng bia cng nghip ca Vit Nam l 3,5 t lt v mc tiu th khong 28
lt/ngui/nm. Nng lc sn xut hin ti cha p ng c nhu cu th trng do
sn xut bia hin l lnh vc rt nhiu ha hn vi cc nh sn xut.

1.2.2. Tnh hnh th trng bia Vit Nam ni chung v tnh Nam
nh ni ring.
Trn th trng Vit Nam hin nay ngun cung cp bia rt a dng, bao gm
sn phm ca cc hng bia nc ngoi v cc nh my bia trong nc sn xut
trong hai tng cng ty ln l Tng cng ty ru bia nc gii kht Si Gn v
Tng cng ty ru bia nc gii kht H Ni chim hn 50% th phn c nc.
Cc hng bia ln trn th gii vi cht lng bia cao ban u xm nhp th trng
bng cch nhp khu sn phm ca mnh vo vi mc ch chnh l gii thiu vi
ngi tiu dng, khi c v tr trn th trng th tin hnh xy dng nh my
Vit Nam vi cc hnh thc mua li cc nh my lm n km hiu qu hoc lin
doanh vi doanh nghip trong nc hoc u t theo hnh thc 100% vn nc
ngoi. Cc doanh nghip trong nc vi xu hng i mi cng ngh, thit b hin
i, nng cao nng xut nh my hoc u t xy dng cc nh my mi hin i,
nng sut ln cho ra cc sn phm a dng v chng loi, cht lng p ng
c nhu cu ca nhiu i tng khc nhau.
Vi c im li nhun cao trn gi tr ng vn b ra, qu trnh thu hi vn
u t ban u nhanh thu ht s u t mnh m ca cc nh u t vo lnh
vc sn xut bia. Ngun thu ngn sch t bia rt ln l ng lc chnh quyn
cc tnh thu ht cc nh u t v a phng mnh u t sn xut bia. Hn na
theo thng k nm 2007 sn lng bia tnh theo u ngi nc ta mi t 15,8
lt/ngi/nm v nh hng n nm 2010 sn lng t 28 lt/ngi/nm, iu

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

cho thy th trng bia Vit Nam cn rt nhiu c hi cho cc nh u t v n
cng d bo trong thi gian ti s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut bia l rt ln.
Ti Nam nh th trng bia cng rt a dng v sn phm, sn phm ca
cc hng nc ngoi cng nh trong nc u c mt nhng do mc thu nhp,
thi quen tiu dng nn chim th phn ln nht l bia NaDa ca cng ty c phn
cng nghip thc phm Nam nh. Ti Nam nh nhu cu v thi quen s dng
bia cc ma trong nm cng khc nhau, bia c tiu th mnh vo ma nng v
ch yu l bia hi, cn ma c kh hu mt tiu th rt t v ch yu l tiu th bia
chai. Vi dn s xp x 2 triu ngi v ch c mt nh my bia ln l bia NaDa
vi cng sut 50 triu lt/nm cn li l mt vi x nghip bia cc huyn vi nng
sut, cht lng thp, ti y cn rt nhiu c hi cho cc nh u t vo lnh vc
sn xut bia.

1.2.3. La chn a im
thit k v xy dng mt nh my bia hot ng c hiu qu, vic u
tin l phi chn c a im xy dng thch hp, thun tin v giao thng,
d vn chuyn nguyn liu, nhin liu, vt liu v sn phm. Phi gn ngun cung
cp nc, c h thng x l nc thi hon thin do nc thi ca nh my bia
cha rt nhiu hp cht hu c nu khng c x l trit th nguy c gy
nhim mi trng rt cao s nh hng n sc kho ngi dn trong vng. Phi
gn ni ng dn c c ngun nhn lc di do, tiu th sn phm thun li.
Nam nh vi din tch t t nhin 1669 km2, a hnh bng phng, dn s
xp x 2 triu ngi, pha ty gip vi tnh Ninh Bnh, pha bc gip vi Thi Bnh
v H Nam, cc tnh ny u c s dn ng, y l mt th trng ln. Hn na
chc ng 10 ko di t Hi Phng ti Ninh Bnh c 40km chy qua tnh Nam
nh v trc cao tc Cu Gi- Ninh Bnh(ng 1A) cng chy qua rt thun tin
cho vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm. Hn na ti y ngoi nh my bia
NaDa vi nng sut thit k 50 triu lt mt nm th cn li l cc c s sn xut
nh, cha p ng c nhu cu th trng nn cn rt nhiu c hi kinh doanh
cho cc nh u t sn xut bia.
T nhng yu cu v cc phn tch trn th khu cng nghip Ho X thuc
thnh ph Nam nh l a im c cc tiu chun t nh my.

1.2.4. Nng sut

Vi tnh hnh thc t ca ngun cung v th trng tiu th bia trn a bn
tnh Nam nh phn tch trn, cng vi th trng l cc tnh ln cn m
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

mi tnh cng ch mi c mt nh my c nng sut cha cung cp cho nhu
cu trong tnh , cng l th trng cn nhiu c hi kinh doanh. V vy la
chn nng sut nh my 50 triu lt 1 nm v c hng m rng ln 75 triu lt 1
nm l ph hp.

1.2.5. La chn nh cung cp thit b

Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam thit b cung cp cho nh my bia c
ngun gc t ba ngun l:
+ Nhp khu ton b t nc ngoi nh c, an Mch, SecVi c
im cht lng thit b cao, ng b nhng chi ph t, u t thit b cho nh
my 100 triu lt 1nm cn 100 triu USD(tc l 1USD cho 1lt bia nng sut)
+ Ch to trong nc theo bn quyn nc ngoi, nh sn xut thit b mua
bn quyn ca nc ngoi v sn xut trong nc nn chi ph s gim dn n gi
bn thit b cng gim. u t thit b cho nh my 100 triu lt cn 70- 75
triu USD( tc l 0,7- 0,75 USD cho1 lt bia nng sut).
+ Ch to trong nc theo bn v thit k ca nc ngoi, nh sn xut
thit b khng phi mua bn quyn nn gim c chi ph rt nhiu so vi hai cch
trn. u t thit b cho nh my 100 triu lt cn 55- 60 triu USD( tc l 0,550,6 USD cho1 lt bia nng sut). Hn na vi s tin b ca khoa hc, trnh ca
i ng cc nh sn xut thit b ngy cng cao, rt nhiu nh sn xut trong nc
sn xut c cc thit b c cht lng tng ng vi cc sn phm ca cc
nc tin tin, tiu biu nh cng ty C- in -Lnh Bch Khoa POLYCO, cng
ty C- in ERESSON.
y ta chn nh cung cp thit b l Cng ty C- in -Lnh Bch Khoa
POLYCO.

1.2.6. La chn nh cung cp nguyn liu

Malt i mch c nhp t nh my ng Man Bc Ninh, y l nh
my sn xut malt thuc hng tin tin trn th gii, sn phm ca nh my
c nhiu cng ty sn xut bia ln ca Vit Nam tin tng s dng do Malt ca
nh my cho cht lng bia rt tt nh: Tng cng ty ru bia nc gii kht Si
Gn (SABECO), tng cng ty ru bia nc gii H Ni (HABECO),cng ty bia
HUDA
Hoa Houblon c nhp t c, Php qua cc nh phn phi.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Go mua trc tip ti a phng v tnh Thi Bnh bn cnh v c hai tnh l
va la ca min bc vi ngun cung v cht lng n nh.

1.2.7. Ngun nng lng

Than: L loi than 10 (kch thc 10cm) thch hp nht cho nh my bia v
sinh nng lng ln, kch thc va phi d thao tc cho ngi lao ng, thi gian
chy hp l khng nhanh tn, c nhp t Qung Ninh theo ng 10.
in: Nh my s dng ngun in li quc gia Nam nh c trm bin p
110kv Trnh Xuyn vi in p n nh. Ngoi ra, cn t thm mt my pht d
phng m bo sn xut lin tc khi c s c mt in.
Ngun nc: Thnh ph Nam nh c h thng cung cp nc sch rt ln,
n nh v cht lng ln lu lng, tuy nhin do nhu cu nc ca nh my l rt
ln nn ngoi ngun nc trn ch ng trong sn xut nh my khoan thm
ging v xy dng h thng x l nc s dng.

1.2.8. Ngun nhn lc

Nam nh c dn s ln v tr, c nhiu trng o to ngh, cao ng, i
hc nh H Kinh T K Thut c ngnh ho thc phm o to c 3 h: i hc,
cao ng, trung cp nn c ngun nhn lc di do.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Chng 2. CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN

CNG NGH
2.1. Ch tiu cht lng ca bia
2.1.1. Thnh phn ca bia
Thnh phn ca bia ph thuc vo c tnh nguyn liu v tnh cht cc qu
trnh cng ngh nhng ch yu l:
- Nc: 80 90% khi lng
- Cht ho tan chim: 5,5 10,7% khi lng
(Ch yu l: Gluxit (70%), gm dextrin v cc loi ng gluc, fruct,
pent,8 10% l cc hp cht cha Nit, trong 30 40% Protit phn t
lng cao,...).
- Cht khong chim: 3 4% cht ho tan.
- CO2: 0,3 0,5%.
- Cht cht: 2,5 6%.
Chn:
Thnh phn
Nc
Cht ho tan
Cht khong
CO2
Cht cht

Bia hi
90% khi lng
2,00S
3% so vi cht ho tan
4,5g/l
4% so vi lng cht ho tan

Bia chai
86% khi lng
2,30S
4% so vi cht ho tan
5g/l
6% so vi cht ho tan

2.1.2. Tnh cht ca bia thnh phm

nh gi cht lng ca bia thng da vo cc ch tiu sau y:

Mi v v ca bia:
Bia phi c mi v v c trng cho tng loi. Bia c mi thm ca i
mch, v ng d chu ca hoa Houblon v v t ca CO2 bo ho, c v ng du,
ngon, bia khng c c mi chua, mc, Mi v ca bia ph thuc vo cc yu
t cht lng ca nguyn liu s dng nh malt, hoa Houblon v nm men, ch
ln men, bo qun.

Mu sc:
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Mu ca bia ph thuc vo cht lng ca malt, thnh phn ca nc v k
thut nu. Mu sc ca bia ph thuc vo tng loi, i vi bia vng th bia phi
c mu vng rm, sng ng nh v t tiu chun trong sut.

bn ca bt:
Bia yu cu phi c kh nng to bt v gi bt c lu. Bt gm nhng
phn t CO2 lin kt vi nhau trn b mt bia. Cht lng bt bia c th xem nh
l thi gian k t thi gian xut hin bt cho n lc bt tan v tt hay xu ph
thuc vo s bo ho CO2 trong bia. Cc cht to bt l: Abumoza, peptone, cht
ng hoa Houblon.

bn ca bia:
bn ca bia l yu t quan trng nh gi cht lng ca bia, bia km
s nhanh chng b hng. bn ph thuc vo s ln men c hon ton khng v
khi tng tr phi trnh s xm nhp ca O2. Lng hoa Houblon cng ln th gip
cho bia cng bn. Nu trong bia hm lng CO2 t vn cn O2 dng ho tan l bia
km. iu kin tt nht bn ca bia an ton l nhit lnh.

2.2. Gi tr dinh dng ca bia

Bia c kh nng cung cp nng lng tng i ln cho c th con ngi, c
mt lt bia c th cho ta 400 600 kcal, m nng lng cn thit cho c th con
ngi bnh thng l 3000 3500 kcal/ngy.
Trong bia cn c nhiu cht khong c bit l: Ca, P v Mg. Lng Ca cn
thit cho c th l 90 mg. Trong khi c mt lt bia c th cung cp cho c th l
20% lng ny.
Ngoi ra bia cn cha mt lng nh cc cht kch thch, lm tng s tiu
ho thc n ca d dy. Trong bia cng cha nhiu loi vitamin khc nhau (tuy
nhin hm lng cc vitamin ny khng nhiu) nh vitamin B1, B2, vitamin H
So vi ch v c ph, bia khng cha cc kim loi nng. Cn so vi ru th
hm lng ru tylic trong bia rt thp do nh hng xu n c th l khng
nhiu.
Tt c nhng g ni trn khng nh mt iu rng, nu s dng bia mt
cch hp l s rt c li cho sc kho, khi ung bia gip cho con ngi cm thy
thoi mi d chu.

2.3. Nguyn liu sn xut bia

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

2.3.1. Malt i mch

Malt i mch l nguyn liu chnh trong sn xut bia, thng c nhp t
nc ngoi v c ng trong cc bao hai lp, lp trong l polyetylen lp ngoi
l bao ti, malt c bo qun ni thong mt.
Malt l ht i mch c ny mm trong iu kin nhit v m nht
nh. Qua qu trnh ny mm mt lng ln Enzym xut hin v tch t trong ht
i mch. Trong ch yu l nhm amylaza, ngoi ra cn c proteaza v cc
Enzym khc.

* Cm quan.
- Mu ti, v ng nh.
- V v mi: Ngt nh, mi khng ng, v l, chua, mc.
- sch: Khng ln tp cht.

* Tnh cht vt l.
- Dung trng: 500 580 g/l.
- Trng lng tuyt i: 28 38 g/1000 ht.
- Kch thc ht: Chiu rng > 2,5 mm.
- Chiu di mm: T 2/3 3/4 chiu di ht.

* Thnh phn ho hc:

m

: 5%.

Cht ho tan

: 65 82%.

Thnh phn ho hc ca malt tnh theo cht kh:

Tinh bt

: 60 65%.

Protid

: 7 9%.

Cellulo

: 4 6%.

m ho tan

: 3%.

Cht bo

: 2 3%.

Cht khong

: 2,5 3%.

Saccarozo

: 3 5%.

ng kh

: 2 4%.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Chn: Nh my nhp malt t cng ty ng malt Bc Ninh vi nhng ch tiu
(trc khi a vo sn xut)

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Cc ch tiu

Bin cht lng

m (%)
Chit tinh (%)
Chit th (%)
mu(EBC)
Protein tng (%)
Protein ho tan(%)
Ch s Kolbach
xp
Hot lc(WK)
Ht thu tinh
pH
Ht > 2,5mm (%)
Ht < 2,2mm (%)
Thi gian ng ho

6
80
79
3,0 - 5,0
9-11,5
4,0 - 4,7
38 - 45
80- 90
250 -400
<1,5%
5,6 - 6,1
85 - 95
<1
<15 pht

2.3.2. Hoa Houblon

Hoa Houblon ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut bia. Trong hoa c nhiu
cu t c ngha i vi cng ngh lm bia nh:
+ Cht ng, hng thm to cm v c trng cho bia. Mc d xp x 90%
cht thm thot ra trong qu trnh nu, 8 - 10% tn tht rong qu trnh ln men, ch
cn li 2 - 3% trong bia nhng hng thm c gi tr rt to ln, n l mt ch tiu
nh gi cht lng bia.
+ Polyphenol ca hoa kt hp vi Protein trong dch ng di tc dng
ca nhit cao to kt ta ko cc phn t cn ly ty trong dch ng lng
theoTng bn keo ca dch Thnh phn sinh hc ca bia n nh.
+ Polyphenol, cht ng, ni t trong hoa to sc cng b mt, nh mng cng
ny bt CO2 trong bia khng d dng thot khi b mt n Gi bt bia
Trn th trng hin nay hoa Houblon c cc dng ch phm:
+ Hoa vin: Trong li gm cc loi
* Hoa vin loi 90: T 100kg hoa ch bin ra c 90 kg vin c cha tt
c cc thnh phn trong hoa gc.
* Hoa vin 45: L loi hoa vin giu lupulin trong cha ton b tinh du
c trong ht lupulin
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

* Hoa vin c ng phn ho: ng phn ho cc -axit ng bng
cch b sung oxit magie. Loi hoa ny c u im l hiu sut thu hi axits ng
tng ng k, thi gian un c rt ngn, khng cn bo qun lnh.
+ Cao hoa: L loi ch phm c nhiu -axit ng nht, cao hoa li chia lm
hai loi la:
* Cao hoa chit xut bng cn: Hm lng -axit ng l 40%.
* Cao hoa trch ly bng CO2: Hm lng -axit ng l 50%.
Cc ch phm Houblon c ng gi cn thn trong cc ti nhm kn vi
hoa vin v hp st trng thic cao hoa, phi bo qun kho lnh, tt, nhit t 0,2
n 0,5 0C. Nu bo qun nhit cao, khng kh m, nh sng mt tri s lm
gim cht lng ca hoa.

Thnh phn ho hc ca hoa Houblon:

m

: 12,5%

: 13,3%

Este

: 0,4%

Tro

: 7,5%

Cc cht cha Nit

: 17,5%

Cht ng

: 15 21%

Tinh du thm

: 0,1 1%

Protid

: 9 15%

Chn cc ch phm hoa c thng s:

Cao hoa 50% -axit ng v hoa vin 8% -axit ng.

2.3.3. Nc
Nc l mt trong nhng nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut bia, n chim
khong 87 90%. Do thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc nh hng trc tip
n ton b qu trnh cng ngh v cht lng thnh phm sau ny. V vy cht lng nc s dng phi khc nc sinh hot. Tu theo tng cng on khc nhau
m yu cu v cht lng nc cng khc nhau.

* Yu cu cm quan.
Nc dng sn xut bia phi trong sut, khng c mi v l.

* Yu cu cht lng nc dng trong cng ngh sn xut bia.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

C cng t mm n trung bnh

: 4 50D.

Hm lng mui cacbonat khng qu

: 50 mg/lt.

Hm lng mui Mg2+ khng qu

: 100 mg/lt.

Hm lng mui clorua

: 75 150mg/lt.

Hm lng CaSO4

: 150 200mg/lt.

NH3 v mui NO2-

: khng c.

Kim loi nng (As, Ag)

: khng c.

Hm lng Fe2+

: <0,3 mg/lt.

pH

: 6,8 7.

Qua phn tch ngun nc ti a im inh t nh my c s liu

Thng s
cng (0D)
Mui cacbonat (mg/l)
Mui Mg2+ (mg/l)
Mui clorua (mg/l)
CaSO4 (mg/l)
Fe2+ (mg/l)
pH
Kim loi nng
NH3 v mui NO2

Hm lng
6
45
90
100
160
0,4
6
Khng c
Khng c

T bng ch s trn i chiu vi cc ch tiu th ngun nc ny cn phi x

l: Gim cng, gim hm lng st v tng pH.

2.3.4. Nm men
Nm men ng vai tr quyt nh trong sn xut bia v n l nhn t thc
hin qu trnh chuyn ho ng thnh cn v to ra hng v c trng cho tng
loi bia.
Nm men c s dng trong sn xut bia l loi vi sinh vt n bo thuc
chng Saccharommyces, c nhiu hnh dng nh: Hnh cu, trng hoc ovan. Kch
thc thng l: (2,5- 4,5m) (10,5- 20 m) Nhit ti u cho sinh trng ca
chng l 25 300C, nhng mt s loi vn c th pht trin tt 20C 30C.
Chng ngng hot ng nhit > 400C v cht dn nhng chu lnh rt tt (<
-1800C).
Chn:
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Nm men l Saccharomyces. Carlsbergensis c kh nng ln men t 70C -15
0

C.

2.3.5. Nguyn liu thay th (go)

h gi thnh sn phm, ci thin mi v ca bia v bo qun c lu,
trong qu trnh sn xut bia ngi ta thng trn mt s i mch cha ny mm
hoc cc loi ng cc khc thay th nguyn liu ny mm.
Do nc ta l nc nng nghip nn go l loi nng sn ph bin v gi
thnh kh r v vy ta chn go lm nguyn liu thay th.

* Cc ch tiu cm quan ca go
ng nht v kch thc, mu sc, khng c ht b mc, mi mt, khng c
mi hi, khng c ct sn.
m

: 12 14%

ho tan

: 80 85%

* Thnh phn ho hc ca go
Tinh bt

: 70 75%

Cc loi ng

: 2 5%

Protid

: 7 8%

Cht bo

: 1 1,5%

Cht khong

: 1 1,2%

Chn go c cc thng s
Thng s
m (%)
ho tan (%)
Tinh bt (%)
Protein (%)
Cht bo

Hm lng
13
85
72
7
1

2.3.6. Ch phm Enzym

Termamyl 120L:

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

S dng ch phm Enzym Termamyl 120L thu phn tinh bt vi hm
lng 0,1% so vi khi lng go. y l ch phm dng lng c cha
amylaza c sn xut t vi khun Bacilis Licheniformis ca cng ty Novo an
Mch, l loi Enzym endo amylaza c kh nng chu c nhit ln ti 1200C.
Enzym ny xc tc thu phn lin kt 1,4 glucozit mt cch ngu nhin. V
vy tinh bt nhanh chng b thu phn thnh cc dextrin phn t lng thp, ho
tan trong nc, lm gim nht ca tinh bt c h ho.
u im ca phng php dng Termamyl 120L so vi phng php khng
s dng Termamyl 120L l:
- Tng hiu sut thu hi cht ho tan.
- Tng c t l thay th.
- C th tng nhit ni h ho ln n nhit si m vn m bo cho
qu trnh dch ho tt.
- Thu phn trit hn.

Enzym Maturex:
Maturex c s dng trong thi k ln men ca bia. Maturex ngn nga s
to thnh diaxetyl bng cch xc tc phn ng decacboxyl ha ca acetolactate
thnh acetoin. V th, thi k ln men ph c th c rt ngn. Maturex c s
dng vi lng 0,02 g/lit, c th trn trc tip vo dch ng sau khi c lm
lnh i ln men.

2.3.7. Nguyn liu ph.

Nguyn liu ph tr trong sn xut bia ch yu l axit, bt tr lc, nm men,
cht ty ra, vi lc
Axit c th dng l axit H3PO4 iu chnh pH ca dch n pH yu cu.
Cc ha cht CIP nh NaOH, Trimeta HC, P3 Oxonia,
Bt tr lc: S dng bt tr lc iatomit tinh v th.

2.4. Chn phng php sn xut

2.4.1. Phng php nghin nguyn liu
Nh my s dng 70% malt, 30% nguyn liu thay th l go.

2.4.1.1. Nghin go v malt lt

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

* Mc ch: Nghin go lm tng b mt tip xc vi Enzym, gip qu
trnh trng n v ho tan tt hn, tng vic ph v cu trc mng t bo ca go.
Nghin malt lt h tr cho qu trnh h ho c trit hn.
* Yu cu: Go cha 70 75% hm lng tinh bt so vi lng cht kh
nn cn nghin tht mn, nghin cng mn th qu trnh dch ha v ng ha
cng t hiu qu cao. Go sau khi nghin cn t cc ch tiu k thut sau:
Bt mn: 45%
Tm nh: 35%
Tm ln: 20%
* Chn thit b v phng php
Nh my s dng my nghin ba nghin go v malt lt. V my nghin
ba nghin thnh bt rt min.

2.4.1.2. Nghin malt

* Mc ch: Nghin malt l ph v mng tinh bt ca ht malt thnh nhiu
mnh tng b mt tip xc vi nc, lm cho s xm nhp ca nc vo cc
thnh phn cht ca ni nh nhanh hn, thc y qu trnh ng ho v cc qa
trnh thu phn khc nhanh v trit hn.
* Yu cu: Cn phi nghin sao cho cng khng vn v tru ca malt cng
tt to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh lc. Khng nn nghin malt trc 1
thi gian di, v ht malt d hp th m v lm tng axit.
Khi s dng lng nguyn liu thay th ln th bt nghin cn c kch thc
ln cho qu trnh lc xy ra d dng hn.
Sau khi nghin malt cn t cc yu cu k thut sau:
V tru

: 15%

Tm to

: 20%

Tm nh : 30%
Bt mn : 35%
Trung bnh t l (Tm nh + Bt mn) / Tm to = 3/1 l t.
Trong thc t sn xut, v tru khng nt c th s dng phun nc trn
b mt lm t v tru, khin cho v tru tr nn dai hn khi nghin, nhng
khng c nc thm vo bn trong ni nh ca ht.
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

* Cc phng php nghin
C ba phng php nghin:
- Nghin kh: Thng p dng khi lc bng my lc p v thng lc vi lp
mng.
- Nghin m: Nghin c phun m vo ht.
- Nghin t: Thch hp khi dng lc bng thng lc thng thng vi lp
lc dy.
* Chn phng php v thit b nghin: Nh my s dng phng php
nghin t bng my nghin trc c phun m.

2.4.2. Phng php h ho

* Mc ch: Lm trng n v ho tan tinh bt ca go, ch yu l nh
nhit v gi giai on ny l h ho. Khi tinh bt bt u trng n v
ho tan th nht tng nhanh v t cc i. Ti nhit ny gi l nhit
h ho. Nhit h ho ca go l 80 850C.
* Chn phng php h ho
Nh my s dng 30% nguyn liu go thay th. m bo ha tan hon
ton v thu c hm lng dch chit cao, ta s dng phng php nu un si,
c b sung Enzym dch ha Termamyl 120L vi t l 0,1% khi lng go v b
xung malt lt 10% so vi tng lng malt.

2.4.3. Phng php ng ha

* Mc ch: To iu kin thun li cho h Enzym amylaza, proteaza
c sn trong ni nh ca malt hot ng, phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t
thnh cc hp cht thp phn t v ho tan vo nc to thnh cht chit
ca dch ng.
* Cc phng php ng ho
C hai phng php ng ha chnh thng c s dng l phng php
ngm (trch ly) v phng php un si tng phn.
Phng php ngm (phng php trch ly)
Khi s dng phng php ny, ton b khi bt malt c ng ho cng
mt lc, t im nhit bt u n nhit cui 760C, khng c giai on un
si.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

u im: Qu trnh c gii ho, t ng ho d dng, ch to thit b t tn
km.

Nhc im: V ch ng ho ti mt nhit nn khng pht huy ht tc

dng ca Enzym nn hiu sut chit thp.
ng ho c s dng phng php un si
Phng php ny malt c trn ln vi nc thnh h malt, h malt c
chia thnh tng phn. Cc phn ny s c ng ho v un si lin tip, sau
mi c ho ln vi khi cho chnh. C th un si mt ln, hai ln, ba ln.
u im: Do dch malt c un si v duy tr ti nhit thch hp cho cc
enzim hot ng nn hiu sut chit tng, to mi trng dinh dng y cho
nm men pht trin, to s hi ho gia cc thnh phn trong bia. C th s dng
cho trng hp s dng cc nguyn liu thay th.
Nhc im: un si nhiu ln dn n kh nng cc cht khng c li cho
cht lng bia chit vo dch nhiu, nu khng khng ch nhit ln qu cao
th s to cc sn phm c mu sm nh hng n cht lng cm quan ca bia.
Nu theo phng php ny tn hi, tn thit b, u t ban u ln.
* Chon phng php: T cc u, nhc im ca hai phng php k
trn, nh my chn phng php trch ly(ngm chit). y l phng php
c s dng ph bin nc ta hin nay.

2.4.4. Phng php lc dch ng

* Mc ch: Thnh phn ca cho malt sau khi ng ho kt thc,
bao gm phn: Pha rn v pha lng. Pha rn bao gm cc cu t khng ho
tan ca bt nghin, cn pha lng bao gm nc v cc hp cht thp phn
t c trch ly t malt, ho tan trong . Pha rn c gi l b malt, pha
lng c gi l dch ng hoc nc nha.
Tch pha lng khi hn hp tip tc cc bc tip theo ca qu trnh cng
ngh, cn pha rn - b malt phi loi b.
lc b malt c th s dng mt trong 2 phng php lc sau:

2.4.4.1. Lc bng my lc khung bn

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

u im: Thi gian lc nhanh, hiu sut thu hi cht ho tan cao, dch
ng trong hn, lng nc ra b t, din tch chim ch nh, nng sut n
nh, khng ph thuc nhuyn ca malt.
Nhc im: Dng nhiu lao ng cho vic tho, lp my, tho b, ra b,
v sinh thit b.D b oxy ho bi khng kh khi tho dch lc. Lng dch ng
phi ln. ph thuc mc nghin cng mn cng tt.

2.4.4.2. Lc bng thng lc

u im: Thit b v thao tc n gin. Dung dch lc t b oxy ho bi
khng kh
Nhc im: Thi gian lc di hn, din tch x dng ln hn.
Chn phng php lc: T nhng phn tch trn ta s dng thng lc y
bng.

2.4.5. Nu hoa
* Mc ch
- Trch ly cc cht c trong hoa Houblon to v ng v hng thm c
trng cho bia.
- Tng bn keo cho sn phm : Loi tr cc cht keo khng bn vng,
tng bn sinh hc, ho sinh v keo.
Tng mu, tng chua nh phn v c c dch ng.
* Cc phng php nu hoa:

2.4.5.1. Cp nhit trc tip

Phng php cp nhit c in nht l dng than t trc tip di y, thit
b bng st c thn hnh tr, y chm cu, kiu h. V sau ci tin s dng gaz.

u im: Nhit cp un ln, dch ng si mnh.

Nhc im: B mt truyn nhit nh, s tun hon dch ng v o trn
km, tiu tn nhiu nng lng.

2.4.5.2. Cp nhit bng nc nng

Nc c th c un nng di p sut cao c nhit cao 160 0C 1700C cp nhit cho ni un, bng cch ny s khng b tht thot nhit do hi
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

ngng t. Mt khc ng knh ng cn to hn v nng lng cn dng nhiu.
Ngy nay khng cn dng kiu cp nhit ny na.

2.4.5.3. Cp nhit bng hi

Nc c un ti p sut 2 - 3 bar to hi dn vo o hi bao bc xung
quanh y ni nu. Hi truyn nhit vo dch ng v ngng t li trong khi dch
ng dn n nhit si.
o hi c bo n bn ngoi trnh tn tht nhit, c van an ton v p
k
Thit b kiu ny h s cp nhit ln nhng kch thc thit b thng khng
ln nn nng sut nu khng ln.

2.4.5.4. Ni un hoa vi h thng cp nhit bn ngoi

Dch ng cho chy lin tc qua h thng ng ng trong bung trao i
nhit, nh th dch ng c cp nhit. Dch ng cp nhit di p sut
thng, th bn trong b phn trao i nhit c s qu p nh bng cch iu khin
p sut hi hoc tc bm v vy dch ng c un ti 102- 1060C.

u im:
- p sut un si cao.
- Thi gian un si gim 20- 30%, tit kim nng lng.
- Tng hiu sut chit cht ng t hoa houblon.
- Vng tun hon c th kim sot.
- iu chnh p sut hi nc d dng.
- D dng iu chnh tc bay hi v nhit si.

Nhc im:
- Cn thm nng lng in bm tun hon.
- Cn bo n trnh tht thot nhit.
- Tng tin u t

2.4.5.5. Cp nhit bn trong

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

B phn trao i nhit bn trong dng ng chm, dch ng i qua ng cn
hi nng i xung quanh cc ng. Do hi dn ngui i v ngng t li. Dch
ng phn tn rng ra ngoi nh mt tm chn pha trn chm ng, cu trc ny
trnh to bt. Dch ng tun hon rt tt bn trong ni un.

u im:
- Gi thnh u t thp hn, khng bo tr, khng bo n.
- Khng cn thm nng lng in.
- C th thay i nhit si v bay hi.
- Dch si khng to bt.
- Ni nu khng cn cp nhit bn ngoi, cng khng cn cnh khuy.

Nhc im:
- Kh lm sch ni nu.
- Nu hi qu nng, dch ng s b qu nhit bi tc dch chy trong
ng chm.
- Nu dch ng un qu nhit s b sm mu v mi khng t yu cu.
Chn: T nhng phn tch trn chn ni nu hoa c b phn cp nhit bn
trong.

2.4.6. Chn phng php lng trong dch ng

* Mc ch: Sau nu hoa dch ng cn nhiu cn nng, cn ny nh
hng xu ti qu trnh ln men v to sn phm, cn phi tch b lng cn ny
v h nhit khi dch xung thp i lc.
* Cc phng php lng trong:
Thng nng:
L thng c chiu cao thp, hnh tr, thng l thng m np, c b mt tip
xc gia dch v khng kh rt ln. dch trong thng hai gi v ngui t nhin
n 600Csau ly i v lm lnh tip trong mt h thng trao i nhit khc.
Nhc im: Nguy c nhim vi sinh vt ln, thu hi nhit km.
Thng kn:
Hnh tr, y hnh nn ct d dng lm sch v loi b cc cn nh. Dch
cha trong thng vi chc pht n hai gi.
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Thng kn thng t khi lm vic mt mnh, thng s dng nh mt dng
c ph tr cho qu trnh x l dch bng phng php lc hay li tm. Vi nguy c
nhim vi sinh vt rt nh.
Ly tm:
Qu trnh phn tch s loi b cc cht rn dng huyn ph trong cht lng
bng cch s dng lc ly tm. My ly tm quay 4000- 5000 vg/ph. My ny c u
im l lu lng ln(700hl/h), kh nng t ng ho cao, v sinh v tit trng
n gin, gon nh, cn thu c rt c v trnh c khuch tn tr li v tn
tht rt nh. N c hn ch l chi ph mua my v chi ph bo tr rt tn km.
Lc:
My c dng nm ngang hay nm ng. C th lc nhit nng hoc
nhit thng 20- 300C.
S dng my lc vi cht tr lc diatomit c kch thc ln vi lng 60 65 g/100 l hoc dng peclt 70g/100 l tc nhn ny r hn nhng kh nng hp th
km. Phng php ny c nhc im gi mua tc nhn t, kh thao tc.
Thng lng xoy:
L thng lng xoy c y hi nghing so vi mt phng ngang(1,50), dch
c bm vo vi vn tc ln(12- 14 m/s) theo phng php tip tuyn vi thnh
thng. Thng thng, v tr vo 1/3 chiu cao thng tnh t y ln.
Khi dch s quay bn trong khng gian ca thng v y dn ln. Cn tp
hp li gia. Dch trong s c ly ra ngoi pha di thng lng xoy. L
thit b vn hnh n gin, t tn km cho vic lp t, vn hnh.
* Chn: Vi nhng nhn xt trn ta chn thng lng xoy lm trong dch
ng.

2.4.7. Chn phng php lnh nhanh

* Mc ch
Gim nhanh nhit dch ng xung nhit ln men hn ch s
nhim tp vi sinh vt, ng thi b sung thm mt lng khng kh v trng khi
dch c bm trn ng ng n tank ln men cung cp cho nm men sinh
trng pht trin trong giai on u.
* Cc loi my lm lnh dch ng:

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Thng h: L thit b c nht, l thng h, nm ngang, lp dch ng ch
khong 15- 25 cm. Trong 12h , dch c lm lnh, ly oxy t khng kh, ng
thi lng cn. Thi gian sau dch c cp kh v trng ch khng t nhin
na.
My lnh kiu ng: L loi my vi nhiu u im nh d vn hnh, d v
sinh, lm lnh tng i nhanh. Dch ng vo thit b t trn nh, chy xung
di thnh mt lp mng trm qua dy ng nm ngang c nc lnh chy bn
trong theo chiu ngc li. Dch lm lnh c chuyn sang thit b ln men t
y thit b lm lnh.
Thit b trao i nhit dng khung bn: y l loi thit b ph bin nht
hin nay, thit b ny bn, hiu sut cao, a nng, d v sinh, m bo v trng.
L thit b kn bao gm nhiu tm bn mnh bng thp khng g, cc tm bn
c ghp cht vi nhau trn mt khung. S tm bn ph thuc nng sut my.
My chia lm hai hoc ba vng, thng l hai vng. Dch chy vo t mt
u, chy qua ng kha to thnh gia hai tm bn v i ra ng khc, trong
khi cht ti lnh l nc goc glicol chy theo chiu ngc li theo rnh k tip
ca cc bn. Cc ng rnh trn cc tm bn m bo dng chy thay i hng
lin tc c hiu qu trao i nhit.
Chn: Ta s dng my lnh nhanh dng khung bn mt cp, vi cht ti lnh
l nc 20C. Bi cht ti lnh l nc th qu trnh hot ng ca my lnh n
nh hn, khng xy ra qu trnh thay i nhit t ngt nh s dng glicol trc
tip.

2.4.8. Ln men
2.4.8.1. Mc ch
L qu trnh chuyn ho ng thnh ru, CO2 v cc sn phm bc hai
khc to thnh sn phm bia non.

2.4.8.2. Phng php ln men

Trong sn xut bia, thng tin hnh ln men theo hai phng php: Ln
men c in v ln men hin i. Cng vi hai phng php ny l cc phng
thc ln men khc nhau: Ln men gin on, lin tc v bn lin tc.
Hin nay c nhiu phng php ln men, ty theo thit b v chng nm men
em s dng.
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

* Theo thit b.
C hai phng php ln men: Ln men c in v ln men hin i.
- Ln men c in: c im chnh l hai qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men
ph c tin hnh trong cc thit b ring bit ( hai phng lnh khc nhau, c h
thng bo n lnh khc nhau).
u im: Nhit ln men thp 6 0C 90 0C nn thi gian ln men ko di,
sn phm thu c c hng v m .
Nhc im: Tn din tch mt bng, tn thit b, thao tc phc tp, thi
gian ln men di, nng sut gim, h thng lm lnh ln, do vy tn chi ph u t.
Vic vn chuyn dch ln men t khu ln men chnh sang khu ln men ph gy tn
tht.
- Ln men gia tc (ln men hin i): Vi phng php ny qu trnh ln
men chnh v qu trnh ln men ph c tin hnh trong cng mt thit b hnh
tr, y cn, c h thng o lnh bn ngoi iu chnh nhit ca hai qu
trnh ln men. Nhit ln men chnh 10 0C 120C, ln men ph 0 0C 20C.
Thit b ln men c lp bo n.
u im: Thi gian ln men rt ngn hn so vi phng php ln men c
in. Thit b ln men gn, khng tn din tch mt bng phn xng.
Nhc im: Thi gian ln men nhanh lm cht lng bia c gim, tuy
nhin khng khc nhiu so vi ln men c in.
* Theo chng nm men.
C hai phng php ln men chm v ni.
- Ln men chm: S dng chng men Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, nhit
ln men chnh thch hp 6 80C. Trong qu trnh ln men, nm men l lng
dng huyn ph trong dch ln men.
u im: D tch cn nm men sau khi ln men chnh, thi gian ln men lu,
chng ny cn s dng c c ng rafinoza, lm tng hiu sut ln men.
Nhc im: Bia thu c v nht.
- Ln men ni: Chng nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nhit ln men
cao hn: 14 160C. Nm men kt thnh mng ni ln trn b mt dch ng.
u im: Bia c v m hn khi dng chng nm men ln men chm.
Nhc im: Kh tch cn nm men.
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

2.4.8.3. Chn phng thc ln men

* Ln men lin tc.
Nguyn liu vo lin tc, sn phm ly ra lin tc.
u im: Cng ngh khp kn, hao tn sn xut t, cht lng bia ng u,
nng cao nng sut thit b, h gi thnh sn phm, d t ng ho.
Nhc im: Thit b phc tp, t tin, i hi kim sot nghim ngt, khi
b nhim th d nhim hng lot nn kh x l.
* Ln men gin on.
Nguyn liu c a vo tng m. Sn phm ly ra tng m.
u im: Thit b n gin, d ch to, khi b nhim th d x l.
Nhc im: nng sut thp.
Nh my la chn phng php ln men gin on.
T nhng u nhc im ca cc phng php nu trn, kt hp vi
iu kin khch quan, nh my chn phng php ln men nh sau: Phng php
ln men chm bng chng Saccharomyces carlsbergensis trong thit b ln men gia
tc hnh tr, y cn. Phng thc ln men gin on, khng qua ln men s b.
Chn: Phng php ln men chm trong cc tank ln men kn c cc khoang
cp nhit h nhit dch ln men theo yu cu, cc tank c lp bo n gi
nhit.

2.4.9. Lm trong bia

* Mc ch
Loi b vi sinh vt v xc t bo nm men cn trong bia, loi b cn lnh,
cc phc cht protein - tanin, polyphenol, cc ht keolm trong bia.
*Cc phng php lm trong bia
Lng trong bia
L phng php n gin c th kt hp ng thi vi qu trnh ln men
ph( nhit thp) c tch cn v men nh k nhng thi gian cn thit bia
c trong nht nh thng di. Phng php ny khng th tch c cn trit
, c bit l nhng cn l lng.
Ly tm

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

S dng bin php ly tm cc ht huyn ph v nm men di tc dng ca
lc ly tm s vng ra xa, nh vy tch c chng ra khi bia. p dng khi lng
nm men c trong bia cn lc rt nhiu.
Phng php ny t c s dng v di tc dng ca lc ly tm, c th bia
s b nng ln( nhit ca bia bia c th tng ln 1-2 0C) v mt s nhc im
nh: Vn u t cao, my cn c bo dng thng xuyn, c nguy c ho tan
CO2, p sut tng t ngt.
Lc trong bia:
C 2 c ch tch huyn ph v t bo nm men ra khi bia l c ch sng
v c ch hp ph. Cc huyn ph b gi ngay trn b mt ca lp vt liu lc(lc
b mt) hoc huyn ph b gi li bn trong lp b mt lc, do c ch sng v do
s hp ph(lc su).
C cc loi my lc:
+ My lc c s dng bt tr lc: Bao gm my lc khung bn, my lc a,
lc nn.
+ My lc khng s dng bt tr lc: Bao gm my lc khi, my lc tm,
my lc mng.
* Chn: S dng my lc nn vi bt tr lc diatomit lc th v my lc
mng lc tinh bia. Vi bia chai s dng c hai loi my cn bia hi ch s dng
my lc a.

2.4.10. B xung CO2

Sau khi lc bia nu nh bia chai c nng CO2 nh hn 5g/l v bia hi nh
hn 4,5 g/l th tin hnh b xung CO2, qu trnh b xung tin hnh ngay trn
ng ng dn bia t my lc sang tank tng tr.

2.4.11. Tng tr
Bia sau khi b sung CO2 c cha trong cc thng chu p trong thi gian
t 2 n 3 ngy CO2 ho tan ht vo trong bia v thnh phn ca bia n nh.
Thi gian tng tr ti thiu l 24h. Bia c tr trong cc tank c h thng o lnh
sao cho h nhit ca bia xung 0- 20C v c lp bo n UP gi nhit

2.4.12. Chit chai

thun tin trong s dng, bo qun bia c chit vo chai, bia chit vo
chai theo cc phng php
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

Chit bia chn khng thp: To ra p sut chn khng (p t 0,93 - 0,98
bar) trong chai. Phng php s dng cho cht lng c nht thp, khng cha
CO2.
Chit vi chn khng cao: p sut khong 0,6 - 0,8 bar. S dng chit
dch c nht ln nh dch qu, siro..
Chit p thng: t c s dng.
Chit i p hoc chit c p sut cao: S dng vi cc dch cha nhiu CO 2
nh bia.
Chn: Nh my s dng phng php chit ng p, p sut trong bao b v
trong b cha bia ca my chit cn bng, nh bia i vo bao b di tc ng
ca trng lc(chnh lch chiu cao).

2.4.13. Chit bc
C hai loi bc l bc dng tang trng v bc hnh tr(keg). Bc hnh
tr(keg) vi nhng u im: Cc cng on vn chuyn, ra v chit bia c th t
ng ho, mc kn ca keg c th c kiwmr tra t ng, d dng phn phi,
kh nng nhim vi sinh vt t bn ngoi thp.
Chn: Vi nhng u im trn ta chn s dng bc hnh tr(keg).

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

2.5. S dy chuyn cng ngh

Mn
ging

Malt
nghin kh

Bt go

Malt+Nc

Nghin

Nc

ng ha

Nu

Lc

B (Chn
nui)

Hoa

Nu hoa

Nhn men

Lng

B thi

Lm lnh
nhanh

Rt men

X l

Khng kh
v trng

Ln men chnh
v ph

CO2

Lc bia

B thi

Thu hi

Men sa
B (Chn
nui

Tng tr

X l
Np chai

Chai

Bia
ti

Ra, kh
trng
Kim tra

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

CO2

Chit chai

Chit bock

Thanh trng

Kho lnh

Dn nhn

Xut xng

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2.6. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh

2.6.1. Nghin nguyn liu
2.6.1.1. Nghin malt.
Cng nhn vn chuyn tng ti malt vo phu tip liu, malt c gu ti
chuyn ln thng tm cha c cn in t v bo v h thng sau malt li c
gu ti chuyn vo my nghin. Malt c cho xung my nghin vi lu lng
nh trc v ti y malt c phun m vi nhit 650C. Malt c chuyn
xung khe hp(0,48mm) gia 2 qu l c x rnh. Ti y malt c nghin ti
kch thc yu cu. Tip theo malt chuyn ti b phn ho nc vi nhit 53 0C
v chuyn vo thng ng ha.
Sau khi nghin phun nc v sinh my qua b phn CIP, nhit ca nc v
sinh l 530C.

2.6.1.2. Nghin malt lt v go.

Cng nhn vn chuyn go ti phu tip liu ri bng ti chuyn ti phu
cha go cha nghin, trong c cn nh lng xc nh khi lng, go
c a xung my nghin v nghin ti kch thc nh. Sau nghin go
c chuyn ti thng tm cha, t thng tm cha go c vt ti chuyn ti
ni nu.
Thao tc nghin malt lt tng t.

2.6.2. H ha
* Chun b:
- CIP nh k ton b nh nu, my lnh nhanh bng ho cht i vi trng
hp ngh nu lu ngy hoc CIP tt i vi trng hp nu lin tc.
- Cn trc ho cht cho cc m nu.
- Trc khi nu, trng li thit b nh nu bng nc > 80oC, trng theo
ng qu cu CIP. Sau cho bm t ni n sang ni kia, mc ch trng
sch v kim tra s an ton ca thit b trc khi vo t nu mi.
* Tin hnh:
Thit b sau khi CIP sch s c bm vo 1/4 lng nc cn dng, ng
thi bt cnh khuy quay vi vn tc 30 vng/pht v cho ton b lng malt lt
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

v go cng nc vo trong 10 pht. Nc c phi trn gia nc thng v
nc nng 800C sau lnh nhanh t nhit t 50 520C, l nhit ti u
cho Enzym proteaza hot ng. Cho Termamyl, axit H3PO4 vo v m van cp hi
nng nhit ca khi dch ln 72oC ngay khi kt thc vic xung go. Gi
nhit ny trong 20 pht h Enzym c trong malt lt hot ng, phn ct tinh
bt thnh cc hp cht thp phn t, nh cc dextrin, ng maltoza v 1 t
glucoza, gip cho qu trnh h ho d dng hn. Tip tc nng nhit ca khi
dch ln 83oC, gi trong 5 pht. y l nhit h ho ca go. nhit ny
hu ht tinh bt c h ho hon ton. Cui cng ta nng nhit ca khi dch
ln 100oC(thi gian nng t 100oC l 10 pht) lm chn cho. Trong qu
trnh ny, Enzym Termamyl hot ng mnh m dch ha ht lng tinh bt
va c h ha. Gi 1000C trong 15 pht, yu cu khi dch phi si mnh
lm chn cho. Dng Iot kim tra, nu thy tinh bt h ho hon ton th bm
chuyn sang ni ng ho.

2.6.3. ng ho
Tin hnh
Qu trnh nghin malt c tin hnh sao cho khi ni nu go gi 100 0C
c 5 pht th nghin xong malt v chuyn ht malt vo ni ng ha. Thit b
sau khi CIP sch s ta bm malt t nghin vo, ng thi bt cnh khuy v
cho CaSO4 v axit H3PO4 . CaSO4 c tc dng iu chnh cng ca nc, cng
nh m bo bn hot lc Enzym. Axit H3PO4 iu chnh pH ca dch, sao
cho t c pH ti u ca qu trnh ng ho l 5,5 5,6. Sau khi bm xong
(dch sa malt lc ny t 450C) cp hi nng nhit ca khi dch ln 51oC thi
gian nng nhit t 51 0C l 5 pht, duy tr nhit ny 5 pht. y l thi
gian m ha, 510C l nhit ti u cho Enzym proteaza c trong malt hot
ng, thy phn protein thnh cc hp cht n gin hn nh axit amin, peptit,
polypeptit, pepton,cung cp ngun thc n cho nm men, to v m , tham
gia vo qu trnh to v gi bt cho bia. Sau tin hnh chuyn cho nng
nhit ca ni malt ln 63oC, gi nhit ny trong 30 pht. y l nhit
thch hp cho Enzym amylaza hot ng, thy phn tinh bt thnh cc ng c
kh nng ln men, ch yu l ng maltoza. Tip tc cp hi nng nhit ca
khi dch ln 75oC, thi gian nng nhit t 75oC l 10pht. y l nhit ti
u cho h Enzym amylaza trong malt hot ng, phn ct tinh bt thnh dextrin
phn t lng thp, ng thi cng l nhit ti u cho qu trnh lc. Gi
nhit ny trong 10 pht ri kim tra s ng ha ca malt bng It, nu It
khng i mu th qu trnh ng ha coi nh hon thnh. Sau , nng nhit
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

ca khi dch ln 76oC ng ho nt lng tinh bt cn st v bm sang thng
lc.

2.6.4. Lc dch ng
Thit b sau khi v sinh sch c bm nc nng 78oC vo t di ln,
lng nc bm vo cao hn mt li lc khong 1 2 cm, cha y khong
khng gian gia hai lp y ca thng lc. Mc ch ui ht oxy, trnh hin
tng oxy ho dch ng v trnh to chn khng, cng nh trnh c trng
hp b bt xung li lc gy kh khn hoc lm gim nng sut lc. Dch ng
c bm sang thng lc kt hp vi bt cnh khuy, tc cnh khuy l 4
vng/pht dn u b. Khi bm xong tt cnh khuy, yn trong 5 pht b
kt lng to thnh lp lc ph. Sau tin hnh bm dch lc. Theo di qua ng
quan st, khi thy dch cha trong phi bm hi lu dch. trnh hin tng ph
v lp b lc, cho dch hi v theo ng pha trn st thnh thng v phi nh
nhng trnh s xo trn, lm hng cu trc ca lp b lc pha di. Khi dch
ng trong th bm sang ni nu hoa. Trong sut thi gian lc, nhit ca
khi dch lun c gi 76 78oC, l nhit thch hp cho qu trnh lc. Nu
nhit cao hn s gy bin tnh protein, h ho tip nhng ht tinh bt cn st
li, lm tng nht v c bia, lm v hot Enzym -amylaza. Cn nu nhit
thp qu s lm tng nht bia, gy cn tr cho qu trnh lc. p lc ca qu
trnh lc chnh l s chnh lch p sut pha trn v pha di lp lc, dch
ng s t chy xung khong khng gia hai lp lc v ra ngoi.
Kt thc qu trnh lc ta tin hnh ra b. Nc ra b cng c nhit
khong 76 78oC. Qu trnh ra b din ra nh sau:
- Ra ln 1: Nc ra b c ly qua hai ng qu cu CIP v mt h
thng phun t y thit b ln, mc ch lm ti lp b gip thu hi cht chit
tt hn. Lc u cho cnh khuy hot ng khong 1 2 pht, sau ngng
khuy lng trong 10 pht.
- Ra ln 2: Nc ra b ch vo mt ng qua h thng CIP v khng bt
cnh khuy.
- Ra ln 3: Ra tng t nh ln 2. Yu cu kt thc lc khi ng st <
2S.
Trong qu trnh lc, nu c hin tng b lc c th khuy chm khong 1
2 pht hnh trnh 1. Ngng ly dch lc khi khuy.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

B sau khi lc c h thng dao co y ra l tho b, sau c vt ti
a sang thng cha v bn ra th trng lm thc n gia sc. Lng ng cn
li trong b khong 1,5 2oS. Tuy nhin khng nn thu trit v s chit nhng
cht cht c trong b vo dch ng.
pH ti u cho qu trnh lc b l 5,5.

2.6.5. Nu hoa Houblon

* K thut un si
Mt yu cu lun lun phi m bo l khng nhit ca dch (dch
ng ban u v c nc ra b) h xung di 700C. Do , ngay t khi bt u
bm dch t thng lc sang l phi cp hi cho ni nu hoa. Lng dch cng tng
ln th lng hi cp vo cng mnh dn. Phi tnh ton sao cho khi qu trnh ra
b malt va kt thc th ni un hoa cng si.
dch ng ngui (cha si) trong thi gian di l iu ti k trong k
thut sn xut v s gy ra phn ng oxy ho do oxy khng kh tip xc vi dch
ng lm cho cht lng ca dch ng gim.
* Cch tin hnh
Thit b c v sinh sch s, sau bm dch ng lc sang. M van
cp hi gia nhit ni hoa sao cho khi kt thc lc ni hoa cng t n nhit
si.
- Cho hoa ln 1: khi dch si c 5 pht th tin hnh ngt hi. Ly
mu kim tra cc ch tiu mu, pH, ho tan, tinh bt v o lng dch thc t
trong ni si hoa. Sau li cp hi ri cho cao hoa, ZnCl2 v 1 phn hoa vin
vo. ng khi kt thc un si i vi bia hi l 10,6 10,8oS, i vi bia
chai l 11,5-12,5oS.
- Cho hoa ln 2: Khi un si ln 1 c 40 pht tin hnh ngt hi, ly mu
o ng v lng dch trong ni nu hoa quyt nh qu trnh un si
nhng pht cn li. Cho ht lng hoa vin cn li v axit Lactic vo. Mc ch
ca vic cho hoa 2 ln lng hng thm trong hoa trch ly vo bia tt hn.
Tip tc cp hi khi dch si n 1020C. Tng thi gian si hoa khong 90
pht. Trc khi chuyn sang thng lng xoy, ly mu kim tra cc ch tiu
nh: mu, pH(=5-5,2), ho tan tinh bt. Khi ng qu cao so vi mong
mun c th tin hnh b sung nc vo ni hoa, nhit nc b sung phi >
90oC. un si li sau khi b sung nc. Nu ng qu thp so vi mong
mun phi tin hnh cp hi un si mnh, nhng cng khng c vt qu gii
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

Tp1-K52

Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

hn bay hi. Vi trng hp ng thp, khi kt thc un si hoa c th iu
chnh cc m nu k tip.

2.6.6. Lng xoy

Trc khi lm vic, thng lng xoy c v sinh bng nc nng v ch
tho khi bm dch vo lng xoy, v y l cng on rt d nhim vi sinh vt. Sau
khi nu hoa, dch ng c bm sang thng lng xoy, dch i vo theo phng
tip tuyn vi thnh thit b. Thi gian bm khong 10 pht. Nh lc ly tm v s
chnh lch trng lng ring m cc phn t rn nh b hoa v cn s lng xung
di y thit b, ng thi nh c cc thanh nh hng m cc cn ny s tp
trung vo phn tm ca thit b. Thi gian lng l 20 pht. Nhit ca dch ra
khi thng lng khong 90oC - 98 0C. Ban u dch cng ly ra theo phng tip
tuyn, cn v sau th c ly gn y. Kt thc lng xoy th v sinh thit b
bng nc nng.

2.6.7. Lm lnh nhanh

Trc khi lm lnh nhanh thit b c v sinh sch s, sau cho chy
nc nng c nhit gn bng vi nhit ca dch ng trong thng lng
xoy qua my lnh nhanh ti ton b ng ng dn vo tank ln men. Khi kim
tra nhit ca nc thy t n nhit dch ng cn ln men mi bm dch
ng vo lnh nhanh sau khi x ht nc i, trnh trng hp khi qua my
lnh nhanh m nhit dch ng vn cao qu s lm cht men. Tc nhn lm
lnh l nc 2oC. Khi lm lnh s trao i nhit gin tip qua cc tm bn. Nhit
dch ng vo my lnh nhanh khong 98oC, nhit ca nc ra khi my
lnh nhanh khong 80oC-85oC, nc ny c cho vo thng nc nng lm
nc nu v ra b. Sau khi lm lnh xong dch c b sung khong 32 mg/l
khng kh v trng (kh nn qua b x l lm kh, lc v trng, l kh nn
khng du) v a sang tank ln men. Lng khng kh cung cp m bo
cho nm men to sinh khi ban u, nu lng khng kh qu nhiu s dn ti
trng hp nm men s s dng nhiu ng to lng sinh khi khng cn
thit, v vy s lm gim hiu sut ln men. Nu thiu khng kh cng khng tt,
v nm men s khng to lng t bo cn thit cho qu trnh ln men, nm
men s chng gi, xy ra hin tng .
Sau 1 gi th kt thc lnh nhanh 1 m, ta tin hnh:
- ng van ly dch lnh ra v tho ng dn vo tank.
- ng van ly nc lnh.
SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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Thit k phn xng nu trong nh my SX bia

- M van CIP.
- M van x cn y thng lng v van x ca ng thy.
- ng van tho dch y thng lng.
- Bm nc nng v sinh ng ly dch v thng lng.
- X ht nc v sinh trc khi lng v lm lnh m mi.

SV: Nguyn Vn Hun

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