Catalog

Bo co thc tp tt nghip Thy Gio
H-ng Dn:Cung Thnh Long

Sinh vin thc hin:H Trung Hu
1
CHNG I

GII THIU V CNG TY THIT B O IN (EMIC)

1.1 Gii thiu chung

Cng ty thit b o in (EMIC) c thnh lp ngy 1 thng 4 nm 1983 , trc
thuc Tng cng ty thit b k thut in (B cng nghip) , chuyn sn xut cc
loi thit b o lng in trung th v h th .

Cng ty c chuyn giao cng ngh ca hng LANDIS & GYR (Thy S) ,
c trang b cc my mc , thit b sn xut v thit b kim tra tin tin c cp
chnh xc cao vi th h mi nht ca Thy S , c , Nht Bn , M

Cng ty ang p dng h thng qun l cht lng theo ISO9001-2000 . Cc
sn phm ca cng ty t tiu chun quc t IEC , cung cp tha mn nhu cu
trong nc v xut khu sang Nga , Philippin , M , Nicaragua , Srilanca ,
Bngladet , Butan , Myanma , Lo , Campuchia

1.2 Cc sn phm chnh ca cng ty hin nay

* Cng t in 1 pha v cng t in 3 pha c hoc in t , 1 hoc nhiu
biu gi , a chc nng , c ch s t xa bng sng raio
* Cc loi ng h in t ch th s : Vnmet 1 pha , vnmet 3 pha ,
ampemet , tn s k , cosphimet
* My bin dng h th hnh xuyn kiu c pxy t 50/5 n 10000/5A ;
Cp chnh xc 0,5 hoc 1 hoc 3 .
* My bin dng trung th kiu c pxy hoc ngm du cch in trong
nh v ngoi tri ti 36 kV ; Dng in s cp t 5A n 5000A ; Dng in th
2
cp 1A , 5A hoc 1A v 5A ; Cp chnh xc 0,5 ; Cp bo v 5P5 , 5P10 , 5P15 ,
5P20 , 5P30 .
* My bin p o lng trung th kiu c pxy hoc ngm du cch in
trong nh v ngoi tri ti 36kV ; Cp chnh xc 0,5 ; Cp bo v 3P , 6P .
* My bin p cp ngun trung th kiu c pxy hoc ngm du cch in
trong nh v ngoi tri ti 36kV cho my ct ng lp li v cc thit b khc .
* Vnmet v Ampemet c in cc loi ; Cp chnh xc 2 v 2,5.
* Cu ch ri 6 24 kV v 36 kV ; dng in I
max
100A ; dung lng ct 8kA
.
Cng ty cn c khch sn Bnh Minh ti trung tm H Ni .

1.2.1 Cng t in mt pha loi CV

Cng t in 1 pha 2 dy loi CV100
Cng t in 1 pha 3 dy loi CV200
- Tiu chun : IEC60521
- in p danh nh : 120V , 220V , 230V , 240V
- Tn s danh nh : 50Hz hoc 60Hz
- Dng in : 3(9)A , 3(12)A , 5A , 5(15)A , 5(20)A , 5(30)A , 10(30)A ,
10(40)A , 10(60)A , 15(30)A , 15(45)A , 15(60)A , 20(80)A , 30(90)A ,
40(120)A
- Cp chnh xc : 1 hoc 2

3

Hnh 1.1 : Cng t in mt pha loi CV

1.2.2 Cng t in 3 pha loi MV

Cng t in 3 pha hu cng (kWh)
Cng t in 3 pha v cng (kVArh)
Cng t in 3 pha 1 gi hoc cng t in 3 pha a chc nng
- Tiu chun : IEC60521
- in p danh nh : 3 x 57,8/100V , 3 x 63,7/110V , 3 x 69/120V , 3 x
120/208V , 3 x 100V , 3 x 110V , 3 x 120V , 3 x 220/380V , 3 x 230/400V
- Dng in : 1A , 2,5(10)A , 5A , 5(10)A , 5(20)A , 10(20)A , 10(30)A ,
10(40)A , 10(50)A , 15(60)A , 20(40)A , 20(60)A , 20(80)A , 25(50)A , 30(60)A
, 30(90)A , 30(120)A , 50(100)A , 50(120)A
- Cp chnh xc :0,5 hoc 1,2

4

Hnh 1.2 : Cng t in 3 pha loi MV

1.2.3 Cng t in t 1 pha loi E1-1E*

Cng t in t 1 pha hu cng nhiu biu gi loi E1-1E2a v E1-1E2b
- Tiu chun : IEC1036 , IEC1107
- in p danh nh : 220V , 230V , 240V
- Tn s danh nh : 50Hz
- Dng in : 10(40)A , 20(80)A , 20(120)A
- Cp chnh xc : 1
- S biu gi c th ci t : 4
- Mn hin th : LCD c 7 ch s (1 s thp phn)

5

Hnh 1.3 : Cng t in t 1 pha loi E1 1E*

1.2.4 Cng t in t 3 pha loi E3-3E4*

Cng t in t 3 pha a chc nng loi E3-3E4a , E3-3E4b , E3-3E4c , E3-
3E4d
- Tiu chun : IEC687 , IEC1036 , IEC1107
- in p danh nh : 3 x (57,7 220)V
- Tn s danh nh : 50Hz
- Dng in : 3 x 5A , 3 x 30(60)A , 3 x 50(100)A
- Cp chnh xc : 0,5 hoc 1 (nng lng hu cng) ; 1 hoc 2 (nng lng
v cng)
- Cc i lng o : in nng hu cng (kWh) , in nng v cng
(kVARh) , dng in , in p , cos
- S biu gi c th ci t : 16
- Mn hin th : LCD ma trn im x 2 dng

6

Hnh 1.4 : Cng t in t 3 pha loi E3 3E4*

1.2.5 Vnmet ch th s 1 pha loi E2-1VA1

Vnmet ch th s 1 pha loi E2-1VA1
- Tiu chun : IEC 60051 , IEC 60414 , IEC 60473 , IEC 1010-1
- Kiu o : Trc tip
- Di o : 0 500VAC
- Kh nng hin th : 750VAC (max)
- Tn s in p o : 45 400Hz
- Cp chnh xc : 1,5% s c , 1% s m
- Ngun cp b tr : 220VAC 20% ; 47 63Hz

7

Hnh 1.5 : Vnmet ch th s 1 pha loi E2 1VA1

1.2.6 Vnmet ch th s 3 pha loi E2-3VA1

Vnmet ch th s 3 pha loi E2-3VA1
- Kiu o : Trc tip
- Di o : 0 500VAC vi in p dy U
AB
, U
BC
, U
CA

0 289VAC vi in p pha U
AO
, U
BO
, U
CO

- Kh nng hin th : 750VAC (max)
- Tn s in p o : 45 400Hz
- Cp chnh xc : 1,5% s c , 1% s m
- Ngun cp b tr : 220VAC 20% ; 47 63Hz

8

Hnh 1.6 : Vnmet ch th s 3 pha loi E2 3VA1

1.2.7 Ampemet ch th s loi E2-AM1

Ampemet ch th s loi E2-AM1
- Tiu chun : IEC 60051 , IEC 60414 , IEC 60529 , IEC 60473 , IEC 1010-1
- Dng in o danh nh (I
m
) : 1A hoc 5A ; 0,65VA
- Di o : 0% 120% I
m

- Dng in o danh nh : (I
m
)
- Kh nng hin th : 200% I
m

- Tn s : 47 63Hz
- Cp chnh xc : 1,5% s c , 1% s m (10% 120% I
m
)
- Ngun cp b tr : 220VAC 20% ; 47 63Hz

9

Hnh 1.7 : Ampemet ch th s loi E2 AM1

1.2.8 Tn s k ch th s loi E4-HA1

Tn s k ch th s loi E4-HA1
- in p o : 15 265VAC
- Cp chnh xc : 0,1Hz cho di o 0,5 99,99Hz
1 Hz cho di o 100 999,9 Hz
- Ngun cp b tr : 220VAC 20% ; 47 63Hz

10

Hnh 1.8 : Tn s k ch th s loi E4 HA1

1.2.9 Cosphimet ch th s loi E5-CA1

Cosphimet ch th s loi E5-CA1
- Di tn s lm vic : 47 63Hz
- in p o v ngun b tr : 220VAC 20%
- Dng in danh nh (I
m
) : 5A ; 0,65VA
- Cp chnh xc : 2
o
in (20 120% I
m
)
- Hin th gi tr cos : -1,00 1,00

11

Hnh 1.9 : Cosphimet ch th s loi E5 CA1

1.2.10 Vnmet Ampemet loi DT 96 v loi VA 01

ng h in t
- Tiu chun : IEC6051-2
- Thang o :
+ ng h Vn : 100V , 300V , 450V ,/100V
+ ng h Ampe : 5A,/5A
- Cp chnh xc : 2 hoc 2,5

12

Hnh 1.10 : Vnmet Ampemt loi DT96 v loi VA 01

1.2.11 My bin dng h th kiu c pxy loi CT-0.6

My bin dng hnh xuyn ti 600V
- Tiu chun : IEC60185 , IEC60044-1
- Dung lng danh nh : 2,5 30VA
- Dng s cp danh nh : 50 10000A
- Dng th cp danh nh : 5A
- S vng dy s cp : 1 hoc 2
- Cp chnh xc cho o lng : 0,5 hoc 1 hoc 3
- Cp chnh xc cho bo v - Dung lng : 10P10 2VA

13

Hnh 1.11 : My bin dng h th kiu c pxy loi CT 0.6

1.2.12 My bin dng trung th kiu c pxy ti 40,5kV loi CT

- Tiu chun : IEC60185 , IEC60044-1
- V tr lp t : Trong nh hoc ngoi tri
- in p danh nh : 6 40,5kV
- Dung lng danh nh : 15 , 20 , 30VA
- Dng s cp danh nh : 5 5000A
- Dng th cp danh nh : 1A , 5A , 1A v 5A
- Cp chnh xc cho o lng : 0,5
- Cp chnh xc cho bo v : 5P5 , 5P10 , 5P15 , 5P20 , 5P30
- S t s bin dng : 1 5

14

Hnh 1.12 : My bin dng trung th kiu c pxy ti 40,5kV loi CT

1.2.13 My bin p o lng trung th ti 40,5kV loi PT

My bin p c pxy hoc ngm du cch in
- Tiu chun : IEC60186 , IEC60044-2
- V tr lp t : Trong nh hoc ngoi tri
- S pha : 1 hoc 3
- Cp chnh xc cho in p o lng : 0,5
- Cp chnh xc cho in p bo v : 3P 6P
- Dung sai cho in p cp ngun : 10%
- Tn s danh nh (f
n
) : 50Hz
- Dung lng danh nh (o lng) : 25 , 30 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 120 , 150VA
- Dung lng danh nh (bo v) : 50 , 75 , 100 , 120 , 150 , 200VA
- Dung lng my bin p cp ngun : 75 5000VA
- in p s cp danh nh (U
n
) : 6 40,5kV hoc (6 40,5): 3 kV
- in p th cp danh nh (U
b
):
+ o lng (V) : 100 , 100: 3 , 110 , 110: 3 , 120 , 190 , 190: 3
+ Bo v (V) : 100 : 3 , 110 : 3 ,190 : 3
15
+ Cp ngun (V) : 100 , 110 , 120 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 360

Hnh 1.13 : My bin p o lng trung th ti 40,5kV loi PT

1.2.14 Cu ch ri kiu CC-24

Cu ch ri kiu CC-24
- Tiu chun : IEC60282-2 , GOST213-79 , ANSI C37.41/46
- in p danh nh : 6 24kV
- Tn s danh nh : 50/60Hz
- Dung lng ct ln nht : 8kA Asym
- Dng in ln nht : 100A
- Dng in danh nh : 10 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 40 , 50 , 75 , 100A

16

Hnh 1.14 : Cu ch ri kiu CC-24

CHNG II
TNG QUAN V O CNG SUT V IN NNG
17

in ngun t ni sn xut , phi qua h thng phn phi mi n ni s dng
v tiu th in . Trn th gii c nhiu kiu h thng phn phi in : h hai
pha , ba dy , bn dy hoc nm dy hay h ba pha ba dy hoc bn dy . C s
l thuyt phng php o cng sut v in nng ca mch in c nhiu pha v
nguyn tc cng tng t nh mch in mt pha. Nhng do c th phc tp
ca ph ti trong mch c nhiu pha nn vic s dng cc phng php v
phng tin o lng chnh xc cng sut v in nng rt a dng v phc
tp .

o cng sut in , ngi ta thng s dng phng tin o l ot mt . S
lng ot mt hoc s phn t o c s dng ty thuc vo s pha , ngoi ra
cn phi quan tm n cc yu t nh h s cng sut , phm vi o v tn s
Trong lnh vc o m in nng , cng t in l phng tin o chnh ,
mch in mt pha , cng t ch yu o in nng tc dng v bng n v
KW.h (kilot gi) , nhng trong mch in c nhiu pha th in nng cn ph
thuc thnh phn chm pha v vt pha ca dng in v trong trng hp cn
thit cng cn phi o in nng thng qua cng sut biu kin v o bng n
v kVA.h (kilvn ampe gi) .

H thng in c nhiu pha c th c xem nh l tp hp ca cc h mt pha
lm vic trong mt ch ng b v lch gia cc pha vi nhau theo mt
gi tr xc nh . in nng tng o c ca c h nhiu pha s tp hp tng
lng in nng do mi cng t mt pha o tng pha . Tuy nhin tin cho
vic s dng , ngi ta thng dng loi cng t c nhiu phn t o . Trong h
thng phn phi in c nhiu pha , theo thng l trong mch in s dng cho
cc ph ti v o lng th thng l mi dy cho mt pha v c th c mt dy
tr v chung cho tt c cc pha . S phn t o cn c o in nng tng
trong h nhiu pha ni chung tun th theo nguyn tc l s phn t o bng s
pha v khng th nh hn mt .
18

H phn phi in c nhiu pha thng dng l h hai pha , ba dy , bn dy
hoc nm dy hay h ba pha , ba dy hoc bn dy . H thng hai pha thng s
dng nhiu nc ngoi cn Vit Nam cng sut v in nng c phn b
ch yu thng qua h thng phn phi in ba pha , ton b h thng truyn ti
v phn phi in cao th v trung th ch yu l ba pha ba dy cn h thng
in h th (in p 400V) ph cp l h ba pha ba dy cho h mch c ph ti
ch s dng cng sut cn h ba pha bn dy cho h mch c ph ti s dng
ngun cng sut v cc nhu cu ph khc nh : t dng , chiu sng

Trong thc t s dng h thng in ba pha c hai cch u ti theo kiu tam
gic hoc hnh sao , kiu u ti theo tam gic ph cp h ba pha ba dy cn
kiu u sao ph cp h ba pha bn dy . S khc bit gia hai cch u :
- H thng in u ti theo hnh sao U = 3 U
P
I = I
P
(1.1a)
- H thng in u ti theo tam gic U = U
P
I = 3 I
P
(1.1b)
Trong : U l in p dy v U
P
l in p pha
I l dng in cp t ngun hay dng in dy v I
P
l dng in trong
cc pha .

2.1 O CNG SUT V IN NNG

2.1.1 Cng sut v in nng tc dng trong mch in xoay chiu mt pha

i vi mch in mt chiu , cng sut c xc nh gin tip theo ch th
ca ampemt v vnmt v tnh theo cng thc :
P = UI (1.2)
i vi mch in xoay chiu mt pha , cng sut tc dng c xc nh theo
cng thc :
P =
0
1
( ). ( ).
T
u t i t dt
T
}
= U.I.cos (1.3)
Trong : u(t) , i(t) : Gi tr tc thi ca in p v cng dng in ;
19
U , I : in p v cng dng in hiu dng ;
T : Chu k dao ng ca i lng xoay chiu hnh sin ;
: Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in ;
cos : H s cng sut .

Cng sut tc dng biu th nng lng in trung bnh tiu tn trong mt n
v thi gian thnh cng sut hu ch . Khi ti l thun tr cos = 1 , cng sut
tc dng l cc i v bng cng sut ton phn S = U.I ; khi ti thun khng
cos = 0 , cng sut tc dng bng 0 .

in nng tc dng :
W =
2
1
.
t
t
P dt
}
=
2
1
. . os .dt
t
t
U I c
}
= P.t (kWh) (1.4)
Trong :
P : Cng sut tc dng
t = t
2
t
1
: thi gian tiu th cng sut P

2.1.2 o cng sut tc dng trong mch in xoay chiu mt pha

Trong thc t s dng o cng sut in mt chiu v xoay chiu , ta
thng dng cc loi ot mt sau y :
- Ot mt kiu in ng l loi c chnh cao , o c cng sut in c
mt chiu v xoay chiu , gii tn s n 2000 Hz .
- Ot mt kiu st in ng l loi c cp chnh xc thp , o c cng sut
in xoay chiu tn s cng nghip , nu dng o cng sut in mt
chiu s c sai s ln do hin tng tr t .
- Ot mt kiu cm ng , ch dng mch in xoay chiu , cp chnh xc
thp hin nay hu nh khng cn s dng .
Ngoi ra cn c ot mt in t v ot mt kiu nhit in thng c s
dng o cng sut gii rng tn s t thp n cao .
20

Khi s dng ot mt kiu in ng o cng sut tc dng mch in xoay
chiu , ngoi sai s o in nng tiu th mch dng v mch p cn phi k
ti sai s do gc lch pha gia in p U v dng in qua cun p I
U
(Hnh 2.1
a v 2.1 b) k hiu
u
. Thnh phn sai s gc ny biu th bng cng thc sau :

u
= 0,0291.
u
.tg (1.5)

Hnh 2.1a Hnh 2.1b

iu ny cho thy rng nu s dng ot mt o cng sut mch in c h
s cng sut thp s phm phi sai s ln v c kh nng qu ti mch dng
in . Do vy , khi o phi chn loi ot mt c h s cng sut danh nh ph
hp vi i lng o .

loi tr kh nng qu ti cun dng v cun p , khi o nn s dng thm
ampemt v vnmt theo di .

Do c th cu to ca ot mt , nn mi cp cc ca dng in v in p
ngi ta c nh du (
o
) phn bit cc tnh . Cc c du thng l cc pht .
Khi u dy , n c u v pha ngun in , nu u sai cc tnh ca cun p
s c hin tng chnh lch in p cun ng v cun tnh ca ot mt , lm
xut hin lc tnh in , gy sai s php o .

H
U
I
u
I
-

U
I
I
U
I

u
21
Ngoi sai s c bn , khi ot mt lm vic iu kin khng tiu chun , cc
i lng nh hng s nm ngoi phm vi gi tr tiu chun quy nh , nh vy
s xut hin thm sai s do cc i lng nh hng gy nn . i vi ot mt ,
i lng nh hng quan trng nht l nhit v tn s , bi v : khi nhit
mi trng thay i , cc chi tit v linh kin mch p nh : cun ng , cc
cun dy in tr v cun cm s thay i gi tr in tr , lm thay i gi tr
dng in trong mch p v cc chi tit nh : l xo , dy treo cng b bin
dng dn n nhng sai s ph khc . Tn s li in thay i cng gy nn sai
s php o v phn ln cc chi tit dng c o c ch to bng kim loi ,
chng li nm trong t trng bin thin do cc cun tnh gy ra , nn s xut
hin thm nhng dng in cm ng , gy ra tn tht in nng .

Qua th hnh 2.2 ta thy dng in I trong thc t lch pha vi cm ng
t B ca cun tnh mt gc
i
: y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra sai s php o ,
sai s ny s tng khi h s cng sut nh .

R
s
I

I
2

I
1
I
2
U I
22

Hnh 2.2

i vi nhng dng c o dng cho mch in xoay chiu , loi tr sai s
ph , ngi ta hn ch n mc ti a vic s dng cc chi tit bng vt liu st
t nh cc loi c vt gi cun dy c thay bng ng , chiu qun ca cun
dy , cch t v sp xp cc cun dy theo hng cng c lu .

Thng thng ot mt c ch to theo nhng gii hn o c tiu chun
ha nh dng in n 10 A , in p n 600 V . o c cng sut mch
in xoay chiu c cng dng in trn 10 A v in p trn 600 V ngi ta
phi s dng thm cc thit b ph l my bin dng v bin p o lng k hiu
TI v TU . Theo quy nh s dng phng tin o th cp chnh xc ca cc thit
b ph bao gi cng phi cao hn cp chnh xc ca cc phng tin o chnh .
Trng hp cp y , cp chnh xc ca TI v TU phi cao hn cp chnh
xc ca ot mt . Cng sut o c s bng tch ca ch s ot mt P
w
vi h s
bin i ca TI v TU (K
i
v K
u
) .
P = P
w
. K
i
. K
u
(1.6)

2.1.3 Cng sut v in nng tc dng trong mch in 3 pha

Mch in xoay chiu hnh sin 3 pha trnh by trn hnh 2.3

i
I
1

B
23

Ph ti hnh sao

Ph ti hnh tam gic

Hnh 2.3 : Mch in xoay chiu hnh sin 3 pha

T l thuyt mch ngi ta chng minh c rng trong mch in 3 pha c
ph ti i xng khng ph thuc vo c tnh ca ti v s u dy ca
mch in 3 pha , cng sut tc dng c xc nh theo biu thc tng qut sau
:
P = 3 U
d
I
d
cos = 3 UI cos (1.7)
Trong :

I
d
, U
d
: Dng in v in p dy
I , U : Dng in v in p pha
: Gc lch pha gia dng in v in p pha
24
Trng hp tng qut cng sut tc dng trong mch in 3 pha c gi tr bng
tng cng sut tc dng trong tng pha :
P = P
A
+ P
B
+ P
C
= U
A
I
A
cos
A
+ U
B
I
B
cos
B
+ U
C
I
C
cos
C
(1.8)
Trong :
U
A
, I
A
: Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng pha A;
U
B
, I
B
: Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng pha B;
U
C
, I
C
: Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng pha C;

A
,
B
,
C
: Gc lch pha gia dng v p ca tng pha tng ng .

Ring trong mch 3 pha 3 dy cng sut tc dng c th biu th bng mt
trong 3 biu thc sau y :
P = U
AC
I
A
cos
1
+ U
BC
I
B
cos
2
(1.9)
P = U
AB
I
A
cos
3
+ U
CB
I
C
cos
4
(1.10)
P = U
BA
I
B
cos
5
+ U
CA
I
C
cos
6
(1.11)
Trong :
A , B , C ch th t pha

1
.
6
gc lch pha gia dng in p v in p tng ng
Trong mch in 3 pha , cng sut tc dng c o bng ot mt . S lng
ot mt v s u dy ph thuc vo cc yu t sau :
- Mch in 3 pha 3 dy hay 3 pha 4 dy .
- c tnh ca h thng mch in 3 pha i xng hay khng i xng .
- S u dy ca ti l tam gic hay hnh sao .

in nng tc dng :

W =
2
1
t
A
t
P
}
.dt +
2
1
t
B
t
P
}
.dt +
2
1
t
C
t
P
}
.dt =
2
1
. cos
t
A A A
t
U I
}
.dt +
2
1
. cos
t
B B B
t
U I
}
.dt +
2
1
. cos
t
C C C
t
U I
}
.dt (1.12)

25
2.1.4 Cc phng php o cng sut tc dng trong mch in xoay chiu ba
pha

2.1.4.1 Dng mt ot mt mt pha :

p dng cho c mch 3 pha 3 dy hoc 3 pha 4 dy vi iu kin l ti phi i
xng . Trn hnh 2.4 (a,b,c,d) trnh by cc phng n khc nhau , ty thuc vo
kiu u ti l tam gic hay hnh sao chn phng n o thch hp.

Trong mch 3 pha c im trung tnh , cng sut tc dng c xc nh theo s
hnh 2.4a . Tng t nh vy l cch o cng sut p dng cho ph ti u
kiu tam gic (hnh 2.4b) . C hai trng hp trn , ot mt u ch cng sut
ca 1 pha . Mun tnh c cng sut c mch 3 pha phi nhn vi h s 3.

Hnh 2.4a
26

Hnh 2.4b
Trong trng hp khng c im trung tnh c th o cng sut bng 2 cch
trnh by trn hnh 2.4c v 2.4d .

Hnh 2.4c

27
Hnh 2.4d
Cch th nht : S dng cng tc chuyn mch (hnh 2.3c) a ln lt
in p dy vo mch p ca ot mt (U
AB
v U
AC
) . Mch dng ch c mt dng
in I
A
chy qua . Cn c th vect trn hnh 1.4e ta c biu thc cng sut
o c cc v tr 1 v 2 ca cng tc :

V tr 1 : P
1
= U
AC
I
A
cos(30
o
) = U
d
I
d
cos(30
o
)
V tr 2 : P
2
= U
AB
I
A
cos(30
o
+ ) = U
d
I
d
cos(30
o
+ )
Cng sut tc dng ca c mch s bng tng cc s ch ca ot mt hai v tr
:
P = P
1
+ P
2
= 2 U
d
I
d
cos . cos30
o
= 3 U
d
I
d
cos

Cch th hai : T to im trung tnh gi (hnh 2.4d) vi iu kin R
1
= R
2
=
R
w
. Trong R
w
l gi tr in tr mch p ca ot mt . y ot mt cng ch
th cng sut 1 pha , cng sut tc dng ca c mch 3 pha s l :

P = 3 P
w
= 3 UI cos = 3 U
d
I
d
cos (1.13)

Hnh 2.4e

2.1.4.2 Dng 2 ot mt mt pha hoc 1 ot mt 3 pha 2 phn t
(Thng p dng trong mch 3 pha 3 dy)

Trn hnh 2.5 trnh by 3 s u ot mt . Cn c cc biu thc (1.9) , (1.10)
v (1.11) ta nhn thy mi s u y u ng nht v c th s dng bt
c s no y o cng sut tc dng .
28

Hnh 2.5

V th vect ca mt s bt k , v d s u tin ca hnh 2.5 ta c
:

29

Hnh 2.6

Nhn trn hnh 2.6 ta c :
P
w1
= U
AC
I
A
cos(U
AC
I
A
) = U
d
I
d
cos(30
o
)
P
w2
= U
BC
I
B
cos(U
BC
I
B
) = U
d
I
d
cos(30
o
+ )

Tng s ch ca 2 ot mt s bng cng sut tc dng ca c mch 3 pha :
P = P
w1
+ P
w2
= 3 U
d
I
d
cos (1.14)

T biu thc ny ta nhn thy rng cng sut tc dng ca mch 3 pha 3 dy
khng ph thuc vo s u ca ti l tam gic hay hnh sao v c tnh ca
ti c i xng hay khng . Cng sut ny lun lun bng tng i s ca s ch
2 ot mt u theo mt trong cc s trn hnh 2.5 .

Lu : Nu s dng 2 ot mt c cng s vch chia v gi tr vch chia nh
nhau th trong trng hp ti i xng v mang tnh cht thun tr th s ch ca
2 ot mt s nh nhau v bng mt na cng sut tc dng ca c mch . th
v s ph thuc gia s ch ca tng ot mt v cng sut tc dng ca c mch
3 pha vo c tnh ca ti c trnh by hnh 2.7 .

30

Hnh 2.7 : S ph thuc ca s ch ot met vo cos

Cn c theo th v tng ng vi cc biu thc nu trn ta thy :
Nu ph ti i xng v mang tnh in cm th cc gii ca h s cng sut
cc ot mt s c s ch nh sau :
- ng vi cos = 1 (=0) : Hai ot mt c s ch nh nhau , bng 0,866
U
d
I
d
;
- ng vi cos > 0,5 (<60
o
) : Hai ot mt u c ch s dng
- ng vi cos = 0,5 (=60
o
) : Ot mt th nht ch 0 ,
ot mt th hai ch 0,866 U
d
I
d
;
- ng vi cos < 0,5 (>60
o
) : Ot mt th nht c s ch m
- ng vi cos = 0 ( = 90
o
) : Hai ot mt c s ch bng nhau v gi tr
nhng ot mt th nht c s ch m .

2.1.4.3 Dng 3 ot mt mt pha hoc mt ot mt 3 pha 3 phn t (thng p
dng trong mch in 3 pha 4 dy v nhng ni c ti khng i
xng) .
31

S u dy trnh by hnh 2.8. Cng sut tc dng ca c mch bng tng
cng sut tc dng ca tng pha :
P = P
A
+ P
B
+ P
C
= U
A
I
A
cos
A
+ U
B
I
B
cos
B
+ U
C
I
C
cos
C
(1.15)

Hnh 2.8

y mi ot mt ch th cng sut ca mt pha . Phng php dng mt hai
hoc 3 ot mt p dng ch yu trong iu kin phng th nghim , trong thc t
ngi ta s dng ot mt 3 pha loi mt , hai hoc ba phn t m nguyn l o
ca n tng t phng php dng mt , hai hoc ba ot mt .

Loi ot mt 3 pha mt phn t rt t ph cp v loi mch o c ti hon ton
i xng l rt him .

ng dng rng ri nht l loi ot mt 3 pha hai phn t dng trong mch 3
pha 3 dy v ot mt 3 pha 3 phn t dng trong mch 3 pha 4 dy . Trong cu
to ca chng u c chung mt phn ng , trn tc ng mmen tng hp
ca tt c cc phn t cu thnh .

m rng gii hn o trong mch in 3 pha ngi ta cng s dng TI v
TU nh nu trong mch in 1 pha v cng sut ca c mch bng s ch ca
ot mt nhn vi h s bin i TI v TU . i vi mch danh nh ngi ta vn
32
phi s dng TI v TU , trong trng hp ny chng ng vai tr ngn cch
mch o v dng c o khi in p cao .

2.1.5 Cng sut v in nng phn khng (THOI NHA
KHONG CHO VAO SLIDE)

Cng sut phn khng thng dn n nhng tn tht ph trong h thng
ng dy truyn ti in trong cc my bin p in lc , my pht in
Cng sut phn khng v in nng phn khng c mt ngha ln c v mt
k thut ln hiu qu kinh t i vi vic sn xut , truyn ti v s dng in
nng .

V vy vic o m cng sut phn khng v in nng phn khng l khng
th thiu . Trong mch in 1 pha v cng sut phn khng khng ng k nn
vic o ny ch tin hnh trong iu kin phng th nghim . Cng sut phn
khng v in nng phn khng ch c ngha thc tin nhng ni tiu th
in 3 pha ln.

Cng sut phn khng trong mch in 3 pha c xc nh theo cng thc :
Q = Q
A
+ Q
B
+ Q
C
= U
A
I
A
sin
A
+ U
B
I
B
sin
B
+ U
C
I
C
sin
C
(1.16)
Trong :
U
A
, I
A
: Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng pha A;
U
B
, I
B
: Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng pha B;
U
C
, I
C
: Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng pha C;

A
,
B
,
C
: Gc lch pha gia dng v p ca tng pha tng ng .

Nu h thng mch in 3 pha i xng :
Q = 3 UI sin = 3 U
d
I
d
sin (1.17)

33
o c cng sut phn khng , ngi ta ch to dng c o c bit gi l
varmet , thc cht cu to ca n khng khc ot mt , nn ta cng c th s
dng ot mt thng thng o cng sut phn khng theo nhng s u
dy thch hp .

S u varmet xc nh cng sut phn khng khng khc s u ot
mt . xc nh cng sut phn khng ta phi to lp c trong qu trnh o
gc lch pha gia vect dng in v in p bng (90
o
) khi :
Cos(90
o
) = Sin

Hnh 2.9 trnh by s u dy v th vect theo iu kin va nu trn .
Theo cch u v trn c s th vect ta thy s ch ca ot mt s t l thun
vi cng sut phn khng .
P
w
= U
BC
I
A
cos(U
BC
,I
A
) = U
BC
I
A
cos(90
o
) = U
BC
I
A
sin = U
d
I
d
sin =
3
Q

Hnh 2.9

Nu mch in i xng , ta ly s ch ca ot mt nhn vi h s 3 s nhn
c cng sut phn khng ca c mch .
3 . P
w
= 3 U
d
I
d
sin = Q (1.18)

in nng khng :

34
W
Q
=
2
1
t
A
t
Q
}
.dt +
2
1
t
B
t
Q
}
.dt +
2
1
t
C
t
Q
}
.dt =
2
1
. sin
t
A A A
t
U I
}
.dt +
2
1
. sin
t
B B B
t
U I
}
.dt +
2
1
. sin
t
C C C
t
U I
}
.dt (1.19)

2.1.6 Cc phng php o cng sut phn khng

Ty thuc vo mch o , c tnh ca ti , chng loi v s lng phng tin
o (ot mt) c s dng , ngi ta thng p dng cc phng php sau o
cng sut phn khng .

2.1.6.1 Phng php dng 1 ot mt

i vi cc h dng in khi ph ti c tnh cm hoc dung , ngoi nng lng
tc dng c truyn n ti sinh cng hu ch cn c s trao i nng lng
gia ngun v ti th hin cng sut khng .

Cng sut khng ca mch 3 pha c th coi l tng cc cng sut khng ca
tng pha
Q
E
= U
A
I
A
sin
A
+ U
B
I
B
sin
B
+ U
C
I
C
sin
C
(1.20)
Khi ti i xng ta c :
Q
E
= 3 U
d
I
d
sin (1.21)
o c cng sut khng ca mch 3 pha ph ti i xng ta c th s dng
ot mt in ng theo s hnh 2.10 .

35

Hnh 2.10 : o cng sut khng bng mt ot mt

Trong trng hp ny cng sut o c l :
P
A
= U
BC
I
A
cos(
A BC
I U ) = U
d
I
d
cos(90
o
) = U
d
I
d
sin
Theo s vect gc (
A BC
I U ) = 90
o
.
c cng sut khng trong ton mch 3 pha ta nhn kt qu trn vi 3 . Tc
l:
Q
E
= 3 P
A
= 3 U
d
I
d
sin

2.1.6.2 Dng hai ot mt u theo s o cng sut tc dng

Chn mt s o cng sut tc dng bt k nu hnh 2.5 . Theo phng
php ny , nu chn P
w1
l s ch ca ot mt vt pha v P
w2
l s ch ca ot
mt chm pha ri ly hiu s gia chng :
P
w1
- P
w2
= U
d
I
d
cos(30
o
) - U
d
I
d
cos(30
o
+ ) = U
d
I
d
sin =
3
Q

36

Nhn c hai v vi h s 3
(P
w1
- P
w2
) 3 = 3 U
d
I
d
sin = Q (1.22)
Nh vy nhn c cng sut phn khng ca c mch ta ly hiu s ca s
ch ot mt vt pha v s ch ot mt chm pha nhn vi h s 3 .

2.1.6.2.1 Dng 2 ot mt u theo pha l

u ot mt theo s trn hnh 2.11a , ly tng s ch ca 2 ot mt ta c :
P
w1
+ P
w2
= U
BC
I
A
cos(U
BC
,I
A
) + U
AB
I
C
cos(U
AC
,I
C
) = U
BC
I
A
cosb
1
+ U
AB
I
C

cosb
2

Hnh 2.11a
37

T th vect ta nhn thy nu ti i xng
b
1
=

b
2
= 90
o

T :
P
w1
+ P
w2
= 2 U
d
I
d
cos(90
o
) = 2 U
d
I
d
sin =
3
. 2 Q

Nh vy theo phng php ny , nhn c cng sut phn khng phi ly
tng s cc s ch ca ot mt nhn thm vi h
2
3

(P
w1
+ P
w2
) .
2
3
= Q (1.23)
Hai phng php va nu trn ch dng v p dng c cho mch o c ti
i xng . Nu ti khng i xng ta p dng 2 phng php di y :

2.1.6.2.2 Dng 2 ot mt v to trung tnh gi

u 2 ot mt theo s hnh 2.11b .

38

Hnh 2.11b

Vic to im trung tnh gi phi tun th theo iu kin :
R = R
w1
= R
w2

R
w1
v R
w2
l gi tr in tr mch p ca ot mt

Ly tng cc s ch ca 2 ot mt ta c :
P
w1
+ P
w2
= U
C
I
A
cos(60
o
) + U
A
I
C
cos(120
o
) =
UI(
2
1
cos +
2
3
sin -
2
1
cos +
2
3
sin ) = U
d
I
d
sin =
3
Q

Nhn c hai v vi h s 3 , ta c : 3 ( P
w1
+ P
w2
) = Q (1.24)

Theo phng php ny , mun nhn c cng sut phn khng phi ly tng
cc s ch ca ot mt nhn thm vi h s 3 .

2.1.6.3 Dng 3 ot mt

Thng p dng o cng sut phn khng trong mch 3 pha 3 dy v 3 pha
4 dy . u ot mt theo s hnh 2.12 . Da theo cch chng minh nu
phn 2.1.5 hnh 2.9. Ta c :
P
w1
=
3
Q
; P
w2
=
3
Q
; P
w3
=
3
Q

39

Hnh 2.12

Ly tng s cc s ch ca 3 ot mt ta c :
P
w1
+ P
w2
+ P
w3
=
3
3Q

3
Pw3) + Pw2 + (Pw1
= Q (Var) (1.25)
Nh vy , khng cn quan tm n mc i xng ca ti , cng sut phn
khng ca c mch s bng tng cc s ch ca 3 ot mt chia cho h s 3 .

2.1.7 o in nng trong mch in xoay chiu

Phng tin dng o in nng trong mch in xoay chiu l cng t in.

Ty theo cu to ca cng t in ngi ta phn loi : Cng t o in nng
mt pha , cng t o in nng 3 pha .

Ty theo loi in nng cn o , ngi ta phn loi : Cng t o in nng tc
dng (hu cng) , cng t o in nng khng (v cng)

o in nng c thc hin thng k nng lng in tiu th sau mt
khong thi gian nht nh , trn c s c th hch ton kinh t trong giao
40
nhn , s dng in nng , do gp phn qun l vic sn xut , giao nhn v
s dng in nng c hiu qu .

o in nng tc dng trong mch in xoay chiu 1 pha

in nng tc dng trong mch xoay chiu 1 pha c o bng cng t mt
pha . Hnh 2.13 l s mc mch cng t 1 pha o in nng tc dng .
Tng t nh s mc ot mt o cng sut tc dng , cun dng ca cng
t CI c mc ni tip vi ti Z ; cun p CU c mc song song vi ti , nu
a ca cng t quay ngc chiu bnh thng th phi i u ca cun dng
in hoc cun in p . Ch in p v dng in nh mc ca cng t phi
ph hp vi in p v cng sut tiu th ca li .

Hnh 2.13 : o in nng tc dng bng cng t mt pha

o in nng tc dng trong mch xoay chiu 3 pha

in nng tc dng trong mch 3 pha c th o bng cc cng t mt pha .
Hnh 2.14 gii thiu s mc ba cng t mt pha o in nng tc dng
trong mch 3 pha 4 dy (c dy trung tnh) . Tng s ch ca ba cng t cho bit
nng lng tiu th trn li 3 pha . o in nng tc dng trong mch 3 pha
3 dy c th dng cng t 3 pha 2 phn t mc mch theo s hnh 2.15 .
41
Cng t loi ny thng c ch to vi cc thng s nh mc nh dng in
: 5 , 10 , 20 , 30, 50 , 75 , 100; in p 3x380V.

Hnh 2.14 : S o in nng tc dng mch 3 pha 4 dy

Hnh 2.15 : S o in nng tc dng mch 3 pha 3 dy

o in nng tc dng trong mch 3 pha 4 dy ngi ta s dng rng ri
loi cng t 3 pha 3 phn t (hnh 2.16)

42
Hnh 2.16 : o in nng tc dng mch 3 pha 4 dy bng cng t 3 pha 3 phn
t

Ngoi loi cng t o in nng trc tip ngi ta cn ch to loi cng t o
in nng qua bin dng v bin p o lng . Loi cng t ny thng c cc
thng s nh mc nh dng in 5A ; in p 100V (3x100V) . Khi c s ch
trn cng t phi nhn vi h s bin i ca my bin dng v bin p o lng
.

o in nng khng

o in nng khng , c th dng cng t mt pha loi hu cng v u
ging nh ot mt 1 pha khi o cng sut khng . Cc cng thc tnh nng lng
khng cng tng t nh trng hp tnh cng sut khng .

Ngoi ra ngi ta cng ch to cc cng t v cng 3 pha . Hnh 2.17 l s
u cng t 3 pha 2 phn t trong mch 3 pha 3 dy . Cc cun dng in v
in p trong cng t c u tng t nh s o cng sut khng trong
mch 3 pha 3 dy bng 2 ot mt vi im khng nhn to .

Hnh 2.17 : S u cng t 3 pha 2 phn t trong mch 3 pha 3 dy

43
o in nng khng trong mch 3 pha 4 dy ngi ta dng cng t v cng
3 pha 3 phn t mc theo s hnh 2.17 . Ngoi ra ngi ta cng ch to cng
t v cng kt hp vi bin dng v bin p o lng . Loi cng t ny thng
c cc thng s nh mc nh dng in 5A ; in p 100V(3 x 100V) . Hnh
2.18 gii thiu s u cng t 3 pha 2 phn t loi hu cng v v cng vi
my bin dng v bin p o lng . gim sai s php o , cn chn my
bin dng v bin p o lng c cp chnh xc cao hn cp chnh xc ca cng
t t 3 n 5 ln v khi c in nng tiu th phi k n cc h s bin i
dng , p .

Hnh 2.18 : S u cng t 3 pha 3 phn t trong mch 3 pha 4 dy

44

CHNG III
CNG T IN XOAY CHIU KIU CM NG

Cng t in kiu cm ng gm c hai phn chnh l : phn tnh v phn dng .

Phn tnh c cun dy in p c mc trc tip vo li in v cun dy
dng in mang dng in qua ti . Phn ng bao gm a quay lm bng vt
liu kim loi nh l nhm v nm gia khe t ca cun in p v dng in .
C hai cun dy in p v dng in u to ra trng in t vi cc dng t
thng xuyn qua a v v a bng kim loi nn s c cc dng in cm ng
pht sinh . Kt qu ca s tc ng tng h gia cc dng in cm ng v cc
dng t thng l s to ra chuyn ng quay ca a .

Cc chi tit khc cng t nh trc quay , chn knh , bi , b phn cn du ,
cm chi tit to mmen cn l mt nam chm vnh cu t trn a cng t .
ghi nhn s vng quay a cng t , ngi ta phi bin i t chuyn ng quay
ngang ca a ln b s ghi nhn .

Cu to v cch lp t cc chi tit trong cng t mt pha kiu cm ng c
trnh by trn hnh 3.1 A

45

Hnh 3.1A : S cu to ca cng t mt pha
Trong :
1 - Vt chnh ti nh ;
2 - Cm chi tit iu chnh ti nh ;
3 - Nam chm vnh cu iu chnh ch ti ln ;
4 - Chi tit iu chnh ti ln ;
5 - Cm chi tit iu chnh h s cng sut ;
6 - Chi tit iu chnh gc lch pha ;
7 - a nhm ;
8 9 Li trong v li ngoi cun in p bng vt liu st t p ;
10 - Li cun dng in bng vt liu st t p ;
11 - Cun dy in p ;
12 - Thanh i cc bng vt liu t ;
13 - Cun dy dng in ;
14 - Chi tit chng t quay ;
15 - Thanh tn t .

3.1 CU TO V NGUYN L VN HNH CNG T IN MT
PHA
46

3.1.1 Cun dy in p

in p a vo cng t l in p xoay chiu c dng sng hnh sin , v l
in p xoay chiu nn gi tr khng n nh . Tng t nh vy dng t thng
sinh ra cng khng n nh , gi tr ca n thay i t khng n gi tr cc i
theo mt hng v cng t khng n gi tr cc i theo mt hng khc . Trn
hnh 3.1 v 3.2 phc ha cun dy in p trn ng chm chm l dng t
thng do trng in t ca cun dy in p sinh ra . Ton b dng t thng
sinh ra khng phi u hiu qu m ch c mt phn ng k ca n ct vi
hng dng in l hu ch . Nhng dng t thng khng ct hng dng in
gi l nhng dng tn hao (dng d) , cn nhng dng ct c hng dng
in l nhng dng t thng tc dng (cn gi l dng hu ch) , y l nhng
dng t thng chnh to ra mmen quay ca cng t .

Hnh 3.1 : Cun in p Hnh 3.2 : Cun in p

- Dng t thng tng
1
- Dng t thng d
2
- Dng t thng tc dng

3.1.2 Pha ca dng t thng trong cun dy in p

Cun dy in p ca cng t kiu cm ng c qun rt nhiu lp vng dy
ph hp vi gi tr in p danh nh ca li in ; thng l dy ng
47
mnh , c ng knh nh nn gi tr in tr ca cun dy nh nhng gi tr v
in cm (in khng) li ln , nn dng in ca cun dy in p chm v pha
gn 90
o
so vi in p ngun u vo . Trn hnh 3.3 biu th th v dng
sng v vect ca in p , dng in v dng t thng trong mt cun dy in
p ca loi cng t kiu cm ng.

Hnh 3.3 : S lin quan gia in p , dng in v dng t thng trong cun
dy in p

3.1.3 Cun dy dng in

Cun dy dng in ca cng t kiu cm ng ch qun vi vng dy ng
nhng c ng knh ln va ph hp dng in danh nh va chu c
dng qu ti theo quy nh ca cng t . Gi tr in tr ca cun dy rt nh ,
khng ng k , nn dng in ca cun dy dng ca cng t hu nh trng
pha vi dng in ngun v cng pha vi in p ngun li , nu nh dng
in ngun v in p ngun trng pha . Dng sng v th vect c th
hin trn hnh 3.4 .

48

Hnh 3.4 : Dng in v dng t thng trong cun dy dng in

3.1.4 Lin quan v pha gia cc dng t thng trong cun dy in p v
dng in (Ko cho Slide)

Nguyn l vn hnh ca cng t l khi c dng in chy qua trong cun dy
dng t trong trng in t s to ra ni lc lm chuyn ng n theo hng
vung gc vi c dng t thng v hng dng in .

Khi in p li ngun v dng in trng pha (h s cng sut bng mt) ,
dng t thng trong cun dy in p s b chm pha gn 90
o
so vi in p
ngun ; trong khi th dng t thng ca cun dy dng in li trng pha vi
in p ngun . Trn hnh 3.5 th hin th dng sng v vct ca in p ,
dng in v dng t thng trong cun dy in p v dng in .

Hnh 3.5 : Lin quan v pha ca cc dng in v cc dng t thng trong cun
dy in p v cun dy dng in
U in p ngun ;
49

c
T thng cun dng in ;

p
T thng cun in p ;
I
c
- Dng in qua cun dng ;
I
p
- Dng in ca cun dy in p .

V mt cu to c kh , cc cun dy c lp t i din nhau qua a cng
t . Thng thng th cun in p bn trn v cun dng in pha di a
nhm v m bo s dng trit hiu ng lc th cm chi tit ny thng
c lp t gn bn ngoi mp a . Xt v mt c hc , nu coi trc a ca
cng t l mt im ta , th theo nguyn l n by , vic t cm chi tit to
mmen quay gn bn ngoi mp a l hp l nht . Trong cng t kiu cm ng
, ngi ta s dng a ny to mmen quay v mmen cn . Nam chm to
mmen cn thng c lp t mt na pha bn ny a , cn na pha bn
kia a hoc bn di lp t cm chi tit to mmen quay . Trn hnh 3.6
trnh by b cc sp xp cc cun dy vi a nhm gia . y l m hnh
chung ca tt c cc loi cng t kiu cm ng hin nay .

Hnh 3.6 : Tng th mt phn t o

3.1.5 Tc ng tng h gia dng t thng v dng in xoy to ra mmen
quay
50

Khi c mt dng t thng b ct bi vt dn in chuyn ng , s sinh ra in
p cm ng trong vt dn . cng t in kiu cm ng , in p c to ra
trong a cng t do cc dng t thng ca cun dng in v cun in p .
Trn hnh 3.7 th hin hai loi dng t thng trong mt chu k hon chnh .

Nhng in p cm ng ny s to ra dng in xoy chy trong a cng t ,
dng in xoy to bi t thng ca cun in p s tc ng vi t thng ca
cun dng in sinh ra mmen quay . Tng t , dng in xoy to bi t
thng ca cun dng in s tc ng vi t thng ca cun in p sinh ra
mmen quay. Nh vy s c hai loi mmen quay c to ra ring r tc ng
ln a cng t .

Khi kho st tc ng gia t thng ca cun in p
P
vi dng in xoy
c to ra trong a bi t thng ca cun dng in trong mt phn t chu k
c k hiu l giai on A trn hnh 3.7 . y t thng ca cun dy dng
in l dng , ang xu hng tng v s sinh ra dng in xoy trong a nh
ch ra trn hnh 3.8 . Dng in xoy ny s tc ng vi t thng ca cun
in p ang l m v c chiu hng gim . Thng qua lut bn tay phi , c
th thy rng mmen quay c hnh thnh s hng cho a quay theo chiu t
tri sang phi .

Cng kho st trong cng mt chu k , mmen quay c to ra bi tc ng
ca t thng cun dng in vi dng in xoy do t thng cun in p sinh
ra . Th hin trn hnh 3.7 th t thng ca cun in p l m v theo hng
gim , dng in xoy do n to ra trong a c th hin trn hnh 3.9 . Tc
ng ca dng in ny vi t thng ca cun dng in s to ra mmen quay
theo hng t tri sang phi . Nh vy hai mmen quay c to ra trong cng
mt phn t chu k (c k hiu giai on A) u c cng chung mt hng .
51

By gi kho st cc mmen quay c to ra trong mt phn t chu k th
hai , k hiu giai on B trn hnh 3.7. giai on ny t thng ca cun dng
in l dng v theo chiu hng gim , n to ra trong a cc dng in xoy
nh th hin trn hnh 3.10 . Tc ng ca cc dng in ny vi dng t thng
ca cun in p ang l dng v theo chiu tng cng to ra mmen quay theo
hng t tri sang phi .

Hnh 3.7 : Lin quan v pha ca dng v t thng cun p

Kho st tip mmen quay to ra bi tc ng gia dng in xoy c sinh
ra do t thng ca cun in p ang l dng v theo chiu tng vi t thng
ca cun dng in cng ang l dng v theo chiu gim trong mt phn t
chu k th hai . y mt ln na mmen quay c to ra lm a quay theo
hng t tri sang phi . iu ny th hin trn hnh 3.11.

Nh vy cn li bn tnh hung ng vi hai giai on C v D ca na chu k
sau l :

a/ Mmen quay to ra bi tc ng ca dng in xoy c sinh ra do t thng
ca cun in p ang l dng v theo chiu gim vi t thng ca cun dng
52
in ang l m v theo chiu tng trong mt phn t chu k th ba , k hiu
giai on C trn hnh 3.7.

b/ Mmen quay to ra bi tc ng ca dng in xoy c sinh ra do t
thng ca cun dng in ang l m v theo chiu tng vi t thng ca cun
in p ang l dng v theo chiu gim trong mt phn t chu k th ba , k
hiu giai on C trn hnh 3.7.

c/ Mmen quay to ra bi tc ng ca dng in xoy c sinh ra do t thng
ca cun in p ang l m v theo chiu tng vi t thng ca cun dng in
ang l m v theo chiu gim trong mt phn t chu k th t , k hiu giai
on D trn hnh 3.7.

d/ Mmen quay to ra bi tc ng ca dng in xoy c sinh ra do t
thng ca cun dng in ang l m v theo chiu gim vi t thng ca cun
in p ang l m v theo chiu tng trong mt phn t chu k th t , k hiu
giai on D trn hnh 3.7.

Mmen quay c to ra trong c bn tnh hung trn u tc ng ln a
theo hng quay t tri sang phi .

3.1.6 Xc nh hng quay ca a cng t theo cc t

C mt phng php khc xc nh hng quay ca a cng t , l khi
kho st lc tc dng gia cc cc t do dng in xoy trong a cng t to ra
vi cc cc t ca cun in p v dng in . Trn hnh 3.8 ; 3.9 ; 3.10 v 3.11
cc trng in t v cc cc t u do dng in xoy xp t v u c k
hiu trn a . Cc im cc ca trng in t ca cun in p v dng in
u c k hiu da trn vng phn cc .

53

Hnh 3.8 Hnh 3.9
Dng in xoy c to ra trong a bi Dng in xoy c to ra
trong
dng t thng cun dng ang l dng v a bi dng t thng cun p
theo chiu tng ang l m v theo chiu gim

Trong khonh khc ca giai on A trn hnh 3.7 , lc tc dng gia cc im
cc t trn a vi cc im cc t trn cc cm chi tit s to lc lm quay a
t tri sang phi . im cc S pha bn tri a trn hnh 3.8 s y im cc S
pha bn trn thuc vng phn cc ca cun in p . Lc ny s c cn bng
bi lc ht gia im cc N bn phi a vi im S ca vng phn cc cun
in p , do c s cn bng gia cc lc y v ht nn a khng quay c .
Trong khi , lc ht gia cc S bn tri ca a vi cc N trung tm vng
cc ca cun in p s lm quay a t tri sang phi . Tng t , cc N
trung tm vng phn cc ca cun in p s y cc N bn phi ca a v lm
cho n quay theo chiu t tri sang phi .

54
Trn hnh 3.9 cc cc t trn a s ht hoc y cc cc t trn vng phn cc
ca cun dng in v cng lm cho a quay t tri sang phi .

Trn hnh 3.10 th cng tng t nh trn hnh 3.8 ch khc l b chm pha 90
o

. Cc N bn tri a s y cc N bn tri vng phn cc cun in p . Lc ny
s c cn bng bi lc ht gia cc S bn phi a vi cc N bn phi ca
vng phn cc cun in p . Do vy m a khng quay c v c s cn bng
gia hai lc ny . Lc ht gia cc N bn tri a vi cc S trung tm vng
phn cc cun in p s lm cho a quay t tri sang phi . Tng t , cc S
trung tm vng phn cc cun in p s y cc S bn phi ca a cng lm
quay a theo chiu t tri sang phi .

Trn hnh 3.11 cc im cc t trn a s ht hoc y cc im cc t vng
phn cc ca cun dng in v lm quay a theo chiu t tri sang phi.

Trong bn trng hp ny , a u quay theo hng t tri sang phi . C bn
tnh hung va kho st ch mi l mt na ca c chu k hon chnh . Bn tnh
hung cn li ca na chu k sau , vi cch l gii , phn tch nh trn chng ta
s thy trong mi trng hp lc c to ra u lm cho a quay theo hng
t tri sang phi .

55

Hnh 3.10 Hnh 3.11
Dng in xoy c to ra trong a bi Dng in xoy c to ra
trong
dng t thng cun dng ang l dng v a bi dng t thng cun p
theo chiu gim ang l dng v theo chiu
tng

3.1.7 Vng chp hoc tm chp

Trong cng t kiu cm ng th t thng ca cun in p s khng lch pha
ng 90
o
so vi in p ngun v khng th ch to c cun dy c tr khng
nh . Theo nh th vect trn hnh 3.5 th t thng cun in p thc t
khng phi chm pha ng hon ton 90
o
. Mun cng t ghi nhn ng nng
lng cn phi ph thuc vo yu t gc lch pha 90
o
gia in p ngun v
dng t thng , nh vy yu cu t ra l phi c mt dng t thng tng hp
c hnh thnh ra , c gc lch pha 90
o
so vi in p ngun . iu kin ny s
c p ng nu ta t mt vng dy ng ngn mch nm trong mt phn ca
dng t thng cun in p . Ngi ta thng gi chi tit ny l vng chp hay
56
tm chp , v khi c nhng chi tit ny c lp t vo , mt dng in cm
ng c gi tr nh c to ra trong mch vng chp hay tm chp v s to
ra dng t thng lch pha 90
o
sau t thng ca cun in p . Kt qu l mt
dng t thng mi c hnh thnh , nu ta tng hp t thng ca cun in p
v t thng ca vng hay tm chp s c gc lch pha ng 90
o
so vi in p
ngun . Trn hnh 3.12 m t th vect ca cc dng t thng v t thng
tng hp .

Hnh 3.12 : th vect ca t thng cun p , t thng vng chp v t thng
tng hp
U - in p
P
T thng cun p
L
- T thng ca vng chp hoc tm chp
R
T thng tng hp lch pha 90
o
vi in p

Bng cch ni thm vo vng chp mt in tr v thay i gi tr in tr ny
hay thay i v tr ca vng chp tng ng vi dng t thng cun p nhm
thay i lng dng t thng qua , th gi tr dng in cm ng c to ra
trong vng chp cng s b thay i , ko theo s thay i ca dng t thng
L

c hnh thnh t . Bng cch nh vy , mi tng quan v pha gia in
p ngun U v dng t thng hp thnh
R
cng s c iu chnh cho khp
vi 90
o
.

3.1.8 iu chnh ch ti nh

U
L

90
o

57

cng t in khi n lm vic ch ti thp , th mmen quay c to ra
va nh va yu , cho nn lc ma st nh : lc cn ca khng kh , ma st u
gi chn trc quay l nhng yu t chnh cn tr chuyn ng quay . C mt
vi phng thc b li nh hng ca chng . Trong thc tin th ngi ta
phi chp nhn s tn ti ca n nh l mt yu t c nh v tm cch c to ra
thm mt mmen ph b p li . V in p ca ngun in c th chp
nhn l mt i lng n nh v t thng ca cun in p c coi nh l mt
yu t n nh lm trung gian to ra mmen ph nhm mc ch b tr .
Cng cn lu rng vi mc ch nh vy th cun in p s c la chn v
nu ta chn cun dng in s khng ti u v khi ti thay i s ko theo s
khng n nh ca mmen ph cn to ra . thc hin nh , ngi ta lp
trc tip di im cc ca cun in p thm mt b g hoc vm m bng
loi vt liu khng c t tnh v c th iu chnh c v tr ca n . V tr lp
t phi bao trm c dng t thng cun p . Trong phm vi gii hn ca
im cc , b g ny c tc dng n gin nh l chc nng ca mt vng chp
hoc tm chp nh trnh by phn trn . Nhng dng in xoy cm ng
trong v nhng i lng cm ng sn trong a v thc cht l ng pha .
Cc im cc hnh thnh trong a v b g iu chnh ti nh c xu hng
ht ln nhau . Kt qu l mt hp lc c to ra trong a theo hng thng
vung gc . Chuyn dch nh nhnh b g vo hng ny hay hng kia s lm
thay i hng ca lc ny v nhng cc hnh thnh do dng in xoy ca b
g s ht hoc y cc do dng in xoy c trong a . Trn hnh 3.13 trnh
by cc cc , dng in xoy c trong a , b g iu chnh ti nh v hng
iu chnh tng hay gim ch ti nh trong mt khonh khc ca chu k
. Bng cch chuyn dch b g iu chnh ti nh v bn tri s lm tng mmen
quay cng t chy nhanh hn , nu chuyn dch theo hng ngc li s lm
cng t chy chm i .

58

Hnh 3.13 : C cu iu chnh ti thp

3.1.9 T quay

Hin tng t quay xut hin cng t in kiu cm ng , khi khng c ti
m ch c ngun in p u vo cng t . Nu cng t c hiu chnh ng v
lm vic bnh thng th k t khi ngt ti , a cng t khng c quay qu
mt vng v phi dng li .

loi tr hin tng t quay khi ch cn in p ngun u vo cun p ca
cng t , th cch ch to hp l , kinh t v khoa hc nht l ngi ta c trn
a cng t hai l nm trn cng ng knh i xng nhau qua trc a cng t
. V tr ca hai l ny cn phi m bo sao cho khi a quay phi va t c
ch cn bng ng ng thi va phi nm di im cc cun in p .
Chnh nh nhng l ny s lm tng tr khng i vi dng chy ca cc dng
in xoy trong a . Cho nn khi a cng t quay th nhng l ny s tin dn
n gn im cc ca cun in p v mt khi ch cn ngun in p th mi
khuynh hng lm quay a u b ch ng . V cng nh c hai l ny , nn
ch t quay , th a cng t khng th quay qu na vng . Kch thc ca
l cng phi c m bo vi t l cn xng khng nh hng v gy sai s
59
khi c dng in qua cun dng . y l phng php loi tr hin tng t
quay trit v kinh t nht v n tn dng c cc dng t thng sn c m
khng phi tiu ph thm nng lng to ra thm cc mmen ph nhm mc
ch loi tr hin tng t quay .

Ngoi ra , cn c nhng cch khc loi tr hin tng t quay nh gn ln
trn trc a v trn cun in p mi bn mt m nh m neo (chi tit s 10 v
11 trn hnh 3.14) v iu chnh khong cch gia cc m ny sao cho khi chng
vo v tr i din nhau v vi mt khong cch va phi gia chng th hin
tng t quay s b loi tr . Vi cch ny , a cng t s khng quay qu mt
vng . Hoc thay v phi c l ngi ta c th gn trn a cng t mt hp
cht kt dnh c t tnh vo dnh v tr c l , chng cng c tc dng loi tr
hin tng t quay .

T quay v ngng nhy (thc cht l ch ti thp nht m cng t vn
ghi nhn c) l hai ch tiu c lin quan mt thit vi nhau nh hnh vi bng
cho nn trong qu trnh thc hin khu hiu chnh , cn phi lp i lp li nhiu
ln mi c c s nh gi ng mc cho tng ch tiu .

3.1.10 Truyn v ghi nhn in nng

Lng in nng qua ph ti s c ghi nhn thng qua mi lin h vi s
vng quay ca a cng t .
W = P . t = C . N (2.1)
Trong : W in nng , P Cng sut ;
t - Khong thi gian tiu th in ;
C Hng s ca cng t ;
N S vng quay a cng t .

60
ghi nhn c s vng quay a , y ngi ta phi thit lp h thng c
kh truyn chuyn ng quay ca a cng t vo mt b s ch ra lng
in nng tiu th ph ti theo n v kWh hoc Wh . H thng c kh ny
chnh l ton b phn ng ca cng t bao gm a , trc v b s

a cng t c gn chnh tm mt trc thng ng , trc c hai gi
trn v di . Khi a quay , chuyn ng quay theo chiu ngang ca a c
bin i thng qua vt v tn lp trn trc quay dn ng n cc bnh rng
nh trnh by trn hnh 3.14-A ri vo b s th hin trn hnh 3.14-B .

loi tr hin tng ly cp in bng cch lm cho cng t quay ngc ,
ngi ta lp thm c cu chng quay ngc , c cu ny c hai kiu cu to .
Kiu th nht , gm mt a cam bng nha lp trc quay ngay pha di a
cng t v mt c hm cng bng nha quay trn mt trc thp khng g c trc
ca n lp trn khung cng t . Trong trng hp cng t quay bnh thng
theo hng thun , cc chi tit ny trt trn nhau , nu quay theo chiu ngc ,
chng s t mc vo nhau v nh vy s quay ngc ca a cng t v vic
m ca b s khi cng t quay ngc s b dng li . Kiu th hai , gm hai ly
nh ngay trn hai u trc ca b s v bnh gy i km theo h thng bnh
rng truyn chuyn ng c hai pha , mi ly s t ng sp vo c trn mi
bnh rng gy theo mt chiu quay nht nh , nh vy cho d a cng t c
quay thun hay ngc , th b s vn quay theo chiu tng ln .

61

Hnh 3.14 : A Truyn chuyn ng t trc a quay n b s
B Cu to b s

gim ti a lc ma st cn chuyn ng quay , trc a cng t c t
vo hai gi trn v di . Thng thng gi trn lm bng trc thp khng r
c v nha bo v c lp trn khung ca cng t v quay trong bc nha . Gi
di c th l mt trong hai loi : chn knh hoc gi m t . Nu l chn
knh cng c hai kiu cu to : chn knh bi lin , trong d vin bi c lp c
nh c nh trn khung v chn knh bi ri , khi vin bi c quay t do
gia chn trc v .

Loi gi m t c thit k trn c s p dng nguyn l lc y t ca hai
nam chm ng cc tnh : mt nam chm gn chn trc quay v mt nam
chm , nh vy gi t s to ra m t nng trc a v s gn nh khng
cn c nh hng ca ma st . Cc kiu cu to chn trc va nu trn c
trnh by trn hnh 3.15(A , B ,C , D) .

62

Hnh 3.15 : Trc v gi
A Kiu bi lin B Kiu bi ri C Gi c nh trn D Gi m
t

Hng s ca cng t l s vng quay ca a cng t ng vi mt lng in
nng . Thng s quan trng ny c ghi trn mt s cng t . Hin nay tt c
cc loi cng t trn th gii c hai cch ghi t s truyn :
A vng quay a = 1 kWWh
Hoc A .Wh = 1 vng quay a

Nh vy cng t o m in nng , ton b cc mi tng quan c th
hin qua cc ng thc sau :

W = P . t = U . I . t. cos = C . N (2.2)
63
Trong :
W - Lng in nng tiu th ph ti ;
P - Cng sut tiu tn ph ti ;
U , I - in p v dng in ;
- Gc lch pha gia U v I , c trng cho tnh cht ca ph ti ;
t - Thi gian ;
C - Hng s cng t ;
N - S vng quay a cng t .

3.2 NG C TUYN SAI S CA CNG T IN

Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng , s thay i sai s ca cng t ph
thuc ti th hin hnh 3.16 . y cng c th gi l ng c tuyn ti ca
cng t . ng th nt lin trn hnh 3.16 l mt v d v sai s ca loi
cng t 5(20) A trong h s qu ti 4 ln nh mc (400%I
N
) khi h s cng
sut bng 1 . ch ti thp , sai s ca cng t l dng , nhng khi c ti rt
ln , sai s im cn cui s l m v th sai s c dng nh ng chm .

Hnh 3.16 : c tuyn sai s ca cng t

Nguyn nhn gy sai s ti thp ch yu l do nh hng ca lc ma st ln
u gi trc quay v do cm ng t rt yu trong li cun dy dng in ,
mc d c b bng mmen quay ph bng cc chi tit lp trn li cun
64
in p , nhng gi tr b khi hiu chnh l mt gi tr c dnh , nn trn v
di im b sai s vn vt ngoi gi tr ngng l iu khng th trnh khi .
Mt khc , khi c ti ln , mmen quay do dng in ln to ra cng s lm
gim i tc dng cn ca nam chm vnh cu v s gy ra sai s m , kt cc ny
s c b li bng cc shunt t b qu ti lp trn li cun dng in . Khi
dng in tng qu gii hn , th shunt t cng tin dn n trng thi bo ha
do vy nn dn t gim dn . Kt qu l mmen quay tng vi t l nhiu
hn dng in qu ti . Khi h s cng sut nh hn 1 s c loi sai s ph khc
xut hin . Dng th sai s s lch nhiu hay t so vi th trn hnh 3.16 ty
thuc vo phng php b c s dng . Nu gc lch pha trong ca dng v
in p to mmen quay lch khi gi tr danh nh th th sai s c th thay
i ph thuc vo c tnh dung v cm ca ti .

Cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau cng c nh hng n chnh xc ca
cng t . Cc i lng nh in p , tn s , dng sng v nhit cng nh v
tr lp t thch hp cng cn phi c quan tm ng mc .

Nu in p s dng cao hn in p danh nh (U
N
) , v nguyn tc s c sai
s m xut hin , sai s ny l kt qu ca mmen cn ph to ra do s gia tng
ca t thng in p . Mt khc sai s dng to ra ch ti thp do in p
tng to nn s gia tng mmen in p v b cho hiu ng ma st tc nh
. Nu in p s dng thp hn in p danh nh , s o ngc tnh hung trn
. Nu in p thay i khong 10% U
N
, s to ra sai s ph khng qu 1% .

S thay i tn s li in , cng to ra nhng thay i khc , nh m c
s thay i v gc gia in p v dng in trong cun din p , c bit trong
trng hp c lch pha th ch s o s ph thuc nhiu vo tn s . Vi gi
tr tn s thay i 5% tn s danh nh , sai s ph thng khng vt qu
1% . S ng b gia in p v dng in cng c nh hng n ch s o ca
65
cng t trn nhiu phng din . S khng tuyn tnh gia t thng ca in p
v in p s dng to ra mmen ph vi in p iu ha (hnh sin) v dng
in khng iu ha (khng hnh sin) . Thm vo , shunt b qu ti c th to
ng b mmen ph do m to lp ra sai s ln .

S thay i min nhit cng nh hng n chnh xc ca cng t cm
ng trn nhiu bnh din . Mt th d v s nh hng va nu trn l s thay
i in tr ca cun dy in p , do nhit thay i nn lm gim lch
pha gia t thng in p v in p . Thm vo iu quan trng ca nh
hng do nhit ln in tr ca cun dy lm chm pha ( lch pha) trong
tn hao st t , trong lc khng t ca nam chm hm cng nh in tr ca a
l khng th b qua . Tt c mi phng php b nhit phi c nh hng
khng ch ln bin m cn lin quan v pha ca dng in v t thng chnh .
Phng php chung nht l s dng shunt t loi t b tn hao thm t khi
nhit gia tng , bng cch s khng ch nh hng do tng nhit
trong gii hn di 1% trong phm vi gia tng 10
o
C .

3.3 CNG T 3 PHA O IN NNG TC DNG

Bao gm 2 loi 3 phn t v 2 phn t , c hai loi u thuc h cu to theo
kiu cm ng . o c in nng tc dng v in nng phn khng , mi
loi cng t u c cu to theo c th ring .

Cng t 3 pha 2 phn t c dng o in nng tc dng trong mch 3 pha
3 dy . Cng t 3 pha 3 phn t c dng o in nng tc dng trong mch
3 pha 4 dy .

V cu to c hai loi 3 phn t v 2 phn t u l t hp ca cng t mt pha
trong c mmen quay , iu ny cho php to mmen quay tng hp bng
66
tng cc mmen ca tng phn t , do vy nn khng ph thuc vo s lng
cc phn t to ra mmen quay ta ch cn thit lp mt b s cho tt c cc phn
t . Trn hnh 3.17 trnh by c cu sp xp cc a quay ng vi tng phn t .
Nhng loi cng t 3 pha c cch sp xp a quay nh vy c s dng rng
ri khp mi ni v t b nh hng gia cc phn t vi nhau . Tuy nhin hin
nay loi cng t 3 pha 3 phn t chung mt a quay 9 (hnh 3.17a) v loi cng
t 3 pha 3 phn t chung 2 a quay (hnh 3.17c) vn thnh hnh v loi ny tuy
sai s ln do nh hng ca cc phn t ln nhau nhng c kt cu gn .

Hnh 3.17

Nhng loi cng t 3 pha c ch to lp ln vi cc TI v TU th trong t
s truyn v b s tnh c h s bin i K
i
v K
u
, nhng loi ny trn mt
cng t u c ghi t s bin i .

67
Hin nay c 3 chng loi :
- Cng t u trc tip ;
- Cng t lp ln vi TI v TU c quy nh sn h s bin i ;
- Cng t lp ln vi TI v TU nhng khng ghi h s bin i .

3.4 CNG T 3 PHA O IN NNG PHN KHNG

Trong mch in 3 pha 3 dy hoc 3 pha 4 dy ngi ta thng s dng cng
t in 3 pha kiu cm ng vi cu to c bit o in nng phn khng .

S u dy v s o hon ton tng t nh cc trng hp o cng sut
phn khng va nu trn .

Ty thuc vo mch o , cng t o in nng phn khng thng c cc loi 3
pha 2 phn t , 3 pha 3 phn t v 3 pha 2 phn t nhng c thm cun dng
ph .

Ring mch 3 pha 3 dy , ngi ta thng dng loi cng t 3 pha 2 phn t c
gc lch pha trong 60
o
o in nng phn khng .

S khc nhau c bn trong cu to ca loi cng t ny so vi loi khc l
ch gc lch pha trong gia in p v dng t thng do chnh cun in p sinh
ra , ring loi cng t ny l 60
o
trong khi cc loi khc gc ny l 90
o
.

i vi loi cng t kiu ny , t c gc lch trong 60
o
gia in p v
dng t thng , ngi ta b sung thm mt thnh phn thun tr vo mch in
p .

3.5 CNG T NHIU BIU GI
68

gim mc tiu th in nng trong cc gi cao im v khuyn khch
dng in nng cc gi thp im , ngi ta ch to cng t c nhiu biu
gi . Thc cht y l mt loi cng t c hai hoc nhiu b s v mi b s ch
lm vic trong mt khong thi gian n nh . in nng tiu th ghi c trn
mi b s ng vi mt biu gi quy nh . Ngoi thi gian quy nh cho tng b
s ng vi mt biu gi quy nh , ngi ta cn ghi nhn c cng sut s dng
cc i trong tng thi im tnh gi in . Tr b s ra , v mt cu to loi
cng t c nhiu biu gi khng c g khc so vi nhng cng t va nu trn .
S khi trnh by trn hnh 3.18

Hnh 3.18 S khi cng t nhiu biu gi

Vic chuyn i cc b s hot ng vo nhng thi im thi gian khc nhau
c thc hin bng mt kt cu c kh thng l mt cun ht (rle in t)
t bn trong cng t . iu khin rle in t hot ng theo thi gian c hai
cch :

1. Kiu cc b : Bn cnh cng t t mt b rle thi gian , rle thi gian ny
c nhim v ng m mch cho rle in t hot ng theo nhng khong thi
gian c n dnh . m bo tnh lin tc ca thi gian v khng b nh
hng do s c li in , mi b rle thi gian c ngun nui c lp .
Cng t
nhiu biu
gi
Ph ti
B iu khin
thi gian
69

2. Kiu iu khin trung tm : Tn hiu iu khin rle in t c pht i t
mt trung tm qua knh v tuyn hoc theo mt cp ring n tng cng t .

Theo quy nh ca ngnh nng lng , gi cao im tnh t 18 n 22 gi hng
ngy v gi thp im tnh t 23 gi 30 pht hm trc n 4 gi 30 pht hm
sau . in nng tiu th trong cc gi thp im c gim 40% gi thnh .

3.6 CNG T IN T

Hin nay cng t in t vi vic s dng nhng thnh tu mi ca khoa hc
v cng ngh mang nhiu tnh nng u vit ang tng bc c a vo s
dng thay th dn dn cng t kiu cm ng . Di y trnh by nhng nt c
trng nht , c bn nht v cng t in t .

3.6.1 C s o lng cc thng s in

Mun o c cng sut tc dng P v cng sut phn khng Q ca mng in
th u tin cn o c gi tr hiu dng dng in , in p , h s cng sut
cos

3.6.1.1 in p hiu dng

Vi mt tn hiu in gi tr hiu dng ca in p c xc nh nh sau :
U =
}
T
dt t u
T
0
2
) (
1
(2.3)

Trong :
U Gi tr hiu dng ca in p chu k ;
T - Chu k bin thin ca in p ;
70
u(t) - Gi tr tc thi ca in p ti thi im t .

Chuyn sang dng ri rc ta c cng thc :
U =
n
k
u
n
1
2
1
(2.4)

Vi n - S im ly mu trong mt chu k ;
u
k
- Gi tr in p ly mu ti thi im k .

3.6.1.2 Dng in hiu dng

Vi mt tn hiu in gi tr hiu dng ca dng in c xc nh nh sau :
I =
}
T
dt t i
T
0
2
) (
1
(2.5)

Trong :
I Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in chu k ;
T - Chu k bin thin ca dng in ;
i(t) - Gi tr tc thi ca dng in ti thi im t .

I =
n
k
i
n
1
2
1
(2.6)

Vi n - S im ly mu trong mt chu k ;
i
k
- Gi tr dng in ly mu ti thi im k .

3.6.1.3 Cng sut dng chu k

Cng sut tc dng P l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca dng chu k
71
P =
}
T
dt t i t u
T
0
) ( ) (
1
(2.7)
Chuyn sang dng ri rc ta c :
P =
n
k k
i u
n
1
1
(2.8)

Trong : u
k
, i
k
l gi tr dng in , in p ti thi im ly mu th k .

Vi dng in v in p iu ha , c th tnh cng sut theo cng thc :
P = U . I . cos (n v W) (2.9)

Trong :
U , I - Gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in ;
- Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in .

3.6.1.4 Cng sut phn khng

Vi dng in v in p iu ha th cng sut phn khng Q c xc nh
theo cng thc :
Q =
2 2
) . ( P I U (2.10)
hoc :
Q =
}
+
T
dt
T
t i t u
T
0
)
4
( ) (
1
(2.11)
Q =
+
n
n k k
i u
n
1
4 /
1
(2.12)
Hoc c th tnh theo cng thc sau :
Q = U. I sin (n v o Var) (2.13)
Trong :
U , I - Gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in ;
- Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in .
72

3.6.1.5 Cng sut biu kin

Cng sut biu kin c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
S = U . I =
2 2
Q P + (n v VA) (2.14)
Trong :
P Cng sut tc dng ;
Q Cng sut phn khng .

3.6.1.6 H s cng sut dng iu ha

H s cng sut c tnh theo cng thc :
Cos =
2 2
Q P
P
+
(2.15)

3.6.2 Khi nim v iu ch tn hiu

3.6.2.1 iu ch rng xung (RX)

Chuyn i tn hiu vo thnh tn hiu chui xung ra c rng xung t l vi
bin ca tn hiu vo .

3.6.2.2 iu ch bin xung (BX)

Chuyn i tn hiu vo thnh tn hiu chui xung ra c bin xung t l vi
bin ca tn hiu vo .

3.6.3 Cc phng php o in nng trong cng t in t

3.6.3.1 o in nng bng phng php iu ch tn hiu
73

S khi cu to ca cng t in t 1 pha trnh by trn hnh 3.19

Hnh 3.19
Dng in I
+
v I
-
ngc pha nhau .
Khi fosc : Pht tn s chun cho cc khi iu ch .
Khi f
qu
: Pht tn s chun cho khi iu khin .

Nguyn l hot ng ca cng t

in p o U c a n u vo , qua bin p o lng s c in p U

, in p ny c a n khi iu ch rng xung . Tn s U
dc
t u ra
ca khi RX c tn s bng tn s fosc

v rng xung t l vi bin ca
in p U .

Tn s U
dc
(in p U) s iu khin ng m 2 kha chuyn mch K1 v K2
:
chu k dng kha K2 m , K1 thng dn dng I
+
ti khi tch phn
74
chu k m kha K1 m , K2 thng dn dng I
-
ti khi tch phn
Qu trnh ny l phng php iu ch bin xung thc hin php nhn
in p U vi dng in I .

Kt qu ca php nhn l dng in I
c
, mi xung ca I
c
c bin t l vi
dng in o I v rng xung t l vi in p U . Vy I
c
c gi tr t l vi
cng sut tc thi . Dng I
c
qua khu tch phn s c in p U
c
, in p ny
c a n b so snh vi zero . Khi U
c
= 0 b so snh pht mt xung ti b
m ca khi vi x l v kch hot khi iu khin . Khi iu khin khi hot
ng s i n khi nhn c 1 xung ca f
qu
th iu khin kho K thng dn
ngun dng chun I
t
(gi l xung b) ti b tch phn gii tch phn . Sau
qu trnh c lp li t u .

S xung pht ra khi U
c
= 0 trong khong thi gian t s tng ng vi gi tr
in nng tiu th trong khong thi gian . Khi vi x l m s xung ny
lu gi , tnh ton v hin th gi tr cng sut , in nng

3.6.3.2 o in nng bng phng php s

Phng php ny thc hin php o cng sut bng cch o dng s gi tr
in p , dng in ti cng thi im . Tch ca gi tr cng sut o c ny
vi khong thi gian s bng gi tr in nng tiu th trong khong thi gian
.

S khi cu to ca cng t in t trnh by trn hnh 3.20

75

Hnh 3.20

Nguyn l hot ng ca cng t trnh by trn hnh 3.21 theo :

- in p cn o c a n u vo , qua bin p o lng cho in p
vo nh mc . Sau tn hiu c khuych i v lc thng thp thnh tn
hiu xoay chiu iu ha c in p nh mc ph hp vi in p vo ca
b bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (ADC1).
- Dng in cn o a n u vo , qua bin dng o lng cho dng vo
nh mc . Dng in s c chuyn i thnh in p v in p ny
c khuych i v lc thng thp thnh tn hiu xoay chiu iu ha c
in p nh mc tng ng vi ADC2.
- B chuyn i tng t s (ADC) s bin i tn hiu in p (dng in)
thnh dng s v gi v b vi iu khin .
- B vi iu khin l chp x l tn hiu s (DSP) s iu khin 2 b ADC1 ,
ADC2 thc hin ly mu tn hiu in p U
k
v dng in i
k
ti thi im t
k

, mi tn hiu ly mu n ln/chu k in (tu thuc vo chnh xc ca
76
php o) . T gi tr in p , dng in tc thi s tnh ton c cc thng
s in (theo cc cng thc phn trn) nh :
- in p , dng in hiu dng ;
- Cng sut tc dng , cng sut phn khng , cng sut biu kin ;
- in nng tc dng , in nng phn khng , in nng biu kin ;
- H s cng sut
Cc kt qu ny s c hin th v lu gi trong b nh , truyn ln my tnh
khi c yu cu

Hnh 3.21

3.6.4 Cc chc nng chnh ca cng t in t

Mt trong nhng u im ca cng t in t so vi cng t in kiu cm ng
l c th thc hin c nhiu chc nng o lng , chnh xc cao , kch
thc gn nh . . Mt s chc nng chnh ca cng t in t :
77

3.6.4.1 o lng cc thng s in

o in nng tc dng theo 2 chiu : nhn v pht .
o in nng phn khng theo 2 chiu : nhn v pht .
o in nng biu kin (c tnh ton t gi tr in nng tc dng v in
nng phn khng).
o in p tng pha .
o dng in tng pha .
o cng sut tc dng P ca tng pha v h thng
o cng sut phn khng Q ca tng pha v h thng
o cng sut biu kin S ca tng pha v h thng
o h s cng sut ca tng pha
o gc lch pha ca h thng
3.6.4.2 Ghi biu ph ti

Cho php ghi li cc i lng o kho st nh in nng tc dng nhn
pht , in nng phn khng , cng sut cc i trong mt thi gian di .

3.6.4.3 Cu trc biu gi

Cng t in t c chc nng to lp cu trc cc biu gi theo :
in nng s dng trong cc khong thi gian quy nh ca ngy , cc ma ,
cc ngy c bit .
Ngy kt thc chu k tnh ho n
Ngoi ra cn c thm nhng chc nng khc nh :
- Ghi li gi tr cng sut cc i s dng theo khong thi gian .
- Ghi nhn cc s c nh : mt in , mt pha

78
3.6.4.4 Truyn thng

C th lp thm cc modul vo/ra , cc modul RS232 v modem ghp ni
vic giao din thng tin vi cng t t xa v thc hin vic truyn s liu theo
nhng nhu cu cn thit .

CHNG IV

KIM NH CNG T IN

4.1 CC PHNG PHP KIM NH V TNH TON X L SAI S

4.1.1 PHNG PHP CNG SUT THI GIAN

79
Phng php ny c p dng rng ri nhng nng sut thp v phc tp, vi
phng php ny, mch in p v dng in ca cng t c tch bit ri a
cng sut in qua cng t trong cc i lng in p, dng in v gc
lch pha c kh nng iu chnh c cc gi tr quy nh theo vn bn k
thut o lng Vit Nam LVN 07 1998 Cng t in xoay chiu Quy nh
kim nh (IEC 521 1998),ng thi phi m c s vng quay ca a
cng t theo ng h bm giy.

loi tr sai s do phong php, cn phi gi cng sut n nh trong thi
gian m s vng quay a cng t.

Xut pht t ng thc c thit lp trong cng t
C.N = P.t (3.1)
Trong : C Hng s ca cng t;
N S vng quay ca a cng t;
P Cng sut tiu th ph ti;
t- Thi gian a cng t quay c N vng.
T suy ra cch tnh thi gian
t
o
=
P
N C.
(3.2)
y chnh l thi gian chun danh nh m nh ch to thit lp trn c s tnh
ton theo hng s cng t, s vng quay ca a v cng sut ti.
Khi kim nh bng phng php cng sut thi gian, trong qu trnh tnh
ton phi c bit ch 5 im sau y :
1. Nhng cng t c quy nh cc thit b ph lp ng b v c ghi nhn
trn mt s cng t ; cng sut trong cng t thc tnh thi gian phi nhn
thm vi h s bin i ca TI v TU.
t
o
=
U I
K K P
N C
. .
.
(3.3)
80
2. i vi nhng cng t 3 pha, khi kim tng phn t, cng sut a vo
tng phn t bng :
P
n
=
n
P
(3.4)
Trong : P Tng cng sut c mch bng 3UICos hoc 3 U
d
I
d
Cos ;
n- S phn t trong cng t.
T suy ra cch tnh thi gian chun danh nh cho mi phn t trong cng
t.
Cn ch rng : Kim phn t no a dng in vo phn t trong khi
in p vn phi cp tt c cc phn t.
3. ng vi cng sut ti nh mc c th s vch chia trn thang o ca otmt
khng chn, trong trng hp ny trnh sai s th sai cho php tng dng
in t c tr s chn ca otmt v nh vy phi tnh li thi gian chun
ng vi cng sut lm trn s.
4. Nn chn s vng quay a cng t l s chn v l bi s ca 10 m,
nh vy s thun tin cho vic tnh ton v thc hin trong qu trnh kim nh
cc ch ti thp v h s cng sut khc 1.
Khi kim nh bng phng php cng sut thi gian, sai s cng t c
tnh theo cng thc sau y :
o = 100
t
t t
o

+ o
w
(%) (3.5)
Trong : t
o
thi gian chun tnh ton theo cc gi tr nh mc nh nu
trn;
t thi gian thc t m c trn thit b o thi gian ng vi N
vng quay ca a cng t;
81
o
w
- sai s ca otmt.
5. Do cch k hiu ca tng nc sn xut cng t c khc nhau, nn khi tnh
hng s C ca cng t phi ch ti n v o c ghi trn mt s cng t.
+ Nu k hiu A vng = 1kWh (v d 600vg/kWh...)
Cch tnh hng s cng t l C =
A
1000 . 3600
(W.s/vng)
+ Nu k hiu A Wh = 1 vng (A.Wh/vng)
Cch tnh hng s cng t l C = 3600.A (W.s/vng)
Mt s nc nh Hoa k, c, Php,Nga thng dng k hiu :
K = A Wh/vng , hoc K = A W/vng
Trong trng hp c nhu cu cn phi chuyn i gia hai cch k hiu trn
ch cn ly 1000 chia cho ch s trn (1000/A).
nng cao nng sut ca vic kim tra, gim thi gian tnh ton v x l kt
qu o, nn tin hnh tnh ton trc cc s liu sau :
- S ch otmt ng vi cc gi tr ca ph ti v cc h s cng sut
cn kim tra;
- S vng quay a c chn kim tra (phi chn sao cho thi gian
trn 30s).
S ch ca otmt theo vch chia ca thang o v cch tnh thi gian theo s ca
otmt c xc nh theo cng thc trnh by bng 4.1.
Trong cc cng thc tnh ton bng 4.1 ta ghi nhn cc cch k hiu sau y :
- N : S vng quay ca a cng t c chn kim tra;
- U: in p pha;
- U
d
: in p dy;
- C: Hng s cng t;
- C
w
: Gi tr vch chia thang o ca otmet;
-
1 2 3
; ; ; o o o S ch theo vch chia thang o ca otmet;
82
-
0 0 0
1 2 3
; ; ; o o o :s ch lm trn s theo vch chia thang o ca otmet(
p dng trong trng hp cc s ch
1 2 3
; ; ; o o o l s l phi tin hnh
lm trn s).
Sau khi xc nh c thi gian chun danh nh, s ch otmet ng vi 100%
gi tr ph ti h s cos =1(sin=1).Ta tnh tip s ch ca otmt v s vng
quay ca a cho nhng gi tr khc nhau ca ph ti v cc h s khc nhau
ca gc lch pha.
Bng 4.1

LOI CNG T S CH OTMET NG VI
100% GI TR PH TI
THI GIAN
CHUN DANH
NH NG VI
S CH CA
OTMET
Cos=1
(Sin=1)
Cos=0,5
(Sin=0,5)
Cng t 1 pha do
in nng tc dng
1
w
IU
C
o =
2
w
0, 5
IU
C
o =
0 0
w
NC
t
C o
=
Cng t 3 pha 2
phn t o in
nng tc dng
mch 3 pha 3 dy
1 3
w
0,866
IU
C
o o = =

3
w
0, 866IU
C
o =
0 0 0 0
1 2 3 w
( )
NC
t
C o o o
=
+ +

Cng t 3 pha 3
phn t o in
nng tc dng
mch 3 pha 4 dy
1 2 3
w
IU
C
o o o = = =
1 2 3
w
IU
C
o o o = = =

0 0 0 0
1 2 3 w
( )
NC
t
C o o o
=
+ +

Cng t 3 pha 2
phn t o in
nng phn khng
mch 3 pha 3 dy
1 3
w
2
d
IU
C
o o = =
1
w
2
IU
C
o =
3
0 o =
0 0 0
1 3 w
173( )
NC
t
C o o
=
+

83
Cng t 3 pha 3
phn t o in
nng phn khng 3
pha 4 dy.
1 2 3
w
d
IU
C
o o o = = =
1 2 3
w
d
IU
C
o o o = = =

0 0 0 0
1 2 3 w
1, 73
( )
NC
t
C o o o
=
+ +

4.1.2 Phng php so snh trc tip vi cng t chun

y l phng php n gin trong thao tc, d thc hin v c nhiu im u
vit,m ni bt nht l vic loi tr c nh hng do ngun in khng n
nh

Trong qu trnh thc hin theo phng php ny c mt vi im cn lu l
phi ch n cc tnh ca in p v dng in a vo cng t,v nu l cng
t ba pha phi lu n chun v cng t kim.Trc khi kim phi sy cng t
theo thi gian c quy nh trong LVN07-1998.Trong khi kim, nu thao
tc theo ch bng tay th phi m bo sao cho thi im bt u v thi
im kt thc ca vic m s vng quay ca c cng t chun v cng t kim
tht trng khp chnh xc. Khi tnh ton v x l kt qu sai s ca cng t kim
cn lu n sai s ca cng t chun nhng gi tr khc nhau ca ph ti.

Tnh sai s ca cng t kim, vn theo mt cng thc nguyn l c bn l:
=(W
K
-W
0
).100/W
0
(%) (3.6)

Trong : W
K
;W
0
l lng in nng do cng t kim v cng t chun o
c trong cng mt khong thi gian kim .
Trong trng hp cn thit c th tnh thm c sai s ca cng t chun
0

m bo cho php o m in nng c chnh xc cao:
0
o o o = +
(3.7)

84
Tuy nhin, do c th cu to ca cc chng loi cng t chun nn cch th
hin lng in nng o c c th l trc tip ngay ra nng lng (loi in
t) hoc gin tip th hin ra bng s vng quay ca a cng t (loi in c).
tin cho vic tnh ton v x l sai s cng t kim, cn c vo chc nng ta
c th s b phn lm hai loi cng t chun:in c v in t.

4.1.2.1 Cng t chun kiu in c:

nc ta c s dng cc loi cng t chun ca Php, Nht, Hoa k .
V in nng th hin qua hng s v s vng quay a cng t qua biu thc
W=C.N (3.8)
Xc nh sai s ca cng t kim theo cng thc sau:
0 0
0 0
. .
.
C N C N
C N
o

= .100(%) (3.9)
Trong : C v C
0
-hng s ca cng t kim v cng t chun;
N v N
0
s vng quay a m c ca cng t kim v cng t
chun.

Cng nh cng t thng, cng t chun kiu in c cng c quy nh t s
truyn di dng :A vng/kWh hoc A Wh/vng, t tnh c hng s C ca
cng t chun tnh sai s theo cng thc va nu trn. n gin trong
khu tnh ton sai s , cng thc trn c th rt gn thng qua t s truyn th
hin di dng sau y:
0
0 0 0
. .
( 1).100 ( 1).100(%)
. .
A N C N
C N A N
o = = (3.10)
Trong :
A v A
0
- s vng quay ca a cng t kim v cng t chun ng vi
1kWh;
N v N
0
- s vng quay ca a cng t kim v cng t chun m c
trong thi gian kim tra.
85

Trong trng hp cn m rng gii hn do ca cng t chun, phi s dng
cc TI chun c cp chnh xc cao hn, hoc s dng ngay cc TI trang b trong
cc bn kim cng t.Cch u cng t trn bn kim tng t nh u otmt ,
nhng cng thc tnh sai s s l:
0
0
.
( 1).100
. .
TI
A N
A N K
o = (%) (3.11)
Trong :- Cc k hiu nh ch gii trn;
-K
TI
:h s bin i ca TI.
Khi s dng cng t chun loi in c , nhm mc ch n gin ha cng
vic tnh ton v x l sai s ,tng nng sut kim nh , hiu chnh , trn c s
bit trc c cc thng s k thut ca cng t kim v cng t chun , ta c
th lp bng tnh sn cho tt c cc loi cng t : ng vi mt s vng quay ca
cng t kim n nh v cn c vo cp chnh xc ca n , tnh trc c
min gii hn s vng quay ca n , tnh trc c min gii hn s vng quay
ca cng t chun , trong cng t kim s t c cp chnh xc . Cch lm
nh sau :
1 - Tnh s vng quay ca cng t chun khi cng t kim quay c N vng
v c sai s bng 0
= ( 0 100 ) 1
. .
.
0
0
=
TI
K N A
N A

Suy ra N
0
=
TI
K A
N A
.
.
0

2 - Cn c vo cp chnh xc , tnh gii hn sai s cho php ca cng t kim
qua s vng quay ca cng t chun
= N
0
. =
TI
K A
N A
.
.
0
.
Trong : - Cp chnh xc ca cng t kim .
3 - Tnh sn min gii hn s vng quay ca cng t chun cng t kim t
c cp chnh xc :
86
T (N
0
-
TI
K A
N A
.
.
0
.) n (N
0
+
TI
K A
N A
.
.
0
.) vng

4.1.2.2 Cng t chun kiu in t

Hin ti hu nh mi c s kim nh u s dng loi cng t chun ny.
Vic tnh sai s cng t kim theo cng thc tnh trc tip nh sau :
o = ( W
k
- W
o
).100/W
o
(%)
Trong : W
k
; W
o
- l lng in nng do cng t kim v cng t chun o
c trong cng mt khong thi gian kim .

Vi phng php ny, nu ch thc hin thao tc bng tay bnh thng m
khng c thm tr gip ca cc phng tin ph tr nh u c quang in,
my tnh , chng ta s phi m s vng quay ca cng t kim, ri qua t s
truyn quy nh trn mt s cng t kim quy i ra lng in nng W
k
, sau
mi tnh ton sai s theo cng thc va nu trn.

Vi s tin b vt bc ca cc ngnh k thut, ngoi cng t chun kiu in
t, ngi ta ch to thm cc phng tin ph tr t ng ha qu trnh
kim nh nh: u c kiu quang in t ng m vt mu trn a cng t
hoc xung hay n LED quang pht ra t cng t in t. Lnh vc tin hc v vi
s l cng gp phn rt quan trng trong cng vic s dng k thut tnh ton
bng my tnh v cc chng trnh phn mm kim nh. iu ny khng nhng
gip nng cao nng sut kim nh m cn gim nh v n gin ha khu ghi
chp v lu tr s liu.
Trong cng t chun n chic hoc b ngun kiu lu ng, n gin v
gn nh chng thng c kch thc nh, b nh bn trong c dung lng nh,
tc tnh ton thp, vic kim nh ch l n chic. kim nh vi s
lng ln, cn c my tnh x l vi tc cao, b nh ln, iu ny gip cho
87
vic x l v tnh ton nhanh, lu tr c nhiu, s lng kim c th l vi
chc cng t.

Vi vic s dng cng t chun kiu in t, ta c th thc hin trn nhiu
chc nng m t trc n nay ta vn quen lm : o cng sut, o kim in
nng thao tc bng tay, hoc nu c s dng thm u c kiu quang, cng vic
kim nh gn nh t ng nh c b vi x l bn trong, chng ta ch c nhim
v nhp cc thng s u vo chnh xc, thit b s t ng cp cho ta sai s ca
cng t kim v thm ch cn thm mt vi gi liu khc ty theo mc hin
i ca cng t chun.
M hnh v s kim hin nay c th hin qua nh sau :

Hnh 4.1 : S dng cng t chun kiu in t v cc phng php ph tr
kim

4.1.3 Phng php ng ti di hn

Phng php ny thng c p dng cc trm kim nh hoc cc im
kim tra kim mt s lng ln cng t cng mt luc. Vi phng php ny,
88
chun kim tra c th l cng t chun hoc cng t c sai s nh, c chn
trong lot cng t kim nh. Nu ngun in rt n nh c th dng otmt v
ng h bm giy chun.
Tt c cc cng t kim c treo trn bng kim tra v ng in trong mt
khong thi gian di, ln lt kim tra ch ti khc nhau, mi ch ti,
ghi s ch trn mi b s cng t kim ng vi thi im u v cui thi gian
ng in. Thi gian ng in mi ch ti c th lu ty nhng ti thiu
tang trng khc vch nh nht ca b s quay c hai vng.
Da vo lng in nng ghi nhn c m tnh sai s ca cng t theo cng
thc :
o = o +
100
O
O
W
W W

Trong : W : in nng ghi nhn c ca cng t kim;
W
o
: in nng ghi nhn c ca cng t chun hoc bng P.t nu
dng chun l otmt v ng h bm giy;

O
o : Sai s ca cng t chun.

4.2 YU CU K THUT I VI CC THIT B KIM NH CNG
T IN

Cc thit b kim nh cng t bao gm 2 phn :
- B phn ngun
- Cc thit b chun.
B to ngun phi tha mn c cc yu cu k thut sau y :
1. Phi to c cc i lng dng in, in p v gc lch pha c lp vi
nhau, ng thi phi iu chnh mn c v thit lp cc i lng trn
nhng gi tr quy nh trong LVN 07 -1998.

89
2. Phi m bo c s tng xng ca tn hiu gia u vo v u ra ca cc
i lng : in p, dng in, tn s, h s mo ph tuyn, th t pha, i xng
gia dng in v in p.
Ty thuc vo cp chnh xc ca cng t kim, s dng loi bn kim m
dng tn hiu ca dng in v p in phi l hnh sin, vi h s mo cho php
nm trong phm vi t 3 n 5 %.
Cm ng t (B) do chnh thit b to ra ti ni t thit b, khng c vt
qu cc gi tr sau :
dng in 10A : B 2,5 T;
dng in 200A : B 50 T.

3. Ty theo chc nng s dng, thit b phi m bo kh nng lm vic lu di,
lin tc khng di 8h.

4. Thit b phi c dung lng ti thiu mi ln kim 5 cng t hoc nhiu hn
theo dy s u tin : 5 ; 10 ; 15 ; 20 ; 50 ; 100.

5. Nu thit b c t ng ha, qu trnh kim cng t vn phi m bo lm
vic c c ch thao tc bng tay.

6. Ngun in nui thit b phi n nh c th s dng c mi phng
php kim tra cng vi nhng trang thit b o lng i km.
Ngoi ra b to ngun cn phi tha mn yu cu v cch in v bn cch
in c quy nh trong tiu chun nh nc.
Trn c s ca phng php kim c p dng, thit b chun phi t c
nhng yu cu sau y:
- Vch chia ca cng t chun phi m bo c s c kt qu n
0,001 vng;
90
- Otmt chun phi c cp chnh xc tha mn yu cu quy nh trong
bng 2 LVN 07 -1998;
- ng h bm giy c chia n 0,001 giy.

4.3 TRNH T CC BC TIN HNH KIM NH CNG T IN

LVN 07 1998 quy inh khi kim nh cng t in xoay chiu phi tin
hnh 6 hng mc sau y :
- Kim tra bn ngoi;
- Kim tra bn cch in;
- Kim tra t s truyn v c cu m;
- Kim tra t quay;
- Kim tra ngng nhy;
- Xc nh sai s c bn.

Chi tit v cch lm c th tng hng mc tham kho thm LVN 07 1998
v TCVN 5411 1991. Ring mc 6, cn ghi nh rng vic xc nh sai s c
bn phi tin hnh trong iu kin tiu chun, trong cc i lng in p,
tn s, nhit , mi trng v.vphi c gi gi tr tiu chun. Gii hn sai
s c bn cho php ca cc loi cng t c quy nh trong bng 4.2.

i vi nhng cng t 3 pha khi kim nh ch ban u v nh k phi
tin hnh xc nh sai s bng c hai phng php : tng phn t v ton phn.
c hai phng php ny sai s c bn cho php ca cng t phi m bo nm
trong cc gi tr quy nh bng 4.2.

Bng 4.2 Gii hn sai s cho php ca cng t

Loi cng t Gi tr ph ti H s cng Gii hn sai s cho php
91
(% I
n
) sut (cos hoc
sin)
i vi cp chnh xc ca
cng t kim (%)
0,5 1 2 3
Mt pha 5
*
1 1,0 1,5 2,5 -
10 1 0,5 1,0 2,0 -
50 1 0,5 1,0 2,0 -
100 1 0,5 1,0 2,0 -
100 0,5 L 0,8 1,0 2,0 -
I
max
1 0,5 1,0 2,0 -
Ba pha (kim
ton phn)
5
*
1 1,0 1,5 2,5 -
10 1 0,5 1,0 2,0 4,0
50 1 0,5 1,0 2,0 3,0
100 0,5 L 0,8 1,0 2,0 3,0
100 1 0,5 1,0 2,0 3,0
100 0,5 L 0,8 1,0 2,0 3,0
I
max
1 0,5 1,0 2,0 3,0
Ba pha (kim
tng phn t)
20
*
1 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0
100 1 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0
100 1 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0

Ch thch :
a) (*) Khng bt buc p dng khi kim nh k.
b) Cc k hiu trong bng 4 : I
n
: Cng dng in nh mc;
I
max
: Cng dng in cc i;
L : Min in cm.
C th tm lc mc 6 nh sau :

i vi cng t mt pha :
92
Xc nh sai s c bn cc ch ti : 5 ; 10 ; 50 ; 100% dng nh mc v
I
max
(nu c), in p nh mc, h s cng sut bng 1 v 100% dng nh mc,
in p nh mc, h s cng sut bng 0,5L.

i vi cng t 3 pha :
1. Khi kim ton phn
Xc nh sai s c bn cc ch ti : 5 ; 10 ; 50 ; 100% dng nh mc v
I
max
(nu c), in p nh mc, h s cng sut bng 1 v 100% dng nh mc,
in p nh mc, h s cng sut bng 0,5L.
Nhng cng t mc gin tip qua TI, TU bt buc phi kim tt c cc ch
ti, khi kim nh k khng bt buc kim ch ti 5% I
n
.

2. Khi kim tra tng phn t
Xc inh sai s c bn ch ti : 100% dng nh mc, in p nh mc
cc pha, h s cng sut bng 1 v 0,5L v ch ti 20% dng nh mc
v in nh mc Cos = 1.
Khi kim nh nh k bt buc kim ch ti 20% I
n
.

4.4 Kim nh cng t nhiu biu gi

Khi kim nh cng t loi ny, cn lu nhng im sau :
1. Tin hnh kim nh biu gi c bn vi y cc hng mc quy nh
trong LVN 07 1998.
2. Kim tra b s v t s truyn ca mi biu gi dng nh mc hoc
dng cc i (nu c), in p nh mc, h s cng sut bng 1 theo
hng dn va nu trn.
3. Xc nh sai s c bn ca mi biu gi ch ti bng 100% v 10%
dng nh mc, in p nh mc v h s cng sut bng 1.
93
4. Kim tra kh nng lm vic ca rle in t dng chuyn i b s v
rle thi gian cc ch in p ca ngun nui :
- in p bng 0 (kim tra cc tip im ca rle chuyn i b s c b
chp dnh, hoc nhm b s thong).
- in p danh nh.
- Khi in p tng hoc gim 20% so vi in p danh inh.

Chng V
O DNG TI IN MT PHA XOAY CHIU

YU CU CNG NGH :
1, o dng ti in 1 pha xoay chiu; f = 50, 60 Hz
2, Di o : 05A ; kh nng chu qu ti : 120%
3, t c cc t s bin dng, lu c t s bin dng
4, Cp chnh xc : CL = 1,5 ( 10120% In )
5, C Switch t t s bin dng K
Ti
6, C ngun b tr 220AC +20%/-30% ; P<5 VA

5.1 S KHI
T yu cu cng ngh trn ta c s khi ca h thng nh sau:

Ti
Switch Watchdog
Timer
VXL
8051
ADC LED
94

Hnh 5.1: S khi
Trong :
- Ti : Bin dng
- ADC : Chuyn i tn hiu AC/DC
- Watchdog Timer : Canh v gim st hot ng ca VXL
- VXL 8051 : B x l trung tm
- Switch : ci t t s bin dng
- LED : Led 7 thanh hin th kt qu o c
Ngoi ra cn c
- Ngun b tr
- Mch chuyn i : To ra ngun 5V cung cp cho thit b

5.2 TNH TON, CHN PHNG N THIT K

5.2.1 Bin Dng

Hnh 5.2: Bin dng
I
1
: Dng s cp (dng in li) = 5A
I
2
: Dng th cp
+ o dng u vo ngi ta thng o gin tip thng qua in p bng cch
mc thm in tr R
t
vo th cp
+ Thng thng trong o lng thng chn bin dng c t s:
K=2000 hoc K= 2500
y em chn K=2500

1 2 3 4 5 6
A
B
C
D
6 5 4 3 2 1
D
C
B
A
Title
Number Revision Size
B
Date: 10-Jan-2008 Sheet of
File: C:\Program Files\Design Explorer 99 SE\Examples\hieu\hieu.ddb Drawn By:
Ti
Rt
I1 I2

I
1

K= ==>
I
2

I
1
5
I
2
= = = 0,002(A)
K 2500

95
( 4.1 )

+ Chn R
t
= 560 O
+ Cng sut :
P
bd
= R
t
.I
2
2
= 560.0,002
2
= 0,00224 VA ( 4.2 )
Do ampemet phi c kh nng chu qu ti 120% nn
P
bd
= 0,00224.120% = 0,002688 VA ( 4.3 )
Cp chnh xc ca bin dng l 0,5. Vy cng sut thc ca bin dng:

( 4.4 )

in p th cp :
U
2
= R
t
.I
2
= 560.0,002 = 1,12 V ( 4.5 )
5.2.2 ADC
chuyn i tn hiu AC/DC ta dng mch chuyn i s dng LM358 a
n chn +IN ca ICL7135
Thng s ca ICL7135:

P
bd
0,002688
P
Ti
> = = 0,005368 VA
0,5 0,5

96

Hnh 5.3: S chn ICL7135
- B AC/DC 4 digit, BCD output
- phn gii : 20000 im
- chnh xc : 1 s m
- in p : 5V
- Tn s clock : 120KHZ
- Sai s : 1/20000
- in p chun so snh l 1V, U
v
tng ng ti a t 2V
Mch chuyn i AC/DC
- Nu s dng cu diot chnh lu, nn dng th vi I = 0,002 s cn in p
U = 18V ( qu ln ) do phi dng mch RC
Bo co thc tp tt nghip Thy Gio H-ng Dn:Cung Thnh
Long
97
1 2 3 4 5 6
A
B
C
D
6 5 4 3 2 1
D
C
B
A
Title
B
3
2
1
8
4
U2A 1/2 LM358
5
6
7
U2B
1/2 LM358
R42
12K
R43
2.2K
1
2
2
3
3
VR2
10K C4
105
C5
105
C3
224
R46
2M
D3 1N4148
D4 1N4148
R50
12K
R52
3.3K
R49
560K
C8
105
R51
12K
C9
224
VCC
-VCC
R44
12K
C2
473
C7
105
R41
560R
C6
105
R47
47K
Ti
K=2500
9V/ 5A
INPUT
IN+

Hnh 5.4: Mch chuyn i AC/DC
Mch gm 2 b Khuch i
- U2A: phi hp tr khng cho tn hiu in p xoay chiu u vo ca bin dng lm tn hiu khng b suy
gim, tuyn tnh vi dng in u vo ( khuch i 1-1)
- U2B: Tch sng tn hiu u vo, chnh lu thnh sin dng a ti cng ADC input (san phng tn hiu)
- Do U
v
7135 = 1V nn cn dng chit p VR2 hiu chnh in p
Bo co thc tp tt nghip Thy Gio H-ng Dn:Cung Thnh Long
98
5.2.3 Watchdog Timer
- Canh v gim st qu trnh hot ng ca Vi X L, khi vi iu khin
gp li chng trnh hoc b treo do sc ngun, Vi X L khng iu
khin c, Watchdog Timer s to mt xung dng n Reset ca vi
iu khin bt n chy li chng trnh t u
- Khi Watchdog Timer thit k da trn IC DS1232 (khi gim st v
cnh bo in p trc tip)

Hnh 5.5: S chn DS1232

5.2.4 LED : S dng 4 LED 7 thanh Anot chung hin th kt qu o
c

Hnh 5.6 : LED

5.2.5 Switch : ci t t s bin dng
1 2 3 4
A
B
C
D
4 3 2 1
D
C
B
A
Title
A4
PB
1
TD
2
TOL
3
GND
4
VCC
8
ST
7
RST
6
RST
5
U10 DS1232
VCC
VCC
R56
10K
RD
RESET

Bo co thc tp tt nghip Thy Gio H-ng Dn:Cung Thnh Long
99
C bng sau
STT K
Ti
ci t J
5
J
4
J
3
J
2
J
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
75
100
125
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
750
800
1000
1200
1250
1500
1600
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000
8000

00000
00001
00010
00011
00100
00101
00110
00111
01000
01001
01010
01011
01100
01101
01110
01111
10000
10001
10010
10011
10100
10101
10110
10111
11000
11001
11010
11011
11100
11101
11110
11111

Bo co thc tp tt nghip Thy Gio H-ng
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
100
5.2.6 Ngun b tr
- l ngun bin p ghp cch ly dng
+ Cp cho ADC v khi iu khin : 5V
+ Cp cho Watchdog Timer, LED, IC4069,... : +5V
+ Cng sut <5VA

5.2.7 IC89C51
L b x l trung tm, c nhim v:
+ c v x l d liu t ADC gi v
+ Kim sot qu trnh hot ng ca DS1232
+ X l tn hiu o lng v hin th kt qu ln LED
Ly tn hiu t ADC gi v, nhn vi t s K
ti
t trc t Switch, sau hin th
kt qu ln LED

Dn:Cung Thnh Long
101
Hnh 5.7 : IC89C51

Dn:Cung Thnh Long
102

NGUYN L HOT NG

- Ngun in li 1 pha c a vo s cp bin p 220/10V, th cp ca
bin p qua mch 7805+7905 to in p 1 chiu 5V cung cp cho mch
in.
- o dng mt fa ngi ta thng o gin tip thng qua in p bng cch
mc thm in tr R vo th cp ca bin dng T
i1
, in p ny(1,12V) a
vo chn s 3 ca b khuch i U2A ca LM358. U2A c tc dng phi
hp tr khng cho tn hiu in p xoay chiu u vo ca bin dng lm tn
hiu khng b suy gim, tuyn tnh vi dng in u vo. Do in p vo
chn IN+ ca 7135 U
IN+
=1V nn cn dng VR2 hiu chnh. Sau in
p c chnh lu thnh tn hiu mt chiu a ti chn ADC input (san
phng tn hiu). Trn chn REF cn t ngng in p quy chiu V
REF
= 1V
bng cch s dng iot n p ZENER D1 qua thin p R36+R37 to ra in
p 1V a ti chn REF ca 7135. Trn mch dng IC4069 to xung
clock 120KHz cp vo chn CLK ca ICL7135.
- ICL7135 s chuyn tn hiu in p o c vo chn P0.0P0.3 ca 89C51
di dng m BCD 16 bit. 89C51 s ly tn hiu t ADC gi v, nhn vi t
s K
ti
t trc t Switch( a vo chn P1.0P1.4), sau hin th kt qu
ln LED qua chn P2.

Dn:Cung Thnh Long
103

Ph lc

LVN 07

CNG T IN XOAY CHIU QUY TRNH KIM NH
1. Phm vi p dng
Vn bn k thut ny quy nh quy trnh kim nh cc loi cng t in xoay
chiu kiu cm ng loi mt pha, ba pha mt biu gi v nhiu biu gi dng
o in nng tc dng v in nng phn khng cp chnh xc 0,5; 1; 2 lm vic
li in tn s t 45 Hz n 65 Hz.
Vn bn ny khng p dng cho cng t c ch th in nng cc i v cng t
c b cm bin xung.
2. Cc php kim nh
Phi ln lt tin hnh cc php kim nh ghi trong bng 1.
STT Tn php kim nh Theo iu mc ca quy
trnh kim nh
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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1
2
3
Kim tra bn ngoi
Kim tra k thut : kim tra bn cch in
Kim tra o lng :
- Kim tra t s truyn v c cu m
- Kim tra t quay
- Kim tra nhy
- Xc inh sai s c bn
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4

3. Phng tin kim nh
Sai s php o xc nh gi tr thc ca in nng khng vt qu 1/4 gii hn
sai s cho php ca cng t kim.
3.1 Phi s dng nhng phng tin chun trong bng 2.

Cp chnh xc
ca cng t
kim
Cp chnh xc ca phng tin chun (khng thp hn)
Otmt chun Thit b o
thi gian (s)
(*)
Cng t chun My bin
dng o lng
(vit tt TI)
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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0.5
1
2

-
0.1
0.2 (**)
-
0.01
0.1 (**)

0.1
0.2
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.2
Ch thch :
(*) Phi s dng thit b o thi gian loi in t t ng m theo s vng quay
ca a cng t, khng cn cng tc bm.
(**) kim cng t cp chnh xc 2 cho php s dng ng h bm giy c gi
tr chia khng qu 0,2 giy v otmt cp chnh xc 0,5.
3.2 Cng t chun phi c gi tr chia nh hn 5 ln gi tr chia ca cng
t kim.
S vng quay ca cng t chun phi c c n 0.01 vng..
3.3 xc nh gi tr dng in v in p nh mc, phi s dng ampemt
v vnmt c cp chnh xc thp nht l 1,5 khi kim cng t cp chnh xc 1 v
2 v thp nht l 1 khi kim tra cng t cp chnh xc 0,5.
4 iu kin kim nh
4.1 Khi tin hnh kim nh phi tun theo nhng iu kin quy nh trong bng 3
4.2 kim inh cng t cp chnh xc 1 v 2 trong di nhit t 15
o
C v 30
o
C
(loi tr di 21
o
C n 25
o
C quy nh trong bng 3) cho php a thm s hiu
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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chnh nhit mi trng xung quanh vo gi tr nhit tiu chun. S hiu
chnh nhit ny do nh ch to quy inh.
4.3 kim inh cng t cp chnh xc 1 v 2 trong di tn s t 45 n 65 Hz
(loi tr di tn s quy nh trong bng 3) cho php a thm s hiu chnh tn s
li in. S hiu chnh ny do nh ch to quy nh.
Bng 3
iu kin kim
nh
Gi tr tiu
chun
lch cho php i vi cp chnh xc ca
cng t kim
0,5 1 2
1. Nhit
2. V tr t
3. in p
4. Tn s
Nhit tiu chun
Thng ng
Gi tr danh nh
Gi tr danh nh
1
o
C
0,5
o
C
0,5
o
C
0,2
o
C
2
o
C
0,5
o
C
1
o
C
0,3
o
C
2
o
C
0,5
o
C
1
o
C
0,5
o
C
5. Dng sng Hnh sin H s mo phi tuyn khng c qu
2% 3%
6. Cm ng t
trng ngoi tn
s danh nh
0,5 mT Cm ng t trng ngoi gy ra s thay
i sai s khng c qu
0,1% 0,2% 0,3%
4.4 i vi cng t 3 pha phi m bo thm nhng iu kin sau y :
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
107
a) S mch kim nh v th t pha phi ph hp vi quy nh trn s
u dy ca cng t kim.
b) lch ca in p pha v in p dy so vi gi tr trung bnh khng vt
qu :
1 % i vi cng t cp chnh xc 1 v 2
0.5 % i vi cng t cp chnh xc 0,5
c) lch ca cc dng in pha v dng in dy so vi gi tr trung bnh
khng vt qu :
2 % i vi cng t cp chnh xc 1 v 2
1 % i vi cng t cp chnh xc 0,5
d) lch pha gia dng in v in p pha tng ng khng ph thuc vo
h s cng sut, khng vt qu 2
o
.
4.5 i vi cng t c b s kiu tang trng, khi kim tra ngn hn, ch c
php c mt tang trng quay.
4.6 Khi kim nh ban u, trc khi tin hnh xc nh sai s c bn, phi
cng t lm vic ch ti nh mc trong thi gian :
- 4h i vi cng t cp chnh xc 0,5;
- 2h i vi cng t cp chnh xc 1;
- 1h i vi cng t cp chnh xc 2.
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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Khi kim nh nh k v bt thng cho php cng t lm vic ch ti
nh mc trong thi gian t nht l 30 pht.
5. Tin hnh kim nh
Tin hnh kim nh cng t theo :
- phng php cng sut thi gian;
- phng php so snh trc tip vi cng t chun.
Thc hin bng cch ng ti ngn hn m s vng quay ca a cng t hoc
ng ti di hn tnh theo bi s ca cng t.
5.1 Kim tra bn ngoi
Phi kim tra bn ngoi theo cc yu cu sau y :
a) Cp ch phi cn nguyn vn (trong trng hp kp ch b hng phi ghi r
tnh trng vo bin bn trc khi tin hnh kim nh).
b) Kt cu phi ph hp vi nhng quy nh nu trong iu 1.4 TCVN 5411
91 : Cng t in nng tc dng kiu cm ng yu cu k thut v phng
php th.
c) Nhn hiu phi ph hp vi nhng quy nh nu trong iu 1.5 TCVN 5411
91.
5.2 Kim tra k thut
Kim tra bn cch in c tin hnh theo cc yu cu sau y :
Cc mc in p tin hnh kim tra c quy nh trong bng 4.
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
109
in p kim tra phi l hnh sin c tn s trong phm vi gii hn gia 45Hz v
65Hz
Thi gian chu in p kim tra l 1 pht. Cng sut ca thit b cp ngun cao cp
cho vic kim tra khng c nh hn 500 VA.
Trong qu trnh kim tra cch in gia mch in chu kim tra vi cng t
(mc A trong bng 4) th nhng mch in khng chu kim tra phi c ni vi
cng t.
Trong qu trnh kim tra cch in gia mch in chu kim tra vi t (mc C
trong bng 4) th nhng mch ph c in p di 40V phi c ni vi t.
Bng 4
Mc in p kim tra
(Gi tr hiu dng RMS)
iu kin kim tra v ni t in p kim tra

2KV
Cho cc mc tiu a,b,c,d
A) V v np hp u dy phi c tho
ra
in p kim tra c t vo cng t
vi:
a) Tng mch dng nu trong trng thi
cng t lm vic th nhng mch ny
c cch in vi cc mch khc (*).
b) Tng mch p hoc tp hp tt c cc
mch p c im u chung nu trong
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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500V cho mc tiu e
trng thi cng t lm vic th nhng
mch ny c cch in vi cc mch
khc (*)
c) Tng mch ph c in p trn 40V
hoc tp hp tt c cc mch ph c
im u chung .
d) Tng hp b cc cun dy dng v p
ca mt hoc cng mt c cu o nu
trong trng thi cng t lm vic th
nhng hp b ny c cch in vi
cc mch khc (**).
e) Tng mch ph c in p di 40V.

600V hoc gp i gi tr
in p nh mc u vo
cun p ca cng t trong
iu kin tiu chun nu
gi tr ny vt qu 300V

2KV
B) Np hp u dy phi tho ra v cng
t nm trong v nu v lm bng kim
loi
in p kim tra t vo mch dng v
mch p ca tng phn t o c ni in
vi nhau khi cng t lm vic,vic u n
in ny c th tm thi tch ra cho mc
ch kim tra (***)
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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4KV cho mc tiu a

2KV cho mc tiu b

40V cho mc tiu c

C) Cng t nm trong v c y np,
np hp u dy c y li
in p kim tra t vo gia t vi cc
mch dng, mch p v mch ph c in
p trn 40V c u vi nhau.
D) Th nghim b sung i vi cng t
in c v cch in bo v cp 2.
a) in p kim tra t vo gia t vi
cc mch dng, mch p v mch ph
c in p trn 40V c u ni
vi nhau
b) in p kim tra t vo gia v cng
t vi t.
c) in p kim tra t vo gia cc
phn mang in c ni in vi
nhau trong v cng t v vi cc phn
mang in cng c ni in vi
nhau ngoi v cng t c kh nng
chm ti(****).
d) Quan st s tun th cc iu kin p
dng cho v cch in bo vh cp 2.
Ch thch:
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
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(*) Vic tch cu ni gia cun dy dng v cun dy p kim tra cch in
cha hon ton khng nh kh nng t c cch in khi chu in p
kim tra 2KV.
Vic kim tra cc tiu mc a v b l p dng chung cho cc loi cng t c s dng
chung vi cc my bin dng v bin p o lng ng thi cng p dng cho caca
cng t c bit c cc cun dng v cun p ring.
(**) Nhng mch in l i tng phi kim tra theo tiu mc a v b s khng
phi l i tng kim tra theo tiu mc d.Trong trng hp mch p ca cng
t 3 pha c im u chung khi cng t lm vic im chung ny s c duy tr
cho vic kim tra v tt c cc mch in ca cc c cu o s l i tng ca cc
php kim tra n l.
(***) Php kim tra nh thng cch in cha phi l hon ton tuyt i nhng
cng l c s xc nh kh nng phng in b mt khi cc phn t kt
ni c m.
(****) Nu khng c nghi ng g v php th tiu mc c th khng cn thit phi
tin hnh kim tra tiu mc d ca mc D.
5.3 Kim tra o lng
Cng t in in xoay chiu c kim tra o lng theo trnh t ni dung,
phng php v yu cu sau y.
5.3.1 Kim tra t s truyn v c cu m
Kim tra theo iu 2.12.5 TCVN 5411-91.Trong qu trnh kim tra,tang trng cui
cng phi quay c t nht 1 vong.
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
113
5.3.2 Kim tra t quay
Khi khng c in trong mch dng( mch h), a cng t khng c quay
qu 1 vng bt k gi tr in p no trong phm vi gii hn t 80-110% in p
nh mc.
5.3.3 Kim tra ngng nhy
a cng t phi quay 1 vng v tip tc quay lin tc in p nh mc,tn
s danh nh v h s cng sut bng 1 vi gi tr dng in khng vt qu gi tr
tnh theo dng in nh mc(In) tgn ng vi cp chnh xc quy nh trong bng
5.
Loi cng t
H s cng
sut
Cp chnh xc
0,5 1 2
Mt biu
gi,khng c
chi tit chng
quay ngc
1 0,003In 0,004In 0,005In
Tt c cc
loi khc
1 0,004In 0,004In 0,005In
Trong qu trnh kim tra ngng nhy,i vi cng t c b s kiu tang
trng,khng tin hnh kim tra trng thi c hai tang trng cng quay.
5.3.4 Xc nh sai s c bn
5.3.4.1 Phi xc nh sai s c bn ca cng t kim nhng gi tr ph ti quy
nh trong bng 6.Sai s ca cng t kim khng vt qu cc gii hn sai s quy
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
114
nh cho tng cp chnh xc.i vi cng t 3 pha phi xc nh sai s c 2 ch
kim ton phn v kim tng phn t.Khi kim tng phn t vn phi cp
in p nh mc v ng th t pha cho tt c cc phn t.
Bng 6

Loi cng
t
Gi tr ph
ti (%In)
H s cong
sut cos
hoc sin
Gii hn sai s cho php i vi cp
chnh xc ca cng t kim(%)
0,5 1 2
1 pha 5(*)
10
50
100
100
I
max

1
1
1
1
0.5L
1
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,8
0,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
2,5
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
3
Pha(Kim
ton phn)
5(*)
10
50
50
1
1
1
0.5L
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,8
1,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
2,5
2,0
2,0
2,0
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
115
100
100
I
max

1
0.5L
1
0,5
0,8
0,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
3
Pha(Kim
tng phn
t)
20(*)
200
100

1
1
0,5L
1,5
1,5
1,5

2,0
2,0
2,0

3,0
3,0
3,0

Ch thch:
a) (*)Khng bt buc p dng khi kim nh nh k.
b) Cc k hiu trong bng 6: -In:Cng dng in nh mc
-I
max
: Cng dng in
cc i
-L: Min in cm
5.3.4.2 Phng php cng sut-Thi gian
Khi ch ph ti khng thay i, cng sut hon ton n nh , lng in nng
ghi nhn c qua cng t kim c xc nh nh sau:
W=P.t (1)
Trong P: cng sut tiu th trn ph ti (W)
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
116
t: Thi gian tiu th in(giy)
Nu cng sut hon ton n nh, sai s ca cng t kim tnh theo thi gian, biu
th bng % c xc nh theo cng thc:
% 100 .
t
t t
o

= o (2)
Trong : t l thi gian chun c c trn thit b chun o thi gian ng vi N
vng quay ca a cng t
t
o
: L thi gian a cng t quay c N vng m khng c sai s, l thi
gian do nh ch to thit lp trn c s tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
t
o
=
P
N C.
n v secon (3)
Trong N: s vng quay ca a cng t (Vng)
P: Cng sut danh ngha ph ti ang tin hnh kim tra (W)
C: Hng s cng t (W.S/Vng).
5.3.4.3 Phng php so snh vi cng t chun
Cng t chun c mc trc tip vi cng t kim hoc qua TI c nhiu h s
bin i.
5.3.4.3.1 Khi mc trc tip phi so snh s ch in nng hoc s vng quay ca
cng t chun vi cng t kim. Sai s ca cng t kim biu th bng % c xc
nh theo cng thc
a) Nu so snh theo ch s in nng
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
117
o =
o
o
W
W W
100 (%) (4)
trong : W : s ch in nng tnh bng hiu s gia s ch cui v s ch u
ca b s cng t kim ch ng ti di hn, hoc s ch in nng ng vi s
vng quay ca a cng t ch ng ti ngn hn (KWh hoc Ws)
W
o
: s ch in nng c c cng t chun (KWh hoc Ws)

b) Nu so snh theo s vng quay ca a cng t
o =
O O
O O
N C
N C N C
.
. .
100 (%) (5)
trong : N : s vng quay cng t kim (v)
N
o
: s vng quay cng t chun (v)
C : hng s ca cng t kim (Ws/vng)
C
o
: hng s ca cng t kim (Ws/vng)
5.3.4.3.2 Nu cng t chun mc qua TI phi nhn s ch in nng hoc hng s
C
o
vi h s bin i K
i
. trong trng hp ny phi dng TI c cng dng s
cp bng cng dng in ph ti ang tin hnh kim nh v m bo cho
cng t chun o cng mt gc lch pha v o cng mt lng in nng nh
cng t kim (cn bng ti).
5.3.4.3.3 Cn c vo t s truyn ghi trn mt s cng t tnh hng s ca cng
t. Cch tnh hng s cng t c quy nh trong bng 7.
Bng 7
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
118

T s truyn Hng s cng t (Ws/vng)
A vng/KWh (A vng = 1KWh)
A Wh/vng (A Wh = 1 vng)
A KWh/vng (A KWh = 1vng)
A
1000 . 3600

3600.A
3600.1000.A
5.3.4.3.4 Cho php kim theo phng php nh lng i vi nhng cng t
kim c khc vch chia thp phn trn a v cng t chun c chc nng kim
tra theo phng php ny. S vng quay a cng t kim tra phi l 10N vng (N=
1,2,3 v.v)
5.3.4.3.5 Khi xc nh sai s ca cng t kim, trong trng hp cn tnh n sai
s ca cng t chun, phi cng i s cc sai s theo cng thc :

'
o = o +
o
o (%) (6)
trong : o : sai s (%) tnh theo cng thc 1 hoc 2 nu

o
o : sai s (%) ca cng t chun ch ph ti tin hnh kim
nh.
5.4 Kim nh cng t c nhiu biu gi
5.4.1 T s truyn v c cu m phi c kim tra tng biu gi dng
in nh mc hoc dng in cc i, Cos = 1 theo iu 5.3.1
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
119
5.4.2 Xc nh sai s c bn theo iu 5.3.4 biu gi c bn. nhng biu
gi khc cho php ch xc inh sai s gi tr ph ti 100% v 10%
dng in nh mc, Cos = 1
5.4.3 Kim tra kh nng lm vic ca rle chuyn i biu gi (rle in t
chuyn i b s) theo iu 2.10 TCVN 5411 91
5.4.4 Kim tra chuyn mch thi gian
Phng php kim tra : thay i thi gian thc ca ng h thi gian trong cng
t ph hp vi biu gi cn kim tra. nhn bit c thi im chuyn biu gi
cng t phi cn c vo tn ca biu gi quy c trn cng t.
Thc hin kim tra theo trnh t sau :
a) t li thi gian ca ng h thi gian trong cng t gn vi thi im
chuyn biu gi ca biu gi cn kim tra.
b) Gim st cng t v xc nh thi im chuyn biu gi cn kim tra, ng
thi ghi nhn li thi im ny.
c) Lp li cc bc trn cho mi thi im chuyn biu gi cn kim tra tip
theo.
d) Sau khi kim tra xong phi t li thi gian theo ngun tn hiu thi gian
chun.
e) Nu tt c cc chuyn mch thi gian ci t c kch hot tng ng
vi cc biu gi kim tra th kt lun biu gi c ci t ng v chc
nng chuyn mch thi gian l t yu cu.
5.4.5 Kim tra tri thi gian
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
120
Kim tra theo trnh t sau :
a) Xc nh sai lch
1 T
o ca ng h thi gian trong cng t vi ngun tn hiu
thi gian chun.
b) Duy tr ng h thi gian trong cng t trong khong thi gian ti thiu 2
ngy.
c) Kt thc qu trnh kim tra, ghi nhn li thi khc ca ng h thi gian
trong cng t v theo ngun tn hiu thi gian chun, ng thi xc nh thi
gian lch
2 T
o .
d) Xc nh tri thi gian tch ly trong khong thi gian kim tra
T
o =
2 T
o -
1 T
o
e) Tnh tri thi gian theo ngy (24h) tri thi gian cho php ln nht
theo ngy c nh ch to quy nh trong thuyt minh k thut ca mi loi
cng t v khng c qu 2,5 s/d.
f) Sau khi kim tra, hiu chun xong, phi t li thi gian theo ngun tn hiu
thi gian chun.
5.4.6 Kim tra sai s thi gian thc
Phng php kim tra : so snh bng phng php nghe v nhn s ch ca ng
h thi gian trong cng t vi ngun tn hiu thi gian chun. Hiu ca hai s ch
phi tha mn yu cu :
Trong khong thi gian ca mt chu k kim inh, v vo bt k thi im no
trong chu k, khi cng t ang vn hnh, s ch ca ng h thi gian trong cng t
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
121
hoc thi im chuyn mch thi gian ca cc biu gi c ci t khng c
sai khc vi ngun tn hiu thi gian chun qu 15 pht.
6.X l chung
6.1 Cng t in xoay chiu t cc yu cu quy nh trong mc tin hnh kim
nh c cp ch, dn tem v cp giy chng nhn kim nh.
6.2 Cng t in xoay chiu khng t mt trong cc yu cu quy nh trong mc
tin hnh kim nh th khng cp giy chng nhn kim nh ng thi xa du
kim nh c (nu c).
6.3 Chu k kim nh : 05 nm i vi cng t in mt pha;
02 nm i vi cng t in ba pha.

Dn:Cung Thnh Long
122

Ch chu search g c.
* Bp t (hay bp in cm ng): bp t s dng trong ni tr cng hot ng theo nguyn tc tng t.
Bp ny to ra, trong khong cch vi milimt trn b mt bp, mt t trng bin i. y ni bng kim
loi nm trong t trng ny s nng ln, nu chn thc n. u im ca bp l tc un nu nhanh,
do gim c nhit dung (khng cn nhit dung ca bp, ch c nhit dung ca ni). Vic iu chnh nhit
v cc ch nu nng cng c thc hin chnh xc v d dng hn.
(Ngun Wikipedia)
* C ci ny mi b con tham kho.
Chn mua, s dng v bo qun l in t
Hin nay, trn th trng, ngoi l vi sng xut hin loi l in t dng nu nng, xo nu thc
n trong gia nh. Khc vi l vi sng s dng cc sng tn s v tuyn 2450MHz tc ng vo cc phn
t trong thc phm lm chng chuyn ng va p nhau sinh ra nhit lm chn thc n, loi l in t
ny li p dng nguyn l cm ng in t cm ng vo cc ni nu bng cc kim loi t tnh (st, st
trng men), thp khng r sinh ra cc dng in xoy trn ni nu, ni nu s nng ln lm chn thc n
trong ni.
L in t c cc u im l m bo v sinh, sch s, thc n khng b chy, khng kh khng b nhim
bn, khng b hi hm, s dng an ton, tin cy. Khi s dng, l khng pht sng, thn l khng b nng.
Hiu sut tng i cao t ti 80% so vi cc dng c in nu thng thng ch t t 50% n 70%.
Khng ch nhit chnh xc, c th khng ch d dng cng sut nhit, nhit v thi gian nu, nhit
phn b u khp ni nu. C th xo nu trong khi ang vn hnh, khc vi l vi sng. Nhc im c
bn ca l in t l l khng c nh la nn thc n khng c mu sc v mi v c trng.
Hnh dng cc ni nu v cho phi c y phng v kim loi lm ni v cho nu phi l loi st t hoc
thp khng r (khi mua l in t c bn theo cc ni v cho nu ny). - Cng sut ca l c cc loi:
700W, 800W, 900W, 1000W, 1200W, 1500W, 1700W, 1800W, 1900W, 2000W; in p thng thng
ca l: 220V; Tn s: 50 - 60 Hz. - L in t c cc b phn ch yu sau: B phn todng in xoy
trn ni nu hay cn gi l b phn to nhit trn ni nu, ch yu c cun dy cm ng in t; B phn
khng ch nhit iu chnh nhit theo mun khi un nu; B phn lm ngui c qut gi v cc
ca thng gi vo ra lm ngui cc linh kin in.
Trong c ch th trng, chn mua c l in t c chnh phm v ng gi, ta cn phi kho
st v tham kho nhiu ca hng vi cc loi l khc nhau v vi cng mt loi l ging nhau. Khi mua
l, ngi tiu dng cn ch :
1. Kim tra bn ngoi: Lp men v ngoi l phi nhn bng, khng c vt xc, nt, r, mo, bp. L phi
c ch to tinh xo cao, cc k hiu v m hiu phi sc nt r rng. Cc cng tc tt bt phi nhy
bn, chc chn. Ca ht gi vo v thot gi ra phi thng thong, lc l khng thy xc xch bn trong.
2. Kim tra bn trong:
a) Kim tra cng sut nhit: 1 lt nc l vo ni nu v t ln mt l, sau cm phch in vo
cm in, t t vn nt iu chnh cng sut ln n mc ln nht v bt u bm gi xem bao nhiu
pht th nc si. V d: nu l t mc cng sut l 1000W v nhit mi trng khng kh xung
quanh l 25 C th trong vng 5 6 pht nc phi si. Nu nhit mi trng xung quanh cao hn
25 C th nc s si di 5 - 6 pht.
b) Kim tra n ch th cng sut: khi bt n mc cng sut no th n mc phi sng.
c) Kim tra b phn cnh bo: nu trong khi un nu, ta nhc ni nu ra th b phn ny s pht tn hiu
m thanh cnh bo v ct in cp nhit. m thanh ny s ko di cho n khi ta t li ni nu vo l,
Dn:Cung Thnh Long
123
m thanh s ngng v khi phc li vic cp nhit. Ta phi tin hnh th b phn ny xem lm vic c
chnh xc hay khng.
Ghi ch: Khi kim tra 3 mc trn (a, b, c), ni nc vn phi t ln trn l.
3. Trc khi tr tin mua, nh ly phiu bo hnh v a ch ni bo hnh (nu c). Kim tra li s
nguyn vn ca cc xoong ni, cho nu. . . c bn theo l.
Trong qu trnh s dng v bo dng nn lu :
- Trc khi s dng phi c k bn catologue hng dn s dng ca nh ch to. Nu ch no khng
hiu phi n ca hng bn hoc ngi c chuyn mn hi.
- Cng sut ca l tng i ln nn phi c cm v phch cm ring cho l. Phch cm v cm phi
l loi 10 Ampe tr ln v phi tip t cho l.
- Khng c l ni m t v hi nng, khng c gn tng v cc loi kim loi khc. Lng
bp cch xa tng t nht l 15cm, cch xa cc vt khc t nht l 5cm. L in t ng dng cm ng
in t nn ch c s dng cc ni, cho . . . bng kim loi k trn, khng s dng c cc loi ni
thu tinh, nhm, ng, ni t v l nhng vt liu phi t tnh, khng th sinh ra dng in xoay cp
nhit cho l c. Tuy vy, nu mun s dng ni t hoc ni s ( kho c chng hn) th ni phi
c y phng v phi t trong ni mt ming st khng r l c.
- Khi s dng bp phi t ni ngay ngn trong phm vi vng quy nh, trong ni phi c thc phm, ri
mi bt cng tc in v iu chnh cng sut n mc tng ng (l ch lm vic khi no t ni c
thc phm ln mt l). Trong khi s dng bp nu nng phi lun lun theo di khng cm canh,
thc n tro ln mt l v cng khng thc n b chy gy qu nng lm h hng l.
- Mi khi dng l xong, phi gim cng sut n mc thp nht v ct in. i n khi l ngui, dng vi
t thm mt t nc ty ra trung tnh lau chi mt bp. Khng c dng cc loi ha cht mnh,
du ha, bn chi st lau ra mt l. Nu lu khng dng bp th phi lau chi sch s, ng gi
bo qun. (Ch : Nhng ngi b bnh tim m phi eo my kch nhp tim th khng nn n gn hoc
s dng l in t).
Theo: in v i sng

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