10 khi nim cc qun tr vin Windows cn bit

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[c: 391-Ngy ng: 06-03-2010]

Qun tr vin mng cn bit rt nhiu kin thc gip mng my tnh ca cng ty mnh hot ng mt cch an ton v hiu qu. Cc khi nim cho php chng ta h thng ha hiu bit ca mnh v th gii.

Trong lnh vc qun tr mng cng vy, chnh v vy chng ti chn ra 10 khi nim quan trng m cc qun tr vin cn phi bit gii thiu trong bi. y l danh sch 10 khi nim mng m cc qun tr vin mng Windows nn bit :
1/- Tra cu DNS

H thng tn min - Domain naming system (DNS) l mt khi nim bn l ca mi c s h tng mng. DNS s bn ha cc a ch IP thnh tn v tn thnh cc a ch IP (theo chiu thun v ngc). V vy khi bn vo mt trang web ging nh www.quantrimang.com, khng DNS, tn s khng c phn gii thnh a ch IP v v vy bn s khng th truy cp n trang web ny. Cc a ch IP ca my ch DNS thng c t cu hnh hoc nhn c thng qua DHCP. Nu chy lnh IPCONFIG /ALL trong cc ca s, bn s thy cc a ch IP ca my ch DNS c cung cp cho my tnh ca mnh.

Cc my ch DNS c hin th trong u ra ca lnh IPCONFIG Chnh v vy, bn cn bit DNS l g v tm quan trng ca n nh th no, cn bit c cch cc my ch phi c cu hnh nh th no hay cc my ch DNS phi lm vic ra sao

hu ht mi th c th lm vic. Khi thc hin lnh ping, bn c th d dng thy tn min c phn gii thnh mt a ch IP.

Tn DNS c phn gii thnh a ch IP

2/- Ethernet & ARP

Ethernet l mt giao thc cho mng ni b (LAN) ca bn. Bn cn phi kt ni card giao din mng (NIC) vi cp Ethernet, sau kt ni n b chuyn mch Ethernet, y l thit b s kt ni mi th vi nhau. Khng c n lin kt trn NIC v b chuyn mch, s khng c g lm vic. Cc a ch MAC (hoc cc a ch vt l) l cc chui duy nht dng nhn dng cc thit b Ethernet. Giao thc phn nh a ch ARP (address resolution protocol) l giao thc dng bn ha cc a ch MAC Ethernet thnh cc a ch IP. Khi m mt trang web v thc hin mt tra cu DNS thnh cng, bn s bit a ch IP. My tnh s thc hin mt yu cu ARP trn mng tm ra my tnh g (c nhn dng bi a ch MAC Ethernet ca chng, hin th trong hnh 1 nh a ch vt l) c a ch IP .
3/- a ch IP v Subnet

Mi my tnh trong mng phi c mt a ch lp 3 duy nht l a ch IP. Cc a ch IP gm c 4 s c phn bit nhau bng ba du chm ging nh 1.1.1.1. Hu ht cc my tnh u nhn a ch IP, subnet mask, default gateway v DNS server ca chng t my ch DHCP. R rng, nhn c thng tin , my tnh ca bn trc tin phi c kt ni mng (n lin kt sng trn NIC v switch) v phi c cu hnh cho DHCP. Bn c th thy a ch IP ca my tnh m chng ti th nghim trong bi trong hnh 1 dng IPv4 Address 10.0.1.107. Bn cng c th thy chng ti nhn n thng qua DHCP, ni c ghi thng tin DHCP Enabled YES. Cc khi a ch IP ln hn c chia ra thnh cc khi a ch IP nh hn v cch thc ny

c gi l subnetting a ch IP. Chng ti s khng i vo cch thc hin subnetting nh th no v bn cng khng cn bit cch thc hin n ra sao (tr khi bn ang mun tham gia mt k thi ly chng ch) v bn c th s dng b tnh IP subnet min ph c download t Internet.
4/- Gateway mc nh

Gateway mc nh, c hin th trong hnh 3 l 10.0.1.1, l ni my tnh ca bn s truyn thng vi cc my tnh khc khng nm trong mng LAN ca bn. Gateway mc nh l mt router ni b. a ch gateway mc nh khng c yu cu, tuy nhin nu n khng hin din bn s khng th truyn thng vi cc my tnh khc bn ngoi mng ca mnh (tr khi ang s dng my ch proxy server).

Cc thng tin chi tit v kt ni mng

5/- NAT v a ch IP ring

Ngy nay, hu ht cc mng LAN u s dng vic nh a ch IP ring (Private IP) v sau dch cc a ch IP ring ny thnh cc a ch IP cng (public IP) vi NAT (network address translation). Cc a ch IP ring lun bt u vi 192.168.x.x hocc 172.16-31.x.x hoc 10.x.x.x ( l cc khi a ch IP ring c nh ngha theo RFC1918). Trong hnh 2, bn c th thy chng ti ang s dng cc a ch IP ring v IP bt u vi "10". N chnh l thit b router/wireless/firewall/switch c tch hp ang thc hin NAT v dch a ch IP ring thnh a ch IP Internet cng c gn t ISP.
6/- Firewall

Vic bo v mng ca bn trnh nhng tn cng m c chnh l tng la. Bn cn phi c tng la phn mm trn my tnh hoc my ch Windows v c tng la phn cng bn trong router hoc cc thit b chuyn dng. Bn c th hnh dung n gin rng tng la nh l nhng cnh st giao thng ch cho php cc loi phng tin giao thng no c qua li.
7/- LAN v WAN

Mng ni b LAN (local area network) thng c thit lp bn trong mt ta nh. N c th hoc khng l mt IP subnet. LAN ca bn c kt ni bi switch Ethernet v bn khng cn n mt b router cho LAN thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn. Cn nh rng LAN l "ni b". Mng din rng WAN (wide area network) l mng ln hn c cha cc LAN ca bn. Internet chnh l mt WAN ton cu. Mc d vy, hu ht cc cng ty ln u c cc mng WAN ca ring h. Cc WAN c th tri rng trong nhiu thnh ph, nhiu tnh hay nhiu nc. Cc WAN c kt ni vi nhau bi cc router.
8/- Router

Cc router c nhim v nh tuyn lu lng gia cc IP subnet khc nhau. Router lm vic ti lp 3 trong m hnh OSI. in hnh, cc router s nh tuyn lu lng t LAN n WAN, tuy nhin trong cc doanh nghip ln, cc router c th nh tuyn lu lng gia cc IP subnet trn cng mt LAN ln.

Trn cc mng gia nh, bn c th c router tch hp, router ny cung cp lun c chc nng tng la, switch nhiu cng v im truy cp khng dy.
9/- Switch

Switch lm vic ti lp 2 trong m hnh tham chiu OSI v kt ni tt c cc thit b trn LAN. Switch s lm nhim v chuyn cc khung d liu da trn a ch MAC ch cho khung . Switch c tt c cc kch c t cc thit b router/switch/firewall/wireless tch hp cho gia nh n cc thit b chuyn dng nh Cisco Catalyst dng 6500.
10/- M hnh OSI

Mt trong nhng khi nim mng quan trng l m hnh OSI. y l m hnh hon ton mang tnh l thuyt dng nh ngha cch cc giao thc mng khc nhau, lm vic cc lp khc nhau trong m hnh, s lm vic cng nhau nh th no thc hin vic truyn thng trong mng (ging nh Internet). Khng ging nh hu ht cc khi nim khc trn, m hnh OSI khng phi l mt th g m cc qun tr vin mng c th s dng hng ngy. M hnh OSI ch cho nhng ai ang mun thi ly chng ch c cung cp bi Cisco CCNA hoc cc bi test chng ch mng ca Microsoft. y l nhng g c bn nht v cc lp trong m hnh ISO ny : Application - lp 7 : Bt c ng dng no ang s dng mng, cho v d nh FTP v trnh duyt web. Presentation - lp 6 : Cch d liu gi i c hin din nh th no, cho v d gm c ha JPG, ASCII v XML. Session - lp 5 : Vi cc ng dng theo di cc session, cho v d cc ng dng s dng Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) nh SQL v Exchange. Transport - lp 4 : Cung cp s truyn thng tin cy trn mng bo m rng d liu ca bn n ng ni cn n vi TCP hin ang l giao thc lp truyn ti ph bin nht.

 Network - lp 3 : Quan tm n vic nh a ch trn mng tr gip vic nh tuyn cc gi d liu vi IP l giao thc lp mng ph bin nht. Cc router hot ng lp 3 ny. Data Link - lp 2 : Truyn ti cc khung d liu trn mng bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh Ethernet v PPP. Cc Switch hot ng lp 2 ny. Physical - lp 1 : iu khin cc tn hiu in c gi trn mng, gm c cp, hub, v cc lin kt mng. n y, chng ti dng vic phc tho v gi tr ca m hnh. Tuy nhin mc d n ch mang tnh l thuyt, nhng cc qun tr vin cn phi hiu v c th hnh dung c cch cc gi d liu trong mng s c truyn ti xung v ln nh th no trong m hnh ny. V cn bit rng, ti mi lp trong m hnh OSI ny, tt c d liu t lp trn c ng gi trn vn trong lp thp hn v gn thm vo d liu b sung ca lp . Trong chiu ngc li, d liu s i ngc tr ln cc lp trn, qu trnh ny n s c m gi dn. Bng cch hiu m hnh ny cng nh cch phn cng v phn mm c th kt hp vi nhau nh th no lm cho mng c th lm vic, bn c th khc phc s c mt cch hiu qu i vi nhng vn pht sinh cho mng ca mnh.
Kt lun

Cho d cha phi l mt qun tr vin mng, nhng kin thc c tm lc trong bi ny s gip bn cng c v chun b cho bn nhng g c bn nht, t pht trin nhng kin thc cn thit cho mnh v thnh cng trong qu trnh xin vic. V nu l mt qun tr vin mng, bi vit ny s cung cp cho cc bn mt kin thc tng quan v cc khi nim chnh m bn nn bit. Tuy bn c th s khng s dng n chng hng ngy nhng nhng kin thc v cc khi nim ny s tr gip bn trong vic khc phc s c cc vn mng nhanh hn.